Lipoprotein(a)

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) has emerged as a central biomarker and mechanistic driver of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), outperforming traditional lipid metrics in both risk stratification and therapeutic targeting. In this article a critical evaluation of the information is presented on the molecular biology, metabolic regulation, and clinical relevance of ApoB isoforms, ApoB100 and ApoB48, which play their own distinct, yet complementary roles in hepatic and intestinal lipid transport. The ways in which ApoB particle density is influenced by insulin resistance, nutrient status, hepatic lipid flux, inflammation, and genetic variation, all of which contribute to dyslipoproteinemic phenotypes associated with ASCVD and metabolic syndrome. Importantly, ApoB levels provide a direct measure atherogenic particle number, offering superior predictive value over low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), particularly in cases of lipid discordance and among statin-treated patients with residual cardiovascular risk. Emerging evidence demonstrates therapies targeting ApoB reduction, including statins, PCSK9 inhibitors, and glucoselowering agents such as GLP-1 receptor agonists, can significantly reduce major adverse cardiovascular events. However, the lipid-modulating effects of agents like SGLT2 inhibitors, metformin, and thiazolidinediones are variable or independent of ApoB changes. The classification of four ApoB-related dyslipoproteinemic phenotypes, normotriglyceridemic hyperApoB, hypertriglyceridemic normoApoB, hypertriglyceridemic hyperApoB, and hyperchylomicronemia, offers a more nuanced approach to cardiovascular risk assessment than LDL-c alone. Collectively, these findings support the integration of ApoB measurement into routine clinical practice as both diagnostic tool and therapeutic target, with the potential to substantially enhance personalized management of cardiometabolic disease.

Pomegranate leaves, once valued in traditional medicine for their health benefits, are now often seen as waste in pomegranate cultivation. Renewed interest in their medicinal properties could support more sustainable agriculture. This study aims to explore the bioactive properties of leaves from four pomegranate cultivars and formulate a herbal tea blend. Samples were collected from authenticated plants cultivated under comparable soil and climatic conditions to ensure consistency and reliability in the study. Leaf samples were screened for phytochemicals and antioxidants to select a superior variety for herbal tea formulation. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant capacity, mineral composition, and caffeine content determination and sensory evaluation were conducted using established methodologies. The data were analyzed utilizing ANOVA and the Friedman test using R and SPSS software. The results indicated that pomegranate leaves from all four varieties contained significant levels of TPC, TFC, and antioxidants (DPPH and ORAC) and favourable low caffeine content, demonstrating their suitability as raw materials for herbal tea production. Among the tested blends, a 60 : 40 ratio of pomegranate leaf to black tea received the highest scores across all sensory attributes. Additionally, this blend exhibited a lower caffeine content (0.82% w/w) than commercial black tea (2.23% w/w), establishing it as a healthier, low-caffeine option rich in antioxidants. The findings prove that pomegranate leaf waste can be effectively utilized in the innovative herbal tea industry. Sustainability spotlight While pomegranate leaves have long been valued for their intrinsic properties, they are oen overlooked and categorized as waste. Our research aims to investigate the physical, chemical, and biological properties of various pomegranate varieties grown in Sri Lanka. By transforming these underutilized leaves into a wellness tea, we are pleased to support the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3, which promotes health and well-being. This initiative not only seeks to reduce waste but also to enhance the use of local resources for the benet of our communities.

This work was focused on the evaluation of parameters of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, total thiol groups, non-protein thiol groups, polyphenols and ascorbate) and endothelial adaptation by determining the nitric oxide (NO), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (HS-CRP) and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) of patients with chronic renal insufficiency submitted to hemodialysis. It was seen a depletion of glutathione, polyphenols and reduced ascorbate, combined with the increase of oxidized ascorbate and lipid peroxidation stress. In addition, was verified the increase of levels of IMA in the plasma. NO showed an evident endothelial protective role due to reduction of levels of HS-CRP, however, did not contribute to increase the levels of IMA. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the patients evaluated in this study presented a clinical situation of oxidative stress. A new study focusing on the prevention of oxidative stress using different experimental models with antio...

Purpose: To determine the effects of the supplementation of sardine protein, Citrus latifolia extract and the combination of both in hypercholesterolemic rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=50) were divided into five groups: A control group (C) fed a 20% casein diet, a hypercholesterolemic group (HC) fed the same diet enriched with cholesterol (1%), an HC group supplemented with sardine proteins (20%) (HC-Sp), an HC group supplemented with Citrus latifolia extract (1%) (HC-Ci) and an HC group supplemented with both Sp and Ci (HC-Sp+Ci), for 4 weeks. Results: In the HC group compared with the C group, liver and plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerols (TG) as well as plasma non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) concentrations were increased while HDL-C levels was decreased. However, in HC-Sp, HC-Ci and HC-Sp+Ci groups compared to HC, liver and plasma TC, non-HDL-C and TG levels were reduced, whereas HDL-cholesterol was increased. In addition, plasma and tissue lipid peroxidation and plasma nitric oxide levels were decreased in HC-Sp, HC-Ci and HC-Sp +Ci groups vs. HC. In the hypercholesterolemic rats fed with Sp, Ci extract and Sp+Ci, superoxide dismutase activity was elevated in adipose tissue, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were increased in liver and heart, and catalase activity was higher in heart. Conclusions: In hypercholesterolemic rats, the supplementation with sardine protein, Citrus latifolia extract and the combination of both improves liver and plasma lipid profile and decreases lipid peroxidation in plasma and tissues by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities. The combination Sp +Ci appears to have more potent effects.

