Law and Political Science

Deze studie werd uitgevoerd in het kader van het Vlaamse armoedesteunpunt en werd gefinancierd door de Vlaams Minister bevoegd voor Armoedebestrijding, Liesbeth Homans. De conclusies van deze publicatie vertolken niet noodzakelijk de visie van de opdrachtgever. Het VLAS bestaat uit onderzoekers die vanuit verschillende disciplines en perspectieven samen werken. De inhoud en de conclusies van deze publicatie vertolken enkel de visie van de auteurs.

This paper examines the inherent tension between liberalism and popular sovereignty in liberal democracies as those struggles unfold within Anglo-American judicial systems as developed in the colonial contexts of the Philippines and Hawaiʻi. The paper first examines the historical and legal concepts of the political question doctrine and quo warranto as they have developed in the Philippines and Hawaiʻi, then turn to two contemporary and nearly contemporaneous cases of quo warranto challenges to high public officials in both jurisdictions within legal frameworks that arose after periods of martial law. The paper attempts to examine how the courts, as guardians of the rule of law, encounter and deal with popular sovereignty and the exercise of power.

The Petitioner, the Petroleum Dealers' Association seeks writs of certiorari quashing the decisions and documents marked "P3" (circular No. 1053 dated 05/07/2022)," "P5" (letter dated 29/11/2023 letter relating to implementing of -Monthly Utility Fee-MUF,") and "P9" (letter dated 01/03/2024 implementing Monthly Utility Fee), as well as writs of prohibition preventing the Respondent and its agents from implementing or acting on these decisions. 2] On 04/03/2024, the matter was supported for formal notices and interim orders inter parte and the court held there is a prima facie case to be looked into and issued formal notices on the Respondent and also interim orders as prayed for in paragraphs (i), (n) and (o) of the prayers to the petition issued till 07/03/2024 and those interim orders were extended until final determination by order dated 29/04/2024. On interim orders of staying or suspending the operation of these decisions marked "P3," "P5," and "P9," pending final determination, includes preventing any deductions of Monthly Utility Fee (MUF) arrears from sums deposited by CODO dealers for fuel purchases. 3] The backdrop of this case is succinctly as follows; The Petitioner, a limited liability company under the Companies Act, represents CODO (Corporation Owned Dealer Operated) dealers who sell petrol on premises owned by the Respondent, a statutory corporation. Under existing agreements, CODO dealers receives a 2.75% commission, lower than the 3% given to DODO (Dealer Owned Dealer Operated) dealers. The Respondent issued Circular No. 1053 on 5/07/ 2022 (P3), introducing a Monthly Utility Fee (MUF) on CODO dealers, which had

de functie van de geschiedenis binnen het vormingstheater .... De laatste jaren hebben verschillende politiek geëngageerde theatergroepen thema's uit de geschiedenis tot onderwerp van hun programma's gekozen. Zoals de Nieuwe Komedie met "Gans het Raderwerk", Proloog met "De Overval en het Pakhuis" en ook Sater produceerde drie historische stukken. Een praatje van Peter de Baan, regisseur van de toneelgroep Sater, op heG Congres "Geschiedenis en Bevrijding" dat eind 1978 in Amsterdam werd gehouden, inspireerde ons om dieper in te gaan op de functie van geschiedenis voor het politieke' theater. Dit eerste artikel is samengesteld op grond van uitlatingen, opgetekend uit de mond van Florian Diepenbrock-zakelijk leider van Sater. Hij is tevens historicus, maar niet actief als zodanig bij Sater. Het geheel wordt aangevuld,met enkele uitspraken die door Peter de Baan op voornoemd congres werden gedaan. Waarschijnlijk zullen wij in een vervolg hierop bij nog andere politieke theatergroepen informeren welke taak de geschiedenis in hun programma's kan vervullen. Een korte omschrijving~an de drie historische theaterprodukties van Sater: de eerste-"Arbeidstijdverkorting", een kleine produktie die speciaal voor de vakbeweging werd gemaakt. Het stuk behandelt de strijd om de achturen dag, toen dit door velen als onhaalbaar werd gezien en trekt de lijn door naar nu; het tweede-"De Daf" , dat zich afspeelt rond het familiebedrijf Daf; het derde-De Juf van de Tsaar Peterstraat" , dat laat zien hoe een onderwijzeres tijdens het aardappeloproer in 1917 en de mislukte revolutie poging van Troelstra haar politieke cichting leerde kiezen. 2 27.

