Mammal ecology

Hair–tubes, collecting nape hairs, are widely used for establishing the presence of red (Sciurus vulgaris) and grey (Sciurus carolinensis) squirrels. However it is time–consuming and prone to identification errors. An alternative is to collect tail hairs from sticky pads on baited poles. However, there is no evidence concerning identification accuracy of tail hairs. This study reports an experiment in which subjects underwent a short training session before identifying hair samples from four species. There was a 96.5% correct identification rate for grey squirrel hairs, and 77.5% for red squirrels, which suggests that tail hairs collection may provide a quick, easy and accurate method of identification for both species.

The control of grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) is widely undertaken as a conservation measure to protect red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) populations in the UK. However, inconsistencies and omissions in data collection, as well as fluctuating financial resourcing of control efforts, have meant that it has to date proved difficult to quantify the impact of any regional control initiative upon populations. Here we have scrutinized a 13 years period (1998-2010) within an ongoing grey squirrel control project that reflects the resource challenges typically faced by red squirrel conservation programmes. We present evidence that despite variation in grey squirrel control intensity, the abundance of grey squirrels ultimately decreased significantly. Trapping success was significantly higher in spring and summer months and a greater abundance of grey squirrels was found in deciduous woodland and hazel dominated scrub relative to other habitats; two findings that reinforce existing guidance within national control best practice. Grey squirrels carry an infection that causes epidemic pathogenic disease if spread to the native red squirrel. We observed that the proportion of seropositive grey squirrels decreased constantly from 2003 to 2010 when only 4 % of sampled animals were seropositive. This discovery indicates that culling can in parallel remove both the competitive and disease threat posed to red by grey squirrels. The historical paucity of scientific data on the effectiveness of grey squirrel control as a tactic in UK red squirrel conservation means that the findings of this study will significantly advance conservation best practice and inform the development of future national strategy.

El Zapotal is a Natural-Protected Area (NPA) that preserves the last patches of the sub-evergreen forest of the central valleys of Chiapas, México; there are species of native flora and fauna. The objective was to identify the perception, Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), and the uses that the inhabitants of the area surrounding this NPA make of the local/native flora and fauna. The research uses two tools of the ethnographic method: participant observation and semi-structured interview; 17 key actors participated using the snowball technique. The interviewees have a positive perception of the NPA; they demonstrated that they know different species of flora and fauna (distribution, feeding, behavior), although this knowledge is not deep due to the control and isolation of the NPA. Finally, they use some species of flora and fauna for food, medicine, or firewood.

This study documents an unusual behavioral observation of a golden jackal (Canis aureus) in South Pelion, Greece, where the jackal relocated a mobile phone from an olive farm to a dense forest 60 meters away. The phone, handled by the owner after consuming a sweet item, was found intact with minor scratches, likely due to its protective case. This behavior occurred in an area with an increasing jackal population, where locals reported daytime sightings of jackals engaging more closely with human settlements. Possible explanations for the relocation include olfactory attraction, exploratory play, or instinctive caching. This case highlights the growing adaptability of golden jackals to human environments and their ability to interact with non-food human objects. The findings suggest a need for further research on jackal cognition and human-wildlife interactions in areas of increasing jackal habituation to human presence.

Wildlife must adapt to human presence to survive in the Anthropocene, so it is critical to understand species responses to humans in different contexts. We used camera trapping as a lens to view mammal responses to changes in human activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Across 163 species sampled in 102 projects around the world, changes in the amount and timing of animal activity varied widely. Under higher human activity, mammals were less active in undeveloped areas but unexpectedly more active in developed areas while exhibiting greater nocturnality. Carnivores were most sensitive, showing the strongest decreases in activity and greatest increases in nocturnality. Wildlife managers must consider how habituation and uneven sensitivity across species may cause fundamental differences in human–wildlife interactions along gradients of human influence.

The bush dog is a small Neotropical canid that inhabits diverse ecosystems ranging from scattered gallery forest and mixed savanna habitats to larger tracts of rainforest like the Amazon Basin. Although elusive and generally thought to be sensitive to habitat disturbances, (re)discoveries across geographical areas have accelerated in recent years. Here we confirm the rediscovery of the bush dog in the Paraguayan Cerrado, one of the most endangered ecoregions in the country, decades after it was last reported. While conducting camera-trap surveys in May 2021 in the vicinity of two small, protected areas, we recorded what appeared to be an adult male and female travelling together. Although this rediscovery suggests greater resiliency of the species in a habitat that has been severely fragmented, our record also sheds further light on the current status of the bush dog in Paraguay, and underscores the need to protect what remains of the Cerrado there.

The comparative physiology of living mammals strongly suggests that lactation was an early and fundamental feature of mammals. Because the young are fed on the mother's body secretions, supplying food to the neonates can be much more independent of the a vailable food resources than is the case for reptiles or for birds, whose parents must find food for them In the immediate environment. Mammals are therefore particularly well suited to breeding in environments in which there is insufficient diversity of food available to support a breeding population of large birds or large reptiles. Mammals also sustain a very high rate of postnatal growth, because it is the larger and more experienced parents which are doing most of the work to obtain the food which supports the growth of the young. The interval between conception and sexual maturity is very short in many mammals, very much shorter than the same interval for reptiles and most birds. It is concluded that current thinking about the ecological relationships between Mesozoic mammals, birds and reptiles may place too much emphasis on endothermy and viviparity, and not enough emphasis on lactation and other forms of parental feeding.