Available vaccines against Brucella spp. are live attenuated Brucella strains. In order to engineer a better vaccine to be used in animals and humans, in our laboratory we aim to develop an innocuous subunit vaccine. Particularly, we are interested in the outer membrane proteins (Omps) of B. abortus: Omp16 and Omp19. In this study, we assessed the use of these proteins as vaccines against Brucella in BALB/c mice. Immunization with lipidated (L)-Omp16 or L-Omp19 in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) conferred significant protection against B. abortus infection. Vaccination with unlipidated (U)-Omp16 or U-Omp19 in IFA induced a higher degree of protection than the respective lipidated versions. Moreover, the level of protection induced after U-Omp16 or U-Omp19 immunization in IFA was similar to the elicited by live B. abortus strain 19 (S19) immunization. Flow cytometric analysis showed that immunization with U-Omp16 or U-Omp19 induced antigen-specific CD4 + as well as CD8 + T cells producing interferon-γ. In vivo depletion of CD4 + or CD8 + T cells in U-Omp16or U-Omp19-plus IFA-immunized mice resulted in a loss of the elicited protection, indicating that both cell types are mediating immune protection. U-Omp16 or U-Omp19 vaccination induced a T helper 1 response, systemic protection in Alum formulation and oral protection with cholera toxin adjuvant against B. abortus infection. Both immunization routes exhibited a similar degree of protection to attenuated Brucella vaccines (S19 and RB51 respectively). Overall these results indicate that U-Omp16 or U-Omp19 would be useful candidates for a subunit vaccine against human and animal brucellosis.

Cellular growth is highly dependent on sustained production of lipids. Sterol composition of cellular membranes determines multiple biochemical and biophysical properties of membranebased processes including vesicle traffic, receptor signaling and assembly of protein complexes. Lipid biogenesis has become an attractive biochemical target in cancer given the high level of dependency on sterols and lipids in a cancer cell. This review summarized the current knowledge of mechanisms of interaction between the metabolism of sterols and receptor signaling.

Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs. Accordingly, in the current study we have investigated the effect of clove on lipid metabolism, and on oxidative stress-induced inflammation response in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced intraperitonially by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The treated group received daily orally clove extract, for 4 weeks. Daily treatment by clove lowered significantly blood glucose, HbA1c levels and ameliorates the lipid profiles and showed increased PON1 activity. The study of lipid peroxidation showed that, the treatment with clove decreased TBARS levels in LDL fraction and in pancreas. Furthermore, in pancreas TNF-alpha and IL-1β levels were decreased in treated group. These results were confirmed by the histopathological assessments which clove treatment showed marked improvement of the destructive effect on pancreas islet cells induced by STZ. The present findings clearly demonstrated that clove could prevent many diabetic complications by reducing inflammation and oxidative damage. Thus, the effectiveness of clove in treating diabetes potentially may possibly due to presence of bioactive compounds.

Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a heme-containing protein integral to the innate immune system, plays a pivotal role in both bactericidal activity and inflammation regulation. In this comprehensive review, we aim to delve into the extensive literature on MPO’s involvement in cardiovascular disease. Through exhaustive searches of reputable databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, we conducted a thorough analysis to elucidate MPO’s potential as a predictor for cardiovascular disease risk. Evidence suggests that MPO serves as a valuable biomarker, particularly in identifying vulnerable lesions predisposed to rupture,leading to myocardial infarction, especially in the context of acute coronary syndrome. Its early release in response to symptom onset positions MPO as a promising tool for triaging chest pain patients in emergency departments, offering advantages over conventional markers like cardiac troponins. Moreover, studies have demonstrated a correlation between elevated MPO levels and higher mortality rates in patients with acute coronary syndrome, both in short- and long-term follow-up. However, the widespread adoption of MPO as a routine clinical biomarker faces significant challenges. Standardizing measurement techniques and determining the optimal timing of assessments are crucial for ensuring reliability and comparability across studies. Furthermore, while MPO shows promise as a complement to existing risk stratification protocols, questions remain regarding its superiority over troponins and its utility in stable coronary artery disease. Addressing these issues necessitates large-scale prospective cohort studies to clarify MPO’s comparative effectiveness alongside conventional biomarkers. Despite these challenges, MPO emerges as a potentially valuable addition to risk assessment strategies, particularly for patients with persistently negative troponin levels, helping guide therapeutic interventions and enhancing clinical decision-making in cardiovascular medicine.

Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a critical factor in the progression of several ocular conditions, including glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and various retinal disorders. This study introduces Presigen IV, a novel biocellular stimulation formula developed from an applied Biocellular-Sensory Matrix (BSM-IV). Through extensive clinical trials, Presigen IV has shown remarkable efficacy in reducing IOP and decreasing light sensitivity in patients with various ocular conditions. The initial trial, involving 35 participants with various ocular hypertension and glaucoma, demonstrated that 87% of subjects experienced significant reductions in IOP. This paper explores the mechanism underlying Presigen IV's effectiveness, its clinical outcomes, and its potential role in the broader context of the management of elevated IOP across various ocular conditions. It examines the role of inflammation in ocular disease progression and the emerging importance of biomarkers in early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies. The study also highlights the incorporation of ocular supporting nutrients, such as allicin, in Presigen IV's formulation, which has been linked to reducing inner eye distress and inflammation, thereby also decreasing the risk of serious eye diseases like age-related macular degeneration and cataracts. By synthesizing recent advancements in ocular research and treatment, this study positions Presigen IV as a promising innovation in the management of elevated IOP, with the potential to revolutionize treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes across a spectrum of ocular conditions. As research continues to unravel the intricacies of ocular pathophysiology and refine treatment approaches, Presigen IV represents a significant step forward in the quest to preserve vision and improve the lives of millions affected by sight-threatening conditions related to elevated IOP.

