Law on Public Officers

This particular edition has codified changes that became necessary as a result of the implementation of the social, economic and administrative reform programme that this Administration has been undertaking since its advent in May 1999. These reforms include the contributory pension scheme; monetization; due process; public sector procurement; wage and salaries adjustments and awards; etc. Public Servants are implored to study and imbibe these Rules and their associated and complementary Instructions and Notices. and to become familiar with all Laws and

Portando a sintesi studi precedenti, ma anche valorizzando apprezzabili evoluzioni della giurisprudenza della VI sez. della Cassazione, l'Autore prova a valorizzare (anche in prospettiva costituzionalmente orientata) i profili utilmente precettivi degli artt. 357 e 358 c.p. per trarne una griglia di analisi del caso concreto utile ad attribuire, o negare, all'autore della condotta la qualifica di pubblico ufficiale o di incaricato di pubblico servizio

El autor considera que la solucion al problema del empleo publico pasa por su impostergable unificacion. Y si bien reconoce al Decreto Legislativo 1057 (que regula el regimen especial de contratacion administrativa de servicios), el merito de poner fin a un sistema fraudulento de contratacion, considera que su intento de crear un regimen especial distinto al publico y al privado no es posible ya que carece de elementos distintivos propios. Por lo demas, reconoce que la incorporacion de un regimen laboral unico debiese contemplar capitulos especiales que traten aspectos propios derivados de la calidad del empleador, el Estado.

Estado independiente. 2.2. La independencia del Perú como medio para la consolidación de otros Estados. 2.3. El empleo público bajo la noción republicana. vi 2.4. Clasificación de los empleos. 2.5. El Reglamento Provisional del 12 de febrero de 1821. 2.6. El acta de jura de la independencia: instrumento jurídico justificador. 2.7. Los más altos empleos de confianza: El Ministro de Estado. 2.8. El empleo como premio para los buenos patriotas. 2.9. Recepción de funcionarios del gobierno virreinal en el Ministerio de Hacienda. 2.10. La derrota del movimiento insurgente. 2.11. La presencia grancolombiana. 2.12. La Capitulación de Ayacucho y el empleo público. CAPITULO III: EL EMPLEO PÚBLICO EN EL NACIENTE ORDENAMIENTO CONSTITUCIONAL 3.1. El empleo público en el primer diseño constitucional y la renovación de la plana de la administración pública. 3.2. El empleo público bajo la administración bolivariana: los empleos de Dictador y de Ministro General. 3.3. La Junta Calificadora de Servicios. 3.4. El juicio de residencia a funcionarios políticos.

We performed an empirical analysis based on data from a questionnaire survey that Korean government officers participated in about the effects of worklife balance (WLB) on job satisfaction in order to whether unpaid labor such as housework had a moderating effect on job satisfaction. The subjective balance of an individual’s time input in work and life was used to measure WLB. We find that WLB has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction and that there is no statistically significant gender difference. However, the WLB effect on married female officers is smaller than that on single female officers, while it is not significant for male public officers. Child-rearing has a negative moderating effect on women’s job satisfaction, although this was not statistically significant. This result suggests that the effect of the household work burden that marriage as well as child care brings is a variable that policy makers should be keep in mind in developing WLB policies.

Section 1. Title.-This Act shall be known as the "Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees." Section 2. Declaration of Policies.-It is the policy of the State to promote a high standard of ethics in public service. Public officials and employees shall at all times be accountable to the people and shall discharge their duties with utmost responsibility, integrity, competence, and loyalty, act with patriotism and justice, lead modest lives, and uphold public interest over personal interest. Section 3. Definition of Terms.-As used in this Act, the term: (a) "Government" includes the national government, the local governments, and all other instrumentalities, agencies or branches of the Republic of the Philippines including government-owned or controlled corporations, and their subsidiaries. (b) "Public Officials" includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or temporary, whether in the career or non-career service, including military and police personnel, whether or not they receive compensation, regardless of amount. (c) "Gift" refers to a thing or a right disposed of gratuitously, or any act or liberality, in favor of another who accepts it, and shall include a simulated sale or an ostensibly onerous disposition thereof. It shall not include an unsolicited gift of nominal or insignificant value not given in anticipation of, or in exchange for, a favor from a public official or employee. (d) "Receiving any gift" includes the act of accepting directly or indirectly, a gift from a person other than a member of his family or relative as defined in this Act, even on the occasion of a family celebration or national festivity like Christmas, if the value of the gift is neither nominal nor insignificant, or the gift is given in anticipation of, or in exchange for, a favor. (e) "Loan" covers both simple loan and commodatum as well as guarantees, financing arrangements or accommodations intended to ensure its approval. (f) "Substantial stockholder" means any person who owns, directly or indirectly, shares of stock sufficient to elect a director of a corporation. This term shall also apply to the parties to a voting trust. (g) "Family of public officials or employees" means their spouses and unmarried children under eighteen (18) years of age.

