Landscape Analysis

Forest decline is a complex phenomenon; however, there is often a tendency to oversimplify by attributing it to a single cause, neglecting the interaction of multiple factors. Ever since the detection of the pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in Portugal (and in Europe) over two decades ago, pine wilt cases in the country have been primarily attributed to this pathogen, leading authorities to enforce strict containment and control measures. Other contributing factors are generally overlooked, with the system being easily overwhelmed by disturbances such as droughts and fires. In this study, a physiographic approach was used to assess multiple factors potentially affecting tree wilting, including environmental parameters in the landscape, alongside other biological agents, and infestation by the PWN. The study area is a highly managed production forest where control measures have been implemented since the detection of PWN in the 1990´s. Pine decline was found to be aggregated in the landscape, with topographic parameters associated with water availability playing a significant role. Wilting trees were affected by multiple biological agents, even though the density of PWN was positively correlated with the decline. However, B. xylophilus was also found to be present in asymptomatic hosts, suggesting an ability to persist for some time in healthy trees within the forest. This research illustrates the multifaceted nature of pine forest decline and the limitations of managing it as originating from a single cause. A critical overview of current PWN management measures is provided, along with proposals for a more heuristic and holistic approach.

Background: Gene annotation is a pivotal component in computational genomics, encompassing prediction of gene function, expression analysis, and sequence scrutiny. Hence, quantitative measures of the annotation landscape constitute a pertinent bioinformatics tool. GeneCards ® is a gene-centric compendium of rich annotative information for over 50,000 human gene entries, building upon 68 data sources, including Gene Ontology (GO), pathways, interactions, phenotypes, publications and many more. We present the GeneCards Inferred Functionality Score (GIFtS) which allows a quantitative assessment of a gene's annotation status, by exploiting the unique wealth and diversity of GeneCards information. The GIFtS tool, linked from the GeneCards home page, facilitates browsing the human genome by searching for the annotation level of a specified gene, retrieving a list of genes within a specified range of GIFtS value, obtaining random genes with a specific GIFtS value, and experimenting with the GIFtS weighting algorithm for a variety of annotation categories. The bimodal shape of the GIFtS distribution suggests a division of the human gene repertoire into two main groups: the high-GIFtS peak consists almost entirely of protein-coding genes; the low-GIFtS peak consists of genes from all of the categories. Cluster analysis of GIFtS annotation vectors provides the classification of gene groups by detailed positioning in the annotation arena. GIFtS also provide measures which enable the evaluation of the databases that serve as GeneCards sources. An inverse correlation is found (for GIFtS>25) between the number of genes annotated by each source, and the average GIFtS value of genes associated with that source. Three typical source prototypes are revealed by their GIFtS distribution: genome-wide sources, sources comprising mainly highly annotated genes, and sources comprising mainly poorly annotated genes. The degree of accumulated knowledge for a given gene measured by GIFtS was correlated (for GIFtS>30) with the number of publications for a gene, and with the seniority of this entry in the HGNC database. GIFtS can be a valuable tool for computational procedures which analyze lists of large set of genes resulting from wet-lab or computational research. GIFtS may also assist the scientific community with identification of groups of uncharacterized genes for diverse applications, such as delineation of novel functions and charting unexplored areas of the human genome.

Landscapes and the ecological processes they support are inherently complex systems, in that they have large numbers of heterogeneous components that interact in multiple ways, and exhibit scale dependence, non-linear dynamics, and emergent properties. The emergent properties of landscapes encompass a broad range of processes that influence biodiversity and human environments. These properties, such as hydrologic and biogeochemical cycling, dispersal, evolutionary adaptation of organisms to their environments, and the focus of this article, ecological disturbance regimes (including wildfire), operate at scales that are relevant to human societies. These scales often tend to be the ones at which ecosystem dynamics are most difficult to understand and predict. We identify three intrinsic limitations to progress in landscape ecology, and ecology in general: (1) the problem of coarse-graining, or how to aggregate fine-scale information to larger scales in a statistically unbiased manner; (2) the middle-number problem, which describes systems with elements that are too few and too varied to be amenable to global averaging, but too numerous and varied to be computationally tractable; and (3) non-stationarity, in which modeled relationships or parameter choices are valid in one environment but may not hold when projected onto future environments, such as a warming climate. Modeling processes and interactions at the landscape scale, including future states of biological communities and their interactions with each other and with processes such as landscape fire, requires quantitative metrics and algorithms that minimize error propagation across scales. We illustrate these challenges with examples drawn from the context of landscape ecology and wildfire, and review recent progress and paths to developing scaling laws in landscape ecology, and relatedly, macroecology. We incorporate concepts of compression of state spaces from complexity theory to suggest ways to overcome the problems presented by coarse-graining, the middle-number domain, and non-stationarity.

Urban morphology consists of street/block, plot and building. In other words, the entire form of a city could also be divided into two parts: the street pattern and the block layout, both are the objects of urban planning and design. As a network form, the character of the street pattern can be defined by grid pattern, density, connectivity, integration and depth, while the form of the block layout is usually very difficult to be described clearly. In morphologic studies the block layout could be seen as two patterns: the plot pattern and the building pattern, the first one is described by numbers, sizes and various shapes and the latter one depends on the building types and their arrangements. However, these descriptions present the way of composition rather than the form characteristics of the block layout. Since Roger Trancik put forward "figure-ground theory" for urban analysis and design, at this point, urban space has been formally introduced as a "Form" which is concerned as an important "Place" in urban design purposes. Therefore, this paper tries to combine both urban morphologic theories and urban design theories to search for the proper way of the urban spatial characteristics' description and definition. Following Kropf's aspects of plot's connotation: a composition of buildings and external areas, we can find that the most space for the public is composed of the external areas. Choosing the urban blocks set in Nanjing commercial center area of 22 plots, our research focuses on the external areas to analyze the characteristics of the spatial form instead of focusing on buildings. The spatial visibility, geometric property, sight distance and boundary continuity are used to define the spatial characteristics of the urban place combining each plot. Finally, this paper tries to develop a tool to categorize the areas of spaces, so that the characteristics of the block layout could be understood through those types and their compositions.