12 C o örd ina tie 28 O nderzoeksinfrastructuur 4 0 Vlaam s M arien D atacentrum 54 Z eeb ib lio th ee k 6 0 C o m m unicatie & Inform atie 70 C ijfers & Beleid 8 0 C o lo fo n Oostende, mei 2013. Bijlagen Enkel digitaal beschikbaar: te dow nloaden via de V L IZ website (ww w.vliz.be/jaarboek) 3 Financiële rapportering 45 Projecten externe financiering 5 Perform antie-indicatoren 51 W etenschappelijke apparatuur en Infrastructuur 11 A n d e re indicatoren 53 Evenem enten 2012 24 O rganisatie van het V L IZ 56 Publicaties 2012 29 Nationale en Internationale Netw erken

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

textabstractOp basis van een analyse van de veranderende ruimtelijke praktijk aan de hand van de ideeen van Williamson schetsen de auteurs van dit artikel twee handelingsperspectieven waarmee een nieuwe vorm van ruimtelijk beleid vorm kan krijgen. Twee handelingsperspectieven waarbij niet alleen het institutionele landschap, maar ook de planningscultuur en governance capaciteiten van ruimtelijke planners in beschouwing worden genomen. Het gaat om strategisch navigeren en lerend organiseren.

Desde o seu reconhecimento na década de 80, a infecção por VIH atingiu já 65 milhões de pessoas, em todo o mundo. A presença do vírus no SNC acontece na maioria dos doentes afectados, sendo cada vez mais identificadas perturbações neuropsiquiátricas associadas à infecção e/ou ao tratamento com ARV. Este artigo pretende rever sumariamente a neuropatogénese e as alterações neuropsiquiátricas associadas à infecção VIH e ao tratamento com TARV, bem como a sua abordagem terapêutica.

Access to justice remains a significant challenge for many underserved communities across Africa, hindered by geographic, economic, and systemic barriers. Emerging technology-driven solutions offer promising avenues to bridge these gaps by enhancing legal awareness, streamlining dispute resolution, and facilitating remote legal assistance. This paper examines the current landscape of tech-based justice initiatives in Africa, including mobile legal aid platforms, online dispute resolution (ODR), and artificial intelligence applications tailored for local contexts. It also explores challenges such as digital literacy, infrastructure deficits, and regulatory constraints that impact the effectiveness and scalability of these innovations. By analyzing case studies and ongoing projects, the paper highlights best practices and policy recommendations to harness technology in making justice more accessible, affordable, and inclusive for marginalized populations across the continent.

Mapping and enhancing substance use treatment for migrants and ethnic minorities. MATREMI -SUMMARY (ENG) (DR/84). Brussels: Belspo. Disclaimer and acknowledgements: This research project was conducted over a period of 8 months (March-October 2019) with funds of the Belgian Science Policy Office, DR/84 (www.belspo.be) granted to the Institute for Social Drug Research (Ghent University) in collaboration with Université Libre de Bruxelles, the Flemish Association for alcohol and other drugs (VAD), the Brussels Federation for drug users and the Walloon Federation of services for drug users. MATREMI is a follow-up study of the PADUMI research project (patterns of drug use among migrants and ethnic minorities, DR/69). We are thankful to the indispensable input of the members of the guidance committee: Sébastien Alexandre (Fedito BXL) Pascale Hesgens (FEDITO Wallonne), Filip De Sager (Stad Gent, drugcoördinator), Jérôme Antoine (Sciensano), Marcel Follon (CAD Limburg), Caroline Debaille (Trempoline asbl), Clément Valentin (Cresam), Caroline Theisen (Attaché Drogues/Attaché Drugs | DGGS Soins de Santé -Gezondheidszorg) and Aziz Naji (programmabeheerder, Belspo). The academic partners were responsible for the report. The professional partners were mainly responsible for disseminating and processing the national surveys and translating the survey results into a guidebook for use in substance use treatment (three months and support throughout the project). The identified inspiring practices are included in a 'Wegwijzer voor een toegankelijke en interculturele drughulpverlening / Recueil sur l'accessibilité et l'interculturalité des services pour usagers de drogues' (available online at www.belspo.be and in a book format via www.gompel-svacina.eu). Many individuals contributed to this work and helped in conceptualizing the discussed issues, although they may not agree with all the views, interpretations and conclusions in this report. Lies Gremeaux and Jérôme Antoine (Sciensano, Belgian Reitox Focal Point) provided input and comments to the early and advanced versions of chapter 3.5 and 3.6 on migration and ethnicity related indicators in TDI and were key in disseminating the European surveys to National Reitox Focal Points. Hannah Vermaut (UNIA, Belgian Equality Body) provided comments on an early draft of chapter 3.5 and 3.6. The authors did their utmost best to analytically echo the voices of the consulted and interviewed experts and professionals. Nevertheless, the report is the sole responsibility of the authors. Finally, the recommendations were initially written in Dutch and translated into French and English. The texts may not be completely identical, but the spirit of the text and the recommendations are the same. Finally, we thank all the above mentioned experts and the interviewees (chapter 3, 7 and 8) for their contribution to this study as well as the Belgian Science Policy Office (Belspo) for giving us the opportunity to study these issues.