This Edition of the Public Service Rule is a review of the 2007 Edition, which is principally intended to update the Rules, Regulations and Procedures in the Public Service and bring them in line with the current trend in governance. The revision of this strategic document of the Public Service on a regular basis is necessary in order to make the service conform with changing times and circumstances. The objective, therefore, is to effectively reposition the service for higher levels of efficiency, effectiveness and enhanced service delivery. The main thrust of the 2008 Edition of the Public Service Rules is to ensure that the fundamental ethical issues in the Public Service are strictly adhered to. It is, therefore, aimed at entrenching the issues of transparency, accountability, justice, equity, due process and the rule of law. All these are very paramount to the conduct of Government business, which all Public Servants must imbibe. As the machinery through which Government articulates and implements its policies and programmes, the Public Service needs to be provided with the enabling environment to play this pivotal role effectively; through the removal of obsolete rules and regulations as well as the entrenchment of the core values and professional standards of the Service. The long term goals of this review, therefore, is to achieve our national development agenda and collective goal of becoming one of the 20 leading industrialized nations of the world by 2020 through a focused and vibrant Public Service. I, therefore, urge all Public Servants to acquaint themselves with these Rules and Regulations as well as other extant laws for effective Public Service administration and to ensure their application in a manner that would enhance the smooth functioning of the Public Service.

Il presente contributo analizza i diversi ambiti di operatività di Poste Italiane con specifico riferimento all’applicabilità, nei suddetti settori, della disciplina dei contratti pubblici. La questione intreccia inevitabilmente il problema della qualificazione della natura giuridica di Poste in termini di organismo di diritto pubblico o di impresa pubblica. La finalità del lavoro è quella di indagare profili di connessione tra le attività concretamente poste in essere da Poste e la necessità, per quest’ultima, di operare con procedure ad evidenza pubblica. In particolare, a tal riguardo, si è approfondito che il distinguo più avvincente non attiene al profilo formale relativo alla qualificazione giuridica dell’ente, quanto a quello sostanziale concernente i vari settori operativi di Poste.

Qualifications, Disqualifications, Selection of the President, Senators, Members of the House of Representatives, Justices and Judges, Ombudsman, and Constitutional Commissions; Immunity of the President, privileges of Senators and Members of the House of Representatives

Administration It entails the responsibility of running or controlling a business, company, or organization. 2. Discretion It means the freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation. It also entails the power or right to decide or act according to one's own judgment. 3. Administrative agencies It means an official governmental body empowered with the authority to direct and supervise the implementation of particular legislative acts. 4. Abuse of discretion It entails a failure to take into proper consideration the facts and law relating to a particular matter.

Sommario 0. Tre scali.-1. Il pubblico ufficiale e l'autonomia del diritto penale.-2. Quando e come intervenire con lo statuto penale della pubblica amministrazione.-3. Interessi e vittime. * Dedico lo scritto all'allievo ufficiale pilota Patrizio Conte e alla sua cara famiglia.

Discretion in public administration is a necessary part of government in the modern world due to government's various roles and activities undertaken daily. The idea of administrative discretion dates back as far as the time of Socrates, the Greek philosopher. Thus, administrative discretion is beneficial because it gives individuals with authority the opportunity to make quick decisions in situations where they are necessary and it also gives power to those who have the wisdom and experience to make important decisions. Administrative discretion allows agencies to use professional expertise and sound judgment when making decisions or performing official duties, as opposed to only adhering to strict regulations. Thus, an administrator has administrative discretion when he or she has the freedom to make a choice among potential courses of action, especially where the rules, regulations and procedures appear grey or such usage becomes imperative due to a context-dependent situation

petitioner, vs. HON. FRANKLIN M. DRILON, Executive Secretary, and RICHARD J. GORDON, respondents. FACTS:  Sec. 13, par. (d), of R.A. 7227, otherwise known as the "Bases Conversion and Development Act of 1992," provides for the appointment of Mayor Richard J. Gordon of Olongapo City as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (SBMA) for the first year of its operation.  PETITIONERS challenged Sec. 13, par. (d), of R.A. 7227, maintaining that the proviso infringes Sec. 7, first par., Art. IX-B, of the Constitution, which states that "[n]o elective official shall be eligible for appointment or designation in any capacity to any public officer or position during his tenure," ISSUE: Whether or not Mayor Richard J. Gordon became eligible for appointment by virtue of the qualification set by Sec. 13, par. (d), of R.A. 7227.

