Local Government Law

The article relies on the constitutional distinction between fi-nancial sufficiency (art. 142 of the Constitution) and budget balance of all municipalities (art. 135.2 of the Constitution). On this basis, insuffi-ciency can be considered as an structural situation, while budgetary im-balances are only cyclical or transitory. At present, it can generally be said that Spanish municipalities are in a situation of financial sufficien-cy. This is a natural consequence of the legal financing scheme, which avoids dependence on a single or decisive financial source.However,the general conclusion of sufficiency requires two important clarifica-tions: that this sufficiency is very different in large urban municipalities and in medium-sized and small municipalities; and that the conclusion of sufficiency is born out of the debatable premise that part of municipal spending is not mandatory or ‘inappropriate’. Spanish municipalities also show balanced budgets. Along each budget year, deviations in revenue forecasts or expenditure needs may occur. For these situations, budg-et and local government legislation allows for some solutions, although not all of them can be used in a flexible and agile way. Raising more revenue is highly conditioned by the rigidity of the tax system. On the side of expenditure, municipalities account on more instruments avail-able: execution of the municipal contingency fund; deletion of already budgeted expenditure credits; access to provincial assistance; avoidance of current expenditure through public-private partnership formulas; and various modifications in expenditure credits (creation of new expendi-ture programs, extension of existing ones, transfers between expendi-ture areas). Although the possible budget modifications are limited, they may be sufficient insofar as each annual budget necessarily starts in a balanced position.

In many African cities, community-led parenting is a common practice. Neighbours
correct and guide kids in public places, making it clear that everyone is responsible for
raising them morally. The way the UK deals with bad behaviour among teens depends
more on state police than on families working together. This difference changes the
moral context in which kids grow up, making authority seem like an outside force
instead of something they should value themselves. The Office for National Statistics
(ONS) says that 14.6% of families in the UK are run by a single parent, and that 90% of
these homes are run by women. People argue that these numbers are related to youth
crime and social unrest. Political talk puts more emphasis on patrols, monitoring, and
harsher sentences, thinking that police can fill in the moral gaps left by broken family
structures. In this case, important questions come up: can laws enforce morality? Can
the cops make virtue where it doesn't exist?
Post-sovereignty signifies the ability to foster moral agency from within society, rather
than impose obedience from a superior position. Parenting exemplifies this sovereignty
by instilling ideals in citizens prior to their engagement with formal authority, whereas
enforcement operates reactively in response to harm.
Classical philosophers acknowledged families as the cornerstone of public order. Plato
argued in T h e R e p u b l i c that justice in the city depends on justice in the soul, shaped
through household guidance. Aristotle viewed the household as virtue's seedbed in
P o l i t i c s . Confucius emphasised in the A n a l e c t s that public harmony stems from family
order. These traditions converge on one principle: moral character develops through
intimate relationships before law intervenes.Current UK spending reflects misplaced
priorities. The government allocates approximately £15.8 billion annually to policing and
criminal justice, while family support programmes receive roughly £200 million—a ratio
of nearly 80:1 favouring enforcement over prevention.
This argument differs from traditionalist perspectives that frame single-parent
households as inherently criminogenic. Evidence suggests family function matters
more than structure when adequate resources and community support exist
(McLanahan & Sandefur, 1994; Kiernan & Mensah, 2010). Tyler (2006) demonstrates
that legal compliance depends on perceived legitimacy—strongest when authority is
personal, consistent, and trusted rather than imposed by law enforcement. Many single-
parent households demonstrate resilience and effective moral leadership under
challenging conditions. However, absent support systems—economic security,
accessible childcare, community networks—undermine their capacity. When supports
are lacking, the state responds with enforcement measures addressing symptoms
rather than causes. Redirecting resources from enforcement to family support requires
recognising that homes are the foundation of public safety and single parents are
critical partners in crime prevention. The question for the UK is not whether to police
less, but whether to build stronger moral foundations so policing is needed less often.

Using a new dataset of extreme rainfall covering 130 countries from 1979 to 2009, this paper investigates whether and how extreme rainfall-driven flooding affects democratic conditions. Our key finding is that extreme rainfall-induced flooding exerts two opposing effects on democracy. On one hand, flooding leads to corruption in the chains of emergency relief distribution and other post-disaster assistance, which in turn impels the citizenry to demand more democracy. On the other hand, flooding induces autocratic tendencies in incumbent regimes because efficient post-disaster management with no dissent, chaos or plunder might require government to undertake repressive actions. The net estimated effect is an improvement in democratic conditions.

Las competencias de las diputaciones provinciales de régimen común 1. El marco legal de las competencias provinciales. 2. El estatuto competencial de la provincia en la legislación básica estatal. Los títulos competenciales del artículo 36 de la LBRL. 2.1. La coordinación de servicios municipales entre sí. 2.2. La asistencia y la cooperación jurídica, económica y técnica a los municipios. 2.3. La prestación de servicios públicos de carácter supramunicipal o, en su caso, supracomarcal. 2.4. La cooperación en el fomento del desarrollo económico y social y en la planificación en el territorio provincial, de acuerdo con las competencias de las demás administraciones públicas en este ámbito. 2.5. En general, el fomento de los intereses peculiares de la provincia. 3. El desarrollo del estatuto competencial de las provincias de régimen común por las comunidades autónomas: el caso peculiar de Cataluña. 4. El desarrollo del estatuto competencial de las provincias de régimen común en el resto de las comunidades autónomas pluriprovinciales. 4.1. Las provincias en Andalucía. 4.2. Las provincias en Aragón. 4.3. Las provincias en Castilla-La Mancha. 4.4. Las provincias en Castilla y León. 4.5. Las provincias en Extremadura. 4.6. Las provincias en Galicia. 4.7. Las provincias en la Comunidad Valenciana 5. Balance y perspectivas de futuro: las provincias en el Libro blanco para la reforma del régimen local y en el borrador de anteproyecto de Ley básica del gobierno y la administración local.