Purpose Substance use treatment (SUT) among migrants and ethnic minorities is an underresearched domain in European countries, although preliminary studies point out disparities in treatment use and access compared to general populations. This paper aims to identify the main characteristics of and the types of services solicited by non-nationals in Belgium. Design/methodology/approach This paper compares the types of SUT services used by Belgian and non-national clients. Second, the referral source for Belgian and non-national clients is considered. Third, the study compares the client characteristics of Belgian and non-national clients. This descriptive analysis is based on aggregated data sets in the European treatment demand indicator (TDI) registry including all Belgian treatment episodes between 2012 and 2014. Findings Non-national clients were more often located in outpatient SUT and were less often referred by general practitioners and hospitals, compared to Belgian clients. ...

This paper explores the legal framework governing the inclusion of genetically engineered products (GEPs)— including genetically modified organisms (GMOs), in Indonesia’s Halal Positive List. As the use of GMOs—particularly genetically engineered maize—increases in agriculture, the Halal Product Assurance Agency (BPJPH) has declared certain GEPs as halal and exempt from certification. A notable example is the case of PRG maize in Lamongan, which was officially recognized as halal without requiring certification, demonstrating the practical application of the Positive List mechanism. Using normative and empirical juridical approaches, this study analyzes the regulatory implications, legal protections, and potential impacts on farmers and consumers. It specifically addresses two key questions: a) How does the Positive List for GEPs ensure compliance with Halal requirements? and b) What challenges arise in the application of this regulation? The findings reveal that while the Positive List simplifies compliance for GEPs, significant challenges remain, including public awareness, regulatory gaps, and the need for enhanced collaboration among stakeholders. The conclusion underscores the importance of strengthening legal frameworks and improving public education to enhance the effectiveness of Halal regulations concerning GEPs in Indonesia