We tested the application of the concept of hemeroby and generalism at community level, on a set of birds occurring in various habitats of central Italy characterized by different level of disturbance. In each habitat-related bird community, we applied the recently published species-specific score in hemeroby (a proxy of habitat-related disturbance; HS i) and hemerobiotic diversity (a proxy of generalism; H'H i) to local species frequency, obtaining weighted values at community level (HS tot and H'H tot). The relationship between HS tot vs. H'H tot showed an increasing trend moving from reed beds through forests and mosa-an increasing trend moving from reed beds through forests and mosaics to urban communities. Quadratic model (best fit) evidenced a significant correlation between these variables and a tendency toward a hump-shaped curve, corroborating results already observed at species level (intermediate generalism hypothesis). The co-inertia analysis discriminated four groups of habitat-related communities, characterized by species with different levels of disturbance-sensitivity (expressed by HS i) and generalism (expressed by hemerobiotic diversity; H'H i): (i) forest type-related, where mature wood communities were separated from a coppiced wood one; (ii) communities of moderately disturbed agricultural habitats; (iii) communities embedded in highly disturbed mosaics, and (iv) a group including either a highly disturbed urban habitat or a low disturbed wetland reed bed, with highly specialized species (respectively, synanthropic species and water-related species). Total scores in hemeroby and hemerobiotic diversity, expressing the composition in species with different disturbance preference and generalism, might act as good community-based indicators of degree of naturalness, especially for forest habitat types. Nomenclature: Clements (2000).

I hope you were able to attend the most recent Joint Bat Working Group meeting in Roanoke, VA this past March. A summary of the meeting is included in this newsletter in case you missed it. I want to extend a huge THANK YOU to the host committee who put together this excellent meeting. Rick Reynolds and his crew faced unforeseen challenges during planning and they were able to pull off a meeting with great new information, valuable discussions and a good introduction to the beautiful town of Roanoke.

In this work we attempt to reconstruct the dynamic collapse over time of a regional population of Italian roe deer in central Italy (Latium and Abruzzi) from 15th Century to the present day. To meet this aim, both historical and grey literature (both primary and secondary) has been investigated, and the DPSIR model and a standardized threat taxonomy have been applied. Historically, different driving forces and threat pressures changed the status of roe deer and different conservation responses were promoted. Biological resource use (5.1-"Hunting and collecting terrestrial animals" and 5.3-"Logging and wood harvesting"), Natural system modification (7.1-"Fire" and 7.3-"Other ecosystem modifications, as land reclamation) and Invasive and other problematic species (8.3 "Introduced genetic material and genes") were the main threats (IUCN standardized taxonomy). We recognized three historical phases and one sub-phase of demographic reduction and collapse: "Aristocratic hunting" phase (15th Century), "Fire weapons and people hunting" phase (from 16th to 18th Century), "Habitat collapse" phase (19th and 20th Century), with a sub-phase of "genetic introgression" beginning in the 1940s. Our analysis highlighted: (i) the role in conservation biology of primary and secondary grey sources of data; and (ii) the use of the DPSIR approach to schematically reconstruct the local factors and processes acting on the demographic collapse of a below-species taxon.

Maternal effects are ubiquitous. Yet, the pathways through which maternal effects occur in wild mammals remain largely unknown. We hypothesise that maternal immune transfer is a key mechanism by which mothers can affect their offspring fitness, and that individual variation in maternally derived antibodies mainly depends on a mother's characteristics and the environmental conditions she experiences. To test this, we assayed six colostrum‐derived antibodies in the plasma of 1447 neonates in a wild red deer population. Neonatal antibody levels were mainly affected by maternal genes, environmental variation and costs of prior reproductive investment. We found consistent heterogeneity in maternal performance across traits, with mothers producing the heaviest calves also having calves with more antibodies. Unexpectedly, antibody levels were not associated with calf survival. We provide a unique example of how evolutionary theory on maternal effects can be used to gain insight into th...

Материалы XVI Всероссийской с международным участием научно-практической конференции, посвященной 160-летию со дня рождения полярного исследователя Ф. Нансена, 130-летию со дня рождения геолога С.В. Обручева, 110-летию со дня рождения писателя и путешественника Г. И. Кублицкого ГЕОГРАФИЯ И ГЕОЭКОЛОГИЯ НА СЛУЖБЕ НАУКИ И ИННОВАЦИОННОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ Красноярск, 28 мая 2021 г.

Most large felids are classified as solitary species, with only lions (Panthera leo) and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) exhibiting social, collaborative behaviours. Herein, we present evidence of the formation of male coalitions by jaguars (Panthera onca), based on data from five studies conducted with camera trapping, GPS telemetry, and direct observations in the Venezuelan Llanos and Brazilian Pantanal. Out of 7062 male records obtained with camera traps or visual observations, we detected 105 cases of male-male interactions, of which we classified 18 as aggression, nine as tolerance, 70 as cooperation/coalition, and eight as unidentified. In two studies, two male jaguars formed stable coalitions lasting over 7 years each. In the Llanos, each coalition male paired and mated with several females. For male jaguar coalitions, we documented similar behaviours as recorded earlier in lions or cheetahs, which included patrolling and marking territory together, invading territories of other ...