Forest health is most appropriately based on the scientific paradigm of dynamic, constantly changing forest ecosystems. Many forests in the Inland West now support high levels of insect infestations, disease epidemics, fire susceptibilities, and imbalances in stand structures and habitats because of natural processes and past management practices. Impending, potentially cata-

【目的】偶园为清初大学士冯溥在山东青州所建私园，现园林南部保存较好，具有重要的研究价值。结合数字测绘技术，进一步发掘偶园的景象与理法内涵，以丰富历史认识、支撑遗产保护、助益设计实践、反思研究方法。【方法】运用三维激光扫描和近景摄影测量等技术对偶园遗产进行全面测绘，建立数字遗产档案。以测绘成果和史料文献为基础，运用文献实例互证、景观视觉分析、图像和文本精读的方法，对偶园现存遗产展开研究。【结果】深入解读了偶园的空间景象、分析了其造园理法和设计智慧，并重新审视和总结偶园的遗产价值。【结论】偶园较完整真实地保留了清初时期景象，是该时期园林的珍贵实例；其不仅鲜明反映了山子张造园风格，还呈现出张氏风格与地方特点巧妙结合，景象精彩、理法高妙，堪称明末清初这一中国造园黄金时代的上乘作品和重要遗产。

The long-term interaction between the environment and humans has significantly shaped contemporary landscapes worldwide. As a heritage landscape, the polder is essential for understanding the impact of the past human activities on contemporary landscape on low-lying area of land. In this case study, we reconstructed the regional spatial distribution of the polders in the early twentieth century and examined their coherence over the past century using historical maps and other materials in the Jianghan Plain. The results revealed several key findings: (1) In the early twentieth century, there were 1571 polders covering an area of 11,826.1 km 2 with a perimeter of 17,035.9 km. (2) These polders exhibited a J-shaped distribution, with few large-scale polders despite their substantial areas. (3) The shape of these polders reflected an ability to balance human needs and the natural environment. (4) Considerable regional differences in these polders were attributed to centuries-old interactions between humans and the environment. (5) The remnants of these early twentieth century polders have had a lasting influence on the contemporary landscape, particularly in rural areas. This case study underscores how taking into account a broader historical perspective can enhance our understanding of present-day landscapes and, more importantly, the role that past human actions have played in shaping them.

Malaysia is a developing country that has been experiencing rapid development since its independence in 1957. The country-with its unique natural and cultural heritage-is in need of projecting its own landscape identity through the development of a distinct national garden identity. This paper discusses a study that used Content Identifying Methodology to determine Malaysian public preferences among the iconographies of four selected well-established gardens, with the purpose of determining visual preferences of Malaysians for their own developing gardens. The results of the study found that plants, water, and traditional architectural features imbued with meaning were the preferred elements for a Malaysian garden. Respondents also indicated preferences for garden layouts that possessed legibility and mysterious qualities. These findings are useful for policy makers and landscape professionals with an interest in developing gardens with a Malaysian identity. These findings could also throw some light on other developing gardens, especially those in newly developed countries.

The scale at which a soil landscape (soilscape) is viewed has a significant impact on soil pattern and interpretations made from those patterns. Recently deglaciated soilscapes are particularly spatially complex. In order to understand how scale impacts pattern on complex soilscapes, we used a GIS to examine soil maps for 13 counties in the northern United States, all affected by Late Wisconsinan glaciation. We used an Arck macro language script to change the map scale and, when the change was to a smaller scale, group/dissolve soil map units based on similarities to a prescribed list of neighboring map unit characteristics. Similarity criteria included drainage class, taxonomic great group, parent material and slope. Soilscape complexity was measured at nine different scales and is based on various pattern metrics: number of punctate soil units km À 2 , map unit polygons km À 2 , map unit boundary length km À 2 , and boundary length polygon À 1 km À 2 . Soilscape complexity as a function of scale was then examined by regressing pattern metric data against the size of the minimum map unit for each of the nine scales. Extrapolation of the regression lines to 1:10,000 (a scale larger than is typically mapped) illustrated how much additional information might accrue if these counties were to be mapped at that larger scale. In most cases, 2 -10 times more map units would have been recognized and delineated at the two times larger map scale, but map unit boundary lengths would have increased by only about 1.5 times. Whether this additional information is of such a magnitude that it could justify remapping some of these complex landscapes at larger scales is an economic decision; our study provides much needed data on the magnitude of information gained by mapping soilscapes at larger scales.

the article presents historically justified and proven yet still the best method of shaping a consistent, unified system of green space in urban areas, that best fulfills the needs of their residents. olmsted’s ‘parkways’, which initiated a creation of ‘greenways’, are still one of the model forms of the popular today linear parks. they can function in every type of space, they improve the quality of urban landscape, combine different elements of green systems, assist the urban development, create eco-corridors, utilize urban waste areas and are a subject of experimental design projects. the article also highlights the importance of historic and historically inspired objects that are utilised to fulfill many modern functions, for example to shape the identity of place; parks and gardens definitely belong to this category.

Bu çalışma; Artvin Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü Artvin Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü’ne bağlı Artvin Orman İşletme Şefliği ormanlarının ekonomik, ekolojik ve sosyal işlevlerinin nitelik ve nicelik olarak ortaya konulmasını konu almaktadır. Araştırma alanı gerek konumu gereği gerekse de içerisinde bulundurduğu yüksek doğal kaynak değerleri itibariyle Artvin halkına pek çok değer ve hizmeti bir arada sunmaktadır. Ormanların odun, su ve oksijen üretimi, toprak erozyonu, karbon depolama kapasitesi gibi işlevleri miktar ve net bugünkü değer (NBD) olarak hesaplanırken, hesaplanması zor olan hassas tür ve ekosistemler gibi kimi ekolojik ve sosyal değerler de kırmızı listedeki önem düzeyi, alansal dağılım, istatistiksel veriler gibi sayısal göstergelerle ifade edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; Artvin Orman İşletme Şefliği ormanlarının yerel ve ulusal ekonomiye olan gerçek katkısı ortaya konulmaya çalışılarak, amenajman planlarına yön gösterecek önemli altlıklar üretilmiştir.In this study; qualitative and quanti...