In making the city, man remade himself" (Robert Park) De natiestaat is in deze tijden van versnelde globalisering een gecontesteerd begrip geworden. In de jaren zeventig poneerde Henri Lefebvre al dat de huidige globaliseringsgolf "een conflictueuze explosie van ruimte en schaal is" (Lefebvre, 1974). Door de globale herstructurering van de relatie arbeid-kapitaal werd het belang van de nationale schaal gerelativeerd ten voordele van sub-en supranationale vormen van territoriale organisatie . Swyngedouw noemt dit proces waarbij institutionele macht vanuit de natiestaat enerzijds wordt "ge-upscaled" naar globale arena"s en anderzijds wordt "gedownscaled" naar lokale arena"s, "glocalisering" . Andere sociale wetenschappers hebben het over de "local-global nexus" (Peck en Tickell, 2002) of over "glurbanisering" (Jessop, 2001). Het staat vast dat het proces van globale kapitaalsaccumulatie niet langer gebaat is bij een fordistisch-keynesianistische schaalconfiguratie zoals in de decennia na de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Toen gold de natiestaat als de stabiele en geprivilegieerde schaal waarop zich processen van accumulatie en herverdeling voltrokken. Sinds de financiële crisis van de jaren zeventig werden er nieuwe schalen geproduceerd waarop deze kapitaalsaccumulatie zich efficiënter kon ontwikkelen. Uitgaande van een kapitalistisch wereldsysteem, is het logisch dat dit proces zich niet alleen in het Westen voltrekt, maar ook in andere continenten, weliswaar aan verschillende snelheden en met wisselende intensiteiten. Ook in Latijns-Amerika wordt de natiestaat als schaal zowel van boven af als van onderuit gecontesteerd. De schuldencrisis eind jaren zeventig betekende het einde van de gecentraliseerde "developmental" staat die gericht was op het ontwikkelen van de nationale markten via importsubstituerende industrialisatie (Nijenhuis, 2002). Sindsdien ontluiken er in heel Latijns-Amerika processen van politieke en economische "glocalisering"; zo illustreert ook de volgende bloemlezing uit de recentste actualiteit. De vier gasrijke provincies in de Boliviaanse laagvlakten organiseerden de voorbije maanden referenda om meer regionale autonomie op te eisen. De provincies Pando, Beni, Santacruz en Tarija, de zogenaamde "Halve Maan Beweging", eisen een grotere controle van de regionale gasinkomsten en willen bovendien provinciale parlementen en eigen taksmechanismen. Bijna tachtig procent van de inwoners van de oosterse laagvlaktes keurde het referendum goed. Deze acties kwamen er nadat Evo Morales een nieuwe grondwet doorvoerde, waarin hij beloofde de regionale gasinkomsten te nationaliseren, wat volgens de Halve Maan Beweging buitenlandse investeringen zou afschrikken (IPS News, 23 juni 2008). Federalisering wordt dus ook in Bolivia een strategie om de mogelijkheden die de globale markt biedt, opnieuw naar lokale entiteiten te alloceren. Op quasi hetzelfde moment als de referenda in Bolivia werden gehouden, werd in Brasilia de Unie van Zuid-Amerikaanse Naties geofficialiseerd. De UNASUR wordt de Zuid-Amerikaanse tegenhanger van de Europese Unie. Het is een supranationale instelling die een gemeenschappelijk parlement en een Centrale Bank omvat. De UNASUR zal zich in eerste instantie toespitsen op agendapunten zoals handel, infrastructuur en energie. De idee van een "Verenigd Zuid-Amerika" ontstond initieel omdat men de grenzen tussen de twee regionale handelsblokken, Mercosur en Andespact, wilde opheffen en onder de bevoegdheid van de UNASUR plaatsen. Dit wordt vandaag echter nog gecontesteerd door een aantal nationale lidstaten. Ook het plan van Brazilië en Venezuela om een regionale Defensieraad op te richten, het zogenaamde "militaire luik" van de UNASUR, vindt tegenwind van Colombia (IPS News, 23 mei 2006). Het Zuid-Amerikaanse glocaliseringsproces staat momenteel nog in zijn kinderschoenen, maar de tendens is volgens mij frappant. In dit artikel wil ik nagaan hoe de Latijns-Amerikaanse natiestaat onder druk van de neoliberale globalisering haar institutionele macht steeds vaker naar subnationale instituties transfereert. De nadruk zal hier liggen op de stad en de urbane schaal. De urbane ruimte is niet zomaar een lokale arena waarbinnen er zich globale processen van neoliberale herstructurering afspelen; het is de cruciale site geworden voor de productie, de reproductie en de constante mutatie van het neoliberalisme. Het is daarnaast het geliefkoosde laboratorium voor neoliberale beleidsexperimenten, institutionele hervormingen en politiek-ideologische projecten. Zoals Brenner het treffend verwoordt: "Cities are preconditions, arenas and outcomes of the current round of global capitalist restructuring" . Deze reconfiguratie van globaal kapitaal heeft de stedelijke geografieën in Latijns-Amerika dan ook op fundamentele wijze hertekend. In tal van Latijns-Amerikaanse metropolen werd begin jaren negentig een nieuw stedelijk beleid uitgestippeld, waarin competitiviteit, economische groei en "stategische urbane planning" centraal staan. Nagegaan wordt welke sociospatiale processen van inclusie en exclusie, accumulatie en herverdeling dit nieuwe stedelijke beleid katalyseert: hoe verhouden de verschillende sociale groepen zich tot elkaar in de hervormde urbane ruimte? We kunnen deze analyse niet aanvangen zonder een verplicht rondje conceptuele en deontologische hygiëne. Daarom expliciteren we eerst wat we moeten verstaan onder neoliberalisme om vervolgens na te gaan of dit wel een relevant gegeven is in een analyse van Latijns-Amerika. Aan de hand van een aantal gevalsstudies beschrijven we hoe de globale herstructurering van de relatie kapitaal-arbeid de urbane ruimte in Latijns-Amerika heeft getransformeerd. Er zullen voorbeelden van Managua, Buenos Aires, Sao Paolo en Santiago de Chile aan bod komen. In een laatste deel bekijken we de mogelijkheden tot verzet tegen het neoliberale urbane beleid en gaan we na op welke schaal dit verzet zich het beste kan organiseren. Zijn er in Latijns-Amerika mogelijkheden