Preserving the delicate balance between the antioxidant defense mechanisms and oxidative stress caused by the accumulation of ROS/RNS is essential for maintaining redox homeostasis, a critical determinant of ocular health. Imbalances in this system result in oxidative stress, a key pathological factor implicated in numerous eye diseases. This review thoroughly looks at the information that is currently available, illuminating the intricate relationship between mitochondrial malfunction and oxidative stress in conditions that impact the anterior and posterior portions of the eye. Our analysis highlights the pivotal role of redox imbalance in the onset and progression of major eye conditions while emphasizing the therapeutic potential of strategies aimed at restoring redox equilibrium and fostering regenerative responses. These methods might successfully slow down or stop the development of crippling eye conditions. In addition to improving our knowledge of the molecular processes underlying the pathophysiology of ocular diseases, ongoing research in this area makes it easier to identify new antioxidant targets and treatment approaches. These advancements are expected to transform ocular care, introducing targeted treatments that can greatly enhance the standard of living for those who suffer from disorders that endanger their vision.

This cross-sectional study investigates the impact of chloride concentration and red blood cells (RBCs), fasting blood sugar, endogenous lipids, and triglycerides in Sri Lankan males undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG). A sample of 320 male patients was selected for the study, which took place at Sri Jayawerdenepura General Hospital between January and December of 2023. Data collection included demographic details, medical history, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory test results, including full blood counts, lipid profiles, serum electrolytes, and fasting blood sugar levels. The relationship between the above parameters was statistically tested with linear and nonlinear regression models as univariate and multivariate models. The study found that the average age of participants was 57.7 years, with a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity (average BMI of 32.41). Results indicated a significant nonlinear association between total cholesterol and haemoglobin (Hb), modelled by a quadratic regression equation (p = 0.000378), indicating a parabolic relationship. Additionally, serum chloride showed no significant association with total cholesterol. There was a significant linear association between fasting blood sugar and triglyceride levels (p < 0.05). This study highlights the complex interplay between chloride concentration, lipid metabolism, and haematological parameters in cardiovascular patients

The recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) are aimed at increasing the consumption of foods rich in omega 3 fatty acids. The recommended ratio of omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids in diet is 4-10 : 1, which allows muscle building, hormone production, reduces risk of the cardiovascular diseases, reduces blood pressure, triglyceride concentrations, improves brain functions, mood, intelligence etc. However, just some foods (eg. flaxseed oil, fish oils etc.) are rich in these compounds. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of enriching refined sunflower oil (RSO) with omega 3 fatty acids by adding cold pressed flaxseed oil (CPFO). Samples: refined sunflower oil, cold pressed flaxseed oil, their blends in the mass ratio 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70 were analised, and the obtained results were compared with the one comertial vegetable oil blend present on the market of R. Serbia. The content of saturated fatty acids in analysed samples ranged from 9.63 to 10.3 2%, ...

Low density lipoproteins (LDL) in which apoB is the only protein constituent inhibit lymphocyte activation induced by the mitogen phytohemagglutinin. LDL suppress primary induction events, most notably enhanced Ca2+ accumulation, which occur as a result of mitogen-triggered alterations of the lymphocyte plasma membrane. Receptors in the lymphocyte membrane--designated &quot;immunoregulatory receptors&quot;--recognize and bind apoB-LDL. Under conditions of receptor saturation, about 22,500 +/- 4500 LDL particles are bound to the lymphocyte surface at 4 and 37 degrees C. The dissociation constant, Kd, is 1.76 X 10(-7) M and is also independent of temperature. Suppression of phytohemagglutinin-induced 45Ca2+ accumulation by LDL is a receptor-dependent process: inhibition is contingent on attachment of LDL to the immunoregulatory receptors. This conclusion is supported by three lines of evidence. First, heparin restores the susceptibility of the lymphocytes to mitogenic challenge by dis...

Studies have suggested that total energy intake and diet composition affect lifespan and ageing. A high-fat diet induces oxidative stress and affects the development of diseases. In contrast, antioxidants are capable of reducing its harmful effects. Yerba mate beverages are an important source of antioxidants, but there is scarce knowledge about their effects on suppressing fat accumulation. Here, we investigated the compounds present in yerba mate extracts and assessed their effects on Drosophila melanogaster given a high cholesterol diet. LS-ESI-MS analysis showed the presence of matesaponins, phenolic compounds and methylxanthines in all of the examined extracts. In Drosophila, under extract treatment conditions, the mean lifespan was significantly extended from 38 to 43 days, there was an increase in the ability to support induced stress and decrease in lipid peroxidation products. Moreover, yerba mate extracts recovered the glutathione S-transferases (GST) activity and reduced the cholesterol level. Taken together, our results support that extracts can extend lifespan by reducing the detrimental effect of a high-fat diet in D. melanogaster, and this outcome can be associated with the compound content in the extracts. This study improves the understanding of natural interventions that reduce stress-induced oxidative damage, which is fundamental in promoting healthy ageing.

The goal of this study is to assess the effect of fennel on bone density. Methods: This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, which studied sixty eligible postmenopausal women, who were randomly assigned to fennel and placebo groups. Then, the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was utilized to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of the spine, femoral neck, intertrochanter, and trochanter at the baseline and after three-month follow-up. Results: The mean BMD and BMC at lumbar spine (P = 0.14, P = 0.504), total hip femoral (P = 0.427, P = 0.471), trochanter (P = 0.075, P = 0.07), intertrochanter, (P = 0.864, P = 0.932) and femoral neck (P = 0.439, P = 0.641) was not significantly different between the fennel and placebo groups. The results of this study did not approve the effect of fennel on bone density in post-menopausal women. However, to gain deeper insights, further studies with longer durations and larger sample sizes are recommended.

