Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Nyctiphanes australis contained, on a dry weight basis, an average of 52% crude protein and 5.0 to 9.5% lipid. The fatty acid profile ofN. australis was markedly unsaturated, with a mean total o)3 fatty acid content of 48.6_+2.4% of total fatty acids. N. australis contained high levels of the essential long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5co3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6c03), ranging from 16.6 to 36.5% and 11.1 to 24.8%, respectively. The concentration of total carotenoids ranged from 137 to 302 gg g-1 dry wt, with no significant differences in concentrations found with season or life stage. The carotenoids were comprised of 79.5% astaxanthin and 20.5% canthaxanthin. The lipid and pigment compositions ofN. australis suggest that the species could serve as a suitable feed source for cultured salmonids. Like other euphausiids, N. australis contained high levels of fluoride, with a seasonal range between 277 and 3507 ~g g-1 dry wt. The high fluoride levels found in N. australis would not detract from its potential as a feed source for salmonids because ingested fluoride is largely absorbed by the skeleton.

Tracking of fatty acid (FA) contribution to plasma or serum lipids over time was shown in children and adults. However, the potential role of FADS gene variants has not been investigated. Serum GP FA composition of 331 children aged 2 and 6 years, participating in an ongoing birth cohort study, was analyzed. Correlation coefficients were estimated to describe FA tracking over 4 years and to assess the influence of FADS variants on tracking. We found low to moderate tracking (r = 0.12-0.49) of FA compositions and concentration between 2 and 6 years. Concentration changes of total monounsaturated FA and total saturated FA over time correlated closely (r = 0.79) but percentage values were unrelated (r = -0.02). Tracking for n-6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) concentrations was lower in subjects homozygous for the major allele of FADS variants and higher in carriers of at least one minor allele, whereas for total n-3 LC-PUFA concentrations and compositions this was vice...

The first chapter discusses the benefits of exercise using Naperville Central High School as a case study. Within this school, they have a program known as Zero Hour PE in which students participate in cardiovascular activities before school in order to increase their ability to focus and perform in school. Through a series of studies and tests, it has been found that students who participate in exercise before class outperform students who did not participate in exercise before class. Engaging in as little as 30 minutes of cardiovascular activity, students were demonstrating markedly improved academic achievement.

Biotechnology involves the provision of services to society by microbial communities. By using microorganisms to detoxify contaminated water, and environmentally friendly solutions to the treatment of wastewater. Isolates of fungi Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and microalgal isolates Tetradesmus nygaardi and Scenedesmus quadricauda were efficiently utilized to treat wastewater. The wastewater sample was taken from Erbil wastewater channel near Dhahibah village, the sample was analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, BOD5, PO4, NH4, NO3, and NO2 (every three day) during 21 days of experiment. Results revealed that a mixed culture of S. quadricauda with T. nygaardi were shows the best removal of PO4, NH4, NO3 and NO2 which was 94.94%, 90.73%, 88.23%, 93.84% respectively. Whereas a mixed culture of T. nygaardi with A. niger showed the best removal of BOD5 (94.9%), the highest reduction in electrical conductivity and total dissolved solid were recorded by mix culture of A. niger with C albicans which was 81.65% and 81.52%. During the treatment period chlorophyll-a concentration reached the highest value of (1.052, 1.005 and 2.521 mg. l-1). Statistically, there were a significant difference (p≤0.05) between the control and all microbial strains for all wastewater tested variables.

Background/Objective: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death after renal transplantation. Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exert potential cardioprotective metabolic effects and might reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in renal transplant recipients (RTRs). In this cross-sectional study of 1990 Norwegian RTRs, transplanted between 1999 and 2011, associations between plasma phospholipid marine n-3 PUFA levels and various cardiovascular risk markers at ten weeks post-transplant were evaluated. Results: Higher plasma marine n-3 PUFA levels were associated with lower resting heart rate, lower fasting plasma glucose levels, lower plasma triglyceride levels and higher plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Plasma levels of eicosapentaenoic acid, but not docosahexaenoic acid showed a positive association with plasma HDL cholesterol levels. Plasma marine n-3 PUFA levels were not associated with plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, pulse wave velocity or systolic and diastolic blood pressure. A negative association between plasma marine n-3 PUFA levels and cardiovascular mortality was weakened by additional adjustment for plasma triglyceride levels and resting heart rate. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs showed similar associations with cardiovascular risk markers as absolute plasma marine n-3 PUFA levels. Conclusions: This is the first study in RTRs showing that marine n-3 PUFAs are negatively associated with resting heart rate and fasting plasma glucose in addition to beneficial effects on plasma HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Especially effects on autonomic nervous function and triglyceride metabolism might contribute to explain the lower cardiovascular mortality risk with higher plasma marine n-3 PUFA levels previously shown in this cohort. use of cyclosporine A (e,g,h,k), albumin (b,c,d,e,f,j,k) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (a,c,i).