The provisional implementation of international treaties represents a relatively recent and increasingly significant development within the field of international treaty law. Over the past decades, this mechanism has assumed a critical role in promoting the flexibility and responsiveness of the international legal system. This study seeks to examine the various dimensions of provisional implementation by elucidating its legal framework within the context of treaties concluded by international organizations and analyzing the diverse forms through which it is applied. It further investigates the underlying reasons for the growing reliance on provisional implementation relative to other traditional and contemporary instruments in treaty law. In addition, the study explores the methodologies employed in the provisional application of treaties and underscores its practical significance in the operational functioning of international organizations. Notably, the topic has been included on the agenda of the International Law Commission since 2012, with four reports published on the subject as of February 2019.

BOOK SUMMARY

The persistence of ‘Ndrangheta activities around the world show that deterrence efforts alone directed against organized crime fall short in significantly reducing or preventing ‘Ndrangheta organized crime. Additional approaches derived from the Rational Choice Perspective (RCP) are discussed, which include Routine Activities (RA) and Situational Crime Prevention (SCP). These practical approaches are applied to ‘Ndrangheta for the purpose of identifying required changes in the environment i.e., political, economic, social, technological, legal that are inclusive of environmental (PESTLE) in a framework using Dynamic Operational Design Planning and Assessment Approach (DODPAA). This approach offers a process for designing actions and measuring results for confronting ‘Ndrangheta organized crime. An example framework model using cocaine transiting through the port of Gioia Tauro is created as an illustration to assist in developing a law enforcement, judicial and legislative plans of action in order to measure, evaluate, and have results integrated into more detailed comprehensive plans of action for reducing and eventually preventing overall ‘Ndrangheta organized crime. This book presents a unique practical method, process, and model for security practitioners, criminologists and policy makers to consider for designing plans of action to confront, challenge, and assess future counter ‘Ndrangheta efforts.

This book is focused on demystifying‘Ndrangheta,  which includes’s unraveling ‘Ndrangheta’s behavioral elements that exploit criminal opportunities through conspiracy, collusion, and corruption, common among most mafia-type groups, reinforced by ‘mafia-mystique.’ The ‘Ndrangheta phenomenon has evolved over time by exploiting critical supporting elements of power present within the cultural, socio-economic, and political environments of Calabria, which in turn perpetuates, protects, and sustains ‘Ndrangheta’s presence and persistence. A comprehensive and practical anti-counter ‘Ndrangheta overarching campaign plan model is presented to assist policy makers, security practitioners, and criminologists in developing a method and a process for taking actions that neutralize essential elements of power and prestige that besides wealth, are primary objectives of ‘Ndrangheta.

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. It shall take into account "inter alia the gravity of the crime or crimes for which the prisoner was convicted, the treatment of similarly-situated prisoners, the prisoner"s demonstration of rehabilitation, as well as any substantial cooperation of the prisoner with the Prosecution", 6 in light of "the interests of justice and the general principles of law" 7 . The Practice Direction clarifies that the decision of the President is final, and thus no appellate review is provided for. Based on the ICTR Jurisdiction, one could however argue that there is a possibility for reconsideration, when (a) a new fact has been discovered that was not known at the time of the original Decision, (b) there has been a material change in circumstances since the original Decision or (c) there is reason to believe that the original Decision was erroneous or constituted an abuse of power, resulting in an injustice. Until now, 4 persons convicted by ICTR have requested early release, all with no success. The case at hand here is the request for early release submitted by Vincent Rutaganira, a former Conseiller of the Commune of Mubuga. Following an agreement reached with the Office of the Prosecutor, he pleaded guilty of complicity by omission, in return for which the Prosecution pledged to require a reduced sentence of 6 to 8 years imprisonment. On 14 March 2005, Rutaganira was sentenced to 6 years imprisonment, taking into accountas mitigating factorshis voluntary surrender, his guilty plea, the assistance given to some victims, his expression of remorse, the absence of active participation in the killing and lastly, restraint. Considering the credit that he received for the time he served in custody as of his arrest on 4 March 2002, the sentence would be completed on 4 March 2008. After completing approximately 2/3 of his sentence, Rutaganira filed a request for early release, which was however denied, as the supporting submissions had already been taken brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