We tested the application of the concept of hemeroby and generalism at community level, on a set of birds occurring in various habitats of central Italy characterized by different level of disturbance. In each habitat-related bird community, we applied the recently published species-specific score in hemeroby (a proxy of habitat-related disturbance; HS i) and hemerobiotic diversity (a proxy of generalism; H'H i) to local species frequency, obtaining weighted values at community level (HS tot and H'H tot). The relationship between HS tot vs. H'H tot showed an increasing trend moving from reed beds through forests and mosa-an increasing trend moving from reed beds through forests and mosaics to urban communities. Quadratic model (best fit) evidenced a significant correlation between these variables and a tendency toward a hump-shaped curve, corroborating results already observed at species level (intermediate generalism hypothesis). The co-inertia analysis discriminated four groups of habitat-related communities, characterized by species with different levels of disturbance-sensitivity (expressed by HS i) and generalism (expressed by hemerobiotic diversity; H'H i): (i) forest type-related, where mature wood communities were separated from a coppiced wood one; (ii) communities of moderately disturbed agricultural habitats; (iii) communities embedded in highly disturbed mosaics, and (iv) a group including either a highly disturbed urban habitat or a low disturbed wetland reed bed, with highly specialized species (respectively, synanthropic species and water-related species). Total scores in hemeroby and hemerobiotic diversity, expressing the composition in species with different disturbance preference and generalism, might act as good community-based indicators of degree of naturalness, especially for forest habitat types. Nomenclature: Clements (2000).

Density and structure of populations of Cebus capucinus curtus (Primates:Cebidae) and Bradypus variegatus gorgon (Pilosa:Bradypodidae) in Gorgona Island, Colombia. Gorgona is a continental island in the Pacific of Colombia. Two subspecies of arboreal mammals inhabit the island: the White-throated Capuchin (Cebus capucinus curtus) and the Brown-throated Sloth (Bradypus variegatus gorgon). These organisms are important for conservation since they are endemic and perform an essential role as seed dispersers in the National Park. This paper presents information on the population ecology of these two subspecies by using the transects-of-variable-width method, based on perpendicular detection distance, to establish density and age structure. The density of C. capucinus curtus in Gorgona island was 170.6ind/km 2 (95% Ci=122-238.4), while that of B. variegatus gorgon was 2.6ind/km 2 (iC 95%= 1.3 to 4.9ind/km 2). The density of C. capucinus curtus in isla Gorgona is the highest recorded for this species throughout its geographic range, while that of B. variegatus gorgon is the lowest reported for the species. The high density of C. curtus capucinus could be related to a synergistic effect between low predation and continuous availability of food, while the low density of B. variegates gorgon could be related to past hunting pressure, to the low reproductive rate of the species, and to a pandemic occurred in 2005. We recommend constant monitoring of populations of both subspecies, and population health studies for B. variegatus gorgon.

Southeast Asia is rich in small carnivore species, but baseline information on these species is frequently lacking. Many of the region's remaining forests are degraded, which can drastically change ecosystem function and structure. The Javan mongoose is a small generalist carnivore with a wide distribution across Southeast Asia, whose population, home-range size, and micro-habitat selection are poorly known. We investigated each within a degraded forest fragment in Northeast Thailand using a multimethod approach involving camera trap and radio telemetry data. We found mongoose abundance was positively associated with dry dipterocarp forest (DDF) and has a negative relationship with basal area of small trees (diameter at breast height < 10 cm). Across our entire study site, we found a mean abundance of 1.10 animals per sampling station (SE 0.30 95% CI 0.65-1.92) and within the DDF we found 3.04 animals per station (SE 0.75 95% CI 1.87-4.96). The mean home-range size for two males was 1.86 km 2 and for one female was 0.27 km 2. Availability of termite mounds with entry holes was our top model for den site selection. Prey availability did not affect micro-habitat selection by mongoose, presumably due to an even distribution of small mammals across the DDF. Mongoose selected for areas with low numbers of small trees, indicating an avoidance of closed forest environments. Our findings indicate that Javan mongoose select for open dry forest and can tolerate moderate forest degradation.

Most large felids are classified as solitary species, with only lions (Panthera leo) and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) exhibiting social, collaborative behaviours. Herein, we present evidence of the formation of male coalitions by jaguars (Panthera onca), based on data from five studies conducted with camera trapping, GPS telemetry, and direct observations in the Venezuelan Llanos and Brazilian Pantanal. Out of 7062 male records obtained with camera traps or visual observations, we detected 105 cases of male-male interactions, of which we classified 18 as aggression, nine as tolerance, 70 as cooperation/coalition, and eight as unidentified. In two studies, two male jaguars formed stable coalitions lasting over 7 years each. In the Llanos, each coalition male paired and mated with several females. For male jaguar coalitions, we documented similar behaviours as recorded earlier in lions or cheetahs, which included patrolling and marking territory together, invading territories of other ...

The comparative physiology of living mammals strongly suggests that lactation was an early and fundamental feature of mammals. Because the young are fed on the mother&#39;s body secretions, supplying food to the neonates can be much more independent of the a vailable food resources than is the case for reptiles or for birds, whose parents must find food for them In the immediate environment. Mammals are therefore particularly well suited to breeding in environments in which there is insufficient diversity of food available to support a breeding population of large birds or large reptiles. Mammals also sustain a very high rate of postnatal growth, because it is the larger and more experienced parents which are doing most of the work to obtain the food which supports the growth of the young. The interval between conception and sexual maturity is very short in many mammals, very much shorter than the same interval for reptiles and most birds. It is concluded that current thinking about...

