Logistics (History)

In the aftermath of the Kalmar War (1611-1613) it was obvious that the vulnerable north-eastern border of the Danish realm had to be strengthened. The solution was to give up two medieval cities in favour of a new fortified town, surrounded by vast wetlands. The building process needed the mobilization of a whole region to provide the labour and logistics. The oral traditions about the birth of Christianstad describes how building materials were transported from the deserted towns. Now these stories have been proven correct by recent archaeological excavations. In Åhus, the Blackfriars site illustrates the process of demolition and reuse, while bricks and exclusive tile ovens from the friary have been identified in the new town. With examples such as these it has been possible to trace the complicated process of this forced relocation. The magnitude and haste involved meant that anything that could be re-used had to be.

Reviewed by Glenn Iceton During the onset of the Cold War, the Canadian and American governments engaged in a joint effort to establish weather stations in the High Arctic. Th ese developments occurred concurrently with increased American presence in the Canadian Arctic due to other military endeavours. With some exceptions, northern Canadian historiography examining this era has consequently been characterized by a focus on the American presence in the Arctic and associated sovereignty concerns on the part of the Canadian government. In Th e Joint Arctic Weather Stations, historians Daniel Heidt and P. Whitney Lackenbaur substantially broaden this scope of inquiry. While providing a nuanced analysis of sovereignty issues related to the establishment of Joint Arctic Weather Stations (JAWS)-and, in the process, challenging many previously-held assumptions-Heidt and Lackenbaur also provide numerous insights into the civilian components surrounding the establishment of the weather stations and the logistical challenges faced by planners and station personnel as they attempted to construct and maintain these stations in such harsh environments. Th is broad focus allows the authors to provide significant historiographical contributions not only to diplomatic history, but also to scientific and environmental history. The book is divided into nine chapters. Th e first four chapters are chronologically organized. Chapter 1 focuses on the lead-up to negotiations regarding the establishment of JAWS, setting the context of early meteorological and scientific research in the Canadian North as well as Canadian sovereignty concerns in the decades preceding the Cold War. Chapter 2 discusses the negotiations that ensued between Canada and the United States to allay the former's sovereignty concerns and pave the way for JAWS. The following two chapters discuss the logistics of establishing the first weather stations in the High Arctic and expanding the network of stations.

This is the first systematic account of the Joint Arctic Weather Stations (JAWS), a collaborative science program between Canada and the United States that created a distinctive state presence in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago from 1946-1972. These five meteorological stations, constructed at Eureka, Resolute, Isachsen, Mould Bay, and Alert, became remote hubs for science and sovereignty, revealing the possibilities and limits of modernity in the High Arctic.

Drawing on extensive archival evidence, unpublished personal memoirs, and interviews with former JAWS personnel, this book systematically analyzes the diplomatic, scientific, social, environmental, and civil-military dimensions of this binational program. From the corridors of power in Washington and Ottawa to everyday life at the small outposts, The Joint Arctic Weather Stations explores delicate statecraft, changing scientific practices, as well as the distinctive station cultures that emerged as humans coped with isolation in polar environments.

nord de 1948, les auteurs examinent de façon critique les relations Canadien-Américaines dans l'Arctique au début de la guerre froide. Les données archivistiques indiquent que, plutôt que de sacrifier la souveraineté dans l'intérêt de la sécurité continentale, le gouvernement canadien a scruté et a surveillé les activités de défense américaines dans l'Arctique pour s'assurer qu'il maintienne un niveau de contrôle approprié. Il y avait des inadvertances, des caprices et des malentendus de part et d'autre, mais les officiels ont compris des leçons importantes de la mission de 1948 qui ont été appliquées aux activités ultérieures de réapprovisionnement, prenant le cap vers un rapport opérationnel de plus en plus fonctionnel. On the afternoon of 30 July 1948, the icebreakers United States Ship (USS) Edisto and United States Coast Guard Ship (USCG) Eastwind left the anchorage at Thule, Greenland and set a course for the coast of Ellesmere Island. Along with a third vessel, the cargo ship USS Wyandot, which was on its way to Resolute Bay, the little group was called Task Force 80. Its mission seemed straightforward: resupply the joint Arctic weather stations set up the previous summer and establish a new one on the northern tip of Ellesmere. 2 The voyage, however, proved anything but simple. By the next morning the ships were cautiously picking their way through loose and scattered floe ice. Their helicopters scouted for the best routes, but by evening the two icebreakers ran into thick pack ice as they neared central Kane Basin. Their progress 1 Thanks to Daniel Heidt for sharing research material and for commenting on an earlier draft of this article. This research was supported by SSHRC graduate fellowships, a Fulbright fellowship at the School for Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University in Washington, D.C., a St. Jerome's University internal faculty research grant, and an ArcticNet grant on the evolving Arctic security environment. 2 Edisto and Eastwind were two of seven ships built for the U.S. government at San Pedro, California by Western Pipe and Steel Company, which became known as the Northwind Class. Edisto and Burton Island were operated by the USN, and Northwind and Eastwind by the USCG. Captain F.A. Germain, DOT, to