Yillar boyu ozel sektorun buyuk capli hic bir yatirim yapmadigi, Devletin ise cok cuzi ve sinirli sayida insana is imkani saglayan yatirimlarla surekli ihmal ettigi Artvin ilinde, ekonomik alanda yasanan sikintilarin bir yansimasi olarak, il disina goc onemli bir sorun olarak ortaya cikmaktadir. Bu yuzden, Artvin ekonomisinin canlandirilmasi ve buna bagli olarak gocun onlenebilmesi icin, ilde alternatif yatirim ve istihdam alanlarina cok buyuk ihtiyac duyulmaktadir. ste bu noktada, bugune kadar ildeki goc oraninin daha fazla artmasini onlemede onemli bir rolu olan ormancilik sektoru, gunumuzde odun hammaddesi uretiminin yaninda kestane meyvesi uretimi, asili ceviz fidani uretimi, kultur mantari yetistiriciligi, balikcilik vb projelerle, halka istihdam alani ve gelir saglama konularinda son derece onemli katkilar saglamaktadir. Bu calisma ile Artvin ili ekonomisi icerisinde, ormancilik sektorunun yeri ve arz ettigi onem ortaya konarak, soz konusu sektorde gerceklestirilen faaliyetler...

Peyzajlar durağan değildirler. Zaman içinde değişime uğramaktadırlar. Bu değişim insan faaliyetleri ve doğal süreçler neticesinde ortaya çıkmaktadır. İnsan etkisinin yoğun olduğu peyzajlarda değişim peyzaj yapısı ve peyzaj fonksiyonunu olumsuz bir şekilde etkilemektedir. Peyzajlardaki değişim peyzaj değerlendirme çalışmalarında değerlendirilmesi gereken önemli bir göstergedir. Peyzaj değişimine bakarak peyzaj yapısı ve fonksiyon değerlendirilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Bartın kenti ve çevresini içine alan merkez ilçe sınırları araştırma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Araştırma alanına ait aynı dönemde çekilmiş 2000 ve 2010 yıllarına ait uydu görüntüleri kullanılarak arazi örtüsü haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Uydu görüntülerinin sınıflandırılmasında kontrollü sınıflandırma tekniği kullanılmıştır. Sınıflandırma neticesinde alanda; orman tarım, yerleşim, su ve kumluk olmak üzeri beş ana arazi örtüsü tipi tanımlanmıştır. Araştırmada peyzaj ölçümlerinden sınıf alanı ve leke sayısı kullanılarak peyzaj değişimi tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma alanında 2000-2010 yılları arasında orman, tarım ve yerleşim alanlarında önemli değişimler olmuştur. Zaman içerisinde tarım alanları 7% azalırken orman alanları 7% artmıştır. Yerleşim alanlarında da zaman içerisinde 3% oranında artış olmuştur.

Peyzajlar durağan değildirler. Zaman içinde değişime uğramaktadırlar. Bu değişim insan faaliyetleri ve doğal süreçler neticesinde ortaya çıkmaktadır. İnsan etkisinin yoğun olduğu peyzajlarda değişim peyzaj yapısı ve peyzaj fonksiyonunu olumsuz bir şekilde etkilemektedir. Peyzajlardaki değişim peyzaj değerlendirme çalışmalarında değerlendirilmesi gereken önemli bir göstergedir. Peyzaj değişimine bakarak peyzaj yapısı ve fonksiyon değerlendirilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Bartın kenti ve çevresini içine alan merkez ilçe sınırları araştırma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Araştırma alanına ait aynı dönemde çekilmiş 2000 ve 2010 yıllarına ait uydu görüntüleri kullanılarak arazi örtüsü haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Uydu görüntülerinin sınıflandırılmasında kontrollü sınıflandırma tekniği kullanılmıştır. Sınıflandırma neticesinde alanda; orman tarım, yerleşim, su ve kumluk olmak üzeri beş ana arazi örtüsü tipi tanımlanmıştır. Araştırmada peyzaj ölçümlerinden sınıf alanı ve leke sayısı kullanılarak peyzaj değişimi tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma alanında 2000-2010 yılları arasında orman, tarım ve yerleşim alanlarında önemli değişimler olmuştur. Zaman içerisinde tarım alanları 7% azalırken orman alanları 7% artmıştır. Yerleşim alanlarında da zaman içerisinde 3% oranında artış olmuştur.

Peyzajlar duragan degildirler. Zaman icinde degisime ugramaktadirlar. Bu degisim insan faaliyetleri ve dogal surecler neticesinde ortaya cikmaktadir. Insan etkisinin yogun oldugu peyzajlarda degisim peyzaj yapisi ve peyzaj fonksiyonunu olumsuz bir sekilde etkilemektedir. Peyzajlardaki degisim peyzaj degerlendirme calismalarinda degerlendirilmesi gereken onemli bir degerlendirilebilmektedir. Bu calismada Bartin kenti ve cevresini icine alan merkez ilce sinirlari arastirma alani olarak secilmistir. Arastirma alanina ait ayni donemde cekilmis 2000 ve 2010 yillarina ait uydu goruntuleri kullanilarak arazi ortusu haritalari olusturulmustur. Uydu goruntulerinin siniflandirilmasinda kontrollu siniflandirma teknigi kullanilmistir. Siniflandirma neticesinde alanda; orman tarim, yerlesim, su ve kumluk olmak uzeri bes ana arazi ortusu tipi tanimlanmistir. Arastirmada peyzaj olcumlerinden sinif alani ve leke sayisi kullanilarak peyzaj degisimi tespit edilmistir. Arastirma alaninda 2000-2010 yil...