Most large felids are classified as solitary species, with only lions (Panthera leo) and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) exhibiting social, collaborative behaviours. Herein, we present evidence of the formation of male coalitions by jaguars (Panthera onca), based on data from five studies conducted with camera trapping, GPS telemetry, and direct observations in the Venezuelan Llanos and Brazilian Pantanal. Out of 7062 male records obtained with camera traps or visual observations, we detected 105 cases of male-male interactions, of which we classified 18 as aggression, nine as tolerance, 70 as cooperation/coalition, and eight as unidentified. In two studies, two male jaguars formed stable coalitions lasting over 7 years each. In the Llanos, each coalition male paired and mated with several females. For male jaguar coalitions, we documented similar behaviours as recorded earlier in lions or cheetahs, which included patrolling and marking territory together, invading territories of other ...

Wetlands have been identified as one of the key life support systems on this planet in concert with agricultural lands and fish production. Wetlands are most important natural resources. They are a vital element of national and global ecosystems and economies. Wetlands perform many functions that maintain the ecological integrity and also provide many goods and services (Groundwater recharge, shoreline stabilization and flood storage are particularly important). The functions and benefits provided by wetlands are especially important for the general public as it support agriculture, tourism, and biodiversity conservation, social, economic and cultural activities. In the State of West Bengal the only Ramsar site is the East Kolkata Wetlands. The study area is a particular wetland under this Ramsar site covering approx 102.92 ha not only provides livelihood to the surrounding poor people but also act as a life support system in this area. The activities, ecological importance and growing threats have been discussed in this paper along with suitable remedies for better management and future scope.

Антологія, яку продовжує це видання, включає у хронологічному порядку близько 700 пу¬блікацій українською, російською, німецькою, французькою та угорською мовами, присвячених «Асканії-Нова» - як заповідника і як зоопарку. До другого тому включені 94 публікації, датова¬ні з 1923 по 1925 рік включно. Правопис та мова публікацій збережені згідно з оригіналами. Більшість джерел, зібраних упорядниками, на сьогодні існують лише у 1-2 примірниках і нерід¬ко - лише за межами України. Подібна антологія видається вперше. Видання започатковане саме 2019 року, оскільки цьогоріч виповнюється 100 років, відто¬ді як «Асканія-Нова» вперше отримала державний охоронний статус - була оголошена запо¬відником. Збірка буде цікавою багатьом дослідникам: професійним природоохоронцям, біологам, історикам, краєзнавцям, бібліографам.

Most large felids are classified as solitary species, with only lions (Panthera leo) and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) exhibiting social, collaborative behaviours. Herein, we present evidence of the formation of male coalitions by jaguars (Panthera onca), based on data from five studies conducted with camera trapping, GPS telemetry, and direct observations in the Venezuelan Llanos and Brazilian Pantanal. Out of 7062 male records obtained with camera traps or visual observations, we detected 105 cases of male-male interactions, of which we classified 18 as aggression, nine as tolerance, 70 as cooperation/coalition, and eight as unidentified. In two studies, two male jaguars formed stable coalitions lasting over 7 years each. In the Llanos, each coalition male paired and mated with several females. For male jaguar coalitions, we documented similar behaviours as recorded earlier in lions or cheetahs, which included patrolling and marking territory together, invading territories of other ...

Tricho-taxonomy is the study of hairs. Tricho-taxonomic studies have been carried out by many workers on different orders of class Mammalia. But meagre information is available on trichotaxonomic studies of species under Artiodactyla of India. The physical characters, surface structure and medulla of guard hair of Moschiola indica were examined to have basic surface architecture for taxonomic identification. This study may help the different enforcement agencies engaged for implementation of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Occupying transitional status between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, wetlands as shallow waterbodies, play a vital role in ecological, economic and socio-religious frontiers in India. The tradition of building up of reservoirs, lakes and ponds in and around human settlement is quite ancient in the country. Several of these are known to be excavated by zamindars (the feudal landlord) for private and public use. In fact, management of wetlands or waterbodies is ingrained and associated with the history of human settlement and/ or civilization. Still, eutrophication, encroachment and estate development continue to destroy or degrade wetland ecosystems in India over the years. Thus, it is desirable to device and adopt integrated approaches for wetland management at the country level for the required growth of livelihood, economy, agriculture, pisciculture, and protein production for human wellbeing.

Ecopark is a city park with scant knowledge of wild creatures. A total of 13 species of mammals from 4 orders and 9 families were identified throughout the study, which ran from May 2020 to April 2022. Sch-II of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 listed four mammalian species: Indian grey mongoose (Urva edwardsii), Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphrodites), Jungle cat (Felis chaus), and Golden jackal (Canis aureus). The IUCN Red List rates every species as Least Concern (LC). These details will aid in the protection of wild creatures in the city park.

This study analyses the mercury (Hg) concentration in the meat of Thunnus albacares and Thunnus obesus caught from the western equatorial Atlantic Ocean. The objective was to estimate the Hg intake via tuna ingestion and presents the possible health risk assessment. For T. albacares and T. obesus, the median concentration was 212 ng·g-1 and 475.1 ng·g-1 wet weight, respectively. The Hg concentrations were below the maximum tolerable limit established by international and Brazilian regulations for fishery products. The consumption would pose a risk for human populations that ingest more than 80 g·day-1. Regular monitoring of both human consumption rates and Hg levels in fish are recommended.