Of the numerous Cold War Arctic initiatives, none was more significant than the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line. A triumph of scientific design and logistical planning completed in the late 1950s, the DEW Line was a string of continental defence radars, ultimately stretching from Alaska to Greenland. Alongside the secondary Mid-Canada Line and the tertiary Pinetree Line, the DEW Line marked the edge of an electronic grid controlled by the new SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) computer system and was ultimately centred on the Colorado command hub of NORAD. The construction of the DEW Line was made possible by bilateral agreement between the Canadian and American governments (reproduced below), and an alliance between the U.S. Department of Defense and the Bell "system" of companies. The planning and implementation of the DEW Line attracted significant media attention in the fifties, but somehow has managed to evade systematic scholarly attention since that time. The need for an interdisciplinary survey of the Line, its long history, and wider Arctic contexts is long overdue. This research compendium provides a list of relevant sources on the DEW Line and Cold War continental defence. It focuses on primary sources available in Canada, and a systematic survey of published sources from Canada and the United States. We hope that this compilation provides a sound basis for a major research initiative on this very important subject. The basic contours of the DEW Line history are covered in the following text, taken from a Western Electric Corporation commemorative booklet issued in 1956. Like most contemporary documents, it sees the radar line as a great triumph of the Cold War era. Of course, the DEW line also generated less favourable legacies worthy of dedicated exploration and reflection. Profound socioeconomic and cultural dislocations amongst Northern peoples and deleterious environmental impacts changed the human and physical geographies of the North. For northern aboriginal peoples and government officials, this Cold War project had sudden and far-reaching impacts. These remain to be studied in a comprehensive manner.

I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public.

The construction of the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line in the mid-1950s represents the most dramatic example of military modernization in the Canadian Arctic. To ensure that a range of federal government stakeholders were informed about and engaged in this megaproject, the DEW Line Co-ordinating Committee was established in February 1955 and ran until 1963. The meeting minutes and the regular progress reports provided to the committee offer valuable insights into the logistical and administrative machinery behind the “great assault” on the Canadian Arctic and its transformative effects on the human population in the region.

Special Contract tells the story of Bell Canada’s involvement in the construction of the Mid-Canada Line (also known as the McGill Fence), a series of radar stations running along the 55th parallel to provide early warning of a Soviet bomber attack on North America. Written by Alex Lester, a self-made engineer who headed Bell’s Special Contract Division that oversaw the building of the line during the mid-1950s, it details the project from the tropospheric scatter system that linked the sites to the completion of the microwave towers and stations dotting the mid-Canadian landscape. This important account provides unique insights into the political, logistical, and construction challenges involved in building a radar and communication system in remote Northern locations.

