Land Surveying

Since the introduction of the common law system, precedent case law has been a core element of its existence. Due to the high number of boundary surveys conducted as part of boundary disputes during the past number of years, research of Irish High Court case law judgments delivered in the past ten years on property boundary disputes was identified. This paper outlines a proposal to be considered in the form of a 'Guidebook' for surveyors to follow when involved in a property boundary dispute. The court judgements will be assessed via a case briefing technique that is used worldwide in universities and an understanding of surveying case law and how decisions can be used in the construction of principles to be applied will be evaluated and analysed. Detailed information on these cases is not the subject of this paper. This paper presents results documenting how case law can be seen to be of fundamental importance for surveyors when involved in property boundary disputes. Documented in the form of a 'Guidebook', this information would be of benefit for surveyors and property professionals in understanding the principles applied to previous cases and thus the principles to be applied in future cases to try to resolve boundary dispute incidences (before litigation). The rulings made in court can be employed as set principles for surveyors to follow when carrying out property boundary rectification and resolving property boundary disputes in the future.

S tem prispevkom dopolnjujem v zaokroženo celoto članek z naslovom Zgodovina topografskih izmer habsburške monarhije, ki je bil od decembra lani do februarja letos objavljen po delih v treh zaporednih številkah revije Življenje in tehnika. Revija Življenje in tehnika je poljudnega značaja in namenjena
širokemu krogu bralcev, zato vanjo ne spadajo podrobnejši podatki ali opisi ožjega strokovnega pomena. Geodetom ali kartografom pa bodo ob morebitnem branju članka v treh delih v tej poljudni reviji za nadaljnje lastno strokovno delo lahko koristili dodatne informacije in podatki, ki so objavljeni v
nadaljevanju.

In most of Nigeria's rural communities, land holdings are small and uneven; and this impacts significantly on their mechanisation potentials. This fragmented nature of the farmlands also inhibits the creation of an effective land market. This study utilised a digital orthomosaic generated from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) survey in evaluating the productivity levels of traditional and mechanised farmers in Okeho Community of Oyo State, SouthWestern Nigeria. The aerial survey was conducted with a DJI Phantom 4 Professional UAV covering 250 acres of traditional and mechanised farmlands to produce a very high resolution orthomosaic at 6cm spatial resolution. Sixty-three respondents (61 traditional farmers and 2 mechanised farmers) were also interviewed using questionnaires. Their responses were keyed into a database with the Open Data Kit (ODK) data collector. The orthomosaic was classified into farmland units and a database of the farmers land holdings was created in ArcGIS software. Some parameters influencing their productivity were computed-Crop Field Fraction (CFF) and Crop Yield Index (CYI). The results showed that very few farmers had a shared equity on land (only 3%); most farms were acquired under freehold or lease. Also, only 1% of their farm sizes was larger than 5 acres. There was a sharp disparity in the crop field fraction (traditional farms-32.2; mechanised farms-68.8), and the productivity from the mechanised farmers surpasses that of the traditional farmers. It is recommended that the Government should support cluster farming systems among farmers to boost productivity.

"Just as Grant Wood portrayed Parson Weems pulling the curtain back on the life of George Washington, we shall illuminate Washington's mathematical education. We are blessed with 179 pages of handwritten manuscript in Washington's youthful hand and while this material has frequently been mentioned by scholars, it has never been analyzed; we shall present an abundance of detail. Little is known about Washington's youth, so these papers provide a way of learning about his education.

The individuals and organizations that have controlled these papers have organized and reorganized them into disorder. Is it reasonable for a thirteen-year-old --- living in plantation Virginia where there were few schools --- to begin his mathematical education with the study of formal geometry? Could he have learned surveying before studying arithmetic and trigonometry? Using physical evidence, handwriting analysis, and mathematical context, we shall present our conjectured order of the pages of the manuscript.

This is a case study in mid-eighteenth century mathematical education in the American Colonies. We shall contrast the surprising depth of his theoretical education --- including logarithms and trigonometry --- with his practical use of mathematics as a field surveyor.

After serving two terms as President, Washington took pains to preserve his papers for he believed that someday they might be "of interest.'' You will be the judge of how interesting these papers are."

Regression analysis is probably one of the most used statistical techniques in engineering applications. Further, least square technique is often which that is used for such regression analysis. While LS computations can be carried out following a number of basic principles, this paper revisits an application of the LS method of 'observation equations' for adjustments required to a typical 'closed loop levelling' survey.