JAYANTA KUMAR MALLICK Postgraduated in 1974, joined the Wildlife Wing (Headquarters) in 1976 and has been working as PA to PCCF, Wildlife, West Bengal, for the last 33 years. He has been involved in all departmental publications, has participated in departmental workshops, undertaken a number of studies, is looking after departmental data bank and has about fifty published articles and study reports on wildlife conservation.

A lack of current data on Bengal mongoose Herpestes palustris in India inhibits the development of conservation strategies for this endemic wetland mammal. Structured interviews were conducted to assess the threats and examine the ecological importance of the Bengal mongoose in the Nalban fisheries complex in West Bengal for four months (May to August 2017). Over half of the interviewees perceived that the Bengal mongoose faces several threats and that its population has declined over the years. The respondents said that the removal of vegetation is the main reason for the declining mongoose numbers. The ecological importance of the mongoose was apparent among most interviewees. The results suggest that the endemic Bengal mongoose faces multiple anthropogenic hazards and emphasize the critical need for conservation efforts.

Occupying transitional status between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, wetlands as shallow waterbodies, play a vital role in ecological, economic and socio-religious frontiers in India. The tradition of building up of reservoirs, lakes and ponds in and around human settlement is quite ancient in the country. Several of these are known to be excavated by zamindars (the feudal landlord) for private and public use. In fact, management of wetlands or waterbodies is ingrained and associated with the history of human settlement and/ or civilization. Still, eutrophication, encroachment and estate development continue to destroy or degrade wetland ecosystems in India over the years. Thus, it is desirable to device and adopt integrated approaches for wetland management at the country level for the required growth of livelihood, economy, agriculture, pisciculture, and protein production for human wellbeing.

Lorisids are the only known venomous primates. Threatened by habitat loss and pet trade, lorises and the effects of their bite, have received little attention to date. Given the growing number of accounts of bites by lorises on humans and paucity of information on their venom, here we present a case study on the context and results of a Bengal Slow Loris bite that occurred in the vicinity of Murlen National Park, Mizoram, India. 

Se registro la presencia del gato de las pampas Leopardus garleppi (Matschie, 1912) mediante fotografías y videos realizados en el campamento Arizona, PV6, en el sector noroeste de la Unidad Minera Constancia (UMC), que se encuentra ubicada en los territorios de las comunidades campesinas de Chilloroya y Uchucarco, en los distritos de Chamaca, Velille y Livitaca, en la provincia de Chumbivilcas, región Cusco (14° 26´56" S, y 71°48¨31.67" O). El registro se efectúo en una gruta a 4000 m de elevación, en una colina revegetada con Poaceas, y forestada con plantones de queuña ( Polylepis racemosa) dentro de las actividades del Plan de Acción de Biodiversidad ejecutadas por la empresa Hudbay Perú SAC Este es uno de los pocos registros documentados de esta especie, cuyo estado de conservación es definido como Datos Insuficientes (DD) por la reglamentación peruana (DS 004- 2014-MINAGRI) y por el Libro Rojo (SERFOR, 2018); mientras que la IUCN (2021) lo incluye en la categoría de Casi Amenazado (NT), encontrándose dentro del Apéndice II de la CITES (MINAM 2019). El monitoreo se efectuó mediante cámaras Bushnell NatureView HD Cam, modelo 119740, con sensor de movimiento infrarrojo pasivo (PIR), configuradas en modo hibrido (video-fotografía).

La presencia del gato de las pampas Leopardus garleppi (Matschie, 1912) fue registrada a través de fotografías y videos tomados en el campamento Arizona, PV6, en el sector noroeste de la Unidad Minera Constancia (UMC), que se ubica en los territorios de las comunidades campesinas de Chilloroya y Uchucarco, en los distritos de Chamaca, Velille y Livitaca, en la provincia de Chumbivilcas, región Cusco (14° 26'56" S y 71° 48¨31.67" O). El registro se realizó en una cueva, a una altura de 4000 m, en un cerro revegetado con Poaceas, y boscoso con queuña ( Polylepis racemosa) plántulas dentro de las actividades del Plan de Acción de Biodiversidad ejecutado por la empresa Hudbay Perú SAC Este es uno de los pocos registros documentados de esta especie, cuyo estado de conservación es definido como Datos Insuficientes (DD) por la normatividad peruana (DS 004-2014-MINAGRI ) y por el Libro Rojo (SERFOR, 2018); mientras que la UICN (2021) la incluye en la categoría de Casi Amenazada (NT), encontrándose dentro del Apéndice II de CITES (MINAM 2019). El monitoreo se realizó mediante cámaras Bushnell NatureView HD Cam, modelo 119740, con sensor de movimiento infrarrojo pasivo (PIR), configuradas en modo híbrido (video-fotografía).

Wetlands have been identified as one of the key life support systems on this planet in concert with agricultural lands and fish production. Wetlands are most important natural resources. They are a vital element of national and global ecosystems and economies. Wetlands perform many functions that maintain the ecological integrity and also provide many goods and services (Groundwater recharge, shoreline stabilization and flood storage are particularly important). The functions and benefits provided by wetlands are especially important for the general public as it support agriculture, tourism, and biodiversity conservation, social, economic and cultural activities. In the State of West Bengal the only Ramsar site is the East Kolkata Wetlands. The study area is a particular wetland under this Ramsar site covering approx 102.92 ha not only provides livelihood to the surrounding poor people but also act as a life support system in this area. The activities, ecological importance and growing threats have been discussed in this paper along with suitable remedies for better management and future scope.

