Lead Acetate

IntroductionLead (Pb) exposure yielding blood lead levels (BLL) as low as 2 µg/dl in children is an international problem. More common in US low‐income neighborhoods, childhood Pb exposure can cause behavioral and cognitive deficits, including working memory impairments, which can persist into adulthood. So far, studies characterized short‐term effects of high Pb exposure on neuronal structure and function. However, long‐term consequences of early chronic Pb exposure on neuronal activity are poorly documented.MethodsHere, we exposed male and female mice (PND [postnatal day] 0 to PND 28) to one of three Pb treatments: 0 ppm (sodium‐treated water, control), 30 ppm (low dose), and 330 ppm (high dose) lead acetate. Once the male and female mice were 9–12 months old, extracellular field recordings on hippocampal slices were performed.ResultsWe show that at CA3 to CA1 synapses, synaptic transmission was decreased and neuronal fiber activity was increased in males exposed to lowest level P...

Background and Aim: Diabetes is one of the mortality factors in the world. Nutritional and environmental pollution with heavy metals, especially lead, exacerbates diabetic condition. The curcumin in Turmeric has antioxidant properties and therapeutic effects on the treatment of some diseases such as diabetes. In an interventional experiment designed to investigate the protective effect of turmeric powder on consequences of lead acetate on some blood parameters in the diabetic male rats, 32 male Wistar rats with an average initial weight of 182.6±1.8 g each were randomly divided into four groups, i.e. the control, diabetic (streptozotocin injection in dose of 55 ppm), diabetic+Pb (100 ppm solute in water), and diabetic+Pb+CL (2% of DMI). Trial period was 4 weeks. Blood samples from the heart of the rats were taken on the 29 th day. Results: Turmeric powder improved insulin secretion and reduced blood glucose. Total protein increased in CL treatment group. ALT, AST, triglyceride, and cholesterol significantly increased in diabetes treatment groups compared with the control. Probably the antioxidant compounds found in Turmeric especially curcumin can reduce some complications of lead acetate in diabetic patients.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of taurine on biochemical parameters in male Wistar rats co-exposed to chlorpyrifos and lead. Fifty rats were divided into five groups of ten rats each. The distilled water (DW) group received distilled water and the soya oil (SO) group received soya oil (1 ml/kg). Other groups were treated sequentially with taurine (50 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos (4.25 mg/kg, 1/20th LD 50 ) and lead (233.25 mg/kg, 1/20th LD 50 ), and the last group received taurine (50 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos (4.25 mg/kg) and lead (233.25 mg/kg). The treatments were administered once daily by oral gavage. The rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected after 16 weeks. The serum samples were analyzed for proteins, enzymes, urea and creatinine concentration. The hepatic and renal malondialdehyde concentration and activities of hepatic and renal antioxidant enzymes were evaluated. The results indicated that chronic co-administration of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and lead acetate (LA) induced biochemical alterations in the rats. It is proposed that taurine antioxidant (TA) decreased the alterations in the biochemical parameters partly through its antioxidant, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties. It is concluded that taurine is a useful prophylactic agent against biochemical toxicity in individuals that are constantly co-exposed to chlorpyrifos and lead in the environment.

We studied the effect of chronic oral exposure to lead acetate (PbA) on the sensitivity of RBC to hemolysis and whether the sensitivity could be decreased by feeding the rats with extract of medicinal mushroomGanoderma lucidum. Three groups of rats, control, PbA-exposed, andG. lucidum (Gl)+PbA,were used. PbA (3 mM) was administered via drinking water andG. lucidumextract by gavage at 300 mg/Kg BW/day for 12 weeks. Afterwards, the rats were killed and washed RBCs were subjected to hemolysis in the presence of Fenton’s reagents. Hemolysis was determined by estimating the amount of released hemoglobin. The levels of lipid peroxide (LPO) and GSH were determined from RBC membranes and whole RBCs, respectively. The levels of TNFαand LPO also were determined from hepatic tissues. The RBCs of PbA-exposed rats displayed significantly higher sensitivity to hemolysis than those of theGl+PbA rats. The levels of LPO increased and GSH decreased in the RBCs, with concomitant increases in the level...

Aim: To evaluate the protective and ameliorative effect of aqueous sea buckthorn leaf extract (SLE) on hemato-biochemical profile in lead intoxicated Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted for 60 days. 36 adult male Wistar rats with a mean body weight of 177.8±12.6 g were divided into five groups and were subjected to various daily oral treatment regimens. Group I served as a negative control receiving only feed and water, Group II (positive control for lead) received lead acetate at 250 ppm in drinking water, and Group III (positive control for SLE) received SLE at 100 mg/kg b.wt. Animals in Group IV received a combination of lead acetate at 250 ppm in drinking water for the first 45 days and SLE at 100 mg/kg b.wt. throughout the experimental period of 60-day, and in Group V for the last 15 days of the trial after the administration of lead acetate until the first 45 days of the trial to study the protective and ameliorating effects of SLE, respectively. Blood samples were collected from retro-orbital fossa of each rat on 0 th , 45 th , and 60 th day of the experiment for hemato-biochemical analysis including hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), serum total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin ratio, cholesterol, urea, and creatinine. Results: Significantly (p<0.01) lower levels of serum total proteins and albumin, and a significantly (p<0.01) higher serum cholesterol, urea and creatinine levels were observed in Group II (lead intoxicated group) in comparison to Group I (negative control). Administration of SLE at 100 mg/kg body wt. to lead intoxicated Wistar rats resulted in normalization of almost all the biochemical parameters studied in both the treatment Groups, i.e., IV and V (protective and ameliorative). However, the effects were more pronounced in the protective group. No effects of SLE supplementation were observed on Hb levels. PCV levels improved in protective groups, but no effect was observed in ameliorative group in comparison to lead intoxicated groups. Conclusion: SLE administration at 100 mg/kg b.wt. to lead intoxicated Wistar rats may be used to protect/ameliorate lead induced biochemical alterations in Wistar rats.