The regioselective attack on microsomal phospholipid (PL) polar heads (PH) and fatty acyl chains (FC) demonstrated in vitro has been exploited for the selective quantitation in vivo of the biochemical damages produced by the oxidation and reduction products of CHCI3 metabolism. Five hours after CHC13 injection (60 mg/kg body weight, ip) to control Sprague-Dawley rats, most of the label covalently bound in the liver was associated to PH, indicating a predominant production of COC12. The levels of radioactivity bound to both PL moieties increased proportionally when 180 mg/kg body weight 14CHC13 was administered. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) pretreatment resulted in a further increase of binding either to PH or FC. The pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital (PB) reduced the PH/FC binding ratio to 3.4, still indicating the predominance of the oxidative metabolism, but giving some indication of the simultaneous presence of CHCI3 reduction.When reduced glutathione (GSH) was depleted by BSO in PB-induced animals prior to 14CHCI3 administration, only the level of radioactivity associated with oxidative intermediates was increased six times.The present 3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~14 results confirmed that GSH is able to exert an efficient protection mainly toward CHCI3 oxidation intermediates. Furthermore, they indicate that in the liver of the Sprague-Dawley rat the major pathway of CHCI3 biotransformation is its oxidation and that pretreatment of rats with a GSH-depleting agent (such as BSO) is more relevant than PB induction in enhancing the biochemical damages produced by CHCI3 -Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 9): 45-47 (1994)

Objective: To assess the effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA)-and vitamin Esupplemented formula feeding on erythrocyte and plasma a-tocopherol (VE), and plasma retinol (VA) concentrations in neonates and to compare these values with those found in infants feeding on infant formula without LCPUFA or breast milk Setting: University Hospital of Granada, Spain. Subjects: 49 full-term infants. Design and intervention: Subjects who chose not to breast feed were fed either (i) unsupplemented infant formula (F) or (ii) infant formula supplemented with LCPUFA and vitamin E (FL). a-Tocopherol and retinol were measured at 7 days, 1 month and 3 months. Results: Plasma and erythrocyte VE concentrations and plasma VE/total lipids ratio increased signi®cantly in all groups at 1 month of life (P `0.05), but did not change signi®cantly between 1 month and 3 months in any group (P b 0.05). Erythrocyte VE and VA retinol concentrations were higher in infants fed an infant formula than in breast milk-fed infants at 1 month of life (P `0.05). Finally, there were no signi®cant differences in plasma or erythrocyte VE levels, plasma VA or plasma VE/total lipid ratio between any groups at 3 months of life (P b 0.05). Conclusion: Infants fed on LCPUFA-and vitamin E-supplemented infant formula for 3 months have similar vitamin E and A status to infants fed on breast milk or infant formula without LCPUFA supplementation.

Background & Aims: Maternal fatty acids are essential for fetal growth and development. Here, we examine associations between maternal mid-pregnancy plasma n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and fetal health determined by fetal growth velocity, birth weight and duration of pregnancy. Methods: Participants were 6,974 pregnant women and their infants from a population-based birth cohort, the Generation R Study. Maternal plasma n-3:n-6 PUFA ratio and n-3 and n-6 PUFA percentage in glycerolphospholipids in mid-pregnancy were related to fetal growth velocity calculated from repeatedly measured weight, length and head circumference, birth weight, and duration of pregnancy. Results: A higher maternal mid-pregnancy n-3:n-6 PUFA ratio was associated with a higher growth velocity of the fetal weight (β=0.082 SD-score/week, 95%CI 0.055; 0.108, P<0.001), length (β=0.085 SD-score/week, 95%CI 0.052; 0.119, P<0.001); and head (β=0.055 SDscore/week, 95%CI 0.019; 0.091, P=0.003). We also observed positive associations between n-3:n-6 PUFA ratio and birth weight (β=0.76 SD-score, 95%CI 0.22; 1.29, P=0.006), and duration of pregnancy (β =1.32 weeks, 95%CI 0.24; 2.40, P=0.02). Conclusions: These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a higher n-3:n-6 PUFA ratio is important for fetal health.

Aging is a progressive and universal process originating endogenously that manifests during postmaturational life. Available comparative evidence supporting the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging consistently indicates that two basic molecular traits are associated with the rate of aging and thus with the maximum life span: the presence of low rates of mitochondrial oxygen radical production and low degrees of fatty acid unsaturation of cellular membranes in postmitotic tissues of long‐lived homeothermic vertebrates in relation to those of short‐lived ones. Recent research shows that steady‐state levels of free radical‐derived damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and, in some cases, to proteins are lower in long‐ than in short‐lived animals. Thus, nonenzymatic oxidative modification of tissue macromolecules is related to the rate of aging. The low degree of fatty acid unsaturation in biomembranes of long‐lived animals may confer advantage by decreasing their sensitivity to li...

Essential fatty acids (EFAs), including omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are crucial for maintaining cellular function and overall health. As the body cannot synthesize EFAs, they must be obtained through the diet. EFAs play key roles in various physiological processes, such as membrane fluidity, enzyme activity, gene expression, and the production of bioactive lipid mediators like eicosanoids. Omega-3 fatty acids (e.g., alpha-linolenic acid, ALA; eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA; and docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) are particularly noted for their anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties, while omega-6 fatty acids (e.g., linoleic acid, LA) are involved in inflammatory and immune responses. An imbalance between omega-3 and omega-6 intake, typically skewed towards excessive omega-6 consumption, is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, arthritis, and certain types of cancer. Additionally, deficiencies or imbalances in EFAs can impair growth, cognitive function, and immune responses. Recent research has highlighted the importance of optimizing EFA intake for disease prevention and health promotion, particularly through dietary sources like fish, flaxseeds, walnuts, and vegetable oils. This abstract underscores the critical role of EFAs in both maintaining health and mitigating the risk of various chronic conditions.