Cet article présente les enjeux propres aux études d'impact en Europe. Il propose une introduction historique et dresse un panorama des différentes pratiques des études d'impact. L'accent est mis sur la procédure de diffusion de cette innovation stratégique que constitue l'étude d'impact en Europe continentale et sur quelques réflexions à propos d'une possible dépendance au sentier dans le développement des institutions de l'étude d'impact. Le rôle des différents acteurs impliqués dans la procédure de l'étude d'impact est également analysé. Études d'impact, Union européenne, institutionnalisation, expertise, politiques publiques Abstract -the emergence of the impact assessment as a governance norm in Europe: genesis, diffusion, actors -the article features special issues related to impact assessments in Europe by providing an historical introduction and an overview of impact assessment practices. the emphasis is put on the diffusion process of the strategic innovation of Impact Assessment in the European continent and on some thoughts on a possible path dependency regarding the development of impact assessment institutions. the study also reflects on the role of the different actors of the impact assessment process.

Hoe punitief is België? De gevangenispopulatie stijgt al jaren, de gemeenschapsgerichte straffen kennen een sterke opmars en er worden gemeentelijke administratieve sancties ingevoerd. Het lijkt wel alsof we méér en harder straffen. Tegelijk spreekt men over straffeloosheid: er zou geen eenduidig vervolgingsbeleid zijn, de korte vrijheidsstraffen worden niet uitgevoerd, voorlopige invrijheidstellingen worden misbruikt om de overbevolking op te lossen, het softe karakter van elektronisch toezicht wordt aangeklaagd, enzovoort. De aandacht voor slachtoffers zou dan weer een strenger beleid in de hand werken. Hoe moeten we deze paradoxale tendensen begrijpen? Is er sprake van een verharding van het strafbeleid en waaruit zou dit dan blijken? Hoe verhoudt de bestraffingspraktijk zich tegenover de evoluerende criminaliteit? Wat is de visie van de burger over het straffen? Wordt er selectief opgetreden tegen bepaalde groepen in de samenleving? Hoe moeten we de samenhang zien met bredere ma...

and more recently in Kilosa where this dissertation focuses. Importantly, conflicts around land are never around only about land itself of course. But rather they are perceived through a variety of land reforms, inheritance, ethnicity, boundaries, as well as cultural and traditional practices including rain, fertility, health, birth, growth and burial rituals, prayers, and the buried ancestors (Derman et al., 2007, Marcel and. As noted, several land-based conflicts are evident in Tanzania. These conflicts may be categorized according to their players into four general categories: community versus investors conflicts, inter communal land conflicts between pastoralists and local farmers, inter pastoral conflicts over water, pasture and cattle raiding, and conflict between community and state (government) over conservation and development projects (Reisman et al., 2013). These conflicts have varying effects on communities, including loss of human lives, properties, displacements of large segments communities, physical and sexual abuse, to disruption of socio-economic activities and livelihoods, economic hardships as a result of disrupted livelihoods, increased hatred between communities, and high levels of starvation and malnutrition among the displaced groups Benjaminsen et al., 2009;. The overall analysis of the nature of these land conflicts suggests that, different livelihood systems face different experience of the conflicts by virtue of their direct or indirect dependence on land and land related resources. One system, which suffers greatly, is pastoralism due to its high level of dependence on land for livestock keeping, the main source of pastoralists' livelihood Kipuri and Sorensen, 2009).