Lead induced oxidative stress contributes to increase the productivity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to disrupt the antioxidant balance. Gynura procumbens adventitious root (GPAR) methanol extract contains abundant phenolic and flavonoids compounds as antioxidants and can be used as traditional medicinal plants. The objective of this study is to evaluate the protective effect of GPAR against lead acetate toxicity in mice to haematological parameter, histological of hepatic cells, and activities of antioxidant enzymes. The data obtained from five groups of treatment: P1 (control), P2 (Pb acetate-100 mg/L), P3 (GPAR-100 mg/L + Pb acetate-100 mg/L), P4 (GPAR-200 mg/L + Pb acetate-100 mg/L), P5 (GPAR-300 mg/L + Pb acetate-100 mg/L). The results indicated that administration of methanol extract of GPAR can prevent the decreasing of haematological parameter, maintain the percentage of normal hepatic cells, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) due to lead ace...

The effect of lead on cholinesterase activity in various central nervous system (CNS) parts and in serum, and the potential of crushed fresh garlic lobes, black seed and olive oils to combat lead poisoning in rabbits were assessed. Oral administration of lead acetate elevated BLL compared to control and sodium acetate groups. This increase was a function of the experimental time. Treatment of animals with crushed fresh garlic lobes, black seed or olive oils lowered BLL, with garlic was the most effective. Lead caused progressive decrease in the activity of acetylcholinesterase in different brain regions and spinal cord allover the experimental periods examined. The enzyme inhibition is generally reached its significance (P < 0.05) after 10 and 20 days of lead acetate intake. Such alteration in cholinergic transmission suggests that lead is able to reach the CNS and exerts its neurotoxic effect. Serum acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase were also inhibited. Treatment of animals with crushed fresh garlic lobes, black seed or olive oils improved the enzyme activity in the central nervous system and serum. However, garlic was the most efficient. The ability of garlic to reduce lead toxicity may relay in its antioxidant/chelating action. Supplementation of diets with garlic is recommended to improve the body burden of lead and hence to protect the organ function against lead toxicity.

Introduction: Lead (Pb) is a transition metal and a known male reproductive toxicant that induces its effects mainly through oxidative stress. This study investigated the effects of L-Citrulline (Cit) supplement on reproductive functions and antioxidant activities in Lead acetate treated male rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty  male rats (180-200 g) were grouped into four  and treated as follows; Group 1 (Control), given distilled water, Group 2 was given Pb acetate (2.25mg/kg), Group 3 was co-treated with Pb acetate (2.25mg/kg) and Cit (900mg/kg) and Group 4 was given Cit (900mg/kg) only. All administrations were done orally for thirty days. Caudal sperm, serum hormone levels and testicular antioxidant activities and Nitric oxide levels were evaluated at the end administrations. Results: Results showed decrease (p&lt;0.05) in sperm morphology, count, viability, motility, FSH, LH, Testosterone, Catalase, Nitric Oxide and Super oxide dismutase in Group 2(Pb treated rats), when compa...

Lead is a widely-spread environmental pollutant and a commonly-used industrial chemical that can cause multisystemic adverse health effects. However, the effects of lead exposure on diabetic animals have not been reported so far. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of lead exposure on thyroid, renal and oxidative stress markers in diabetic Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced with an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozocin (STZ). Six weeks later, rats were exposed i.p. to either distilled water (control group) or 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg of lead acetate (treatment groups). We found a positive relationship between the administered doses of lead acetate and its measured levels in blood samples (P &lt; 0.01). Treatment of diabetic animals with lead acetate resulted in significant weight loss (P &lt; 0.001). It also caused an increase in thyroid stimulating hormone levels (P &lt; 0.05) and reductions in thyroxine (P &lt; 0.05) and triiodothyronine levels (P &lt; 0.01), a ...

This research was about the effect of polyester resin as a matrix, and lead acetate as filler in the manufacture of X-ray radiation shields in order to determine its characteristics on physical, mechanical and thermal properties at Murni Teguh Memorial Hospital. Lead acetate was varied (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) wt% with variations in sample thickness of 0.5 cm, 0.75 cm, 1.0 cm, 1.25 cm and 1.50 cm. The results showed that the physical properties (density 1.9 gr/cm 3) on the composition of 10% wt lead acetate and 85% wt polyester resin with a thickness of 1.5 cm were the best results. The higher the lead acetate composition, the higher the density value is. The light transmission value of 83% was still in accordance with the ISO standard regarding lead glass. The results of the mechanical properties test (compression test 79 kg/cm3 and hardness test 38) were the best values at the composition of 85:10:5% wt with a thickness of 1.5 cm. This shows that the composition of 85:10:5% wt is t...

The behavioural effects induced by exposure to lead acetate (Pb) producing blood levels below from those considered "acceptable" (<40 µg/dl) for adult population was studied in adult rats. In order to assess gender differences, we performed parallel behavioral experiments in male and female rats. Exposure to lead acetate (50 ppm) for 30-45 days induces subtle neurological alterations consisting in hyperactivity in a novel environment and impairment of spatial memory. The effects were observed only in male rats. Object recognition, motor coordination were unaffected by lead exposure. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy allows in vivo assessment of main brain metabolites (glutamate/glutamine, creatine, myoinositol, n-acetylaspartate and choline) whose changes have been demonstrated in several central nervous system pathologies. Exposure to low lead level does not affect metabolites profile in the striatum and increase myoinositol signal in the hippocampus of male rats. The increase in myoinositol in hippocampus suggests early lead-induced alteration in glial metabolism and may represent a potential marker of early neurological dysfunction during low lead exposure.