Diet is a cornerstone of long-term health, yet the principles guiding dietary recommendations remain fragmented. This article introduces the Jadidian Hypothesis of Evolutionary Nutrition, a conceptual model proposing that the greater the genetic distance between humans and a food source, the lower its risk of promoting chronic disease. Rooted in immunology, molecular biology, and evolutionary theory, this hypothesis provides a biologically coherent lens through which to understand dietary impact-not as a rigid rule, but as a guiding principle that complements existing nutritional science.

The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of trans‐octadecenoic acid (C18:1‐trans) and trans‐isomers of linoleic acid (18:2‐trans), as well as long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA), in the plasma from infants of adolescent mothers at 3 months of age, exclusively breastfed, and the relationship with the levels of the same isomers in plasma and milk of the mothers. Samples of blood and mature milk were obtained from 49 healthy adolescent mothers and their exclusively breastfed infants treated at the Instituto Fernandes Figueira‐Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IFF‐FIOCRUZ) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. trans‐Fatty acids (TFA) were analyzed by gas chromatography. The results of this study showed low levels of TFA in milk (1.53%), maternal plasma (0.50%), and plasma of infants (0.74%). The results show that, although TFA have been found in the plasma of the studied infants, the LC‐PUFA levels are kept within normal limits. No association between TFA presence and parameters of ...

Salicornia is a valuable halophyte annual plant in the most species. This salinity tolerance plant that grows in salt water marshes are found all over the world. Since salinity is a major stress factor, Salicornia is a priceless edible vegetable, considered to be a favourable resource for cultivation in arid and semiarid coastal zones. However, the important thing is that its properties should be well known especially as a leafy vegetable. On the other hand, Salicornia bigelovii is a perishable vegetable, with short storage life under ambient conditions. Thus, knowing its characteristics can be a great help to preserve it longer. Accordingly, the physicochemical properties, chemical composition and respiration rate of Salicornia biglovii grown in Aq-Qalla Salinity Research Station, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Iran were investigated in this paper. The results showed that the moisture content, total soluble solidscontent, pH, titratable a...

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) that includes myocardial infarction and stroke, is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the primary underlying cause of CVD, can be controlled by pharmacological and dietary interventions, including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. n-3 PUFA supplementation, primarily consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has shown promise in reducing atherosclerosis by modulating risk factors, including triglyceride levels and vascular inflammation. n-3 PUFAs act by replacing pro-inflammatory fatty acid types in cell membranes and plasma lipids, by regulating transcription factor activity, and by inducing epigenetic changes. EPA and DHA regulate cellular function through shared and differential molecular mechanisms. Large clinical studies on n-3 PUFAs have reported conflicting findings, causing confusion among the public and health professionals. In this review, we discuss important factors l...

Diabetes is the most common metabolic disease in humans that is increasing in prevalence in the world. The serum lipids are one the most important indicators for control and assessment of Diabetes treatment. The purpose of this study is evaluating the fat levels for prevention and life improvement of diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease. 50 cardiovascular patients with diabetes who were referred for treatment in 2 months and 50 non-diabetic individuals affected with cardiovascular diseases were selected as Control group. After 8 hours of fasting blood samples were taken. After centrifugation and separation of serum, blood lipids in the samples were measured. The level of harmful fats like cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLD in Cardiovascular patients suffering from diabetes increased and HDL level decreased. Statistically, all these differences in indicator levels were significant in diabetic and non-diabetic groups. The results showed that to decrease the harmful fats incr...

ln situ solid phase extraction of lipids from spray-dried egg yolk by ethanol combined with subsequent removal of triacylglycerols from the ethanolic extract by cold temperature crystallization is described. By this procedure a lipid product is obtained which contains 86 g/l00 g phospholipids, 4 g/l00 g triacylglycerols and 10 g/100 g cholesterol. About 80% of spray-dried egg yolk phospholipids are recovered in this product. The product may serve as a source of phospholipids for specialized dietetic applications due to their relative high contents of both n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The procedure which requires no mechanical extractor and filtering device is amenable to scale up since recovery is not affected by changes in column volume or flow rate. This suggests the possibility of profitable industrial exploitation.

Fish oil remains the main dietary source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3, which desirably impact on human health. Increase of omega-3 fatty acids intake is currently recommended. Results of many studies showed that consumption of food products enriched with fish oil offers the potential health benefits, especially in protection against cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancer and improvement of brain development and function. Health influence, methods, advantages and disadvantages of food enrichment with fish oil as well as characteristics of market of such products were presented.