Eviction is both a symptom and a cause of socioeconomic disadvantage, with especially dire implications for children's development. This report investigates two interconnected issues: (1) how landlord ownership type, specifically local vs. non-local ("absentee") landlords, relates to eviction rates in Dallas County, and (2) the long-term impacts of eviction on children, framed through the lens of early-childhood development. First, we merge Dallas County court eviction filings with CoStar property data to classify properties by owner location and size, using advanced record-linkage techniques to clean landlord identities. We find that non-local landlords (often corporate or out-of-region owners) own a majority of large multifamily units and file evictions at significantly higher rates than local landlords. In 100+ unit complexes, non-local firms file about three times as many evictions as local owners, even after accounting for their larger portfolios, indicating higher filings-per-unit on average. These absentee owners' practices -including automated or "serial" eviction filings -contribute to greater housing instability for tenants. Second, we conduct a meta-analysis showing that evictions impose substantial harms on children: an eviction in early childhood leads to frequent moves or homelessness, school disruptions, worse health outcomes (e.g. low birth weight, developmental delays), and lower educational attainment. In the framework of Heckman's theory of early-life investments, eviction represents a severe adverse shock during a formative period, undermining skill formation and long-term human capital. Policy implications are clear. Keeping families housed is a high-return investment in children's futures, and curbing exploitative or high-evicting landlord behavior is critical for community stability. The report concludes with evidence-based recommendations: bolstering eviction prevention (rental assistance, legal counsel, etc.) and enacting reforms to regulate absentee landlords (e.g. just-cause eviction laws, code enforcement, and incentives for local ownership). These dual strategies aim to break * We would like to thank William Kozoman for his contributions to the data cleaning and analysis during the early stages of this project. the eviction cycle, protect young children's development, and foster more equitable housing outcomes.

Maryland’s General Assembly is currently looking at a bill that would block
landlords from evicting tenants without a legitimate reason. On February
18th, members of Renters United Maryland called on lawmakers to require
a “good cause” or “just cause” for any eviction, such as a lease violation or
non-payment.

Ensuring justice for all is a long cherished dream yet hangs on hope in the most developing countries like Bangladesh. Majority of the people are living at villages in Bangladesh. They are not in great touch with formal justice system because of their poor economic and social condition. The objective of the introducing of the Village Courts in Bangladesh was to ensure justice locally without having undue deferrals and inflated costs of the formal court processes. At present, village court is the only legal institution which exists to the doorstep of the rural poor people for the privilege of justice. This study focuses on recognizing the problems and prospects of Village Court in Bangladesh and provides a comprehensive way out to strengthen Village Court. Numerous problems severely circumscribed the Village Court system from realism such as lack of proper training and manpower, corruption, biasness, interruption of local politicians etc. This study has been prepared with the help of secondary data. Besides this, different academic views have been combined for a comprehensive reform approach that will be provided remedies of the current problems of Village Court. Contribution/ Originality: This study contributes to the related literature of informal judiciary system chiefly to "Village Court" which is the only doorway option of access to justice for the rural poorer in Bangladesh by determining the strengths, prospects and by offering a comprehensive way out of existing weaknesses.

As cities strive to reduce their environmental impact, they are increasingly adopting strategies to electrify their building stock. One key mechanism for this transformation is the shift from prescriptive to performative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets. A prime example is New York City's Local Law 97 of 2019 (LL97) which mandates that buildings over 25,000 ft2 reduce their GHG emissions by 40% by 2030 and 80% by 2050, from the base year of 2005.1 This paper examines LL97's strengths and weaknesses in its effectiveness in electrifying the building stock, as LL97 boasts a beneficial electrification credit ("BE Credit") rule which exchanges emissions limits for electrification,2 as well overall emissions reduction. It also explores the role of educational institutions in supporting such decarbonization projects.