This paper focuses on highlighting the importance of judges' disciplinary procedures in the light of the law of the independence of the Jordanian judiciary as the supreme organ of the state. It also shows the role of the judiciary in adjudicating disputes between individuals or between individuals and the State in terms of its autonomy, independence of judicial supervision, and judicial immunity, as well as the disciplinary procedures. The following was discussed: concept of discipline and the adequacy of the disciplinary decision, the nature of the mistakes of judicial discipline, or disciplinary sanctions. The discipline of the public servant focuses on preserving the public right, respecting the reputation of public utilities, and building functional behavior that perpetuates the work of these facilities. The aim of disciplining judges is to focus on the administration of justice. The integrity of Judges makes the State a state of law. Through this way, the judicial process and disciplinary sanctions against those who violate the right and justice of judges do not in any way interfere with the independence and prestige of the judiciary in the society. It is stated that the existence of the same penalty in the law of the independence of the judiciary and in the Jordanian civil service system does not affect the essence of the independence of the judiciary. The penalty in its name shows one, but the implementation and importance in the law of the independence of the judiciary is different from that in the civil service system.

La sentenza del GUP di Padova, relativa ad un caso di corruzione e turbativa d’asta, indaga con particolare attenzione i requisiti che fanno di una società un “organismo di diritto pubblico” nonché una “impresa pubblica”, come tale vincolata ad indire una gara per l’assegnazione di un appalto, al fine specifico di attribuire la qualifica soggettiva di “pubblico ufficiale” ai commissari della gara stessa. I risultati cui il giudice perviene sono vagliati, e condivisi, alla stregua di una interpretazione costituzionalmente orientata della nozione di “disciplina
di diritto pubblico e atti autoritativi” rilevante ex art. 357 c.p.

La qualificazione soggettiva dei dipendenti " bancoposta " tra attività privatistica e pubblico servizio di Emanuele Birritteri (*) Alcuni recenti arresti della giurisprudenza di legittimità hanno nuovamente posto all'attenzione degli interpreti il tema della qualificazione soggettiva ai fini penali degli operatori 'bancoposta', essendosi " ritagliato " un segmento di connotazione pubblicistica, con riferimento alla raccolta del risparmio postale, in un'attività che di regola – avuto riguardo agli ordinari servizi bancari esercitati da Poste Italiane in un libero mercato concorrenziale – conserva natura privatistica. Il nuovo indirizzo inaugurato dalla Suprema Corte si segnala per aver fatto puntuale applicazione del c.d. criterio oggettivo-funzionale per la determinazione della natura pubblica o privata dell'attività svolta in concreto dall'agente, delineando con apprezzabile chiarezza i principi generali da osservare nella definizione del raggio applicativo dello statuto penale della pubblica amministrazione. Some recent judgments of the Italian Supreme Court (Corte di Cassazione) have again brought the attention of the scholars on the theme of subjective qualifications, for the purposes of criminal law, of 'bancoposta' operators. In fact, in relation to postal savings and pursuant to article 358 of the Penal Code, an area of public regulation has been carved out in an activity that normally is of a private nature with reference to ordinary banking operations made by Poste Italiane in a market with free competition. The new case law begun by the Supreme Court is of notice for having applied correctly the so called functional and objective criteria for determining the nature (public or private) of the activity effectively carried out by the agent, and by clearly describing the general principles to be observed in the recognition of cases that fall within the scope of articles 357 and 358 of the Italian Penal Code.

 It is the policy of the State to give highest priority to measures that will promote morale, efficiency, integrity, responsiveness and progressiveness in the civil service. Towards this end, optimum utilization of personnel shall be assured through the institution of a system of attrition in government.