Background=objective: Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have beneficial effects in preterm neurophysiological development and are semi-essential. Their levels and variation in plasma and red cells in term and preterms are better known than their intestinal absorption. In this paper the absorption of supplemented arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is evaluated in a preterm group. Design: Four newborn randomized groups were studied. Group T comprised 11 terms on regular formula. Preterms: group P (n ¼ 9) was on a classic preterm formula. Intervention: groups PA (n ¼ 9) and PB (n ¼ 13) were on the same formula but PB contained AA and DHA in similar proportion to breast milk. At 20 days a 3 day metabolic balance was taken for Ca, P i , Mg, total fat and individual fatty acids (C8 -C24, saturated unsaturated). Results: Calcium absorption was (mean AE s.d.) 51 AE 13% in terms. In preterms it was respectively 45 AE 18, 38 AE 11 and 37 AE 21%. Total fat absorption was 92.0AE 8.0% in terms, and from 95.0 AE 2.0 to 91.0 AE 8.0% in preterms. Absorption of 8:0, 10:0 and 12:0 showed a very high and constant rate despite significant intake differences (715 -33 mg=kg=day). Linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid were absorbed in the three groups at around 94% regardless of a greater LA intake in group P. Details of absorption (mg=kg=day) were: for AA, intake 17 AE 7, fecal excretion 5 AE 4, net retention 12 AE 5 (75.0 AE 18%); for DHA, intake 10 AE 3, fecal excretion 3 AE 2, net retention 6 AE 4 (62.3AE 30%). Conclusion: Intestinal absorption of fatty acids is high and is comparable in terms and preterms as regards the studied acids. Longer acids were less well absorbed. The supplemented amounts of AA and DHA were less well absorbed and probably not impairing calcium absorption.

Moderate red wine consumption is associated with decreased risk for cardiovascular disease; however, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of red wine polyphenols (WP) on the oxidizability of human plasma fatty acids, in particular those most involved in the inflammatory responsearchidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The oxidizability of the major fatty acids of plasma was determined by measuring their loss gaschromatographycally during peroxidation kinetics induced by 2′-azobis(2methylpropionamidine)-dihydrochloride. The capacity of WP to scavenge 1,1,diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals, and trap total peroxyl radicals in plasma (TRAP) was also measured. WP (1.75-5 μg/mL) inhibited DPPH, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals and increased TRAP in a dose-dependent manner. WP (1.75 μg/mL) significantly protected all plasma PUFA from peroxidation but the protection of EPA and DHA was higher than that of AA. These results suggest that the association of WP to apolipoproteins makes EPA and DHA less accessible to hydro-soluble radicals than AA, thus providing a biochemical rationale for future 'in vivo' studies on the benefits to health of moderate red wine consumption.

Type 1 diabetes is often accompanied with acute hypoinsulinemia that may theoretically inhibit the conversion of essential fatty acids to their longer-chain metabolites. Previously, we found significant reduction in plasma arachidonic (C20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6n-3) acid values in a group of diabetic children during diabetic ketoacidosis. Here we report data on the changes of fatty acids in plasma phospholipids in a diabetic teenager during and after nine subsequent episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Plasma phospholipid linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) values significantly decreased [23.05 (1.05) versus 19.22 (3.22), % w/w, median (IQR), p , 0.01], while values of dihomo-gammalinolenic acid (C20:3n-6) and docosatetraenoic acid (C22:4n-6) significantly increased [1.72 (0.44) versus 1.80 (0.63) and 0.40 (0.01) versus 0.45 (0.07), respectively, p , 0.05]. Values of alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) did not change, while values of docosahexaenoic acid were significantly higher after than during the ketoacidosis [1.57 (0.67) versus 1.87 (0.32), p , 0.05). These data obtained in the same patient during repeated episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis support the concept that hypoinsulinemia plays an important role in disturbances of essential fatty acid metabolism in diabetes.

Nutritional transition in Africa is linked with increased blood pressure (BP). We examined 10-year fatty acid status and longitudinal associations between individual long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), BP and status of hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg and/or medication use) in black South Africans. We included 300 adults (>30 years) participating in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study, and analysed data from three consecutive examinations (2005, 2010 and 2015 study years). Fatty acids in plasma phospholipids were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We applied sequential linear mixed models for continuous outcomes and generalized mixed models for the hypertension outcome, in the complete sample and separately in urban and rural subjects. Mean baseline systolic/diastolic BP was 137/89 mmHg. Ten-year hypertension status increased among rural (48.6% to 68.6%, p = 0.001) and tended to decrease among urban subjects (67.5% to 61.9%, p = 0.253). Regardless of urbanisation, n-6 PUFA increased and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3) decreased over the 10-years. Subjects in the highest tertile of arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) had 3.81 mmHg lower systolic (95% confidence interval (CI): -7.07, -0.54) and 3.82 mmHg lower diastolic BP (DBP) (95% CI: -5.70, -1.95) compared to the reference tertile, irrespective of lifestyle and clinical confounders. Similarly, osbond acid (C22:5 n-6) was inversely associated with DBP. Over the 10-years, subjects in the highest EPA tertile presented with +2.92 and +1.94 mmHg higher SBP and DBP, respectively, and with 1.46 higher odds of being hypertensive. In black South African adults, individual plasma n-6 PUFA were inversely associated with BP, whereas EPA was adversely associated with hypertension, supporting implementation of dietary fat quality in national cardiovascular primary prevention strategies.