The present study aims to evaluate the protective effect of methanolic leaf extract and flavonoid-rich leaf extract of Synsepalum dulcificum on lead-acetate-induced toxicity in Wistar albino rats. Forty-five animals were distributed into nine groups with five animals apiece. Group 1 served as the control and was given only distilled water throughout the course of the study. Group 2 served as the lead-induced group and was administered 50 mg/kg lead-acetate. Groups 3-8 were co-administered 50 mg/kg lead-acetate and various doses of the extracts. Group 9 was administered 40 mg/kg vitamin C in addition to 50 mg/kg lead-acetate. The study lasted for 14 days. Standard procedures were used to evaluate the hematological indices, serum total protein, urea, creatinine, as well as marker enzymes in liver and kidney of the animals. Malondialdehyde levels, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-s-transferase activities were also estimated in the tissues. The results showed that the extracts, especially the high doses, significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated the harmful effects of lead administration in the liver and kidney as well as in the hematological indices. The extract could, therefore, be considered as having protective effect on lead-induced toxicity in Wistar albino rats.

This study investigated the clinical and pathological symptoms of waterborne lead toxicity in wild Nile tilapia collected from a lead-contaminated area (the Mariotteya Canal: Pb = 0.6 ± 0.21 mg L−1) and a farmed fish after 2 weeks of experimental exposure to lead acetate (5–10 mg L−1) in addition to evaluating the efficacy of neem leaf powder (NLP) treatment in mitigating symptoms of lead toxicity. A total of 150 fish (20 ± 2 g) were alienated into five groups (30 fish/group with three replicates). G1 was assigned as a negative control without any treatments. Groups (2–5) were exposed to lead acetate for 2 weeks at a concentration of 5 mg L−1 (G2 and G3) or 10 mg L−1 (G4 and G5). During the lead exposure period, all groups were reared under the same conditions, while G3 and G5 were treated with 1 g L−1 NLP. Lead toxicity induced DNA fragmentation and lipid peroxidation and decreased the level of glutathione and expression of heme synthesis enzyme delta aminolaevulinic acid dehydrata...

The antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of mango by-products were investigated. This study was carried out to evaluate the protective role of mango peel or kernel defatted extracts against Pb-acetate adverse effects on oxidant/antioxidant status, liver dysfunction biomarkers, histopathological changes and genotoxicity in male mice. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of both extracts were evaluated. Two doses of both extracts (50 and 100 mg/kg) were used to evaluate their role against the toxicity of Pb-acetate (500 ppm). Mice given mango extracts with Pb-acetate had significantly lower plasma MDA, AST and ALT and higher glutathione than mice given Pb-acetate alone. Mango extracts prevented the histopathological changes in liver induced by Pb-acetate and decreased the cytotoxicity of lead by increasing the ratio of PCE/NCE. Mango extract treatment reduced the DNA damage induced by Pb-acetate in liver as demonstrated by a reduction in micronuclei and decrease in ...

Childhood lead poisoning has been established to cause a lot of health challenges, of which reproductive health perturbation is not least. This research work was designed to investigate the impact of lactational lead exposure on the developing testes in Sprague-Dawley rat pups. 12 female rats were used in the experiment and 23 offspring for the analysis of lactational lead intoxication. The offspring were divided into four groups. Groups B, C and D were administered 10 mg/dL, 30 mg/dL and 70 mg/dL of lead acetate respectively, via drinking water for 21 days while group A was control. The animal was firstly sedated using a chloroform-damped cotton wool in a vacuum (air-tight chamber). The sedated animal was weighed on a weighing balance and figure recorded. The animal was then perfused to clear blood from the organs before the organs were harvested, the testes of the pups exposed via lactation were observed via histological methods. Statistical analysis showed the total body weight a...

Chronic lead exposure is associated with several health disorders in humans and animals. Lead exposure leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species and depletes body antioxidant enzymes causing damage to various macromolecules and ultimately cell death. Curcumin has been widely recognized to protect against metal toxicity but has major limitations of reduced bioavailability. Nanoencapsulation of curcumin could be an effective strategy to combat lead induced toxic manifestations. The present study investigates the protective efficacy of bulk and nanocurcumin against lead-induced toxicity. Swiss albino mice were daily exposed to lead acetate (25 mg/kg, i.p.) alone and after 1 h treated either with curcumin (15 mg/kg, orally) or nanocurcumin (15 mg/kg, orally) for two consecutive weeks. The preventive efficacy of nanocurcumin was evaluated against various altered biochemical variables suggestive of oxidative stress and lead accumulation in blood and soft tissues. Coadministration of nanocurcumin with lead restored the altered δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, glutathione (reduced and oxidized) levels, and also decreased reactive oxygen species, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels. Nanocurcumin due to its possible chelating property and enhanced bioavailability efficiently removed lead from blood and soft tissues compared to bulk curcumin. Results demonstrate the enhanced preventive efficacy of nanocurcumin and suggest an interesting and novel approach for better treatment of lead toxicity.

| Cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal, is often associated with the reproductive disorders of mammals. The edible bird's nest (EBN) is a naturally occurring food product made from the saliva of swiftlet birds (Aerodramus fuciphagus & Aerodramus maximus) in the form of a nest, and it has been consumed as healthy food or tonic for decades. This research aimed to study the possible protective effects of EBN against Cd toxicity in ovaries of Sprague Dawley rats. Thirty (30) female Sprague Dawley rats were assigned into five groups as follows: group 1-Negative control (NC) received distilled water; group 2-positive control (PC) administered with CdCl 2 , 5mg/kg BW; while groups EBN 1, EBN 2, and EBN 3 received CdCl 2 (5mg/kg BW) concurrently with graded concentrations of 60, 90 and 120 mg/kg BW of EBN, respectively. After four weeks of treatment, rats were euthanized to collect ovaries for histopathological studies using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. Expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were analyzed through immunohistochemistry, and levels of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) were assessed using a SOD assay kit. Oral administration of CdCl 2 without EBN supplement resulted in significantly decreased (p<0.05) immunohistochemical expressions of VEGF in ovarian tissue and a decrease (p<0.05) in the activity of SOD. Moreover, ovarian histopathological changes, including follicular cysts and a significant increase (p<0.05) in the number of atretic follicles, while a decrease in the number of growing follicles was noted in Cd only treated group. Animals treated with CdCl 2 and EBN at three different dosages resulted in significantly increased (p<0.05) expressions of VEGF in ovarian tissues, low degenerative changes with normal histomorphology as well as significantly increased (p<0.05) SOD activity as compared to the PC group. Overall, the findings revealed that oral exposure to Cd at a dose rate of 5 mg/kg BW resulted in significant alterations in ovaries, as evidenced by a lower degree of VEGF expression along with reduced antioxidant activity and histomorphological changes. Meanwhile, EBN proved to exhibit a significant protective role against Cd toxicity in ovaries, possibly through its antioxidant effect.