BACKGROUND Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) concentrations are a major independent risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and are mainly determined by variation in LPA. Up to 70% of the LPA coding sequence is located in the hypervariable kringle IV type 2 (KIV-2) region. It is hardly accessible by conventional technologies, but may contain functional variants. OBJECTIVES This study sought to investigate the new, very frequent splicing variant KIV-2 4733G>A on Lp(a) and CAD. METHODS We genotyped 4733G>A in the GCKD (German Chronic Kidney Disease) study (n ¼ 4,673) by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction, performed minigene assays, identified proxy single nucleotide polymorphisms and used them to characterize its effect on CAD by survival analysis in UK Biobank (n ¼ 440,234). Frequencies in ethnic groups were assessed in the 1000 Genomes Project. The 4733G>A variant (38.2% carrier frequency) was found in most isoform sizes. It reduces allelic expression without abolishing protein production, lowers Lp(a) by 13.6 mg/dL (95% CI: 12.5-14.7; P < 0.0001) and is the strongest variance-explaining factor after the smaller isoform. Splicing of minigenes was modified. Compound heterozygosity (4.6% of the population) for 4733G>A and 4925G>A, another KIV-2 splicing mutation, reduces Lp(a) by 31.8 mg/dL and most importantly narrows the interquartile range by 9-fold (from 42.1 to 4.6 mg/dL) when compared to the wild type. In UK Biobank 4733G>A alone and compound heterozygosity with 4925G>A reduced HR for CAD by 9% (95% CI: 7%-11%) and 12% (95% CI: 7%-16%) (both P < 0.001). Frequencies in ethnicities differ notably. CONCLUSIONS Functional variants in the previously inaccessible LPA KIV-2 region cooperate in determining Lp(a) variance and CAD risk. Even a moderate but lifelong genetic Lp(a) reduction translates to a noticeable CAD risk reduction. (

Background: Dyslipidemia corresponds to a number of alterations of blood lipids concentrations that is associated with health risks. Diets high in fat, family background, among others are risk factors. One way to correct lipid alterations would be to consume dietary fiber like the one present in ground flaxseed, which could contribute to the improvement of cholesterol and triglycerides levels. General Objective: To determine the effect of daily consumption of ground flaxseed on the lipid profile of 10 dyslipidemic subjects diagnosed with a follow up of 1 month. Participants in this study were adults, age 40-70 years old. Subjects consumed 15 g of ground flax in 200 ml of water with their lunch. Blood lipid profile tests were performed before and after consumption for one month. Data was analyzed using an individual delta for each lipid profile and was compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). To evaluate the difference in food intake the averages of each variable were compared using T-Student test. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in LDL cholesterol in all the participants from 184 ± 28,38 mg/dL to 139 ± 29,02 mg/dL during the 1-month follow up. The changes in levels of total cholesterol, LDL and blood triglycerides were statistically significant. The daily intake of flaxseed with a meal is associated with improved levels of LDL.

Introduction: Hormonal changes after menopause such as low plasma estrogen levels and elevated Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone levels had a significant effect on plasma lipid metabolism. The incidence of atherosclerotic diseases is more in postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women. The objective of this study was to find out the effect of menopause on lipid profile among apparently healthy postmenopausal women.   Method: This was an unmatched comparative observational study carried out among apparently healthy pre and postmenopausal women aged between 35-65 years presented at the General Health Check-up OPD of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Nepal from May 2019 to June 2020.The sample size was 128 in each group and data were analyzed using an independent t-test to compare the mean between the two groups and were considered significant when the p-value is less than 0.05.   Result: Among 128 postmenopausal women, mean total cholesterol 191.59±35...

The prevalence of diet-related non-communicable diseases is on the rise in the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean, including Lebanon. This study aimed to provide data on fatty acid profiles and ratios of Lebanese composite dishes, Arabic sweets, and market foods. Methods: Thirty types of traditional dishes, collected from five different Lebanese governorates, thirty-seven types of Arabic sweets and forty-six market food products were considered for analysis. Food samples were chemically analyzed for total, unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. The range of total fatty acids in composite dishes, Arabic sweets, and market food products was between 1.2–11.7 g/100 g, 5.3–25.8 g/100 g, and 0.5–100 g/100 g, respectively. Additionally, the range of saturated fatty acids in composite dishes, Arabic sweets, and market food products was between 0.5–4.9 g/100 g, 2.5–23.6 g/100 g and 0.1–56.4 g/100 g, respectively. Furthermore, about 75% of these foods were poor in unsaturated fatty acids....

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) causes pulmonary tuberculosis and extrapulmonary tuberculosis which remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. MTb infections are ubiquitous and could be fatal if untreated. The gold standard detection of tuberculosis (Tb) is the culturing of the MTb but the limitation is that it is time consuming. Other methods such as tuberculin tests are all known yield equivocal results. With this background we attempted to diagnose MTb infection using PPE41 protein. PE/PPE genome accounts for 10% of all MTb genome. PPE gene cluster encodes for more than 70 PPE genes of which PPE41 is a well-studied gene as an immunogen in several animal studies. MTb-PPE41 gene is about 604 bp and protein is 21.9 kDa and it is member of type VII secretion system (T7S). PPE41 has been studied as vaccine candidate however its utility value as diagnostic marker has not been studied extensively. To evaluate the efficacy of PPE41 protein in diagnosing MTb i...