Iniciar cualquier tipo de referencia a las repercusiones de la aplicación del principio de subsidiariedad al ámbito de la Administración Local española exige, con carácter previo, intentar delimitar aquél concepto básico en la construcción de la Unión Europea. No es sencillo, a priorísticamente, ofrecer una definición uniforme e indiscutida del principio de subsidiariedad atendiendo a los múltiples factores e intereses que convergen en torno suyo. Atendiendo a sus raíces filosóficas, políticas y jurídicas puede concebirse como un instrumento organizativo que permite delimitar las diferentes esferas competenciales entre las personas, organismos e instituciones que componen una determinada sociedad atendiendo a criterios de necesidad, eficacia y equilibrio, lo que se traduce en una construcción de tipo vertical, ascendente y expansivo que, partiendo de los niveles más básicos se remonta a colectividades superiores, determinando, en cada caso, el nivel adecuado en el que adoptar una decisión. Esta concepción del principio de subsidiariedad implica la necesidad de atribuir a las agrupaciones más básicas de la estructura organizativa de la sociedad la capacidad de desempeñar aquellas funciones adecuadas a su desarrollo y capacidad de gestión, reservando a los niveles superiores las competencias más graves, complicadas y trascendentales, atendiendo a su mayor progreso personal, funcional y financiero. La conclusión final extraible de esta primera aproximación al tema, concebiría el principio de subsidiariedad como un elemento multifuncional y complementario de la diferente organización político-territorial de un Estado. La traslación de este esquema teórico al marco comunitario no puede desconocer la relevancia y enorme transcendencia que el principio de subsidiariedad ha tenido, posee en la actualidad y postula en el futuro, respecto a su aplicación en el proceso de integración y desarrollo de la Unión Europea. En este sentido, una rápida lectura de las diversas normas integradoras del ordenamiento jurídico comunitario refleja la existencia de unos claros antecedentes del principio de subsidiariedad en forma de referencias tácitas o expresas. Entre los antecedentes legislativos del mencionado principio se pueden incluir el artículo 5º del Tratado de la Comunidad Europea del Carbón y del Acero (TCECA), en donde se alude a que "la Comunidad cumplirá su misión, en las condiciones previstas en el presente Tratado, mediante intervenciones limitadas"; así como el artículo 235 del Tratado de la Comunidad Económica Europea (TCEE) en donde se alude a que "cuando una acción de la Comunidad resulte necesaria para lograr, en el funcionamiento del mercado común, uno de los objetivos de la Comunidad, sin que el presente Tratado haya previsto los poderes de acción necesarios al respecto, el Consejo, por unanimidad, a propuesta de la Comisión y previa consulta al Parlamento Europeo, adoptará las disposiciones pertinentes".

Renting a home in Houston, Texas, comes with certain rights and responsibilities. Unfortunately, many tenants are unaware of the protections they have under Texas law, leaving them vulnerable to unfair treatment by landlords. The Honorable Brittanye Morris, a respected judge in Houston, has been a strong advocate for tenant rights, ensuring that residents are informed about their legal protections. In this article, we explore the key tenant rights in Houston, as shared by Judge Brittanye Morris, and how renters can safeguard themselves against unlawful eviction, poor living conditions, and unfair lease agreements. Understanding Tenant Rights in Houston Houston, like the rest of Texas, follows state landlord-tenant laws, which provide a legal framework for renting residential properties. However, there are unique aspects to Houston's rental landscape, especially concerning evictions, security deposits, and lease agreements. Judge Brittanye Morris has emphasized the importance of tenants knowing their rights before signing a lease or facing legal disputes with their landlords. Some of the most critical tenant protections in Houston include:

In 2016, Detroit, Michigan's police department piloted a city-wide public-private-community video surveillance program called Project Green Light (PGL). Businesses that host the service, typically gas stations and convenience stores, receive priority response times for emergency dispatch calls, artificially decreasing 911 response times in a city with historically low emergency response capacity. This has led to many senior care homes with medically vulnerable residents to subscribe to PGL, as well as landlords of residential apartment buildings. While the program has been identified as a marker of gentrification by housing and anti-surveillance activists and residents, it has also raised concern about perpetuating the criminalization of Black Detroiters, specifically those living in rental housing that hosts the technology. In a city that is rapidly evolving through private, institutional, and public partnership developments while elected officials espouse to maintain racial and economic equity as core values of Detroit's upcoming master planning process, the lack of foresight of the impact of surveillance tech is striking. The article's focus is on surveillance technology as a defining element of contemporary urban development which enacts both a forbearance and expansion of rights through the application of technology to property relations. Relying on the automation of policing and racially biased artificial intelligence perpetuates criminality based on race, class, and perceived gender while additionally tying those experiences to the bundle of rights associated with the ownership of property.

Modern demokrasinin iki yüz yılı aşan deneyimi güçlü bir demokratik sistemin ancak güçlü ve siyasi karar alma mekanizmalarıyla diyalog içinde olan bir sivil toplum örgütlenmesi ile mümkün olduğuna işaret edi- yor. Bu çalışmanın amacı; Türkiye’de önemli sivil toplum aktörleri arasında yer alan sivil toplum örgütlerinin (STÖ) karar alma süreçlerinde oynadıkları rolü mevzuat ve uygulamalar çerçevesinde ele alarak bir durum tespiti yapmak ve bu tespitten hareketle geleceğe yönelik sivil toplum katılımını güçlendirecek önerilerde bulunmaktır. Rapor, STÖ’lerin karar alma süreçlerine katılımı konusunda uluslararası ve ulusal düzenlemeler temelinde geliştirilen bir metodolojik yaklaşım temelinde yasama organı, merkezi idare ile yerel yönetimler düzeylerinde katılımla ilgili mevcut durum ve sorunları ele almaktadır.