Nutritional transition in Africa is linked with increased blood pressure (BP). We examined 10-year fatty acid status and longitudinal associations between individual long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), BP and status of hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg and/or medication use) in black South Africans. We included 300 adults (&gt;30 years) participating in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study, and analysed data from three consecutive examinations (2005, 2010 and 2015 study years). Fatty acids in plasma phospholipids were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We applied sequential linear mixed models for continuous outcomes and generalized mixed models for the hypertension outcome, in the complete sample and separately in urban and rural subjects. Mean baseline systolic/diastolic BP was 137/89 mmHg. Ten-year hypertension status increased among rural (48.6% to 68.6%, p = 0.001) and tended to decrease among urban subjects (67.5% to 61.9%, p = 0.253). Regardless o...

long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have been widely applied due to their nutraceutical and healthcare benefits. with the rising rates of chronic diseases, there is a growing consumer interest and demand for sustainable dietary sources of n-3 PUFAs. currently, microalgae have emerged as a sustainable source of n-3 PUFAs which are rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (ePA), regarded as promising alternatives to conventional sources (seafood) that cannot meet the growing demands of natural food supplements. this review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in strategies such as genetic engineering, mutagenesis, improving photosynthetic efficiency, nutritional or environmental factors, and cultivation approaches to improve DHA and ePA production efficiency in microalgae cells. Additionally, it explains the application of DHA and ePA-rich microalgae in animal feed, human nutrition-snacks, and supplements to avoid malnutrition and non-communicable diseases.

The genus Chirostoma (silversides) belongs to the family Atherinopsidae, which 24 contains around 150 species, most of which are marine. However, Mexican silverside 25 (Chirostoma estor) is one of the few representatives of freshwater atherinopsids and 26 is only found in some lakes of the Mexican Central Plateau. However, studies have 27 shown that C. estor has improved survival, growth and development when cultured in 28 water conditions with increased salinity. In addition, C. estor displays an unusual fatty 29 acid composition for a freshwater fish with high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) : 30 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratios. Freshwater and marine fish species display very 31 different essential fatty acid metabolism and requirements and so the present study 32 investigated long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis to 33 determine the capacity of C. estor for endogenous production of EPA and DHA, and 34 the effect that salinity has on these pathways. Briefly, C. estor were maintained at 35 three salinities (0, 5 and 15 ppt) and the metabolism of 14 C-labelled 18:3n-3 36 determined in isolated hepatocyte and enterocyte cells. The results showed that C. 37 estor has the capacity for endogenous biosynthesis of LC-PUFA from 18-carbon fatty 38 acid precursors, but that the pathway was essentially only active in saline conditions 39 with virtually no activity in cells isolated from fish grown in freshwater. The activity of 40 the LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway was also higher in cells isolated from fish at 15 41 ppt compared to fish at 5 ppt, The pathway was around 5-fold higher in hepatocytes 42 compared to enterocytes, although the majority of 18:3n-3 was converted to 18:4n-3 43 and 20:4n-3 in hepatocytes whereas the proportions of 18:3n-3 converted to EPA 44 and DHA were higher in enterocytes. The data were consistent with the hypothesis that conversion of EPA to DHA could contribute, at least in part, to the generally high 46 DHA:EPA ratios observed in the tissue lipids of C. estor. 47 48 Mexican silverside (Chirostoma estor, also reported as Menidia estor) from lake 50 Pátzcuaro is one of the most valued freshwater fish in Mexico. The species, locally 51 known as "pez blanco", has greatly influenced the cultural environment and economy 52 of the native people of the region. The species is now endangered because of a 53 range of factors including over-fishing, environmental degradation of the lake and 54 introduction of exotic species (Martínez-Palacios et al. 2008). However, silverside is 55

Recently the world's population increases gradually and also increases their food requirement. The GM crops are otherwise called as transgenic crops which are genetically modified by transfer of beneficial genes into the crops. The GM crops has beneficial features such as insecticides resistance. But they have also harmful effects on environment as well as human health. The modern biotechnology or genetic engineering discovered a new technique to improve quality and quantity of food crops and increase food supply. It improves nutritional quality of food crops. But there are many hazardous impacts on environment as well as health. This paper will describe recent applications of GM Food crops and their prospects.

Dietary and seasonal effects on the fatty acid composition in the fillets of sea bream Sparus aurata and sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax were studied. Samples of the fish and feed were taken at 4 fish farms on the Aegean coast of Turkey during the summer, winter and spring seasons of 2004. The 2 commercial pelleted feeds (A and C) and 2 commercial extruded feeds (B and D) used in the fish farms were analyzed. There were not significant differences among the seasonally fatty acid composition in feed and fish samples except for MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acid) in the fillets of sea bream. Sea bream fillets had significantly higher total MUFA concentration in winter samples (33.5 ± 1.40%) than summer (32.0 ± 0.37%) and spring (31.8 ± 0.87%) samples (P < 0.05). Predominant fatty acids of all feeds and fish fillets were 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA). The feeds generally had ArA (arachidonic acid) level ranging from 0.6% to 0.9% of the total fatty acids. Fatty acid composition in fish fillets generally reflected the fatty acid composition of the feeds. The changes in fatty acid composition of the fillets indicate that the MUFA were probably dispensable for sea bream and sea bass. EPA, DHA and ArA levels in the commercial feeds were adequate for both fish species. The results of this study indicated that both fish species were as a good source of n-3 HUFA in different seasons.