To be honest, when I enrolled in this DLP about R.A. 6713 I was only concerned with the certificate that I will earn to be used in my quest for promotion. It was when I started reading the content of the book that I began to realize the importance of R.A. 6713 to myself as a public servant. Everything in it is a must to be learned. Lesson 1 enumerated the norms of conduct namely: commitment to public interest, professionalism, justness and sincerity, political neutrality, responsiveness to the public, nationalism and patriotism, commitment to democracy and simple living. These were thoroughly explained with the help of some situations. I became absorb with the reflection for deepening wherein I was able to give my own point of view regarding the stated questions. It was a meaningful experience to organize my thoughts and ideas. It was really good that the questions were directed to me as a public servant. I became more aware of my duties and responsibilities and that these should be discharge with high standard of ethics. Sometimes, the norms were overlooked by others. This was a good reminder and guide for us in the public service. R.A. 6713 will really strengthen good value system in the bureaucracy which is very beneficial to the public and to our country as well. If we will all be committed and dedicated to imbibe in our lives these norms, there will be good relationships between the people and government officials and employees. The people will continue to support the different activities or programs of the government because they trust their officials. We will work hand in hand to achieve our ultimate goal of improving our country. Lesson II provided me with knowledge with regards to the prohibited acts and transactions, the system of incentives and awards, duties and responsibilities of public officials and employees, about divestment and penalties under the Code. I would say that from this lesson, I became more familiarize about the things I didn't know before. These are the things that public employees must know because of the nature of our work. The different learning I've gained was very important for me as a public servant especially with the prohibited acts and transactions. This I believe would be my guide in discharging my duties and functions so all my decisions will all be legal so as to prevent any violations on the Code. Lesson III was very meaningful since all the case studies presented were very timely. I was given an opportunity to express my ideas and opinions regarding the situations. I would say that the insights I have drawn from this will be used and applied for better public service.

Il lavoro qui riportato rappresenta soltanto un ESTRATTO, la versione integrale è consultabile sulla rivista "GIURISPRUDENZA ITALIANA, 4/2017".

La Suprema Corte si impegna nell’individuazione del soggetto attivo dei reati propri contro la Pubblica amministrazione valendosi di un percorso argomentativo ricco e complesso, che offre nuovi spunti di riflessione anche “retrospettivi”, circa le incerte fortune della definizione d’incaricato di pubblico servizio a più di 25 anni dalla sua riformulazione. Col presente contributo si analizzano i presupposti normativi, penali e amministrativi, sottesi alla decisione, sottoponendone inoltre a disamina l’iter motivazionale, nel tentativo di fornire all’interprete soluzioni ermeneutiche utili per reagire alla vaghezza del dato normativo di partenza.
__

Case note on a judgment of the Italian Supreme Corut, regarding the criminal law definition of public officials (arts. 357 e 358 c.p.).
__

Artigo sobre um julgamento do Supremo Tribunal italiano, relativo à definição dos funcionários públicos no código penal(artigos 357 e 358 c.p.).

Lo studio, proponendo una ricostruzione sistematica della figura del socio pubblico, offre un approccio innovativo rispetto ad un fenomeno che è stato sinora analizzato assumendo la prospettiva della società.
Prendendo le mosse dalle proprietà degli elementi costitutivi della nozione, l’analisi chiarisce come e perché un’amministrazione possa assumere la veste di socio e quali conseguenze debbano collegarsi al fenomeno. I rapporti che gravitano sulla figura, una volta ordinati nell’ambito delle dinamiche di stampo proprietario e organizzativo, consentono di ricavare i profili caratterizzanti di una nozione che, benché abbia un chiaro contenuto giuridico e si presti a diverse qualificazioni, è stata indebitamente trascurata.
In questo modo, le problematiche connesse all’utilizzo dello strumento societario possono essere percepite secondo una logica più organica che contribuisce ad offrire delle risposte sistematicamente coerenti rispetto ad una serie di istituti controversi.

Lo studio, proponendo una ricostruzione sistematica della figura del socio pubblico, offre un approccio innovativo rispetto ad un fenomeno che è stato sinora analizzato assumendo la prospettiva della società.
Prendendo le mosse dalle proprietà degli elementi costitutivi della nozione, l’analisi chiarisce come e perché un’amministrazione possa assumere la veste di socio e quali conseguenze debbano collegarsi al fenomeno. I rapporti che gravitano sulla figura, una volta ordinati nell’ambito delle dinamiche di stampo proprietario e organizzativo, consentono di ricavare i profili caratterizzanti di una nozione che, benché abbia un chiaro contenuto giuridico e si presti a diverse qualificazioni, è stata indebitamente trascurata.
In questo modo, le problematiche connesse all’utilizzo dello strumento societario possono essere percepite secondo una logica più organica che contribuisce ad offrire delle risposte sistematicamente coerenti rispetto ad una serie di istituti controversi.