The indistinct division of spatial planning-related powers and functions in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, often leads to the overlap, conflict, and confusion of responsibilities between the national, provincial, and local spheres of government. Due to much uncertainty, municipal planning powers are a subject of massive intergovernmental contentions, coupled with an array of litigations. This article, therefore, examines the judicial delineation of local government spatial planning powers in South Africa. Through a critical analysis of relevant case law and legislation, particularly the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act 16 of 2013 (SPLUMA), this study explores the tensions between local government autonomy and the national and provincial regulatory frameworks pertinent to spatial planning powers. The research reveals that the judiciary plays a pivotal role in shaping spatial planning policy, often balancing competing interests and constitutional imperatives. Accordingly, judicial recourse has delineated spatial planning powers and asserted the autonomy of municipal planning. The findings highlight the need for legislative clarity on the division of spatial planning powers, the importance of an integrated and viable cooperative spatial governance, professional development initiatives, a more proactive approach in judicial interpretation of spatial planning laws, and meaningful community participation in spatial planning processes, to cumulatively ensure that local governments promote equitable development. This study contributes to the ongoing debate on local government powers and spatial planning in South Africa, offering valuable insights for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners.

Las competencias locales constituyen un elemento fundamental del principio general de la organización territorial del Estado que conocemos como «Autonomía local». Su regulación ha de efectuarse por el legislador básico estatal, y autonómico en desarrollo, en lo que a directrices para la asignación de competencias se refiere y, a su vez, por el legislador autonómico o estatal, según la materia. Todo ello hace de esta una tarea de gran complejidad que, aún habiéndose exigido al legislador por el Tribunal Constitucional hace más de 30 años, a día de hoy sigue pendiente. Ante la posibilidad inminente de una nueva regulación se estudia el estado de la cuestión, incluyéndose aspectos imprescindibles a considerar por una nueva legislación.Local competences are a key element of the general principle of the territorial organization of the state is known as «local autonomy». Its regulation is to be effected by the basic state legislator, and regional development, as far as guidelines for the ...

Professor da FGv-RJ e da FDv-Es. Procurador do Estado do Espírito santo. Resumo: O presente estudo tem por finalidade revisitar, para fins de reflexão e debate, alguns dos fundamentos do direito econômico municipal, de modo a extrair do ordenamento jurídico, notadamente da matriz constitucional, alguns limites e possibilidades de atuação do Município e da iniciativa privada na economia local. Para tanto, é necessário fixar algumas premissas para a compreensão da temática que será desenvolvida, seguindo-se do exame do conceito e do objeto do direito econômico municipal, assim como da estrutura constitucional dos Municípios na federação brasileira, ofertando-se, ao final, algumas proposições conclusivas. -chave: Município. intervenção. Economia. Ordem econômica. Sumário: 1 introdução, delimitação, justificativa e relevância da temática em exame -2 Premissas para a compreensão do direito econômico municipal -3 Conceito e objeto do direito econômico municipal -4 O Muni cípio como entidade política dotada de autonomia constitucional decorrente do modelo de federalismo brasileiro -5 O federalismo econômico brasileiro, cooperativo e assimétrico, e a posição constitucional dos Municípios -6 Proposições conclusivas -Referências 1 Introdução, delimitação, justificativa e relevância da temática em exame É incontroversa a importância social e econômica do Município na vida dos cidadãos, relevância essa que se acentuou com o advento da Constituição da República de 1988, ao trazer o compromisso municipal fundamental com a brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

setts see HARBRmDE HOUSE, INC., A STUDY OF RENT AND EVICTION CONTROLS IN TIm COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS (1974) [hereinafter cited as HARBRmGE HOUSE]; G. STmNLIEB, THn REALITIES OF RENT CoNTROL IN Tm GREATAER BOSTON AREA (1975); URBAN PLANNING AID, INC., CRITIQuE OF THE RENTAL HOUSING ASSOCIATION STUDY: AN ANALYSIS OF THE REALITIES OF RENT CoNTROL IN THE GREATER BOSTON AREA (1975). The Harbridge House study contains a detailed history and analysis of the administration of rent control in Massachusetts. 35. MAss. GEN. LAWS ANN. ch. 40 App., § 1-5 (Supp. 1976). 36. Id. § 1-7(a). There has been a great deal of variation among the different cities' provisions governing rental increases and defining the "fair net operating income" January 19771 THE NEW JERSEY TENANT'S MOVEMENT WomaNo PAPERS ON THm EcoNoMIc STABILZATION PoaAM (1974) [hereinafter cited as Rosencrans].