Bu calismada, Bartin Kenti ve Arit Havzasi’nda peyzaj degerlendirmede kullanilan gostergelerden dogallik ve kirilganlik incelenmistir. Dogallik ve kirilganlik icin degerlendirme kriterleri olusturulmustur. Arastirma alani bu kriterlere gore degerlendirilmistir. Degerlendirme sonuclari olusturulan haritalar uzerinde gosterilmistir. Dogallik ve kirilganlik alandaki sureclerle ilgili gostergelerden olup zaman icinde farklilik gosterebilmektedir. Arastirma sonucunda alanin dogusundaki daglik alanin dogala yakin alan ozelligine sahip oldugu belirlenmistir. Alanda dogudan batiya dogru insan etkisinin artmasina bagli olarak dogallik ozelligi azalmaktadir. Topografyanin etkisine de bagli olarak alanin batisina dogru yerlesim alanlari ve tarim alanlari yogunluk kazanmaktadir. Kirilganlik insan etkisinin yogunluguna bagli olarak artis gostermektedir. Arastirma alaninda sel, taskin, seyelan, su erozyonu, heyelan ve insan faaliyetleri etkisi altindaki alanlarin kirilganlik ozelligine sahip alan...

Članek predstavlja raziskavo zaraščanja kraške krajine. Pri analizi smo uporabili tehnike daljinskega zaznavanja, multitemporalne analize satelitskih slik v GIS okolju in statistične regresijske modele. Gozdnatost se je od leta 1935 povečala od 50,4% na 67,9%. Z regresijskim modelom smo pojasnili 71% celotne variabilnosti. Dejavniki, ki so največ prispevali k pojasnitvi zaraščanja so: nadmorska višina, razdalja do gozdnega roba, delež zaraslih površin v predhodnem obdobju, delež kmetijskih zemljišč in dve variabili, ki opisujeta intenzivnost kmetijske rabe. Če se procesi zaraščanja ne bodo bistveno spremenili, lahko do leta 2020 pričakujemo nadaljnje povečevanje gozdnatosti na 72,5%.

Analysis of remotely sensed data at the level of individual farm properties provides additional insights to those derived from a landscape approach. Property-level analysis was carried out by overlaying a property boundary grid in a GIS. Data were derived from aerial ...

Landscape monitoring is a rapidly developing approach in the field of environmental science and management. In order to develop a sound landscape monitoring programme, key theoretical concepts and study objectives should be clearly stipulated, and the specific objects to be monitored, as well as the criteria for selecting study areas, hierarchical levels, and techniques of data collection and analysis should be identified. This paper describes the development and implementation of the Estonian monitoring programme for agricultural landscapes, conventional approaches for landscape monitoring, and by neighbourhood analysis, assesses how landscape features are covered by different complementary monitoring data and how the current pattern of monitoring networks represents the landscape features. A spatially explicit method of network design for monitoring and sampling strategies combines stratified and multi-scale agricultural landscape monitoring and uses neighbourhood analysis characterised by the nearest neighbourhood index and Ripley's K-function. Data for landscape analysis are obtained from landscape monitoring (three sets) and other complementary environmental monitoring sets, such as biodiversity, forest, soil, and water monitoring (11 sets). It is shown that several monitoring sets follow an approach that aims to achieve national geographical coverage, representing various landscape types. Small sets having less than 50 stations are biased and the networks are not statistically significant. Proportional stratified sampling requires fewer sites for large homogenous inland landscape districts. The concept of agricultural landscape monitoring was tested in pilot areas. The chosen multi-scale object-based methods provide a good overview of the level of human pressure on different categories of agricultural land. Results of the monitoring showed that the species composition and abundance of bio-indicators was, to a great degree, determined by landscape structure. A systematic approach focused on landscape classes helps to integrate the monitoring set as a whole and to achieve a coherent and efficient layout of monitoring sets for Estonia.

Landscape planning is a branch of the interdisciplinary profession of landscape architecture, which is based on landscape quality protection, and focuses on harmonising different values and interests in spatial development. The modern paradigm of the landscape is based on multidimensionality and interdisciplinarity, which makes the application of GIS indispensable in researching and analysing landscape approaches. This paper presents the application of GIS within the methods and tools of landscape planning, from the perspective of the landscape architecture profession in Croatia, involving the following methods: landscape evaluation, spatial modelling, development of strategic plans, landscape and environmental impact assessment including visual analysis and simulations, landscape character assessment, and landscape plans. The paper also highlights the diversity of potential landscape planning approaches within the instruments of different sectors, concentrating on responsibility fo...

Early images from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera have revealed small fractured mounds in the Martian mid‐latitudes. HiRISE resolves fractures on the mound surfaces, indicating uplift, and shows that the mound surface material resembles that of the surrounding landscape. Analysis of Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images shows that in Utopia Planitia the mounds lie almost exclusively between 35–45°N. This range coincides with the peak‐abundance latitudes of several landforms attributed to ground water or ice, including gullies, and suggests a ground ice‐related origin. The best terrestrial analogues for the observed mound morphology are pingos, although some differences are noted. The presence of uncollapsed pingos would indicate the presence of near‐surface ground ice in the Martian mid‐latitudes, at depths greater than the ∼1 meter sampled by orbital spectrometers. Pingo formation may require near‐surface liquid water, which is consistent with a shallow gr...

This paper will discuss a pedagogical approach to integrating the humanities and the natural sciences. Our approach calls for extended collaboration between the two fields and a capacity to integrate the experimental and deductive lines of reasoning within the natural sciences with the holistic and critical perspectives of the humanities. This paper will describe and discuss how this notion is applied to the construction of a pedagogical framework or a learning environment constituted from landscape theory, GIS, and pedagogical principles derived from EBL and PL. The paper highlights how a landscape approach in combination with the interactive and dynamic properties of GIS can be used as an active learning environment crossing the interfaces of the disciplines.