Lojistik "kargoculuk" değil, geniş bir tedarik zinciri yönetimidir. Lojistik kelimesi ilk olarak Yunan uygarlığındaki askeri alanda kullanılmaya başlanmış ve daha sonrada askeri alanda sık ve etkin bir kullanım ile günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Lojistik, kişilerin ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak üzere her türlü ürünün, hizmetin ve bilgi akışının çıkış noktasından varış noktasına kadar taşınmasının etkili ve verimli bir biçimde planlanması ve uygulanması olarak tanımlanabilir.1 Lojistik "kargoculuk" değil, geniş bir tedarik zinciri yönetimidir. Bir ürünün, hizmet ve insan gibi kaynakların, ihtiyaç duyulan yerde ve istenen zamanda temin edilmesi için bir aracı, herhangi bir pazarlama veya üretim organizasyonunun en temel ögelerinden bir tanesi ve tüm bu süreçleri işleterek, ihtiyaçların en düşük maliyetle karşılanıp gerekli sürecin tamamlanmasıdır. Büyük İskender lojistik sürecini çok iyi yöneterek kazandı Lojistik, Yunanca " Logistikos " kelimesinden türemiştir. Bu sözcük, " hesap kitap yapma bilimi " , " hesapta becerikli " anlamına geliyor. Bir başka görüşe göre lojistik, " Logic " ve " Statistics " kelimelerinin birleşmesinden meydana geliyor.2 Lojistik kelimesi ilk olarak Yunan uygarlığındaki askeri alanda kullanılmaya başlanmış ve daha sonrada askeri alanda sık ve etkin bir kullanım ile günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Büyük İskender, askerî harekâtları esnasında lojistik sürecini çok iyi yönetmesi nedeniyle, on bir yıl süren askerî harekât (MÖ 334-323) gerçekleştirebilmiş, Makedonya'nın doğusundaki yabani bölgelerden geçerek o güne kadar bilinen yerlerin sınırlarını aşarak, Hindistan'a ulaşmış. Büyük İskender tedarik zincirinde yaptığı düzenlemeler ile binlerce kişilik ordusunu çok daha uzak mesafelere, çok daha etkin bir şekilde götürebilmiş, ordusunun ihtiyaçlarını tam ve zamanında karşılayabilmiş ve nihayetinde de Pers Ordusu'na karşı önemli bir stratejik üstünlük sağlayarak zafere ulaşmıştır. Dünden bugüne teknolojiyle beraber elbette çok şey değişti. Şimdi 2300 yıl öncesini kenara bırakıp bugüne bakacak olursak, lojistiğin bugün de çok önemli ve değerli olduğunu görebiliriz. Türkiye fırsat cenneti Gelir açısından küresel lojistik piyasasının, 2015 yılında US$8,5 trilyon ABD dolarından, 2023 yılına kadar US$15,5 trilyon ABD dolarına yükselmesi, 2015 'ten 2024 'e kadar %7,5 bileşik yıllık büyüme oranı (CAGR) kaydetmesi, hacim olarak ise, piyasanın 2016 ile 2024 yılları arasında bileşik yıllık büyüme oranı % 6 olarak gerçekleştirmesi beklenmektedir.3 %65'ten fazlasını 24-54 yaş arasındakilerin oluşturduğu nüfusu ile Türkiye, Avrupa'nın en büyük ve en genç iş gücü havuzlarından birine sahip olması nedeniyle, yatırımcılar sektörün farklı taleplerini karşılamak için nitelikli iş gücünü, rekabetçi bir maliyetle kolaylıkla istihdam edebiliyor. Jeopolitik konumu gereği Doğu ile Batı'yı, Asya ile Avrupa kıtalarını birbirine bağlayarak, küresel ticaret için önemli bir kesişme noktasında yer almanın yanı sıra stratejik konumu bakımından dört saatlik uçuş mesafesi içerisinde toplam 1.6 milyar nüfuslu, milli geliri 30 trilyon doları aşan, toplam küresel ticaretin neredeyse yarısına karşılık gelen bir dış ticaret hacmine sahip birçok pazara erişim sunmaktadır. Türkiye'nin Doğu Avrupa, Orta Asya, Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika'ya kolay erişim imkânı sağlayan avantajlı coğrafi konumu, bölgedeki taşımacılık faaliyetleri için bir üs işlevi görmesini sağlamaktadır. Türkiye 'de lojistik sektörü, günümüzdeki hacmiyle ülke milli gelirinin yaklaşık %13'ünü oluşturmaktadır.4 Bu oranı artırmak ve küresel sermayede daha fazla pay sahibi olmak amaçlı olarak, 2014-2018 yılları arası Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı'nda " Türkiye'nin lojistikte bölgesel bir üs olması " ve bu sayede lojistik maliyetin düşürülmesi, ticaretin geliştirilmesi ve rekabet gücünün artırılması temel amaç olarak belirlenmiştir.

For my masters's dissertation, I decided to investigate the logistics behind Edward I's Welsh campaign in 1277 and 1282-1284. The topics I have  investigated involves the procurement of victuals, recruitment of infantry and the assemblage of arms and horses for the expedition. This paper achieved a 55% at the University of Kent.

O presente artigo pretende analisar o Hospital Real Militar e os Armazéns de Guerra de Coimbra, duas instituições criadas no contexto da Guerra Fantástica (1762). A investigação baseia-se no livro “Coleçam de todas as despezas”, uma fonte inédita que se encontra no Arquivo da Universidade de Coimbra. Pretende-se analisar as despesas das instituições, o seu financiamento e o quadro de pessoal, tendo em conta o contexto político e militar no séc. XVIII.

This article intends to analyze the Royal Military Hospital and the War
Warehouses of Coimbra, two institutions created within the context of the Fantastic War (1762). The investigation is based on the book “Coleçam de todas as despezas”, an unpublished historical source located in the Archive of the University of Coimbra. We intend to analyze the institution’s expenditure, their funding and the personnel, taking into account the political and military context in the 18th century.