Context: Overt hypothyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder associated with a decrease in 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine levels and increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate all major metabolic pathways. THs play an important role in the synthesis, metabolism, and transport of lipids. Thyroid failure is associated with various biochemical and molecular alterations. Hypothyroidism is the common cause of secondary dyslipidemia as well as cardiovascular risk. Objective: The present review focuses on alterations in lipid metabolism associated with hypothyroidism leading to cardiovascular risk. The data source is from PUBMED, Google Scholar, and EMBASE. The study is a part of our previous research in studying the variations in lipid profile and transaminases in overt hypothyroidism. The serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B (apo B), lipoprotein (a) (Lp[a]), and triglycerides are elevated in individuals with overt hypothyroidism. In addition, it was also observed that the endothelial dysfunction, normal/depressed systolic function, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction at rest, as well as systolic and diastolic dysfunction on effort was observed in hypothyroidism. THs play an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Hypothyroidism is also linked with altered hemodynamics. The atherogenic lipid profile along with other predisposing factors may contribute to the coronary artery disease.

Context: Overt hypothyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder associated with a decrease in 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine levels and increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate all major metabolic pathways. THs play an important role in the synthesis, metabolism, and transport of lipids. Thyroid failure is associated with various biochemical and molecular alterations. Hypothyroidism is the common cause of secondary dyslipidemia as well as cardiovascular risk. Objective: The present review focuses on alterations in lipid metabolism associated with hypothyroidism leading to cardiovascular risk. The data source is from PUBMED, Google Scholar, and EMBASE. The study is a part of our previous research in studying the variations in lipid profile and transaminases in overt hypothyroidism. The serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B (apo B), lipoprotein (a) (Lp[a]), and triglycerides are elevated in individuals with overt hypothyroidism. In addition, it was also observed that the endothelial dysfunction, normal/depressed systolic function, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction at rest, as well as systolic and diastolic dysfunction on effort was observed in hypothyroidism. THs play an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Hypothyroidism is also linked with altered hemodynamics. The atherogenic lipid profile along with other predisposing factors may contribute to the coronary artery disease.

The extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials plays a critical role in maximizing their therapeutic efficacy and commercial application. In this study, we investigated the extraction efficiencies of Aonla fruit and cinnamon bark using two solvent systems: distilled water and 80% ethanol, under maceration conditions. The results demonstrated that hydro-ethanol significantly enhanced extraction yields, achieving 25.10 ± 0.90% for Aonla fruit and 29.70 ± 0.30% for cinnamon bark. HR-LCMS (High Resolution-Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) analysis revealed the presence of functional phytochemicals in extracts, including gallic acid, quercetin, catechin, and ascorbic acid; cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, and ellagic acid. Herein, we explore the underlying physicochemical factors driving this enhanced performance of hydro-ethanol, including optimal solvent polarity, improved cell-wall penetration, superior compound solubility, and accelerated extraction kinetics. By unlocking the potential of post-harvest resources for functional food and nutraceutical applications.

Macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes that are widely distributed throughout the body. These cells can contribute to development and homeostasis and participate in innate and adaptive immune responses. The physiology of macrophages can vary tremendously depending on the environment in which they reside and the local stimuli to which they are exposed. Macrophages are prodigious secretory cells, and in that role can promote and regulate immune responses and contribute to autoimmune pathologies. Macrophages are highly phagocytic, and in this capacity have long been considered to be essential immune effector cells. The important roles of macrophages in maintaining homeostasis and in contributing to tissue remodeling and wound healing is sometimes overlooked because of their vital role in host defense. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 83:14.1.1‐14.1.14. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The induction of host cell autophagy by various autophagy inducers contributes to the antimicrobial host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), a major pathogenic strain that causes human tuberculosis. In this study, we present a role for the newly identified cyclic peptides ohmyungsamycins (OMS) A and B in the antimicrobial responses against Mtb infections by activating autophagy in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). OMS robustly activated autophagy, which was essentially required for the colocalization of LC3 autophagosomes with bacterial phagosomes and antimicrobial responses against Mtb in BMDMs. Using a Drosophila melanogaster-Mycobacterium marinum infection model, we showed that OMS-A-induced autophagy contributed to the increased survival of infected flies and the limitation of bacterial load. We further showed that OMS triggered AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, which was required for OMS-mediated phagosome maturation and antimicrobial r...

Lymphatic filariasis, an often neglected tropical disease, is primarily caused by nematodes which infect the lymphatic vessels in human. Nematodes involved in lymphatic filariasis are Brugia malayi, Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia timori. Lymphatic filariasis complicates further leading to elephantiasis, lymphedema and hydrocele. The adult worm produces numerous microfilariae which in turn mature and continue to reproduce throughout their life cycle. The present treatment with Diethylcarbamazine (DEC), ivermectin, albendazole used in comparatively higher dosages, affect only the immature worm. Prolonged usage of these drugs tends to have adverse side effects primarily in pregnant women, people with compromised immunity and children. According to WHO, B. malayi is the species which is growing in number in Indian and South-East Asian population, thus making it our species of interest. B. malayi like many other nematodes commonly have an endosymbiotic relationship with Wolbachia, which resides inside the nematode. Wolbachia is essential for the production of flavin, adenine dinucleotide, riboflavin and heme for nematode's survival as well as its maturity (proven by vertical transmission through reproduction). Targeting the maturity aspect will help us curb the reproductive rate which has not been observed from any of the available treatments. Hence, our aim is to use Wolbachia as our primary anti-filarial drug target. Pyruvate Phosphate Dikinase (PPDK) of Wolbachia from B. malayi (wBm-ppdk), a phosphotransferase, is our enzyme of interest due to its absence in higher life forms like humans. It shows the biological function of reversible conversion between ATP, Pyruvate and AMP, Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) which is the function unique to this enzyme. The structure of wBm-ppdk remains unknown. Our study involves X-ray structure determination to understand the biological mechanism of wBm-ppdk and identify its inhibitor to inactivate its function, hence affecting the survival and maturity of the nematode. In this view, the wBm-ppdk gene has been cloned with suitable vector and expressed the recombinant protein in E. coli. The homogeneity of wBm-ppdk was checked by SDS-PAGE analysis. Crystallization of wBm-ppdk protein is in optimization condition. Apart from this wet lab study, wBm-ppdk homology model structure was obtained with template structure of ppdk from Clostridium symbiosum (PDB id:1kbl). Both these structures share sequence identity 49.6% and RMSD is 0.16Å which indicates structurally both are similar. Further investigation of this wBm-ppdk is in progress.