Transgenesis in algae is a complex and fast-growing technology. Selectable marker genes, promoters, reporter genes, transformation techniques, and other genetic tools and methods are already available for various species and currently ~25 species are accessible to genetic transformation. Fortunately, large-scale sequencing projects are also planned, in progress, or completed for several of these species; the most advanced genome projects are those for the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, and the three green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Volvox carteri and Ostreococcus tauri. The vast amount of genomic and EST data coming from these and a number of other algae has the potential to dramatically enlarge not only the algae's molecular toolbox. A powerful driving force in algal transgenics is the prospect of using genetically modified algae as bioreactors. In general, today's non-transgenic, commercial algal biotechnology produces food additives, cosmetics, animal feed additives, pigments, polysaccharides, fatty acids, and biomass. But recent progress in algal transgenics promises a much broader field of application: molecular farming, the production of proteins or metabolites that are valuable to medicine or industry, seems to be feasible with transgenic algal systems. Indeed, the ability of transgenic algae to produce recombinant antibodies, vaccines, insecticidal proteins, or bio-hydrogen has already been demonstrated. Genetic modifications that enhance physiological properties of algal strains and optimization of algal production systems should further improve the potential of this auspicious technology in the future.

Several nutritional studies have shown the in vivo conversion of the 9c,12t-18:2 and 9t,12c-18:2 into long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) containing 20 carbons (geometrical isomers of eicosadienoic and eicosatetraenoic acids). In the present work, some in vitro studies were carried out in order to have precise information on the conversion of these two isomers.

Human platelets fatty acid profiles were studied with particular interest to isomers of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. C20:5 A 17 trans isomer was detected in most of the samples (up to 0.48 % of total fatty acids). Some samples also contained the A 19 trans isomer of docosahexaenoic acid (0.05 % max.).

are related to the metabolic type of muscles. Two glycolytic muscles (Longissimus lumborum and Psoas major), IWO oxidative ones (Soleus and Semimembranosus propriosus) and an intermediate one (Gastrocnemius laterale) were dissectedfrom rabbit carcasses. The results showed that: (a) The glycolytic muscles contain less total lipids, triglycerides and cholesterol than the oxidative ones. (6) Phospholipid content, cardiolipin and PE proportions were lower and PI proportion was higher in the glycolytic muscles them in the oxidative ones. (c) The phospholipids of the glycolytic muscles contain more 16.4 and 18:2 n-6 but less I&':0 and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (20:4 n-6, 22.5 n-6 and n-3) than those of the oxidative muscles.

Copepod Trajectory Characteristics in Thin Layers of Toxic Algal Exudates D.R. WEBSTER, A.C. TRUE, M.J. WEISSBURG, J. YEN, Georgia Tech -Recently documented thin layers of toxic phytoplankton ("cryptic blooms") are modeled in a custom flume system for copepod behavioral assays. Planar laserinduced fluorescence (LIF) measurements quantify the spatiotemporal structure of the chemical layers ensuring a close match to in situ bloom conditions and allowing for quantification of threshold dissolved toxin levels that induce behavioral responses. Assays with the copepods Acartia tonsa (hop-sinker) and Temora longicornis(cruiser) in thin layers of toxic exudates from the common dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (cell equivalent ∼ 1 -10,000 cells/mL) examine the effects of dissolved toxic compounds and copepod species on swimming trajectory characteristics. Computation of parameters such as swimming speed and the fractal dimension of the two-dimensional trajectory (F 2D ) allows for statistical evaluation of copepod behavioral responses to dissolved toxic compounds associated with harmful algal blooms (HABs). Changes in copepod swimming behavior caused by toxic compounds can significantly influence predator, prey, and mate encounter rates by altering the fracticality ("diffuseness" or "volume-fillingness") of a copepod's trajectory. As trophic mediators linking primary producers and higher trophic levels, copepods can significantly influence HAB dynamics and modulate large scale ecological effects through their behavioral interactions with toxic blooms.

Characterization of the lipid fraction of raw cow and buffalo milk samples, collected in different breeding areas in Apulia, a region of southern Italy, were performed by means of 1H NMR. The aim of this work was to establish whether FA composition data obtained by 1H NMR can be used in the differentiation of buffalo and cow milk samples according to species. A complete assignment of the signals present in the spectrum was attempted by COSY, heteronuclear coherence spectra. Quantification of FA was carried out by inserting the integrals of particular peaks in suitable calculations. Multivariate statistical analysis, conducted on the results of the quantification, permitted buffalo and cow milks to be distinguished.

The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of sale and intake level of dietary supplements containing fish oil among inhabitants of Warsaw. The survey was carried out during 25 months in the years 2004 to 2006 in 3 selected drugstores localized in the central areas of Warsaw. The amount of fish oil, level of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids declared on the label, price and rate of sale of particular supplements, as well as the reasons why customers purchased the supplements were collected and analyzed. The rate of sale of fish oil supplements was low; however, it showed a tendency for increase during the time of evaluation. Strong seasonal variability of supplements sale and therefore intake were observed. The highest levels for these parameters occurred from October to February and the lowest from May to July. The most often purchased supplements were fish liver oil capsules. The main reason for fish oil supplement purchases was medical recommendations. The health benefits of fish liver oil were known among customers of drugstores; however, the term ω-3 was almost unknown.

Omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA) positively influence human health. Their main dietary source is fish, especially fish oil. Owing to low fish consumption in many Western countries the average intake of omega‐3 LC PUFA is below the recommended level. This raises interest in diet supplementation and food enrichment with fish oil. However, due to a high degree of unsaturation fish oil is extremely susceptible to oxidation. Oxidation of fish oil increases when added to food products, which may be enhanced by some antioxidants, under certain conditions. For quality control of omega‐3 LC PUFA‐containing foods adequate and combined methods of oxidation assessment should be used, beginning from the raw material and continuing during processing, storage and distribution. To achieve this goal correlation of instrumental and sensory methods with multivariate data analysis may give the best results. In this paper problems of oxidation of fish oil and fish oil‐containing ...