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The evolution of the local law of the self-government units in Poland, Warsaw 2014, pp. 251 W myśl artykułu 87 ust. 2 w związku z artykułem 94 Konstytucji RP akty prawa miejscowego stanowione przez organy samorządu terytorialnego na podstawie i w granicach przyznanych im w ustawie są źródłami prawa o mocy powszechnie obowiązującej, ale tylko na obszarze tego działania organu, który dany akt prawny ustanowił. Znajomość zarówno kształtowania się instytucji prawa miejscowego, jak również rodzajów aktów prawa miejscowego, procedury ich stanowienia, ogłaszania, a także ich kontroli powinna być fundamentem wiedzy osób odpowiedzialnych za ich tworzenie. Recenzent postara się stwierdzić, czy monografia autorstwa Marcina Konarskiego i Marka Wocha daje obraz ewolucji prawa miejscowego w jednostkach samorządu terytorialnego w naszym kraju. Piszący recenzję zbada też treść książki pod kątem wartości naukowej, jednocześnie zanalizuje, czy spełnia ona funkcję podręcznika dla studentów studiów prawniczych, administracyjnych, politologicznych i socjologicznych. Omawiana praca zawiera spis treści w języku polskim, a następnie w języku angielskim, wykaz skrótów oraz trzy rozdziały. W dalszej kolejności zamieszczona jest bibliografia zawierająca 375 pozycji bibliograficznych. Publikacja zawiera ponadto wykaz aktów normatywnych (w liczbie 79), wykaz orzecznictwa (32 pozycje) oraz noty o autorach. Czytelnik z pierwszej karty książki dowie się, które części pracy napisał konkretny autor. Ten podział nie jest jednak, zdaniem recenzenta, zbyt czytelny. W słowie wstępnym czytamy, że monografia jest poświęcona "zagadnieniom dotyczącym kształtowania się prawa miejscowego w polskim porządku prawnym na przestrzeni wieków" (s. 13). Autorzy zwracają uwagę na zapotrzebowanie na tego typu pozycję wydawniczą, gdyż w 2013 roku minęło dziesięć lat od pojawienia się monografii autorstwa Doroty Dąbek-Prawo miejscowe Seria: Administracja i Zarządzanie (34) 2015 ZN nr 107

Recenzowana pozycja należy do ciekawszych książek, które ukazały się w ostatnim czasie na rynku wydawniczym. Zgodnie z deklaracją Autorów stanowić ma studium o charakterze historyczno-porównawczym. Niewątpliwie można ją potraktować jako uzupełnienie badań prowadzonych już w doktrynie prawa administracyjnego 1 oraz incydentalnie w doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego 2. Stąd też w zamyśle Autorów analiza aktualnego stanu konstytucyjnego nie jest szczegółowa i zawiera uwagi o podstawowym, niezbędnym zakresie. Intencją M. Konarskiego i M. Wocha było bowiem skierowanie jej do studentów, którzy mają być główną grupą odbiorców dzieła. Wydaje się jednak, że nie mamy do czynienia z podręcznikiem, lecz opracowaniem uzupełniającym zdobytą wiedzę. Uwagi dotyczące monografii pragnę rozpocząć od tytułu. Jest on dość rozbudowany, co najczęściej stanowi mankament opracowań. W przypadku recenzowanej pozycji rozbudowany tytuł oddaje jednak w precyzyjny sposób wybrane 1

Resumen: La Ley de racionalización y sostenibilidad de la administración local modifica profundamente el sistema de servicios sociales que se había desarrollado en los últimos treinta años en España. El sistema había conseguido consolidarse después de treinta años de un lento desarrollo, su valor fundamental es la proximidad a la ciudadanía, garantizada por la gestión y prestación desde los Ayuntamientos de los Servicios Sociales Generales. A nuestro juicio supone un profundo cambio en el sistema que puede suponer la supresión de múltiples servicios, programas y profesionales.

The aim of this study is to analyse some of the most significant experiences of transfers in local government finances on a European scales (in view of the lack of a common model) on the basis of the consideration of its institutional and political organization features in terms of assignment of responsibilities for income and expenditure. In particular, reference is made to the comparison between the European local model and that of the Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden), since the latter have a similar system of local government finance of their own, with predominance of municipal income tax, which differs significantly from those of the rest of Europe.

Local government legal regulations of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation in the pressure of World Outbreak
The study summarizes the main features of local government regulations in the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation. The pandemic (has hit the two countries differently.  The Organic Law on People's Congresses and People's Governments of the People's Republic of China, which dates back to 1979, entered into force on March 11, 2022, represents a new regulation for municipalities, ethnic (inhabited by nationalities) and cities. The issue of local self-government in the Russian Federation was again settled by Federal Law No. 131 of October 6, 2003. The Russia-Ukraine conflict has had different effects on the two countries. Nearly 19% of those fleeing left for the Russian Federation. With regard to refugees, the role of the state and local governments can be divided, obviously the role of the state is stronger. The People's Republic of China is not part of the conflict, so Chinese local governments are not directly involved in caring for war refugees. The research closed in May 15 2023. First draft.

A Kínai Népköztársaság és az Oroszországi Föderáció helyi önkormányzati jogi szabályozása a globális világjárvány szorításában
A tanulmány összefoglalja a Kínai Népköztársaság és az Oroszországi Föderáció helyi önkormányzati szabályozásának főbb jellegzetességeit. A világjárvány a két országot eltérő mértékben sújtotta. Az írás a posztcovid időszak hatásait is vizsgálja a két ország vonatkozásában. A 2022. március 11-én hatályba léptetett, 1979-es alapokra visszatekintő, A Kínai Népköztársaság Népi Kongresszusairól és Népi Kormányairól szóló organikus törvény a községek, etnikai (nemzetiségek által lakott) községek, és városok tekintetében jelent új szabályozást. A helyi önkormányzatok kérdését az Oroszországi Föderációban újólag a 2003. október 6-án kelt 131. számú szövetségi törvény rendezte. Az orosz-ukrán konfliktus a két országra eltérő hatást gyakorol. A menekülők közel 19%-a az Orosz Föderációba távozott. A menekültügyben az állam, illetve a helyi önkormányzatok szerepe megosztható, nyilván az állam szerepe az erősebb. A konfliktusnak a Kínai Népköztársaság nem része, így közvetlenül a kínai helyi önkormányzatok nem kapcsolódnak a háborús menekültek ellátásához. A szöveg a Politika és politikatudomány a háború árnyékában [Politics and Political Science in the Shadow of War] című, Szegeden, Szegedi Tudományegyetem Állam-és Jogtudományi Kar Politikatudományi Tanszék által rendezett konferencia 2023. május 25-én,  14:45-15:00 között, a  JK-206. teremben elhangzott „«Vannak vidékek.» A Kínai Népköztársaság és az Oroszországi Föderáció helyi önkormányzati jogi szabályozása” című  előadás részben kiegészített és szerkesztett változata. A kutatás lezárva 2023. május 15-én. Első közlés,