Ecopark is a city park with scant knowledge of wild creatures. A total of 13 species of mammals from 4 orders and 9 families were identified throughout the study, which ran from May 2020 to April 2022. Sch-II of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 listed four mammalian species: Indian grey mongoose (Urva edwardsii), Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphrodites), Jungle cat (Felis chaus), and Golden jackal (Canis aureus). The IUCN Red List rates every species as Least Concern (LC). These details will aid in the protection of wild creatures in the city park.

In this study, we estimated the impact of enhanced flow on shallow wetlands that receive major effluent discharge from an adjoining metropolitan city. The local people use the shallow wetlands for pisciculture. Beginning in 1998, the population of the city began to rise and the amount of effluent discharge increased. The excess load is now a problem for the city engineers, and they plan to manage the sewage by increasing the area of the sewage network. The depth of the wetlands is also decreasing due to an increase in suspended solids. The quantity of the toxic load suspended in the discharge has increased the silt content, which has consequently further reduced the depth of the wetlands. The excess flow on low depth wetlands may cause overflows and destroy both the ecosystem and the livelihood of the local people. In this study, the pattern identification capability of neuro-genetic models was used to estimate the impact of the excess flow on sewage-fed wetlands. Two neural network models were created to estimate whether fisheries can accommodate the enhanced flow. According to the results of this study, the East Kolkata Wetlands, India can accommodate 1450 million litres per day (MLD) of sewage, if the average depth of water is increased to 1.18 m.

Wetlands have been identified as one of the key life support systems on this planet in concert with agricultural lands and fish production. Wetlands are most important natural resources. They are a vital element of national and global ecosystems and economies. Wetlands perform many functions that maintain the ecological integrity and also provide many goods and services (Groundwater recharge, shoreline stabilization and flood storage are particularly important). The functions and benefits provided by wetlands are especially important for the general public as it support agriculture, tourism, and biodiversity conservation, social, economic and cultural activities. In the State of West Bengal the only Ramsar site is the East Kolkata Wetlands. The study area is a particular wetland under this Ramsar site covering approx 102.92 ha not only provides livelihood to the surrounding poor people but also act as a life support system in this area. The activities, ecological importance and growing threats have been discussed in this paper along with suitable remedies for better management and future scope.

Most large felids are classified as solitary species, with only lions (Panthera leo) and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) exhibiting social, collaborative behaviours. Herein, we present evidence of the formation of male coalitions by jaguars (Panthera onca), based on data from five studies conducted with camera trapping, GPS telemetry, and direct observations in the Venezuelan Llanos and Brazilian Pantanal. Out of 7062 male records obtained with camera traps or visual observations, we detected 105 cases of male-male interactions, of which we classified 18 as aggression, nine as tolerance, 70 as cooperation/coalition, and eight as unidentified. In two studies, two male jaguars formed stable coalitions lasting over 7 years each. In the Llanos, each coalition male paired and mated with several females. For male jaguar coalitions, we documented similar behaviours as recorded earlier in lions or cheetahs, which included patrolling and marking territory together, invading territories of other ...

Most large felids are classified as solitary species, with only lions (Panthera leo) and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) exhibiting social, collaborative behaviours. Herein, we present evidence of the formation of male coalitions by jaguars (Panthera onca), based on data from five studies conducted with camera trapping, GPS telemetry, and direct observations in the Venezuelan Llanos and Brazilian Pantanal. Out of 7062 male records obtained with camera traps or visual observations, we detected 105 cases of male-male interactions, of which we classified 18 as aggression, nine as tolerance, 70 as cooperation/coalition, and eight as unidentified. In two studies, two male jaguars formed stable coalitions lasting over 7 years each. In the Llanos, each coalition male paired and mated with several females. For male jaguar coalitions, we documented similar behaviours as recorded earlier in lions or cheetahs, which included patrolling and marking territory together, invading territories of other ...

Most large felids are classified as solitary species, with only lions (Panthera leo) and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) exhibiting social, collaborative behaviours. Herein, we present evidence of the formation of male coalitions by jaguars (Panthera onca), based on data from five studies conducted with camera trapping, GPS telemetry, and direct observations in the Venezuelan Llanos and Brazilian Pantanal. Out of 7062 male records obtained with camera traps or visual observations, we detected 105 cases of male-male interactions, of which we classified 18 as aggression, nine as tolerance, 70 as cooperation/coalition, and eight as unidentified. In two studies, two male jaguars formed stable coalitions lasting over 7 years each. In the Llanos, each coalition male paired and mated with several females. For male jaguar coalitions, we documented similar behaviors as recorded earlier in lions or cheetahs, which included patrolling and marking territory together, invading territories of other males, collaborative chasing and killing other jaguars, and sharing prey. However, different from lions or cheetahs, associated male jaguars spent less time together, did not cooperate with females, and did not hunt cooperatively together. Our analysis of literature suggested that male jaguar coalitions were more likely to form when females had small home range size, a proxy of females' concentration, while in lions, the male group size was directly correlated with the female group size. Similarly, locally concentrated access to females may drive formation of male coalitions in cheetahs. We conclude that high biomass and aggregation of prey are likely drivers of sociality in felids. Significance statement The division into social and solitary species in large felids has so far seemed unambiguous, with only lions and cheetahs classified as social species, in which male coalitions also occurred. Our data show that, under certain conditions, male coalitions may also form in jaguar populations. Factors that drive formation of male coalitions in lions and cheetahs, but not in other species of large cats, have not been clear until now. Our analyses indicate that in jaguars, lions, and cheetahs, the concentration of females likely plays the most important role. In jaguars, the probability of male coalition occurrence is highest in populations with the smallest mean female home range size (and thus likely high local density of females), while in lions, male group size is most strongly correlated with female group size.