This paper presents a diagnostic framework for evaluating landscapes. The basic premise for this framework is the existence of community values of any landscape and not only landscapes selected in terms of conservation or any other functionality. Land cover data are especially targeted as input source, since they are relatively unbiased in terms of landscape values and since they generally cover whole areas, not just target objects or conditions. The general evaluation model is based on quantifiable land cover and landscape structure characteristics. The process of landscape evaluation is an iterative improvement and refinement of indicators and reference data. Criteria and indicators have to be selected with reference to regional or local specificity and priorities. These indicators are translated into landscape metrics, which yield cartographic outputs of evaluation hypotheses of landscapes. The next step is to refine these hypotheses by adding information from complementary datasources. The importance of this study lies in a possible stimulation of the discussion of landscape values across areas, in the comparison of value perceptions between different regions, and in adding value to existing land cover data. Illustrations are given for the Madrid autonomous area. CORINE land coverdata and a vegetation map have been selected as information source.

RESUMOA expansão das áreas de pastagens e de produção de grãos no estado de Rondônia se deu de forma acelerada na última década devido principalmente a incentivos fiscais e a alta demanda do mercado externo. Em consequência, graves processos de degradação da floresta se iniciaram. Este estudo objetivou analisar processos de fragmentação da floresta nos municípios de Corumbiara e Buritis, estado de Rondônia. Para tanto, foram utilizadas imagens Landsat 5 TM para classificar as áreas de floresta e não floresta. A avaliação da acurácia para a classificação supervisionada Maximum Likelihood indicou acurácia global de 91% e Kappa de 78%. Os resultados do cálculo de métricas indicam um aumento do retalhamento da paisagem ao longo da última década nos municípios, com aumento do efeito de borda, diminuição significativa da área da classe floresta e diminuição da conectividade das manchas de floresta. Assim, com base neste estudo, pôde ser observado um processo contínuo de aumento da fragmen...

Peer-Review History: This chapter was reviewed by following the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. This chapter was thoroughly checked to prevent plagiarism. As per editorial policy, a minimum of two peer-reviewers reviewed the manuscript. After review and revision of the manuscript, the Book Editor approved the manuscript for final publication. Peer review comments, comments of the editor(s), etc. are available here:

La Fievre de la Vallee du Rift (FVR) est une zoonose observee pour la premiere fois au Kenya en 1930 qui s'est peu a peu propagee a la plupart des pays d'Afrique. La FVR est une maladie a transmission vectorielle dont le virus appartient au genre Phlebovirus de la famille des Bunyaviridae. En Afrique de l'Est, l'emergence de foyers est predite par des modeles statistiques, ce qui n'est pas le cas en Afrique de l'Ouest ou les facteurs et les mecanismes en jeu sont encore mal definis. L'objectif de cette these est d'identifier les facteurs et les processus epidemiologiques expliquant l'emergence de foyers de FVR au Senegal, en mettant en œuvre une approche eco-epidemiologique centree sur les principaux moustiques vecteurs du virus. Par l'etude de variables environnementales et climatiques et par leur exploitation dans des modeles mathematiques, nous avons tente de repondre a deux questions epidemiologiques majeures : (1) quelles sont les zones p...

The geologic diversity of landforms in the Southwest complicates efforts to evaluate impacts of land uses such as livestock grazing. We examined a research study that evaluated relationships between trout biomass and stream habitat in the White Mountains of east-central Arizona. That study interpreted results of stepwise regressions and a nonparametric test of ''grazed and ungrazed meadow reaches'' as evidence that livestock grazing was the most important factor to consider in the recovery of the Apache trout (Oncorhynchus apache Miller). That study had assumed that geologic variation was insignificant in the study area. However, lithologic and topographic differences between the felsic slopes of Mount Baldy and adjacent mafic plateaus influence many attributes of trout habitat. We tested the robustness of the earlier study by using its dataset and its method of stepwise regression, but with the addition of a variable representing geologic variation. The results suggested that geology was a highly significant predictor of trout biomass (P , 0.0001), whereas bank damage by ungulates was not a useful predictor of residual variation in trout biomass after accounting for geology (r 2 ¼ 0.015, P ¼ 0.290). However, the associations between natural variation and land use impacts in this spatial dataset confound attempts to make inferences concerning effects of livestock grazing upon trout. Despite fundamental problems in the analysis, the results of the earlier study were repeatedly cited in scientific literature and debates about grazing management. To fairly decipher relationships between ecological production and livestock grazing in diverse landscapes requires temporal studies with reliable methodologies and proper controls for landscape variation. Ignoring geologic variation has the potential to mislead conservation policies by inappropriately implicating land use, by undervaluing inherently favorable habitats, and by inflating expectations for inherently less favorable habitats. La diversidad geolo ´gica de los paisajes del Sudoeste Americano complica los esfuerzos para evaluar los impactos de los usos del suelo, como el apacentamiento del ganado. Examinamos una investigacio ´n que evaluo ´las relaciones entre la biomasa de truchas y su ha ´bitat riberen ˜o en las White Mountains, de la region este-central de Arizona. Ese estudio interpreto ´resultados de regresio ´n gradual y una prueba no parame ´trica de ''praderas apacentadas y no apacentadas,'' como evidencia de que el apacentamiento del ganado era el factor ma ´s importante a considerar en la recuperacio ´n de la trucha ''Apache'' (Oncorhynchus apache Miller). Ese estudio habı ´a asumido que la variacio ´n geolo ´gica era insignificante en el a ´rea del estudio. Sin embargo, las diferencias litolo ´gicas y topogra ´ficas entre las pendientes fe ´lsicas del Mount Baldy y las mesetas ma ´ficas adyacentes influencian muchos atributos del ha ´bitat de la trucha. Probamos la robustez del estudio anterior usando sus datos y su me ´todo de regresio ´n gradual, pero con la adicio ´n de una variable representando la variacio ´n geolo ´gica. Los resultados sugirieron que la geologı ´a fue un predictor altamente significativo de la biomasa de la trucha (P , 0.0001), mientras que el dan ˜o de las riberas por los ungulados no fue un predictor u ´til de la variacio ´n residual en biomasa de la trucha despue ´s de considerar la geologı ´a (r 2 ¼ 0.015, P ¼ 0.290). Sin embargo, las asociaciones entre variacio ´n natural y la utilizacio ´n del suelo en este juego espacial de datos confunden los intentos de hacer inferencias respecto a los efectos del apacentamineto del ganado sobre la trucha. A pesar de problemas fundamentales en el ana ´lisis, los resultados del estudio previo fueron citados repetidamente en la literatura y discusiones cientı ´ficas sobre el manejo del apacentamineto. Para descifrar justamente las relaciones entre la produccio ´n ecolo ´gica y el apacentamineto del ganado en paisajes diversos, tambie ´n se requieren estudios temporales con metodologı ´as confiables y controles apropiados de la variacio ´n del paisaje. Ignorar la variacio ´n geolo ´gica tiene el potencial de conduccir erroneamente las politicas de conservacio ´n al implicar inapropiadamente la utilizacio ´n del suelo, por subvaluar los ha ´bitats intrı ´nsecamente favorables, y por sobrevalorar las espectativas para ha ´bitats intrı ´nsecamente menos favorables.