We have demonstrated that acute third ventricle injections of lead acetate (PbAc) exert a powerful antidipsogenic effect and induce a significant increase in renal sodium excretion. In the present study we confirm the antidipsogenic effect of lead and demonstrate that central administration of this metal, in minute amounts, significantly reduces salt intake both during dehydration and after central angiotensinergic stimulation. Adult male Wistar rats had the third ventricle cannulated seven days before the experiments. During this period they had free access to distilled water and hypertonic saline solution (1.5%). After a 24-h period of fluid deprivation, experimental animals received third ventricle injections of PbAc (0.3, N = 8 and 3.0 nmol/rat, N = 14) while controls received sodium acetate (NaAc; 3.0 nmol/rat, N = 10). Rats treated with PbAc at the highest dose showed a significant reduction (P<0.05) both in water and hypertonic saline intake when compared to controls. When the effect of lead administration on angiotensin II-induced water and salt intake was studied, normohydrated animals received third ventricle injections of angiotensin II (9.6 nmol/rat) after pretreatment with 3.0 nmol/rat of PbAc (experimental group, N = 10) or NaAc (controls, N = 8). The group pretreated with PbAc presented a significant reduction (P<0.05) in both water and salt intake compared to controls. Thus, this study confirms the antidipsogenic effect of central lead injections and demonstrates that the presence of lead in the brain exerts a significant inhibition of sodium appetite.

Summary Introduction Currently, one of the most important ecological issues is exposure to lead in environment, since it is a metal with evident toxic effects on human organism. Hard dental tissues are suitable structures for assessing long-term effects of exposure to toxic metals. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentration of lead in hard dental tissues of a rat with experimentally induced DM using SEM/EDS analysis, after 14 and 30 days of exposing animals to lead. Material and methods The study was conducted in rats of Wistar strains divided into the three groups. The first group consisted of 8 rats (128 molars and premolars of the upper and lower jaws) with experimentally induced DM, taking lead in the course of 14 days at the concentration of 1500 ppm; the second group included 8 rats (128 molars and premolars of the upper and lower jaws) taking lead in the course of 30 days at the concentration of 1500 ppm, while the third control group consisted of 5 healthy rats...

Logam berat termasuk tawas yang mengandung Alumunim (Al) berdampak pada kerusakan organ ginjal. Suplementasi seng dapat meningkatkan protein "metalotionein" yang dapat mengikat Al. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan pengaruh suplementasi seng 0,2 mg, 0,4 mg, 0,8 mg terhadap hambatan kerusakan sel epitel tubulus ginjal akibat pemberian tawas dalam pakan pada tikus putih Rattus nurvegicus . Desain penelitian "Randimized "Control-Group Only Design",28 tikus dibagi 4 kelompok yaitu 1 kelompok kontrol dan 3 kelompok perlakuan. Pada kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan dipajan Al 0,8 gr dalam pakan dan kelompok perlakuan disuplementasi seng 0,2; 0,4; 0,8 setiap hari melalui sonde sampai minggu ke-4. Hari terakhir minggu ke-4 diperiksa degenerasi dan nekrosis epitel tubulus ginjal, dilakukan uji one way anova untuk mengetahui perbedaan antar perlakuan. Tidak terdapat perbedaan suplemen seng 0,2 mg, 0,4 mg dan 0,8 mg terhadap degenerasi sel epitel tubulus ginjal dan terdapat perbedaan bermakna terhadap sel nekrosis. Pemberian suplementasi seng 0,2 mg, 0,4 mg dan 0,8 mg berpengaruh terhadap jumlah nekrosis sel epitel tubulus ginjal Kata kunci : Tawas, Seng, tubulus ginjan Tawas merupakan bahan koagulan yang paling banyak digunakan karena bahan ini paling ekonomis, mudah diperoleh di pasaran serta mudah penyimpanannya. Biasanya tawas dipakai untuk menjernihkan air, mengawetkan makanan termasuk menjadikan tekstur makanan menjadi lebih baik (putih dan kenyal). 1,2 Jumlah pemakaian tawas tergantung dari kebutuhan, misalnya untuk menjernihkan air dengan melihat kekeruhan air baku. Semakin keruh air jumlah tawas yang dibutuhkan semakin besar. Untuk mengawetkan makanan misalnya ikan, hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Nurrahman dan Isworo, membuktikan bahwa ikan tongkol yang direndam dalam larutan tawas sebelum diasap, teksturnya menjadi lebih kompak, kesat dan keras. Ikan yang direndam terlebih dahulu pada larutan tawas 10% selama 1 jam sebelum diasap, warnanya lebih putih, konsentrasi senyawa nitrogen volatilnya menurun sehingga mengurangi bau amis dan rasa pahit, dan tidak berkurang kadar proteinnya. Adanya interaksi dengan tawas, maka nilai total volatil nitrogen yang berkaitan dengan bau amis ikan akan menurun. 1 Aluminium (Al) merupakan unsur yang terdapat dalam senyawa tawas dan termasuk salah satu macam logam berat. Logam berat dalam bentuk ion sangat toksik dapat menyebabkan kerusakan organ detoksifikasi yaitu hati dan ginjal. Logam berat menyebabkan nekrosis sel-sel epitel tubulus ginjal, permeabilitas membrana glomerulus meningkat, sehingga protein dan zat-zat yang terlarut dalam plasma mudah melewatinya. Menurut Haribi dkk, suplementsi tawas dalam pakan dengan konsentrasi 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% selama paparan 4,6 dan 8 minggu pada mencit mengakibatkan kerusakan jaringan pada organ hati dan ginjal. Logam berat dalam jaringan berikatan dengan protein pengikat logam yaitu "metalotionin" pada gugus sulfidril dari protein tersebut. 3 " Metalotionin" dapat disintesis di hati maupun dinding saluran cerna melalui absorpsi seng dalam jumlah yang tinggi. Absorpsi seng dari makanan yang dikonsumsi atau suplementasi berkisar antara 15-60%. Dosis seng antara 5-20 mg per hari banyak diberikan pada penelitian tentang efek seng terhadap pertumbuhan. Pada percobaan meta analisis suplementasi yang diberikan berkisar antara 1,5-50 mg per hari. Dengan pertimbangan bahwa "efficacy" absorpsi seng adalah 60% untuk 5 mg, 50% untuk 10 mg dan 40% untuk 15 mg 5 . Suplementasi seng secara bertingkat untuk melihat tingkat efektifitas dosis perlu dipertimbangkan misalnya 10 mg per hari, 20 mg per hari dan 40 mg per hari. Dosis ini dapat dikonversi pada hewan coba apabila penelitian dilakukan pada