Our objective was to evaluate the influence of fish oil fortification on the sensory quality of selected dairy products. Yoghurts, fresh, soft and processed cheeses, butter and cream were fortified at different levels. Sensory quality was evaluated using a scaling method and the threshold values of the fortification levels were established. Fortification of dairy products with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) omega-3 by fish oil addition appeared possible; however, the level of fortification was limited. The highest level of fortification was obtained for solid, high-fat dairy products (spreadable fresh cheese, butter and processed cheeses), especially when flavourings were present. Such dairy products maintained a constant sensory quality during 4 weeks of storage. One portion of butter, processed and spreadable fresh cheeses fortified at levels established in the study, might provide 180-360 mg of long-chain omega-3 PUFA, significantly elevating their average level in the diet.

The aim of this work was to estimate the content and composition of n‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in selected gammarid species commonly occurring in fresh waters of Central and Western Europe. Five gammarid species were investigated, two native, one old invader consider as semi‐native and two Ponto‐Caspian species invading the area in the last decade. Lipid content of evaluated species ranged from 75 to 130 g kg−1 of dry weight. Significant amounts of n‐3 LC PUFA were found in the lipid fraction of analyzed gammarids 11–23% of total fatty acids, especially in the Ponto‐Caspian species. The main n‐3 fatty acid was EPA—up to 16% of total fatty acids. The ratio of n‐6 to n‐3 was nutritionally desirable, especially in the case of the Ponto‐Caspian species. The results obtained and growing biomass of gammarids observed in fresh waters of Central and Western Europe, as well as the rapid depletion of sea fish communities leads us to the idea that these gammarids might be consi...

It has been reported that changes in the chemical composition of the egg or yolk sac may indicate nutritive needs during early feeding stages (1). A few pieces of research have been carried out related to the fatty acid compositions of larvae and fry in sea bass and turbot (2), Atlantic halibut (3), salmon (4), Senegal sole (5) and Japanese flounder (6). The chemical composition of eggs has been examined to evaluate egg quality, as the egg must satisfy nutritional needs for embryonic and fry development (3,7). Therefore, the determination of the fatty acid composition of the eggs and fry would be a worthwhile study. Surprisingly, this problem has been examined in only a few studies concerned with Atlantic herring (8), cod (9), Senegal sole (5) and Japanese flounder (6). The objective of the present study was to investigate the changes of fatty acid composition in the eggs and fry of rainbow trout from fertilization to first feeding stage. Furthermore, the aim was to establish whether the fatty acid composition of the eggs would have any impact on the fatty acid composition of fry at first feeding stage. Materials and Methods Eggs were determined from three-year-old rainbow trout broodstock raised intensively in the Research and Extension Center of Fishery Department at Atatürk University in Erzurum. Eggs from the same batch, at spawning (unfertilized) and 24 h after spawning (fertilized), were collected in a mesh screen, washed in distilled water and blotted on filter paper before being frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in a freezer at-80 ºC for analysis (5). The same treatment was repeated at the eyed stage (eyed embryo, 20 days after hatching), for alevins (yolk sac, 36 days after hatching) and for fry at the first feeding stages. The fatty acid profiles of sterile (unfertilized) eggs were also determined.

Cellular uptake of long chain fatty acids in human placental trophoblasts is thought to be mediated by several membrane-and cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP). FABP3 was shown to be involved in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) uptake in human trophoblastic choriocarcinoma cells, BeWo as the uptake of arachidonic acid,20:4 n-6 (ARA) was decreased in FABP3-knockdown BeWo cells. However, the regulation of expression of FABP3 in these cells is not yet well known. The aim of the present study was to examine the FABP3 expression by LCPUFAs, insulin and LXR agonists in BeWo cells. Among all these fatty acids tested, only ARA dose-dependently stimulated the expression of FABP3 protein in these cells after 24 h incubation while other fatty acids had no such effect. In addition, LXR agonist and insulin dose-dependently increased FABP3 protein expression in these cells after 24 h incubation. Insulin-stimulated FABP3 protein expression was accompanied with an increased arachidonic acid uptake. Differentiated BeWo cells had lesser expression of FABP3 protein than in the undifferentiated cells as the cellular differentiation state was measured by hCG production. In preeclamptic placental tissue, lowered expression of FABP3 protein was observed compared with those in normal pregnancy. All these data indicate that FABP3 may in be part involved in ARA uptake in these cells and its expression may be regulated by ARA, insulin, LXR and the state of cellular differentiation.