The question of naming, as Epigravettian, of all the industries  in Central and Eastern Europe of the LGM and  post-LGM until the end of the MIS 2, is adressed here. The paper  offer a detailed analysis and a synthesis of all the sites of that period in Central and Eastern Europe. The conclusion is that the common use of the term "Epigravettian" masks the real diversification of these industries and prevent the consideration of differences related to the adaptation  of human groups in the various environments and climates . So we propose to give different names  to these different industries. The example of the Mezinian is particularly illusterative of this question.

The question of the naming, as Epigravettian, of all the industries in Central and Eastern Europe of the LGM and post-LGM until the end of MIS 2 is addressed here.
The update of the latest available and published data highlights the following chronology :
1. For Eastern Europe (Dnieper, Boug and Don basins) : Eastern Gravettian, Final Eastern Gravettian, Local Aurignacoid industries (Muralovkian, Zamiatnine culture and others), Early Epigravettian of the steppe area, gap, Mezinian of the Dnieper basin, late Epigravettian of the steppe area;
2. For the northeastern foothills of the Carpathians (Dniester, Prut and Bistrita basins) : Eastern Gravettian, Aurignacoid industries, gap, Early Epigravettian (Molodovian s.s), gap, final Epigravettian;
3. For Central Europe : Eastern Gravettian, gap, Aurignacoid industries, gap, Sagvarian, gap, Magdalenian and Late Epigravettian
The typological and technological studies of lithic and bone industries reveal large differences, due to strong changes in human systems during the last glacial maximum. And the mere presence of backed bladelets (which also exist in the Solutrean, Badegoulian and Magdalenian cultures in Western Europe) is not sufficient to cluster these industries under the same name of Epigravettian. So we propose to give different names to these different industries.

Species richness is highest in the Mid-South (856) and Coastal Plain (733), reflecting both the large area of these subregions and the diversity of habitats within them. • The geography of species richness varies by taxa. Amphibians flourish in portions of the Piedmont and Appalachian-Cumberland highlands and across the Coastal Plain. Bird richness is highest along the coastal wetlands of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, mammal richness is highest in the Mid-South and Appalachian-Cumberland highlands, and reptile richness is highest across the southern portion of the region. • The South has 142 terrestrial vertebrate species considered to be of conservation concern (e.g., global conservation status rank of critically imperiled, imperiled, or vulnerable), 77 of which are listed as threatened or endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. More than 900 plant species are of concern, 141 of which are threatened or endangered. Threats to biodiversity are occurring throughout the region. • The proportion of species at risk varies among taxonomic groups: 46 percent of imperiled vertebrate species are amphibians, followed by reptiles (25 percent), mammals (16 percent), and birds (13 percent). The Coastal Plain (64) and Mid-South (55) lead in the numbers of imperiled vertebrate species, followed by the Appalachian-Cumberland highlands (31), Piedmont (29), and Mississippi Alluvial Valley (9). • Hotspots of vertebrate species of conservation concern include the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, Peninsular Florida, and Southern Gulf. Emerging areas of concern include sections within the Appalachian-Cumberland highlands

Bu çalışmada Tokat ili Almus ilçesinin yükselti basamaklarına göre kırsal nüfusun dağılışını tespit etmek ve yükseltinin nüfusun dağılışı üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda istatistik veriler (nüfus verileri) ve sahada elde edilen veriler karşılaştırılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Almus ilçesinin arazisi yükseklik basamaklarına ayrılmış ve ilçede bulunan bütün yerleşmeler yükselti basamaklarına yerleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen haritalar ve her kademede elde edilen köylerin nüfusu tablolar haline getirilerek karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. Bu anlamda araştırma sahasının 2022 yılına ait nüfus verileri Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu web sitesinde temin edilmiştir. Temin edilen veriler Microsoft Excel ortamında derlenerek ArcGIS 10.5 programı ile topoğrafya haritaları üzerinde sayısallaştırılmıştır. Sayısal Yükseklik Modeli kullanılarak yerleşmeler 200 metre aralıklarla sınıflandırılmıştır. Elde edilen haritalar 700-900 m., 900-1100 m., 1100-1300 m., 1300 m. ve üzeri olarak sınırlandırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen verilere göre yerleşmelerin 900-1100 metre aralığında yoğunlaştığı görülmüştür. Buna bağlı olarak kırsal yerleşmenin nüfus yoğunluğu da yine bu değer aralıkları arasında olduğu görülmüştür.