Background Pomegranate powder derived from pomegranate fruit contains phytochemicals chief of which is ellagitannins. Owing to their high antioxidative capabilities we investigated its efficacy against lead acetate induced hepatic and renal toxicity. Methods Pomegranate powder (500 g) was procured and soaked in 1 Litre of ethanol for three days, its filtrate was concentrated and freeze dried to form Punica granatum L. ethanol extract (PLEE). Thirty (30) male albino Wistar rats with average weight between 140 ± 20 g were used for this study. They were equally shared into 6 groups with 5 animals each; A: Control; B: Lead acetate only C: Lead acetate + PLEE (1); D: Lead acetate + PLEE (2); E: PLEE (1) and F: PLEE (2). Serum, liver and kidney samples were obtained for biochemical assays. The integrity of liver and kidney tissues were also accessed. Results Lead administration resulted in marked elevations in liver transaminases in serum and liver as well as a significant increase in kid...

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Ficus carica on lead acetate induced changes in the height of germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules in testes of adult rats. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted for a period of 8 weeks at Departments of Anatomy and Pathology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi in collaboration with National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad Pakistan. Material and Methods: Thirty healthy adult male Sprague-dawley rats were selected by simple random sampling and divided into three groups. Each group consisted of 10 animals. Group A served as control. Group B was given lead acetate 30 mg/kg body weight/day. Group C received Ficus carica 80 mg/kg bodyweight/day in addition to lead acetate 30 mg/kg bodyweight/ day. The dose was administered once a day for a period of 8 weeks. Twenty-four hours after administration of last dose, the animals were sacrificed and testes were removed. Testicular tissue was ...

The relationship between blood lead concentration and nerve conduction velocity has been examined, using the cynomolgus monkey as a model for human lead poisoning, with lead dose and blood lead concentration maintained under controlled conditions, to determine whether nerve conduction velocity could be used as an objective measure of the effects of lead on the nervous system at subclinical concentrations. Five cynomolgus monkeys were maintained at a blood lead concentration of 90-100 ,ug Pb/100 ml for nine months by daily oral dosing with lead acetate (12-15 mg Pb/kg body weight). Motor nerve conduction velocity in the ulnar nerve was measured, together with blood lead concentrations. Blood lead concentrations were proportional to lead intake, reaching a stable level within one to two weeks. Lead did not accumulate in the blood, and blood lead concentrations were found to decrease to a maintained plateau from initial high concentrations during the first seven days of dosing. The animals showed no clinical or behavioural evidence of lead poisoning at any time during the study, although there was a progressive decrease in blood packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, and erythrocyte concentration. The maximal motor nerve conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve remained con- stant throughout the study, although changes were observed in the conduction velocity of slowly conducting nerve fibres. At termination, intranuclear inclusions were found in the renal tubular cells of all animals as were focal areas of myelin degeneration in the ulnar and sciatic nerves.

The toxicity of lead (Pb) is of concern to public health due to its persistence in the environment. Brain is one of the major target organs where severe neurologic alterations may be triggered after exposure. The primary effects of lead on brain functions are thought to be a damage to the nervous system microvasculature. However, the mechanism of this toxicity is poorly understood. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) may be a target for lead and changes in its function can result in a cascade of pathophysiological effects that may be observed in isolated capillaries and synaptosomes. We have determined the concentration of lead in blood, capillaries and synaptosomes in brain from mice receiving 0, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm of lead for 14 days, through the drinking water. NOS activity was determined in the capillaries and synaptosomes by following the conversion of 3 H-L-arginine to 3 H-L-citrulline. The results show that blood lead levels were dose-dependent. Brain capillaries showed a preferential accumulation of lead as compared to synaptosomes. With all Pb treatments, synaptosomal constitutive NOS was inhibited (about 50% of control) while the inducible NOS activity in capillaries was enhanced. These data suggest that inhibition of cNOS activity and increase in iNOS may contribute to the Pb effects on the CNS.