Third party policing" describes police efforts to persuade or coerce third parties, such as landlords, parents, local governments and other regulators, and business owners, to take some responsibility for preventing crime or reducing crime problems. In third party policing, the police create crime control guardians in locations or situations where crime control guardianship was previously absent. Sometimes this results from cooperative consultation with community members. At other times, the police use coercive threats, with the backing of a range of civil and regulatory laws, to engage third parties into taking some crime control responsibility. Our paper describes the dimensions of third party policing and identifies its prospects and challenges, including its implications for regulators.

Robin West, and audiences at Crimfest!, Wharton, Georgetown, NYU, and SUNY-Buffalo Law School. This Article benefited tremendously from feedback received at the inaugural New Voices in Criminal Law Theory Workshop, and I thank Doug Husak, Michael Moore and Antony Duff for inviting me to share a paper as a "new voice." I am especially indebted to Gideon Yaffe, who served as a commentator on the paper at the Workshop, and offered extremely incisive and helpful suggestions. Jonelle Lesniak, Monica Kwok and Bianca Hsing provided excellent research assistance. I also thank the Larry and Carol Zicklin Center for Business Ethics Research and the Wharton Dean's Research Fund for providing generous support. I take full and exclusive responsibility for any errors. This Article is dedicated to the memory of Danny Markel, academic impresario, brilliant scholar, devoted mentor, and friend.

This Article examines how the treatment of domestic violence in New York’s civil and criminal legal systems places survivors and alleged abusers at risk of homelessness—on the one hand, it has been underplayed as a ‘bothersome’ nui- sance offense to landlords, while also serving as a basis for state-sanctioned evic- tions through the issuance of Orders of Protection. Section I incorporates client anecdotes to display how this issue has affected Bronx tenants during the pan- demic, explaining theoretical re-framings of domestic violence and providing context on how domestic violence rates in New York City have affected the home- lessness epidemic. Section II conducts a deeper dive into nuisance doctrine and the ways that New York tenants affected by domestic violence are entangled in civil judicial and administrative housing disputes. Section III discusses domestic violence prosecutions in criminal courts and the pitfalls that Orders of Protection present in curtailing alleged abusers’ housing rights. Section IV offers policy rec- ommendations to combat the impacts of local nuisance laws and Orders of Protection on survivors and alleged abusers, further acknowledging the impor- tance of transformative justice as an advocacy method to decriminalize domestic violence across the civil and criminal legal spectrum.

Antikçağın Yunan demokrasi tanımına yapılan eleştiriler bağlamında 20.yüzyılda Ernesto Laclau ve Chantal Mouffe tarafından anlamı genişletilmiş ve geliştirilmiş bir kavram olan RADİKAL DEMOKRASİ düşüncesi YEREL DEMOKRASİ ve KENT KONSEYİ düşüncelerinin de doğuşuna yol açmıştır. Onlar bu düşünceyi savunurken de toplumda baskıcı güç  ilişkileri olduğu varsayımına dayanarak, toplum için baskıcı ilişkiler görünür olmalı, yeniden müzakere edilmeli ve değiştirilmelidir der. Laclau ve Mouffe’ye  göre; demokrasi farklılık ve muhalefet çerçevesinde yapılandırılarak, toplumlarda var olan baskıcı güç ilişkileri ön plana çıkarılabilir ve böylece onlara meydan okunabilir. Bu bağlamda RADİKAL DEMOKRASİ; etkin yurttaş katılımı, gücün insan / halk odaklılığı (adem-i merkeziyetçilik), kapsayıcılık, müzakere ve hesap verebilirlik ilkelerini vurgular. Dolayısıyla KENT KONSEYLERİ; yerel yönetim organları olarak, toplum düzeyinde RADİKAL DEMOKRATİK uygulamaların yaşama geçirilmesi için önemli bir platform sağlar. Bir başka deyişle; yerel demokrasi kavramı, RADİKAL DEMOKRASİ ilkeleriyle anlam bulur, güçlenir.

Recent research has demonstrated that the way in which interviewers reveal information/evidence to interviewees/suspects can produce noticeable differences between truthful and deceptive verbal statements. However, very little of this research has involved adolescents. In the present study, 12 to 14 year old adolescents were asked to commit (n = 26) or not to commit (n = 26) a mock crime and at interview to deny involvement in this crime. Prior to interview some information about each adolescent's behaviour was made available to the interviewer but this was not enough to enable determination of whether he or she had committed the crime. The interviewer revealed such information either at the beginning of the interview (the 'traditional method'), at the end of the interview (as pioneered by the 'SUE' technique), or gradually. The interviews were analysed for interviewees' 'evidence omissions' and 'statement-evidence contradictions'. As predicted, liars omitted more crime-related information/details and their statements were significantly more inconsistent with the information/evidence known to/ disclosed by the interviewer. The timing of the interviewer's evidence revelation had a significant effect on liars' mentioning during their free recall of some of this information and on the total number of details mentioned in free recall.