This essay illuminates the historical context of the contemporary language of globalization. It argues that the key concepts of the "global" began in ancient Greek thought about unseen space, before being reified through the Renaissance invention of the terrestrial globe. With the production of globes, early-modern Europe fixed our planet and its environs in a material culture that spread rapidly across the continent and around our world. In many ways this material culture of globes remains the foundation of contemporary global thought, which means that a "globalization" that is normally understood in terms of the free movement of goods, capital, and people, rests on the Renaissance reification of classical spatial knowledge in globes.

This study aims to present a methodological approach based on the objectives of the Nature
Restoration Law and the concept of Forest Landscape Restoration to identify areas that are best
suited for the implementation of Nature-based Solutions for the improvement of landscape and
habitat status in the city of Campobasso (1028.64 km2). Using open data (ISPRA ecosystem services
and regional land use capability), an expert based approach (questionnaire), and a multicriteria
analysis (Analytical Hierarchy Process), the Total Ecosystem Services Value index was determined as
a weighted additive sum of the criteria considered. The index was then classified into eight clusters,
and the land use “Cropland” was extracted. Cluster 1 croplands (740.09 Ha) were identified as
the areas to be allocated to Nature-based Solutions since they were those characterized by fewer
ecosystem services provisioning, while Cluster 8 croplands (482.88 Ha) were identified as valuable
areas to be preserved. It was then possible to compare the “Forest” areas currently present in the
study area with those of a possible future scenario, represented by the areas occupied today by forest
with the addition of Cluster 1 croplands. A landscape analysis was conducted; it showed greater
dispersion and fragmentation of forest patches in the future scenario, but also greater connectivity
and thus greater ecological functionality of the patches.

The climate is changing, rainfall will increase, the sea level is rising and the river discharges will change more. Delta areas are faced with the increasing risk of flooding. A traditional solution against flooding is the Dutch polder system. These polder areas in the Netherlands are for many years managed and maintained by water boards. The Dutch water board model has not been used much in other countries. At this moment it is not known what the social aspects of water management are, which are important in the implementation of a polder system and institute in another cultural context outside the Netherlands. For this research, the Banger Polder pilot Project in Semarang is used as a case study, where a polder is constructed and the first public organization for water management in Indonesia has been established. The new water board named BPP SIMA, is similar to the Dutch water board model and is responsible for creating and maintain of dry feet in the area. The water board shoul...

An issue in forestry management has been the integration of a variety of different information into a threat analysis or risk assessment. In this instance, regional scale risk assessment was applied to the Upper Grande Ronde watershed in eastern Oregon to examine the potential of risk assessment for use in the management of broad landscapes. The site was a focus of study for the U.S. Forest Service through the Interior Northwest Landscape Analysis System (INIAS) project. In the study, a range of stressors, habitats, and endpoints were identified from previous studies in the watershed, and endpoints were determined from meeting with the primary stakeholder, the U.S. Forest Service. These endpoints were focused around the historic range of variability (HRV) defined for the area. The relative risk model (RRM) incorporating a Monte Carlo analysis was used as the analysis tool. The risk model output showed the HRV fire regime was the endpoint most at risk. The results of this analysis were compared to the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest prioritization of watershed restoration analysis. The RRM demonstrated similar results but with a better accounting for uncertainty. From this trial the RRM has proven to be a potential management tool for forestry management.

This paper classifies the karst landscapes of the Peté n Plateau and defines the Mirador-Calakmul Karst Basin by illustrating the distribution of its karst hydrologic features. Archaeological and spatial research of the Mirador-Calakmul area of Guatemala and Mexico has shown it to be a karst basin with geopolitical implications. Current research characterizes the karst landscapes of the Peté n Plateau, maps the distribution of karst hydrologic features, and delineates the basin in geomorphological terms. To further this aim, multiple forms of remote sensing data including orthophotographs, a satellite Digital Elevation Model, satellite multispectral images, and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data have been integrated to interpret the karst features in the study area. Outcrop study and thin section analysis of the upper Buena Vista Formation document that the dominant lithologies are a shallow water algal boundstone interbedded with terrestrial caliche. Karst landforms have been mapped over the Peté n Plateau and we identify five karst landscapes, the largest of which is a fluviokarst landscape dominated by karst valleys. We further map karst hydrologic features including seasonal swamps, dolines, intermittent lakes, intermittent streams, solution-enhanced fractures, and springs all of which are characteristic of drainage basins. Boundaries of the karst basin are mapped from multiple lines of evidence including distribution of the karst valleys, a line of springs along the western boundary of the fluviokarst landscape, and a surface drainage analysis. We capture and classify hydrologic data points and develop a regional groundwater map that indicates subsurface flow from east to west within the basin. A drainage map illustrates the extensive system of karst valleys, boundaries, and inferred groundwater flow paths of the Mirador-Calakmul Karst Basin. It was within this geomorphological setting that the ancient Maya developed an extensive civilization during the Middle and Late Preclassic periods (1000 BCE-150 CE).

This paper classifies the karst landscapes of the Peté n Plateau and defines the Mirador-Calakmul Karst Basin by illustrating the distribution of its karst hydrologic features. Archaeological and spatial research of the Mirador-Calakmul area of Guatemala and Mexico has shown it to be a karst basin with geopolitical implications. Current research characterizes the karst landscapes of the Peté n Plateau, maps the distribution of karst hydrologic features, and delineates the basin in geomorphological terms. To further this aim, multiple forms of remote sensing data including orthophotographs, a satellite Digital Elevation Model, satellite multispectral images, and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data have been integrated to interpret the karst features in the study area. Outcrop study and thin section analysis of the upper Buena Vista Formation document that the dominant lithologies are a shallow water algal boundstone interbedded with terrestrial caliche. Karst landforms have been mapped over the Peté n Plateau and we identify five karst landscapes, the largest of which is a fluviokarst landscape dominated by karst valleys. We further map karst hydrologic features including seasonal swamps, dolines, intermittent lakes, intermittent streams, solution-enhanced fractures, and springs all of which are characteristic of drainage basins. Boundaries of the karst basin are mapped from multiple lines of evidence including distribution of the karst valleys, a line of springs along the western boundary of the fluviokarst landscape, and a surface drainage analysis. We capture and classify hydrologic data points and develop a regional groundwater map that indicates subsurface flow from east to west within the basin. A drainage map illustrates the extensive system of karst valleys, boundaries, and inferred groundwater flow paths of the Mirador-Calakmul Karst Basin. It was within this geomorphological setting that the ancient Maya developed an extensive civilization during the Middle and Late Preclassic periods (1000 BCE-150 CE).