Exposure to either lead (Pb) or γ-irradiation (IR) results in oxidative stress in biological systems. Herein, we explored the potential anti-apoptotic effect of spermine (Spm) against lead and/or γ-irradiation-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. Rats were divided into eight experimental groups of ten rats each: groups including negative control, whole body γ-irradiated (6 Gray (Gy)), lead acetate (PbAct) trihydrate orally administered (75 mg/kg bw ≡ 40 mg/kg bw Pb for 14 consecutive days), and Spm intraperitoneally dosed (10 mg/kg bw for 14 consecutive days) rats and groups subjected to combinations of Pb + IR, Spm + IR, Spm + Pb, and Spm + Pb followed by IR on day 14 (Spm + Pb + IR). A significant decrease in arginase activity as well as mRNA and protein levels of Bcl-2 and p21 was observed in rats intoxicated with Pb and/or γ-irradiation compared to controls, whereas Bax mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased. Also, an increased level of nitric oxide (NO) with a reduced arginase activity was observed in liver tissues of intoxicated rats. Spm co-treatment with lead and/or γ-irradiation attenuated the increase in Bax mRNA and protein expression, while it restored those of Bcl-2 and p21 together with NO levels and arginase activity to control values. Altogether, we suggest that Spm may be useful in combating free radicalinduced apoptosis in Pb-intoxicated and/or γ-irradiated rats.

The results of this study showed that administration with either lead acetate or mercury chloride caused degenerative damage in seminiferous tubules and reduction in sperm quality and expression of CatSper 1, 2 genes in mice. Therefore, it is possible in infertile men who have had exposure to lead acetate or mercury chloride. Owing to structural similarities, these metals are substitutes for calcium ions and have effects on calcium channels. These cause immobility in sperm by blocking CatSperspecific calcium channels. However, more studies are required to elucidate the mechanism underlying the impact of different doses of heavy metals on CatSper genes expression.

and has been assigned Report No. UR-3490-2 19 1. We thank Deena Burdick for technical assistance. 2 Author to whom reprint requests should be sent. ing in that the same behavioral assay often produces conflicting results in different investigations. For example, the scientific literature dealing with the effects of lead on motor activity consists of an almost equivalent number of reports of increases, decreases, and no change in behavior (Bornschein et al., 1980a). Studies of chronic low level lead exposure in children are also beseiged by similarly inconsistent results in measures of learning and intelligence (Bomschein et al., 1980b). This disparity of results derives from problems ranging from unstable behavioral criteria to inadequate biological measures to confounding dietary and nutritional variables

The experiment was conducted to observe the toxic effect of different doses of dietary lead (Pb) on biochemical, gross and histopathological changes in the testes and kidneys of male rabbits. A total number of 36 rabbits (4.5 months of age) were assigned in three dietary treatments with three replicates. Control group T0 received only a basal diet and the other groups T1 and T2 received a basal diet supplemented with Pb at a dose level of 20 and 40 mg/kg bw respectively. By the end of the experiment (4 months), animals were slaughtered and blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological tests. Oral administration of lead caused decreased weight and congestion of the kidney attributed to the glomerular shrinkage and reactive cell infiltration microscopically. Significant decrease in weight, degeneration of germ cells, and vacuolation of the seminiferous tubules were recorded in testes. Serum testosterone level was decreased in lead-treated groups which might be due to the cellular degeneration of Leydig cells. In conclusion, lead acetate had a serious dose-dependent biochemical and histomorphological effect in the male rabbit.

This study was aimed at evaluating the curative effects of Hydroethanolic Extract Of Spirulina platensis (HESP) on the reproductive function of female Guinea pig exposed to oxidative stress. Sixty females, 3-4 months old, weighing 300-400 g were divided into six groups (10 animals/group). The neutral control received distilled water, the negative control was treated with lead acetate at a dose 12 mg/kg.b.w while the positive control was given 12 mg of lead acetate/kg b.w and 100 mg of vitamin C. Groups 4, 5 and 6 were treated with lead acetate at a dose of 12 mg/kg b.w for the first 30 days and then received from the 31 st day to the 90 th day HESP at doses of 50,100 and 200 mg/kg.b.w respectively once daily. Results revealed that lead caused prominent toxic effects on fertility, deterioration of sex organs as well as a disruption of serum levels of Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and progesterone. Lead acetate markedly increased tissues oxidative-stress marker (malondiadehyde), whereas it reduces the activities of antioxidant-enzymes, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), total peroxidase and catalase. These changes were also accompanied by a significant (p<0.05) decrease of body weight gain. However treatment with HESP ameliorated lead acetate-induced anomalies by significantly (p<0.05) increasing the body weight gain, organ weights and feed intake. Also HESP let to a significant (p<0.05) improvement of fertility indices, a significant (p<0.05) increase in serum LH, FSH, progesterone hormones and an increase in antioxidant enzymes. Curative treatment brought about histological tissues protection and a significant (p<0.05) decrease of toxicity biomarkers (AST, ALT, creatinine and urea) and Malondiadehyde (MDA). In conclusion, lead acetate induced reproductive stress and administration of HESP can mitigate these adverse effects due to its antioxidant properties.

Lead is one of the most serious environmental threats to human health especially in developing countries. It damages multiple body systems including the reproductive system. Ginger&#39;s antioxidant and androgenic activity is reported in multiple animal studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of Zingiber officinale (ginger) on lead induced derangement in plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels of male rats. Sixty adult male Sprague Dawley rats were used in this study in four groups. Group A served as normal control, Group B received 0.3% lead acetate in drinking water, Group C and group D received supplementary 0.5 and 1 gm/Kg bodyweight of ginger respectively along with lead acetate in drinking water. Five rats from each group were sacrificed at the end of 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks. Serum testosterone and LH levels were analysed using ELISA technique. After co administration with different doses of ginger, serum testosterone level whic...