Alle rechten voorbehouden. Geen enkel deel van dit boek mag worden gereproduceerd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of op enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. Dit boek is met zorg samengesteld en de auteur heeft getracht alle informatie zo nauwkeurig mogelijk weer te geven. De uitgever en de auteur aanvaarden echter geen aansprakelijkheid voor eventuele onjuistheden of voor schade die voortvloeit uit het gebruik van de in dit boek gepresenteerde informatie. Eerste editie: oktober, 2024 Uitgegeven door App!pointment B.V.

The vulnerability of prospective credit consumers to overcommitting their resources and the inherent dangers posed by credit advertising in particular necessitate the proper regulation of credit marketing. It is therefore not unsurprising that responsible marketing forms part of the responsible lending (and borrowing) measures of various jurisdictionsincluding South Africa and the Member States of the European Unionwith the aim of preventing the extension of credit to consumers who cannot afford it. In this article the credit marketing laws that the South African, European (mainly in the Consumer Credit and Mortgage Credit Directives) and Belgian legislators have enacted are considered and compared, with a focus on the information to be included in advertising, prohibited advertising and prohibited marketing techniques. The ultimate aim is to determine whether South African law contains sufficient guarantees to protect consumers with respect to credit marketing and its consequences.

The vulnerability of prospective credit consumers to over-committing their resources and the inherent dangers posed by credit advertising in particular necessitate the proper regulation of credit marketing. It is therefore not unsurprising that responsible marketing forms part of the responsible lending (and borrowing) measures of various jurisdictions – including South Africa and the Member States of the European Union – with the aim of preventing the extension of credit to consumers who cannot afford it. In this article the credit marketing laws that the South African, European (mainly in the Consumer Credit and Mortgage Credit Directives) and Belgian legislators have enacted are considered and compared, with a focus on the information to be included in advertising, prohibited advertising and prohibited marketing techniques. The ultimate aim is to determine whether South African law contains sufficient guarantees to protect consumers with respect to credit marketing and its conseq...

The report Financing of Organised Crime: Human Trafficking in Focus contributes to a better understanding of the financial aspects of this infamous phenomenon. The analysis explores the sources and mechanisms of the financing of trafficking in human beings, settlement of payments, access to financing in critical moments, costs of business, and the management of profits. The report draws on the findings of nine in-depth country case studies in Belgium,

Hoe lang is het inmiddels niet geleden dat een student-assistent persoonlijk assistent aan huis was bij de docent of hoogleraar? Socioloog en schrijver Ad van Iterson blikt in een boek terug op de tijd dat hij thuis-assistent was van de eerbiedwaardige socioloog Norbert Elias.

Sistem pemerintahan negara Indonesia diatur dalam Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 (UUD 1945) yang menjadi landasan konstitusional dalam menjalankan kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. Setelah mengalami beberapa kali amandemen, UUD 1945 menegaskan bahwa Indonesia menganut sistem pemerintahan presidensial, di mana presiden memegang kekuasaan eksekutif dan tidak bertanggung jawab kepada legislatif. Abstrak ini membahas prinsip-prinsip dasar sistem pemerintahan menurut UUD 1945, perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi pasca amandemen, serta implikasinya terhadap praktik ketatanegaraan di Indonesia. Tujuan dari pembahasan ini adalah untuk memberikan pemahaman yang komprehensif mengenai struktur dan mekanisme hubungan antarlembaga negara dalam rangka mewujudkan pemerintahan yang demokratis, efektif, dan berlandaskan hukum. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa UUD 1945 tidak hanya menjadi dasar hukum tertinggi, tetapi juga menjadi panduan dalam menjaga keseimbangan kekuasaan serta menjamin hak-hak warga negara.
Kata kunci: sistem pemerintahan, UUD 1945, presidensial, amandemen, ketatanegaraan

Blockchain technology can influence various aspects of the business even if empirical studies are still lacking to estimate the effective application of technology on corporate governance. Beyond its scientific-practical trendiness, blockchain should not be a matter of “if”, but a matter of “how” organizations are willing and able to integrate blockchain practices into their vision of the future, with ways to manage shareholders issues down to regular operations reaching and managing different levels of activism. It seems almost paradoxical that still not all companies subscribe to the “next best practice”. Therefore, this paper aims to answer the following research question: What is the expected impact of blockchain technology on corporate governance? The purpose of this study is to provide a starting point for research that can be used for further examination of these aspects