This paper asks the specific question insofar as conflict of interest relates to good governance: does engaging in a transaction of pecuniary interest or engaging in a profession (whilst in public office), by and of itself, manifest conflict of interest and is therefore prohibited? Specifically, this paper looks at Section 90 of Republic Act No. 7160 (R.A. 7160), otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991; Section 1, Rule IX, The Rules Implementing Republic Act 6713 or the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees (IRR of R.A. 6713); and Section 3(h) of R.A. No. 3019, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act.  This paper argues that although the laws allow certain pecuniary interests, a government official, whether elected or appointed, must nonetheless conduct themselves within the broad framework of good govern-ance in conflict of interests situations and ensure that they choose the public’s interest over theirs.

Politics and impeachment are like the two sides that make up a coin: inseparable. There can be no removal from office by impeachment without the politics that propels it to that end. But then, impeachment and politics can be used to achieve an end beneficial to the greater number. Impeachment, which Alexander Hamilton defined as "a method of NATIONAL INQUEST into the conduct of public men" (Federalist Papers, No. 65), is a constitutionally-created means to achieve political ends. By the term "public men", we mean officials in government, particularly those named in the fundamental law as impeachable. Not the celebrities who are even more known to the public than other men in government. The result of the inquest is, in Hamilton's words, "regulated more by the comparative strength of parties than by the real demonstration of innocence or guilt". Achieving those political ends is the art of politics. For the purpose of this brief essay, we shall adopt the definition by that 1950s sociologist and political scientist Harold D. Laswell who said that politics is "who gets what, when and how". The examination of men in government by other men in government is politics in action. Every impeachment filing is undeniably driven by a desire to get something or someone, at any given time, in some manner and strategy, for the benefit of another. Impeachment is a creation of the law for a noble purpose of getting rid of undesirable government officials, but oftentimes used to achieve ignoble objectives of advancing narrow political interests of factions, political parties, or even personal ambitions. Whatever the real purpose or purposes may be, proponents of filing impeachment complaints always proudly claim to advance the welfare of the country and its people. What are the consequences of these impeachment filings? In the impeachment cases filed in the Philippines, particularly those against the President, the chances of success in the House of Representatives where the articles of impeachments originate is minimal. The prospect of conviction in the Senate is distant. Winning or losing depends on numbers that is determinable from the beginning. But the benefits of simply filing appeal to its proponents who savor being in the public eye for a considerable period of time. It is a way of telling the public that their party or group remains relevant and consequential. Under these circumstances, however, the filings are a waste of public funds , waste of time of other public officials, and display irresponsibility and disregard of what the country and people really need and deserve. Every impeachable official in the Philippines, particularly the President, has been the target of impeachment complaints or threats of impeachment filing. The immediate past Supreme Court Chief Justice was convicted after trial by the Senate, a rare result. The incumbent Chief Justice has the threat of impeachment hanging over her head. As of this writing, three impeachment complaints have been filed in the House of Representatives against the President of the Philippines based on the grounds of "culpable violation of the Constitution" and the catch-all phrase of "betrayal of public trust".

Una recente monografia propone una nozione di “incaricato di pubblico servizio” adeguata agli ultimi sviluppi
normativi ed amministrativi nel settore dei servizi di interesse collettivo, insistendo in particolare
sulla inconciliabilità di quella nozione con la gestione di attività sottoposte alle regole del mercato. Il
contributo, di cui si offre una sintesi ed una recensione, sollecita alcune riflessioni, anche in prospettiva
di riforma, circa l’opportunità di elaborare in termini costituzionalmente orientati il parametro esterno di
definizione delle qualifiche di pubblico ufficiale e incaricato di pubblico servizio.


The notion of “entrusted with a public service” and today’s reality of services of general interest. Reading VITTORIO MANES, Servizi pubblici e diritto penale. L’impatto delle liberalizzazioni
sullo statuto penale della pubblica amministrazione (Public Services and Criminal Law. The Impact of the Liberalizations on the penal Protection of the Public
Administration), Giappichelli, 2010

A recent book suggests a notion of “entrusted with a public service” with regard to the last legal and administrative developments
in the field of services of general interest. The book insists on the incompatibility between this notion and the management
of activities exposed to the free market. This book review provides readers the opportunity to elaborate on de iure
condito and de iure condendo, a constitutionally oriented interpretation of “public law” as an external parameter of the
definitions of a “public officer” and one who is “entrusted with a public service”.