English) In this paper it is shown that, in some cases, the insertion procedure of NEH does not improve the solution quality. This fact is observed specially in the NEH-based heuristics that have been proposed in the literature of the blocking flow shop problem. As a result of this work, we recommend to evaluate the sequence before and after the insertion phase in order to retain the best one. Resumen (Castellano) En este trabajo se muestra que el procedimiento de inserción de la heurística NEH no siempre mejora la calidad de la secuencia. Este hecho se da especialmente en los procedimientos propuestos en la literatura para el flow shop con bloqueo y, como resultado de este trabajo, se recomienda evaluar siempre la secuencia antes y después del procedimiento de inserción con el fin de quedarse con la mejor.

In this work, images classified from three different periods (1986, 1991 and 1999) of the transamazônica's occupation were used as important tools to identify the landscape's models in the pioneer fronts. Through the analysis of the form, continuity, type of use, and proportion of the elements of each area associated to the types of agricultural family describe by Ferreira (2010), it was possible to identify five different types of landscape represent the evolution route of families in Uruará. The five different types of landscape are: 1) Survival + subsistence ; 2) Beginning of accumulation; 3) Investor of diversities ; 4)Land investor; 5)Investor of animal raising. With the definition of the landscape's types, it was possible to elaborate the map with units of landscape for each date and the map of changes. These documents can help the decision maker, from the county, regional or state adminis tration, to direct the budget and to elaborate the development politics in this region.

Recent research in search-based software engineering (SBSE) has demonstrated that a number of software engineering problems can be reformulated as a search problem, hence search algorithms can be applied to tackle it. However, most of the existing work has been of empirical nature and the techniques are predominately experimental. Therefore in-depth studies into characteritics of SE problems and appropriate algorithms to solve them are necessary. In this paper, we propose a novel method to gain insight knowledge on a variant of the next release problem (NRP) using elementary landscape analysis, which could be used to guide the design of more efficient algorithms. Preliminary experimental results are obtained to indicate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The role of scale in ecology is widely recognized as being of vital importance for understanding ecological patterns and processes. The capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) is a forest grouse species with large spatial requirements and highly specialized habitat preferences. Habitat models at the forest stand scale can only partly explain capercaillie occurrence, and some studies at the landscape scale have emphasized the role of large-scale effects. We hypothesized that both the ability of single variables and multivariate models to explain capercaillie occurrence would vary with the spatial scale of the analysis. To test this hypothesis, we varied the grain size of our analysis from 1 to just over 1100 hectares and built univariate and multivariate habitat suitability models for capercaillie in the Swiss Alps. The variance explained by the univariate models was found to vary among the predictors and with spatial scale. Within the multivariate models, the best single-scale model (using all predictor variables at the same scale) worked at a scale equivalent to a small annual home range. The multi-scale model, in which each predictor variable was entered at the scale at which it had performed best in the univariate model, did slightly better than the best single-scale model. Our results confirm that habitat variables should be included at different spatial scales when species-habitat relationships are investigated.

Progress on reducing nutrient loss from annual croplands has been hampered by perceived conflicts between short-term profitability and long-term stewardship, but these may be overcome through strategic integration of perennial crops. Perennial biomass crops like switchgrass can mitigate nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) leaching, address bioenergy feedstock targets, and-as a lower-cost management alternative to annual crops (i.e., corn, soybeans)-may also improve farm profitability. We analyzed publicly available environmental, agronomic, and economic data with two integrated models: a subfield agroecosystem management model, Landscape Environmental Assessment Framework (LEAF), and a process-based biogeochemical model, DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC). We constructed a factorial combination of profitability and NO3-N leaching thresholds and simulated targeted switchgrass integration into corn/soybean cropland in the agricultural state of Iowa, USA. For each combination, we modeled (i) area converted to switchgrass, (ii) switchgrass biomass production, and (iii) NO3-N leaching reduction. We spatially analyzed two scenarios: converting to switchgrass corn/soybean cropland losing >US$ 100 ha−1 and leaching >50 kg ha−1 ('conservative' scenario) or losing >US$ 0 ha−1 and leaching >20 kg ha−1 ('nutrient reduction' scenario). Compared to baseline, the 'conservative' scenario resulted in 12% of cropland converted to switchgrass, which produced 11 million Mg of biomass and reduced leached NO3-N 18% statewide. The 'nutrient reduction' scenario converted 37% of cropland to switchgrass, producing 34 million Mg biomass and reducing leached NO3-N 38% statewide. The opportunity to meet joint goals was greatest within watersheds with undulating topography and lower corn/ soybean productivity. Our approach bridges the scales at which NO3-N loss and profitability are usually considered, and is informed by both mechanistic and empirical understanding. Though approximated, our analysis supports development of farm-level tools that can identify locations where both farm profitability and water quality improvement can be achieved through the strategic integration of perennial vegetation.

1 School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UF, UK 2 College of Forest Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA 3 UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Department for Water Engineering, 601 DA Delft, (and Delft University of Technology), The Netherlands 4 Plymouth State University/US Forest Service, Plymouth NH 03264-1595, USA 5 Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, University of Wageningen, The Netherlands 6 Institute for Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 7 Department of Geography, Queen Mary, University of London, UK, E1 4NS 8 Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen, UK