Objective— Insulin control of fatty acid metabolism has long been deemed dominated by suppression of adipose lipolysis. The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that this single role of insulin is insufficient to explain observed fatty acid dynamics. Methods and Results— Fatty acid kinetics were measured during a meal tolerance test and insulin sensitivity assessed by intravenous glucose tolerance test in overweight human subjects (n=15; body mass index, 35.8±7.1 kg/m 2 ). Non–steady state tracer kinetic models were formulated and tested using ProcessDB software. Suppression of adipose fatty acid release, by itself, could not account for postprandial nonesterified fatty acid concentration changes, but adipose suppression combined with insulin activation of fatty acid uptake was consistent with the measured data. The observed insulin K m for nonesterified fatty acid uptake was inversely correlated with both insulin sensitivity of glucose uptake (intravenous glucose to...

Effects of Long-term Regular Exercise on Cognitive Function, Lipid Profile and Atherogenic Biomarkers in Middle-aged Men Several studies on exercise and its effect on cognitive function in human and animal populations have documented the beneficial impact of regular physical activity on maintenance of good cognitive abilities and satisfactory health-related quality of life well into older age. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of long-term regular running on metabolic profile and cognitive function in middle-aged men. A total of 24 regularly exercising, middle-age men (Group A), all being members of the Runners Club, and 22 age-matched sedentary subjects (Group B), as the control group, were enrolled in this study. The control group included 8 non-overweight (BMI=23.5±5.2) individuals (Group C) and 14 overweight/obese (BMI=30.7±1.6) subjects (Group D). Serum lipid profile, glucose and homocysteine concentrations were assessed by routine laboratory methods. Subjects&#3...

The genus Cinnamomum includes a number of plant species largely used as food, food additives and spices for a long time. Different traditional healing systems have used these plants as herbal remedies to cure diverse ailments. The aim of this comprehensive and updated review is to summarize the biodiversity of the genus Cinnamomum, its bioactive compounds, the mechanisms that underlie the pharmacological activities and molecular targets and toxicological safety. All the data in this review have been collected from databases and recent scientific literature including Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect etc. The results showed that the bioactive compounds of Cinnamomum species possess antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and neuroprotective effects. The preclinical (in vitro/in vivo) studies provided the possible molecular mechanisms of these action. As a novelty, recent clinical studies and toxicological data described in this paper support and co...

Objectives-Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a natural inhibitor of the low-density lipoprotein receptor, and its deficiency in humans results in low plasma LDL-cholesterol and protection against cardiovascular disease. We explored whether PCSK9 expression impacts postprandial triglyceridemia, another important cardiovascular risk factor. Methods and Results-Real-time PCR and confocal microscopy were used to show that PCSK9 is expressed throughout the entire small intestine and in human enterocytes. On olive oil gavage, PCSK9-deficient mice showed a dramatically decreased postprandial triglyceridemia compared with their wild-type littermates. Lymph analysis revealed that intestinal TG output is not quantitatively modified by PCSK9 deletion. However, PCSK9 Ϫ/Ϫ mice present with a significant reduction of lymphatic apoB secretion compared to PCSK9 ϩ/ϩ mice. Modulating PCSK9 expression in polarized CaCo-2 cells confirmed the relationship between PCSK9 and apoB secretion; PCSK9 Ϫ/Ϫ mice consistently secrete larger TG-rich lipoprotein than wild-type littermates. Finally, kinetic studies showed that PCSK9-deficient mice have an increased ability to clear chylomicrons compared to wild-type littermates. Conclusion-These findings indicate that in addition to its effect on LDL-cholesterol, PCSK9 deficiency might protect against cardiovascular disease by reducing postprandial triglyceridemia.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder, which can cause damage
to multiple organs; one of the long-term effects of diabetes is diabetic nephropathy; oxidative stress is thought to play a role in the development of diabetic nephropathy, as it can induce an inflammatory response and damage cells by disrupting their redox homeostasis; The study's goal was to assess the levels of oxidative damage and antioxidant protection in diabetic nephropathy patients. During routine medical examinations, 105 patients and 101 controls were selected; in serum, the reaction of thiobarbituric acid with malondialdehyde can be quantified by measuring the intensity of a pink color produced at 95°C. The same method is used to assess the degree of oxidation of free-cholesterol-LDL; total plasma antioxidant status was
determined by a colorimetric enzymatic peroxidase method. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity was determined by xanthine oxidase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured by a colorimetric method; ascorbic acid was measured in an acidic solution using a colorimetric technique at a wavelength of 465 nanometers. Retinol and tocopherol were isolated from serum by liquid-liquid extraction and immediately injected into a high-performance liquid chromatography
system. The results show that patients had 1.77 times higher serum TBARS, 2.77 times higher free-cholesterol-LDL-TBARS, 1.43 times lower total antioxidant status, 1.30 times lower superoxide dismutase activity, 1.19 times lower catalase activity, 1.28 times lower glutathione peroxidase activity, 1.83 times lower α-tocopherol, 1.33 times lower ascorbic acid, and 1. 15 times lower retinol than controls; the results of the present research also demonstrate that significant differences were observed between patients and controls in blood urea (p=.013), serum creatinine (p=.007), uric
acid (p=.015), albumin (p=.018), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (p=.006). In diabetic nephropathy, there is a negative correlation between glomerular filtration rate and oxidant status parameters, while there is a positive correlation with antioxidant status indicators