Labelling (i.e., naming) individual occurrences of repeated abuse allegations with explicit and consistent terms may improve children's reporting of these offences. The aim of the present study was to track labels for occurrences of alleged child sexual abuse from the police interview to court proceedings. Methods We examined the labels used in the police interviews and trials of 23 child complainants (5 to 15 years old at interview). The initiator of each label (child, interviewer, lawyer, or judge), stage of the process in which the label was generated, and the type of information used to label specific occurrences of abuse were recorded. Any subsequent re-use or replacement of the labels was also recorded. Results Most labels were created by police interviewers. Few children generated labels. Most occurrences of abuse were labelled early in the legal process; 82% were first labelled either in the police interview or the prosecution's opening statement. The labels were frequently replaced with alternate terms, with an average of three different labels for the same incident. After original labels were established for occurrences, they were just as likely to be replaced as they were to be reused. The most frequently observed label replacement was by defense lawyers during cross-examination. Conclusions Labels were used inconsistently throughout the police interview and trial. To give children the best chance of describing specific occurrences of abuse during legal proceedings, labels should TRACKING LABELS FOR OCCURRENCES 3 be created from children's words wherever possible and used consistently thereafter by all justice professionals.

The study aimed to profile respondents, assess awareness and perceived societal impact of the Local Government Code (LGC), discern differences based on respondent profiles, and explore the relationship between awareness and societal impact of R.A. 7160. 70 Bachelor of Public Administration (BPA) students from Occidental Mindoro State College were purposively sampled. A researcher-made survey questionnaire was utilized. Analysis revealed a majority of young adult, female, 2nd-year students. Their awareness of the LGC across five indicators was assessed as "High Level of Awareness." No significant difference was found based on age, sex, year level, or section. Perceived societal impact of R.A. 7160 was assessed positively across three indicators. A significant relationship between awareness and perceived societal impact was observed. The findings stress the importance of awareness of the LGC, suggesting prioritizing awareness campaigns, increasing citizen participation, and improving government services to enhance societal impact.

Although sexual harassment in the workplace has received considerable attention, harassment in rental housing is a virtually unresearched phenomenon, despite informal data that it is widespread. This article reviews empirical data and legal remedies on sexual harassment in rental housing, comparing these with harassment in employment contexts. Using data drawn from Title VIII sexual harassment cases, the authors present 3 studies designed to examine the nature of sexual harassment in housing. Despite overall similarities to its workplace counterpart, a number of distinctive characteristics of residential harassment were evident; in particular, the phenomena of home invasion and masculine possessiveness have no apparent workplace parallels. Housing sexual harassment often takes place in the victim's home, creating an intensely threatening atmosphere. Legal and public policy implications are discussed. Every month when he come over to get the rent. .. he would say, 'You know, you a single mom, you shouldn't have to work so hard. .. you wouldn't have to pay no rent at all if you just let me have a little of that pussy.'-Witness in a residential sexual harassment lawsuit 1 He said he come over to fix the sink, but he didn't have no tools with him. He went down the hall with me and said, 'Show me where the sink is broke.'I bent down to show him under the sink. The next thing, he pushed me down. He said, 'I want to fuck your brains out.' He was grabbing me and pulling my clothes. His pants were down and you could see his penis.-Witness in a residential sexual harassment lawsuit

Once upon a time, the old superstition "Step on a crack, break your mother's back" ' turned many of my walks down city streets into a game. What else could cracks have referred to but the lines and crevices in the pavement? Of course, it did not much matter, since little depended on it. I knew that my mama's well-being did not rise or fall with my physical agility. It would have been crazy to think otherwise. Yet, when I remembered and the spirit moved me, I did try to avoid the cracks on the assumption that it couldn't hurt to show a little extra concern and respect for mom now and then. There were, of course, children who deliberately and defiantly walked on cracks as a way of defying fate. Back in the early 1990's, during the height of the crack epidemic, I asked my ever-practical mother where she thought the superstition came from and she replied, laughing at her memories, that it probably referred to wooden floor boards that fly up unexpectedly when stepped on because they are not nailed down. In rickety dwellings a misstep might lead to serious injury. Viewed in this context, the superstition may have been an instructional ditty useful for teaching children how to move about the house. The significance of stepping lightly is indicated by the linkage between the failure to do so and harm to one's mother. Thus, the same bit of folklore when applied to different material conditions generated different interpretations and different behavior. Yet, adherence to the dictates of the old superstition gave both my mother and me an opportunity to show a bit of dutiful regard for our mothers' well-being. For both of us, the superstition was part of the bundle of "common beliefs, values,

The term ‘party system’, explained Giovanni Sartori, refers to the pattern of interactions among relevant parties. That pattern can be represented as a type and treated as a proper unit of analysis. When ‘party system’ is defined in this way, it becomes clear that the scholarship lacks a direct measure of ‘party system change’. The Sartori approach to party system change is not the only legitimate way to understand this concept, but it does target an undoubtedly important feature of political systems – namely the stability of interactions among relevant parties. This article develops a new indicator, the index of fluidity, which measures the extent of such stability. Applying the index to Africa, we show that there is significant cross-national variation in fluidity and weak correlation between fluidity and (Pedersen) volatility.