Density and structure of populations of Cebus capucinus curtus (Primates:Cebidae) and Bradypus variegatus gorgon (Pilosa:Bradypodidae) in Gorgona Island, Colombia. Gorgona is a continental island in the Pacific of Colombia. Two subspecies of arboreal mammals inhabit the island: the White-throated Capuchin (Cebus capucinus curtus) and the Brown-throated Sloth (Bradypus variegatus gorgon). These organisms are important for conservation since they are endemic and perform an essential role as seed dispersers in the National Park. This paper presents information on the population ecology of these two subspecies by using the transects-of-variable-width method, based on perpendicular detection distance, to establish density and age structure. The density of C. capucinus curtus in Gorgona island was 170.6ind/km 2 (95% Ci=122-238.4), while that of B. variegatus gorgon was 2.6ind/km 2 (iC 95%= 1.3 to 4.9ind/km 2 ). The density of C. capucinus curtus in isla Gorgona is the highest recorded for this species throughout its geographic range, while that of B. variegatus gorgon is the lowest reported for the species. The high density of C. curtus capucinus could be related to a synergistic effect between low predation and continuous availability of food, while the low density of B. variegates gorgon could be related to past hunting pressure, to the low reproductive rate of the species, and to a pandemic occurred in 2005. We recommend constant monitoring of populations of both subspecies, and population health studies for B. variegatus gorgon.

In this study, we estimated the impact of enhanced flow on shallow wetlands that receive major effluent discharge from an adjoining metropolitan city. The local people use the shallow wetlands for pisciculture. Beginning in 1998, the population of the city began to rise and the amount of effluent discharge increased. The excess load is now a problem for the city engineers, and they plan to manage the sewage by increasing the area of the sewage network. The depth of the wetlands is also decreasing due to an increase in suspended solids. The quantity of the toxic load suspended in the discharge has increased the silt content, which has consequently further reduced the depth of the wetlands. The excess flow on low depth wetlands may cause overflows and destroy both the ecosystem and the livelihood of the local people. In this study, the pattern identification capability of neuro-genetic models was used to estimate the impact of the excess flow on sewage-fed wetlands. Two neural network models were created to estimate whether fisheries can accommodate the enhanced flow. According to the results of this study, the East Kolkata Wetlands, India can accommodate 1450 million litres per day (MLD) of sewage, if the average depth of water is increased to 1.18 m.

Wetlands have been identified as one of the key life support systems on this planet in concert with agricultural lands and fish production. Wetlands are most important natural resources. They are a vital element of national and global ecosystems and economies. Wetlands perform many functions that maintain the ecological integrity and also provide many goods and services (Groundwater recharge, shoreline stabilization and flood storage are particularly important). The functions and benefits provided by wetlands are especially important for the general public as it support agriculture, tourism, and biodiversity conservation, social, economic and cultural activities. In the State of West Bengal the only Ramsar site is the East Kolkata Wetlands. The study area is a particular wetland under this Ramsar site covering approx 102.92 ha not only provides livelihood to the surrounding poor people but also act as a life support system in this area. The activities, ecological importance and growing threats have been discussed in this paper along with suitable remedies for better management and future scope.

Habitat loss, wind energy development, and the disease white-nose syndrome are major threats contributing to declines in bat populations in North America. In the southeastern US in particular, the recent arrival of white-nose syndrome and changes in landscape composition and configuration have driven shifts in bat species populations and distributions. Effective management strategies which address these large-scale, community-level threats require landscape-scale analyses. Our objective was to model the relationship between ecoregional and landscape factors and occupancy by all bat species in South Carolina, USA, during summer. We conducted acoustic surveys from mid-May through July 2015 and 2016 and evaluated temporally dynamic occupancy models for eight bat species or species groups at the 100 km 2 level. We found significant effects of landscape factors such as ecoregion and forest edge density for three species, but habitat condition effects were not statistically significant for five other species. Thus, for some species, site-use analyses may be more appropriate than larger scale occupancy analyses. However, our occupancy predictions generally matched statewide historical distributions for all species, suggesting our approach could be useful for monitoring landscape-level trends in bat species. Thus, while our scale of study was likely too coarse for assessing fine-scale habitat associations for all bat species, our findings can improve future monitoring efforts, inform conservation priorities, and guide subsequent landscape-scale studies for bat species and community-level responses to global change.