Here we report that bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and synthetic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist GW4064 robustly induced tumor suppressor N-Myc downstream regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) expression in human hepatoma cells and primary hepatocytes. Knockdown of FXR abolished the induction by CDCA, whereas overexpre ssion of a constitutively active form of FXR increased NDRG2 expression. A FXR-response element was identified within intronic regions of human and murine genes. Moreover, mice given GW4064 exhib it an increase of Ndrg2 expression in liver and kidney, where both NDRG2 and FXR are enriched. The identification of NDRG2 as a bile acid regulated gene may provide novel knowledge toward the understanding of NDRG2 physiological function and the link between metabolism and cancer.

Background Breast cancer is the most often diagnosed type of cancer and the leading cause of death worldwide. Estrogen, also known as estradiol, influences progesterone metabolism and modifies lipid metabolism. Thus, steroid hormone and lipid profile levels for breast cancer patients must be evaluated. However, this has yet to be explored and used for therapy in Ethiopia. As a result, the present study at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital attempted to assess serum estrogen, progesterone, and lipid profile levels in breast cancer patients and healthy controls. Methods A hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 80 participants (40 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients and 40 healthy control females). A convenient sampling method was used to recruit the study participants. Steroid hormones and lipid profile were determined using immunoassays and an enzymatic colorimetric technique, respectively. SPSS version 20.0 was used for statistical analysis, ...

Background: Estimation of adiponectin levels in diabetic and non-diabetic fatty liver and healthy controls. Methods: We studied 25 subjects for diabetic fatty liver, 25 subjects for non-diabetic fatty liver and 25 healthy controls. Clinical evaluation included anthropometric measurements, BMI, biochemical investigations and adiponectin estimation by ELISA. Results: There were 15 males (60%) and 10 (40%)females subjects in the DFL group, 18 males (72%) and 7 females (28%) subjects in the NDFL group and 13 males (52%) and 12 females (48%) subjects in the control group. 80% (20) of the DFL patients and 72% (18) subjects of NDFL group had BMI >25kg/m 2 . 80% (12 males and 8 females) of subjects in the DFL group and 68% (12 males and 5 females) had a waist circumference that indicated central obesity as per Indian cut-offs (>90 cm for females and >80 cm for males). The mean adiponectin (μg/ml) ± SD levels in DFL were 4.03 ± 0.43, NDFL was 5.01 ± 0.55 and in controls was 7.63 ± 0.66, the difference being statistically significant with P <0.001. The difference in the adiponectin levels was statistically significant between each of the three groups with P <0.001. There was no difference in serum adiponectin levels between males and females in all three groups. The chief conclusion of this study are that serum adiponectin levels are lower in subjects with NAFLD than those without it; adiponectin levels are inversely related to the degree of steatosis in NAFLD, with the lowest levels in more severe forms of steatosis.

Erythema nodosum is a form of panniculitis that presents as red lumps most commonly on the shins. It commonly presents due to tuberculosis, streptococcal infections, sarcoidosis, or can be drug related. This report describes the case of a young woman who presented with erythema nodosum and reactive arthritis; this was determined to be a sequelae of tuberculosis. Investigations were ordered as there was a high level of clinical suspicion for an underlying systemic cause for the presenting complaints. The systemic condition was determined to be tuberculosis due to the endemic environment and a positive tuberculin skin test.

Identification and management of dyslipidemia in childhood can reduce future cardiovascular risk. We performed a retrospective cohort study of children ages 2 to 18 years during 2009 to 2013 to evaluate factors that affect screening and treatment of pediatric dyslipidemia related to 2011 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) guidelines. Logistic regression analysis determined the impact of NHLBI-identified factors on odds of being screened, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and receiving pharmacotherapy. A total of 1 736 032 children were included; 113 780 (6.6%) were screened for dyslipidemia. Screening in 9 to 11 year olds increased from 2009 to 2012. Of children screened, 18 801 (16.5%) had elevated LDL-C; 425 (2.3%) were treated pharmacologically. Parental dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, Kawasaki disease, human immunodeficiency virus infection, nephrotic syndrome, liver, thyroid, and other endocrine disorders increased odd...

The negative relationship between testosterone and inflammatory cytokines has been reported for decades, although the exact mechanisms of their interactions are still not clear. At the same time, little is known about the relation between androgens and acute phase proteins. Therefore, in this investigation, we aimed to study the relationship between androgen status and inflammatory acute phase reactants in a group of men using multi-linear regression analysis. Venous blood samples were taken from 149 men ranging in age from 18 to 77 years. Gonadal androgens [testosterone (T) and free testosterone (fT)], acute phase reactants [C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin (FER), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)], cortisol (C), and lipid profile concentrations were determined. It was demonstrated that the markers of T and fT were negatively correlated with all acute phase proteins (CRP, FER, and AAG; p < 0.02) and the blood lipid profile [total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides (TG); p < 0.03]. Multivariate analysis showed that T, fT, and the fT/C ratio were inversely correlated with the CRP, AAG, and FER concentrations independently of age and blood lipids. When adjustment for BMI was made, T, fT, and the fT/C ratio were negatively correlated with the AAG concentrations only. In addition, it was demonstrated that gonadal androgens were positively correlated with physical activity level (p < 0.01). We have concluded that a lowered serum T concentration may promote inflammatory processes independently of adipose tissue and age through a reduced inhibition of inflammatory cytokine synthesis, which leads to enhanced acute phase protein production. Therefore, a low serum T concentration appears to be an independent risk factor in the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the positive correlation between testosterone and physical activity level suggests that exercise