Objetivos: sintetizar y examinar la STC 124/2023, de 26 de septiembre, sobre participación forzosa de las diputaciones valencianas en un fondo autonómico de cooperación municipal. Metodología: se ha empleado la metodología usual en las ciencias jurídicas para un estudio jurisprudencial; esto es, estudio de la resolución, de la normativa y de los estudios doctrinales relevantes sobre el tema en cuestión. Resultados: el Tribunal Constitucional ha validado la constitucionalidad de la declaración de interés general de la función de asistencia y cooperación de las diputaciones provinciales por parte de la Generalitat Valenciana, con el propósito de facilitar su participación económica obligatoria en la dotación del fondo de cooperación municipal. Se muestra la discrepancia de criterio de los magistrados del Tribunal, haciendo especial mención a los votos particulares emitidos. Conclusiones: la STC 124/2023 revela cómo la coordinación ha posibilitado un medio de interferencia sobre las diputaciones provinciales, planteándose ciertas dudas desde la perspectiva del respeto a la autonomía provincial. No se descarta la posibilidad de que en el futuro otras comunidades autónomas consideren oportuno realizar detracciones forzosas de fondos provinciales para destinarlos a los municipios situados en su ámbito territorial, limitando de esta manera la plena disponibilidad de sus ingresos. / Objectives: To synthesise and examine STC 124/2023, of 26 September, on the compulsory participation of the Valencian regional councils in an autonomous municipal cooperation fund. Methodology: The usual methodology in the legal sciences has been used for a jurisprudential study; that is, a study of the decision, the regulations and relevant doctrinal studies on the subject in question. Results: The Constitutional Court has validated the constitutionality of the declaration of general interest of the assistance and cooperation function of the provincial councils by the Generalitat Valenciana, with the aim of facilitating their obligatory economic participation in the endowment of the municipal cooperation background by means of economic contributions. The discrepancy in the criteria of the judges of the Constitutional Court is shown, with special mention of the dissenting votes cast. Conclusions: STC 124/2023 reveals how coordination has made possible a means of interference in the provincial councils, raising certain doubts about the prospect of respect for provincial autonomy. It does not rule out the possibility that in the future other autonomous communities might consider it appropriate to make compulsory deductions from provincial funds to allocate them to the municipalities located in their territorial area, thus limiting the full availability of their incomes.

South Asia hosts more than three million refugees. However, with Europe and the Middle East preoccupied with their own crises, less attention has been paid to South Asia. Due to conflicts in Afghanistan and Myanmar, South Asia continues to host refugees from both within and outside the region. Afghan refugees also form the second largest refugee group after the Syrians in Europe. It is argued in the article that since South Asia hosts so many refugees who would otherwise travel elsewhere, especially Europe, it is key to the balancing‐act that characterises the current global refugee regime. It is therefore important to think of options through which the host countries of South Asia can be supported. In this context, this article argues the need for North‐South cooperation through greater engagement between the EU and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) to address protracted refugee situations. Despite criticism on its performance, the importance of SAARC can...

Resumen: La Ley de racionalización y sostenibilidad de la administración local modifica profundamente el sistema de servicios sociales que se había desarrollado en los últimos treinta años en España. El sistema había conseguido consolidarse después de treinta años de un lento desarrollo, su valor fundamental es la proximidad a la ciudadanía, garantizada por la gestión y prestación desde los Ayuntamientos de los Servicios Sociales Generales. A nuestro juicio supone un profundo cambio en el sistema que puede suponer la supresión de múltiples servicios, programas y profesionales.

COVID-19 is an unprecedented influenza type infection that is caused by the corona virus. The disastrous consequence of the infection is that it can be transmitted very rapidly resulting in a major global pandemic. In the absence of a vaccine to prevent and consequently treat COVID-19, national governments, the World Health Organisation (WHO) and relevant global development partners are working feverishly to develop counter actions to respond to the crisis. National and subnational governments are at different stages of the outbreaks, responding accordingly relative to their resources and capacity. Local governments globally have a critical role to play in responding to the crisis as they are at the coalface dealing with local communities. This article reviewed the role of local governments in responding to the pandemic, using the eThekwini City Council as a case study. eThekwini City Council is located in the Province of Kwazulu-Natal with a budget in excess of over R 50 billion rand, a staff complement of over 24 000 employees and a population that exceeds 3.7 million people is one of eight metropolitan municipalities in South Africa. The research methodology adopted for the article included: (1) the findings of an online business survey conducted by eThekwini Municipality and the municipal response in developing an economic recovery plan, based on the findings from the survey; and (2) a documentary analysis of publications of the South African Government; World Bank and international development organisations; WHO and eThekwini Municipality Council. Plan with an 18-month timeframe, complements and supports the measures introduced by National Government for facilitating economic recovery and relief provision. The eThekwini City Council case study is hence worth noting and adds to this rapidly developing field and knowledge base on local economic development during the COVID-19 calamity.