The behavioural effects induced by exposure to lead acetate (Pb) producing blood levels below from those considered "acceptable" (<40 µg/dl) for adult population was studied in adult rats. In order to assess gender differences, we performed parallel behavioral experiments in male and female rats. Exposure to lead acetate (50 ppm) for 30-45 days induces subtle neurological alterations consisting in hyperactivity in a novel environment and impairment of spatial memory. The effects were observed only in male rats. Object recognition, motor coordination were unaffected by lead exposure. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy allows in vivo assessment of main brain metabolites (glutamate/glutamine, creatine, myoinositol, n-acetylaspartate and choline) whose changes have been demonstrated in several central nervous system pathologies. Exposure to low lead level does not affect metabolites profile in the striatum and increase myoinositol signal in the hippocampus of male rats. The increase in myoinositol in hippocampus suggests early lead-induced alteration in glial metabolism and may represent a potential marker of early neurological dysfunction during low lead exposure.

The behavioural effects induced by exposure to lead acetate (Pb) producing blood levels below from those considered "acceptable" (<40 µg/dl) for adult population was studied in adult rats. In order to assess gender differences, we performed parallel behavioral experiments in male and female rats. Exposure to lead acetate (50 ppm) for 30-45 days induces subtle neurological alterations consisting in hyperactivity in a novel environment and impairment of spatial memory. The effects were observed only in male rats. Object recognition, motor coordination were unaffected by lead exposure. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy allows in vivo assessment of main brain metabolites (glutamate/glutamine, creatine, myoinositol, n-acetylaspartate and choline) whose changes have been demonstrated in several central nervous system pathologies. Exposure to low lead level does not affect metabolites profile in the striatum and increase myoinositol signal in the hippocampus of male rats. The increase in myoinositol in hippocampus suggests early lead-induced alteration in glial metabolism and may represent a potential marker of early neurological dysfunction during low lead exposure.

The behavioural effects induced by exposure to lead acetate (Pb) producing blood levels below from those considered "acceptable" (<40 µg/dl) for adult population was studied in adult rats. In order to assess gender differences, we performed parallel behavioral experiments in male and female rats. Exposure to lead acetate (50 ppm) for 30-45 days induces subtle neurological alterations consisting in hyperactivity in a novel environment and impairment of spatial memory. The effects were observed only in male rats. Object recognition, motor coordination were unaffected by lead exposure. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy allows in vivo assessment of main brain metabolites (glutamate/glutamine, creatine, myoinositol, n-acetylaspartate and choline) whose changes have been demonstrated in several central nervous system pathologies. Exposure to low lead level does not affect metabolites profile in the striatum and increase myoinositol signal in the hippocampus of male rats. The increase in myoinositol in hippocampus suggests early lead-induced alteration in glial metabolism and may represent a potential marker of early neurological dysfunction during low lead exposure.

Testosterone plays a crucial role in various aspects of reproductive health and general well-being. Herbal extracts are commonly believed to have potential effects on testosterone levels. This study aimed to explore the impact of hot aqueous extracts of Cyperus esculentus latvum (tiger nuts) on testosterone levels and testicular histology in adult male Wistar rats. Ten adult male Wistar rats, each weighing between 100-150g, were divided into two groups (control and treatment), with five rats in each group. Both groups received daily oral administration of 100 mg/kg of hot aqueous extracts according to their assigned treatment for two weeks. After the trial, the rats were sacrificed, and blood and testes were collected for testosterone and histological analysis. T-test was used to compare the levels of each extract group to the control group with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The results showed that there was no significant difference (p=0.23) in testosterone levels between the control group (0.85 ng/ml) and the tiger nut treated group (0.77 ng/ml). Histologically, tiger nut extract exhibited very sparse germinal epithelium with small spermatogonia and no recognizable spermatozoa in the tubular lumen. This study has demonstrated that at 100mg/Kg hot aqueous extract of tiger nut daily administration for 14days had no effect on testosterone level but rather had high level of declining testicular histology.

Lead is one of the major pollutants in the world which is deleterious to both animals and humans. It is found in every aspect of the environment such as the air, water and soil. This pollutant affect both wild and domestic birds. Naringin is a flavonoid that has been found to have medicinal properties mostly because of its antioxidant and metal chelating effects. This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of naringin against lead-induced anaemia, cardio and nephrotoxicity, oxidative stress, and hypertension. Thirty -six cockerel chicks were used for this study, and randomly grouped into six chicks per group; Group A served as the control, Group B received Pb only (300 ppm), Group C (Pb and naringin; 80 mg/kg), Group D (Pb and naringin; 160 mg/kg), Group E (naringin 80 mg/kg) and Group F (naringin 160 mg/kg), respectively for eight weeks. Lead (Pb) was administered via drinking water while Naringin was administered via oral gavage. Lead acetate intoxication preci...

cognitive impairment is a common feature of both lead exposure and hyperphosphorylation of tau. We, therefore, investigated whether lead exposure would induce tau hyperphosphorylation. Wistar rat pups were exposed to 0.2% lead acetate via their dams' drinking water from postnatal day 1 to 21. lead in blood and brain were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the expression of tau, phosphorylated tau and various serine/threonine protein phosphatases (pp1, pp2a, pp2b and pp5) in the brain was analyzed by Western blot. Lead exposure significantly impaired learning and resulted in a significant reduction in the expression of tau but increased the phosphorylation of tau at ser199/202, thr212/ser214 and thr231. pp2a expression decreased, whereas, pp1 and pp5 expression increased in lead-exposed rats. these results demonstrate that early postnatal exposure to lead decrease pp2a expression and induce tau hyperphosphorylation at several serine and threonine residues. hyperphosphorylation of tau may be a mechanism of Pb-induced deficits in learning and memory.