Objective: The objective of the study were to determine the prevalence and identify the associated and prognostic factors that influence the risk of metabolic syndrome among patients with acute stroke admitted to medical department in AL-kuwait University Hospital(KUH) in Sanaa city, Yemen. Methods: The study population of this cross sectional survey consisted of 331 patients recently diagnosed with acute stroke in the period between (2009-2010). Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in our study was 39.5% males was more frequently affected than females. Hypertension was the most metabolic comorbidities in stroke patients with metabolic syndrome while central obesity is the least. Conclusions: We conclude that metabolic syndrome was common in stroke patients which could be explained by metabolic syndrome perse or due to different metabolic co morbidities that are associated with it.

Objective Obesity is characterized by a disturbed hemostatic balance with increased coagulation and impaired fibrinolysis. This increases the risk of thrombosis, and the risk is lowered after obesity surgery. Over the past 25 years, several studies have contributed to understand the mechanisms behind the antithrombotic effect of obesity surgery, and this literature review summarizes the results of these studies. Methods A detailed literature search on the effects of obesity surgery on the hemostatic balance was conducted. Results The 25 relevant studies reviewed demonstrated that obesity surgery has favorable effects on many biomarkers of coagulation and fibrinolysis. The evidence is substantial for fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 with average reductions from 1 to 24 months after obesity surgery of 17 and 48%, respectively. For most other biomarkers, the evidence is moderate or weak with average effect sizes varying from 2% for fiber mass length ratio to 70% fo...

Lipoprotein oxidation is thought to play a pivotal role in the evolution of atherosclerosis. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the main source of oxidized lipid in the arterial wall. Oxidation of LDL alters its properties in a number of ways, making it more atherogenic, but oxidation of other lipoprotein classes may also be important. Common mechanisms are likely to contribute to the oxidation of all lipoprotein classes, with enzyme-mediated oxidation likely to be most important. Antioxidant content, fatty acid composition, particle size and the presence of seeding hydroperoxides also influence oxidative reactions. Larger triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are less likely to enter the arterial wall than LDL, but when oxidized will deliver a greater oxidant load to the arterial wall.

Statins are thought to have anti-atherogenic effects beyond cholesterol lowering. One such mechanism may involve reduction of oxidative stress. The aim of our study was to investigate and to compare the oxidative stress lowering capacity of atorvastatin with that of simvastatin in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease using conventional markers and sensitive markers measured by highly specific techniques such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We included 30 statin-naive patients with diabetes mellitus, and/or obesity, and/or hypertension (12 male, 18 female, mean age 44.8±11.1 years), and randomised them to receive either atorvastatin 10 mg or simvastatin 40 mg daily to obtain an equimolar cholesterol reduction. Blood and urine samples were obtained at baseline and at 1, 6 and 12 weeks. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and coenzyme Q10 decreased significantly in both groups. Simvastatin caused a faster initial LDL cholesterol lowering than atorva...

In Gram-negative bacteria, N-terminal lipidation is a signal for protein trafficking from the inner membrane (IM) to the outer membrane (OM). The IM complex LolCDE extracts lipoproteins from the membrane and moves them to the chaperone LolA. The LolA-lipoprotein complex crosses the periplasm after which the lipoprotein is anchored to the OM. In γ-proteobacteria anchoring is assisted by the receptor LolB, while a corresponding protein has not been identified in other phyla. In light of the low sequence similarity between Lol-systems from different phyla and that they may use different Lol components, it is crucial to compare representative proteins from several species. Here we present a structure–function study of LolA and LolB from two phyla: LolA from Porphyromonas gingivalis (phylum bacteroidota), and LolA and LolB from Vibrio cholerae (phylum proteobacteria). Despite large sequence differences, the LolA structures are very similar, hence structure and function have been conserve...

Introduction: The APOE ε4 allele predisposes to high cholesterol and increases the risk for lifestyle-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aim of this study was to analyse interrelationships of APOE genotypes with lipid metabolism and lifestyle factors in middle-aged Finns among whom the CVD risk factors are common. Methods: Participants (n = 211) were analysed for APOE ε genotypes, physiological parameters, and health- and diet-related plasma markers. Lifestyle choices were determined by a questionnaire. Results: APOE genotypes ε3/ε4 and ε4/ε4 (ε4 group) represented 34.1% of the participants. Genotype ε3/ε3 (ε3 group) frequency was 54.5%. Carriers of ε2 (ε2 group; ε2/ε2, ε2/ε3 and ε2/ε4) represented 11.4%; 1.9% were of the genotype ε2/ε4. LDL and total cholesterol levels were lower (p &lt; 0.05) in the ε2 carriers than in the ε3 or ε4 groups, while the ε3 and ε4 groups did not differ. Proportions of plasma saturated fatty acids (SFAs)...

Access type TC PC AVG AVF # Infx/1000 access days 5.0 3.8 0.6 0.1 % Infx requiring hospitalization 12.5 12.2 58.0 60.0 Cost/hosp. admission (mean) $16,896 25,683 9,016 5,650 Conclusions: Catheters are associated with much higher vascular access infection rates when compared to fistulas and grafts. When AVFs or AVGs do become infected, they are more likely to require hospitalization. Infections severe enough to require hospitalization result in similar inpatient cost per admission regardless of access type; however, this may be due to small sample size.