Structural Changes of the Steppe Marmot (Marmota bobak) Family Areas Under Succession in Reserve Areas.-Borovyk, E.-The structure and development of marmot family areas were studied in conditions of the long-term decline in animal abundance caused by the succession of vegetation in the Striltsivsky Steppe (Luhansk Oblast) after the area has been protected from human use. The size of family area, effective area, average length of the paths and burrow number were used as assessment criteria. The majority of family areas in the reserve belongs to unstable type with low animal abundance, unstable structure, small area and burrow numbers. Development stages of the family areas were distinguished as follows: steady decline of the family group size, changes in the area structure, fragmentation and disappearance. K e y w o r d s : Marmota bobak, structure of family area, length of the path, effective area. Зміни структури сімейних ділянок бабака (Marmota bobak) в умовах резерватних сукцесій.-Боровик, Є.-Досліджено структуру сімейних ділянок бабака та їх розвиток в умовах тривалого зменшення чисельності, спричиненого резерватними сукцесіями рослинності в Стрільцівському степу (Луганщина). Для аналізу стану сімейних ділянок використано показники площі ділянки, середньої довжини стежок, числа нір та ефективної площі. Більшість сімейних ділянок у заповіднику належать до нестійкого типу, з низькою чисельністю, нестійким складом, невеликою площею та числом нір. Виділено стадії розвитку сімейних ділянок: стійке зниження розмірів сімейної групи, зміна структури сімейної ділянки, фрагментація та зникнення ділянки. К л ю ч о в і с л о в а : Marmota bobak, структура сімейної ділянки, довжина стежки, ефективна площа.

Lorisids are the only known venomous primates. Threatened by habitat loss and pet trade, lorises and the effects of their bite, have received little attention to date. Given the growing number of accounts of bites by lorises on humans and paucity of information on their venom, here we present a case study on the context and results of a Bengal Slow Loris bite that occurred in the vicinity of Murlen National Park, Mizoram, India

Monitoring Furzey 1 (< 1 week typically per year) Paid Contractors (7-12 months) N/A Volunteers involved with Grey Squirrel Control 0 Active Volunteers None on Furzey Other info A number of student projects have been carried out on Brownsea squirrels. Approx. 110 hectares of Rhododendron were eradicated over 50 years with squirrel conservation one of several targets of the management on Brownsea.

Habitat loss, wind energy development, and the disease white-nose syndrome are major threats contributing to declines in bat populations in North America. In the southeastern US in particular, the recent arrival of white-nose syndrome and changes in landscape composition and configuration have driven shifts in bat species populations and distributions. Effective management strategies which address these large-scale, community-level threats require landscape-scale analyses. Our objective was to model the relationship between ecoregional and landscape factors and occupancy by all bat species in South Carolina, USA, during summer. We conducted acoustic surveys from mid-May through July 2015 and 2016 and evaluated temporally dynamic occupancy models for eight bat species or species groups at the 100 km 2 level. We found significant effects of landscape factors such as ecoregion and forest edge density for three species, but habitat condition effects were not statistically significant for five other species. Thus, for some species, site-use analyses may be more appropriate than larger scale occupancy analyses. However, our occupancy predictions generally matched statewide historical distributions for all species, suggesting our approach could be useful for monitoring landscape-level trends in bat species. Thus, while our scale of study was likely too coarse for assessing fine-scale habitat associations for all bat species, our findings can improve future monitoring efforts, inform conservation priorities, and guide subsequent landscape-scale studies for bat species and community-level responses to global change.

Density and structure of populations of Cebus capucinus curtus (Primates:Cebidae) and Bradypus variegatus gorgon (Pilosa:Bradypodidae) in Gorgona Island, Colombia. Gorgona is a continental island in the Pacific of Colombia. Two subspecies of arboreal mammals inhabit the island: the White-throated Capuchin (Cebus capucinus curtus) and the Brown-throated Sloth (Bradypus variegatus gorgon). These organisms are important for conservation since they are endemic and perform an essential role as seed dispersers in the National Park. This paper presents information on the population ecology of these two subspecies by using the transects-of-variable-width method, based on perpendicular detection distance, to establish density and age structure. The density of C. capucinus curtus in Gorgona island was 170.6ind/km 2 (95% Ci=122-238.4), while that of B. variegatus gorgon was 2.6ind/km 2 (iC 95%= 1.3 to 4.9ind/km 2). The density of C. capucinus curtus in isla Gorgona is the highest recorded for this species throughout its geographic range, while that of B. variegatus gorgon is the lowest reported for the species. The high density of C. curtus capucinus could be related to a synergistic effect between low predation and continuous availability of food, while the low density of B. variegates gorgon could be related to past hunting pressure, to the low reproductive rate of the species, and to a pandemic occurred in 2005. We recommend constant monitoring of populations of both subspecies, and population health studies for B. variegatus gorgon.

La exuberante selva tropical que se desarrolla en el Chocó biogeográfico lo convierte en uno de los principales centros de diversidad del planeta. Dentro de este tipo de ambientes los mamíferos arbóreos cumplen un importante papel enlazando los diferentes estratos del bosque. Este trabajo se desarrolló en la localidad de Isla Palma (Bahía Málaga, Valle del Cauca) en donde Bradypus variegatus (Perezoso de tres dedos) es el único mamífero arbóreo reportado. Con el propósito de ampliar el conocimiento de la especie en zonas insulares del Chocó biogeográfico se realizaron 5 campañas de muestreo durante el 2008, en las cuales se registraron aspectos relacionados con el uso del hábitat y se estimó la densidad poblacional utilizando el programa Distance 6.0. Probablemente, la ausencia de predadores naturales, la ausencia de competidores directos, y el acceso restringido de los seres humanos a esta localidad insular han favorecido el registro de una densidad poblacional de B. variegatus en Isla Palma de 71,7 ind/Km 2 (IC 95 %= 43,1-119,3 ind/Km 2), siendo la segunda más alta reportada para la especie.