Daily exposure to bisphenols can affect reproductive functions due to their pseudo-estrogenic and/or anti-androgenic effects. Testicular lipids contain high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids necessary for sperm maturity, motility, and spermatogenesis. Whether prenatal exposure to bisphenols alters testicular fatty acid metabolism in adult offspring is unknown. Pregnant Wistar rats were gavaged from gestational day 4 to 21 with BPA and BPS (0.0, 0.4, 4.0, 40.0 &mu;g/kg bw/day). Despite increased body and testis weight, the total testicular cholesterol, triglyceride, and plasma fatty acids were unaffected in the offspring. Lipogenesis was upregulated by increased SCD-1, SCD-2, and expression of lipid storage (ADRP) and trafficking protein (FABP4). The arachidonic acid, 20:4 n-6 (ARA) and docosapentaenoic acid, 22:5 n-6 (DPA) levels were decreased in the BPA-exposed testis, while BPS exposure had no effects. The expression of PPAR&alpha;, PPAR&gamma; proteins, and CATSPER2 mRNA were decreased, which are important for energy dissipation and the motility of the sperm in the testis. The endogenous conversion of linoleic acid,18:2 n-6 (LA), to ARA was impaired by a reduced ARA/LA ratio and decreased FADS1 expression in BPA-exposed testis. Collectively, fetal BPA exposure affected endogenous long-chain fatty acid metabolism and steroidogenesis in the adult testis, which might dysregulate sperm maturation and quality.

Background: Photoautotrophic microalgae are a promising avenue for sustained biodiesel production, but are compromised by low yields of biomass and lipids at present. We are developing a chemical approach to improve microalgal accumulation of feedstock lipids as well as high-value alpha-linolenic acid which in turn might provide a driving force for biodiesel production. Results: We demonstrate the effectiveness of the small bioactive molecule "acetylcholine" on accumulation of biomass, total lipids, and alpha-linolenic acid in Chlorella sorokiniana. The effectiveness exists in different species of Chlorella. Moreover, the precursor and analogs of acetylcholine display increased effectiveness at higher applied doses, with maximal increases by 126, 80, and 60% over controls for biomass, total lipids, and alpha-linolenic acid, respectively. Production of calculated biodiesel was also improved by the precursor and analogs of acetylcholine. The biodiesel quality affected by changes in microalgal fatty acid composition was addressed. Conclusion: The chemical approach described here could improve the lipid yield and biodiesel production of photoautotrophic microalgae if combined with current genetic approaches.

Photoautotrophic microalgae are a promising avenue for sustained biodiesel production, but are compromised by low yields of biomass and lipids at present. We are developing a chemical approach to improve microalgal accumulation of feedstock lipids as well as high-value alpha-linolenic acid which in turn might provide a driving force for biodiesel production. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the small bioactive molecule &quot;acetylcholine&quot; on accumulation of biomass, total lipids, and alpha-linolenic acid in Chlorella sorokiniana. The effectiveness exists in different species of Chlorella. Moreover, the precursor and analogs of acetylcholine display increased effectiveness at higher applied doses, with maximal increases by 126, 80, and 60% over controls for biomass, total lipids, and alpha-linolenic acid, respectively. Production of calculated biodiesel was also improved by the precursor and analogs of acetylcholine. The biodiesel quality affected by changes in microalgal fa...

Whether long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPs) play a role in the development of the young nervous system in term infants is debated. We investigated whether supplementation of formula with LCPs for 2 mo improves the quality of general movements (GMs) in healthy term infants at 3 mo of age. A prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled study was conducted with 2 groups of healthy term infants: a control-formula (CF) group (n = 131) and an LCP-supplemented-formula (LF) group (n = 119). A breastfed (BF) group (n = 147) served as a reference. Information on potential confounders was collected at enrollment. Videotapes were made of the infants&#39; spontaneous motor behavior at 3 mo of age to assess the quality of their GMs. On the basis of quality, normal GMs were classified as normal-optimal or normal-suboptimal, and abnormal GMs were classified as mildly or definitely abnormal. Attrition at 3 mo of age was 15% and nonselective. Multivariate regression analyses with adjust...

Introduction: The relation between docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) vs. arachidonic acid (AA) seems characterized by both synergism and antagonism. Materials and methods: Investigate the relation between EPA þ DHA and AA in populations with a wide range of EPA þDHA status and across the life cycle. EPA þ DHA and AA were determined in erythrocytes (RBC; n ¼ 1979), umbilical arteries (UA; n ¼ 789) and umbilical veins (UV; n ¼ 785). Results: In all compartments, notably RBC, the relation between EPA þDHA and AA appeared bellshaped. Populations with low RBC-EPA þDHA (o 2 g%) exhibited positive relationships; those with high RBC-EPA þDHA (4 8 g%) negative relationships. Antagonism in UA and UV could not be demonstrated. Conclusion: Both synergism and antagonism might aim at a balance between o6 and o3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCP) to maintain homeostasis. Synergism might be a feature of low LCPo3 status. AA becomes suppressed by antagonism from an RBC-EPA þ DHA 4 8 g%.

Aim: Previously, we found a beneficial effect of 2 mo supplementation of infant formula with long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA) on neurological condition at 3 mo in healthy term infants. The aim of the present follow‐up study was to evaluate whether the effect on neurological condition persists until 18 mo. Methods: A prospective, double‐blind, randomized control study was conducted. Three groups were formed: a control (CF; n=169), an LC‐PUFA‐supplemented (LF; n=146) and a breastfed (BF; n=159) group. Information on potential confounders was collected at enrolment. At the age of 18 mo, neurodevelopmental condition was assessed by the age‐specific neurological examination of Hempel and the Bayley scales. The Hempel assessment resulted in a clinical neurological diagnosis, a total optimality score and a score on the fluency of motility. The Bayley scales resulted in mental and psychomotor developmental indices. Attrition at 18 mo was 5.5% and non‐selective. Multivariate ...