The Advisory Committee on Northern Development (ACND), a high-level interdepartmental committee, was responsible for coordinating federal Arctic policies and programs from 1948-1971. The minutes of its main meetings provide unparalleled insight into how high-ranking civil servants in Ottawa grappled with what they perceived to be the most pressing issues of the era, including Canadian-American relations, sovereignty, security, Aboriginal affairs, socio-economic development, scientific research, and governance. As this volume reveals, the ACND represented an early example of the “Whole of Government” approach to policy deliberations, revealing the myriad activities that constituted the “Arctic revolution” during this pivotal quarter-century.

Em Portugal, a assistência hospitalar esteve quase totalmente entregue a leigos, conhecendo-se poucos hospitais a serem administrados pela ordem de S. João de Deus e pelos cónegos de S. João Baptista 1 . Com a reforma da assistência e o surgimento das Misericórdias, a estratégia da Coroa portuguesa foi a de entregar a administração dos hospitais às Misericórdias, tendo em vista uma diminuição de custos com estas instituições. O mesmo já não aconteceu, por exemplo, na vizinha Espanha, onde a assistência hospitalar contou com a presença de várias Ordens religiosas, que nela ocuparam um lugar de destaque: a Ordem de S. João de Deus, a Ordem da Caridade, os camilos e a Ordem dos irmãos míninos ou obregões. A Ordem dos irmãos obregões desenvolveu um importante trabalho nos hospitais militares, aos quais esteve associada 2 .

A longstanding debate in the history of the Hundred Years War has been whether the war had a negative or positive impact on the English economy during the fourteenth and fifteenth century. For a number of years many historians of late medieval England have leaned towards a negative view of the impact of the war, particularly because of the growing burden of taxation and purveyance throughout the war. Few scholars have examined the impact of the Hundred Years War from a more holistic perspective encompassing issues such as taxation and purveyance, along with wages, ransoms, spoils of war, and the investment in industry as a result of increased English wealth. This thesis attempts to demonstrate that the impact of the Hundred Years War is more positive on the English economy than previously held, or at least is far more complex than the current scholarship indicates.

Most scholars have argued that the Hundred Years War negatively impacted the economy and society of England. Tliey have focused primarily on four aspects of the war: the burden of taxation on the English populace, the effects of purveyance on rural society, the effect of recruitment on the labour force of England and the costs of supporting military expeditions. However, in each case the actual degree of impact can be called into question or offset by appealing to other scholarship, or by drawing attention to related positive benefits that are too often overlooked. Beyond this, one must also consider the benefits of war in the form of new industry and the influx of money from high wages, rewards, ransoms, and the spoils of war. This paper seeks to examine both the positive and negative impacts of the Hundred Years War on the rural society and economy of England and to demonstrate that the overall impact of the war was not as negative as the majority of historians have previously maintained. The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries in English history were shaped by the recurrence of war.1 However, the precise impact of these events on the rural society and economy of England has been the subject of much discussion. Of particular interest is the exchange between British historians M. Postan and K. McFarlanc.2 While Postan has argued that this lengthy conflict had only negative impact on the society and economy of Late Medieval England, McFarlane has asserted that the war was a very successful venture for the crown, with positive impacts for the economy.

Abstract: This article considers a number of texts which historians of medieval England have had difficulty in categorising: poems which are sometimes referred to as ‘satirical’, and which criticize royal officeholders, often, in practice, the gentry and urban elites. To better understand the social function of these texts, this article considers the work of French historians on ‘reform’, arguing that the English poems ‘of social contestation’ would be better understood from a similar point of view. They are not simply for entertainment; they are rather part of a ‘confessional’ process whereby moralists attempted to discipline local elites as the judicial and fiscal powers of the latter expanded in the course of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

Résumé : Cet article considère un ensemble de textes que les historiens anglais ont eu du mal à comprendre : des textes dits « satirique » qui critiquent la classe des officiers (c’est-à-dire la petite noblesse des comtés et les élites urbaines) mais qui ont été vraisemblablement écrits, recopiés et lus par cette même classe. Pour expliquer leur fonction, cet article puisent dans les travaux des historiens français sur la « réforme », arguant que les textes anglais dits « de contestation sociale » peuvent être compris dans une optique semblable. Ils ne sont pas de simples œuvres distrayantes ; ils font plutôt partie d’un processus « confessionnel » par lequel les moralistes essayaient de discipliner les élites locales lors de l’expansion des pouvoirs judiciaires et fiscaux de ces derniers entre le XIIIe et le XIVe siècle.