The effect of lead acetate on tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) of dog pups was investigated in this study. In addition we studied the role of epithelium and involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in counteracting the effects of lead acetate on TSM as well as the modifying effects of lead acetate on contractile responses of TSM to acetylcholine (ACh) . Tracheal rings were excised and placed in in vitro organ baths. In vitro administration of lead acetate in increasing concentrations (10 -7 -10 -3 M) induced concentration-dependent contraction of TSM. Prior treatment of tissues with a single dose of lead acetate increased the contractile responses of TSM to acetylcholine (ACh) (10 -10 -10 -6 M). In additional tracheal rings the epithelium was denuded, then preparations were treated with lead acetate. Denudation of the epithelium resulted in an increase in lead acetate-induced contraction of TSM. Another set of tracheal rings were preincubated in bathing medium containing bradykinin (BK, 0.4 mM), to activate NOS. Presence of BK reduced contractile responses of TSM to lead acetate. Our data suggest that subacute exposure to lead, induces epitheliumdependent contraction of airway smooth muscle (ASM) probably via modulation of nitric oxide (NO) release.

Background: The etiology of neurodegeneration involves both environmental and genetic predisposition with redox metal abuse occupying a central role as most of the symptoms stems from abnormal metal metabolism. Aim: The study was aimed at evaluating the neuroprotective potentials of combined aqueous extracts of ginger and garlic in lead-induced neuronal loss. Methodology: Thirty (30) Rattus norvegicus of average weight (149-179 g) were allowed to acclimatize for 14 days. The animals were divided into 5 groups, n=6.Group A received 2 ml/kg body weight of water and normal feed, Group B (disease control), C, D and E all received 2 mls of 5000 mg/kg body weight of lead acetate once after 24 hours of starvation to induce neurodegeneration. Group C, D and E were treated (post 72 hrs) with 2 ml of 1000 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of garlic, ginger, and in combination for 4weeks respectively. The brain tissue tissues was removed and fixed immediately in 20% phosphate buffered forma...

Lead (Pb) effects on testis histology, as well as sperm quality and oxidative status were evaluated in male Chestnut Capped Blackbird (Chrysomus ruficapillus). Wild blackbirds were captured, immediately sampled (field group) or kept in captivity and treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of saline solution (control) or saline solution with Pb acetate (50 or 100 mg/kg Pb). Seven days after injection, whole blood, ductus deferens and testis samples were collected. Increased Pb concentrations were observed in whole blood and testis of Pb-exposed blackbirds with respect to those from field and control blackbirds. Sperm cells of Pb-exposed blackbirds showed loss of membrane integrity, mitochondrial functionality, and DNA integrity. Also, oxidative damage was observed in testis of blackbirds injected with 100 mg/kg Pb. These findings indicate that Pb is accumulated in testis of C. ruficapillus, inducing severe morphological and biochemical injury that can compromise the reproduct...

Background: Acute viral infections such as cytomegalovirus, Rubella, Herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus in pregnant women can cause congenital infection with increased risk of developing congenital anomalies and morbidity. We aimed to identify young women susceptible to these viral infections in Bushehr. Materials and Methods: In 2009, 180 female were randomly selected from high schools and college students who were been assisted in marriage consulting clinics. In this cross sectional study, IgG antibodies against varicella zoster virus (VZV), Herpes simplex virus I,II (HSV I,II) , Rubella & cytomegalovirus (CMV) were determined by indirect enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) technique. Results: Mean age of the participants was 18.72 years old. %99.4 and %95 of sera were positive for cytomegalovirus & Rubella respectively and also Antibodies against VZV & HSV were detected in %74.5 & %69.4 of samples. There were no significant correlation between antibody seropositivity and education level, living places (rural or urban) and occupation. (P<0/05). Conclusion: Although, The findings of this study indicated that high prevalence rate of VZV &HSV 1,2 in child bearing age women, but 1/3 -1/4 of them, are still susceptible to these infections, so routine screening of these viruses is suggested in antenatal care.

Lead is one of the utmost contaminated and dangerous heavy metals. This toxicant ultimately enters into the human body through the food chain and accumulated in the body because the animal/human body has not an appropriate mechanism to excrete it from the body. The main objective of the present research was to assess the toxicological effects of lead on body weights, biochemical, and hematological parameters of chickens and also to measure its bioaccumulation in the brain. Lead acetate was administrated orally at doses of 0, 71, 142, 213, and 284 mg/kg of body weight of chicken for groups A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. Along with determination of biometry of all experimental chicks, hematological [hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total erythrocyte count (TEC), white blood cells (WBCs), leukocyte differential count (LDC)] and biochemical [low density lipoprotein (LDL), total protein, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] parameters were measured. The present study showed that the bodyweight of chickens was not affected significantly by lead acetate exposure. The levels of MCHC, PCV, TEC, Hb, LDL, HDL, and total protein were found to be significantly decreased while WBC, LDC, and ALT profile were enhanced due to administration of lead acetate. Bioaccumulation of lead acetate was found to be higher in the brain. We conclude that the chronic administration of lead acetate affected the blood and biochemical profile of exposed chicken. These effects might be due to the accumulation of the chemical in certain vital organ(s). However, further studies in the future are suggested to refine such findings.

Background and aims: Lead is one of the environmental contaminants. In this study we examined the effects of lead on motility, viability and DNA denaturation of mouse spermatozoa. The aim of the study was to find the effects of lead on the above parameters and to see whether these effects are reversible or not. Methods: Twenty four male mice were considered as case group and 24 mice as control group. The case group was injected by 200 mg/kg of lead acetate and control group was injected only by distilled water. Each group (case and control groups) was divided into three subgroups and the members of each subgroup were killed after 1, 2 and 3 weeks and their epididymides were removed. Motility, viability and DNA denaturation of caudal epididymal spermatozoa were examined in all groups. Data were analyzed using MannWitny U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: Lead reduce the motility and viability of spermatozoa one week after the injection. These effects of lead were disappeared three weeks after injection. In contrast to the effect of lead on motility and viability, it did not affect on DNA denaturation. Conclusion: Contamination with lead can reduce motility and viability of sperms but these effects will be disappeared by time. Lead can not create any changes on DNA denaturation of spermatozoa.