Abstract. In most of Nigeria’s rural communities, land holdings are small and uneven; and this impacts significantly on their mechanisation potentials. This fragmented nature of the farmlands also inhibits the creation of an effective land market. This study utilised a digital orthomosaic generated from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) survey in evaluating the productivity levels of traditional and mechanised farmers in Okeho Community of Oyo State, South-Western Nigeria. The aerial survey was conducted with a DJI Phantom 4 Professional UAV covering 250 acres of traditional and mechanised farmlands to produce a very high resolution orthomosaic at 6 cm spatial resolution. Sixty-three respondents (61 traditional farmers and 2 mechanised farmers) were also interviewed using questionnaires. Their responses were keyed into a database with the Open Data Kit (ODK) data collector. The orthomosaic was classified into farmland units and a database of the farmers land holdings was created in A...

In the Middle Ages, the relationship between theoretical and practical knowledge in the operations of field measurement is difficult to apprehend. The article examines on the one hand the evolution of the geometry since the first carolingian treatises until the appearance and the evolution of the geometria practica, on the other hand the effective practice of the measurers  reconstructed from an evasive documentation. The techniques of measure never are the matter for the learned geometry, whether Euclidean or practical, in
spite of the attempts of some scholars starting from the thirteenth century.

This diploma thesis presents the comparison of two approaches to performing measurements carried out with the instruments LEICA GEOSYSTEMS TC2003 and LEICA GEOSYSTEMS TCRP1201 R300. The measurements were performed manually and by using ATR. Our references were the measurements acquired in three sets of angles with the instrument LEICA GEOSYSTEMS TC2003. We were interested in the quality of results when performing measurements with the instrument LEICA GEOSYSTEMS TCRP1201 R300 by using ATR. Observations with the instrument LEICA GEOSYSTEMS TCRP1201 R300 were processed in three parts. We began with the first three sets of angles, than continued with as many sets of angles as the instrument LEICA GEOSYSTEMS TC2003 performs in the average duration of manual observations of three sets of angles on one standing point without using ATR (17 sets of angles). We concluded with processing the observations performed with the instrument LEICA GEOSYSTEMS TCRP1201 R300 in one hour. We compared the adjusted observations and point coordinates and the analysed and commented on the acquired results.

CV. BAGJA NIAGA TEKNIK (BNT BANDUNG)
Service & Supplier Surveying Instrument
Kami merupakan Supplier alat teknik/alat survey/alat topografi maupun alat laboratorium, baik dalam kondisi bekas maupun kondisi baru berupa Total Station, Theodolite Digital, Waterpass, GPS Handheld, GPS Geodetik, Current Meter, Echosounder, Accesories seperti (Rambu Ukur, Tripod, Pole/Stik, Prisma AK, Prisma Polygon, Batre, Charger dll), Alat Laboratorium seperti (Hammer Test, CBR, Speedy Moisture Tester, Sandcone, dll). Dengan Berbagai merk seperti Topcon, Sokkia, Nikon, Leica, Garmin, Trimble dll. Dan kami juga menerima jasa sewa alat teknik dan GPS geodetik.

Kantor
Alamat : Komp. Sapta Taruna PU Jl Suhodo Blok B1 No 17 Terusan Buah Batu Bandung 40287
Phone : 022-87521608, Mobile: 081222229059 / 08156229059
Email : bagjaniagateknik@yahoo.co.id
Website         : http://www.totalstation.co.id

Se stále rychlejším rozvojem moderních technologií na poli terénní geodézie se zvětšuje i možnost jejich používání pro účely archeo logie. V posledních letech navíc dochází i k větší a větší dostupnosti celé řady různých geodetických přístrojů, které tak jsou již poměrně snadno dosažitelné (zvláště pak ve smyslu nutných technických znalostí) i "běžným uživatelům". Stav a způsob lokalizace některých archeo logických situací je nicméně stále v řadě případů neuspokojivý či nedostatečný, občas dokonce tristní. Zároveň se pak, vzhledem ke stále narůstajícímu množství záchranných archeo logických výzkumů, objevuje nutnost rychlého a pokud možno přesného prostorového zaměření jednotlivých lokalit a nálezů. Následující řádky pak nepředstavují žádnou metodu lokalizace, která by byla z pohledu geodézie nová nebo převratná, přesto ale nemusí být, k jejich škodě, některými badateli a/nebo institucemi využívána.

Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) are reference stations of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), providing fundamental positioning infrastructure that is accurate and reliable. As such, CORS are designed to meet the needs of a wide range of users requiring high three-dimensional (3D) positional accuracy. The Continuously Operating Reference Station at the Engineering Faculty (CREF), University of Lagos was set up in order to support research applications in Surveying, Mapping and Geodesy. This study evaluates the seasonal variations in the 3D coordinates of CREF using metrics such as coordinate differences, Standard Deviation (SD) and Standard Error (SE). The Canadian Spatial Reference System (CSRS), known as CSRS – Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP) was used to compute the station’s daily coordinates over a three-year period from 2016 to 2018. In the analysis, the daily coordinates were divided into two seasons - the wet and the dry. The results obtained ...

This research is one method that might be used to accelerate land registration as referred to in Article 19 of the UUPA which currently only reaches ± 44,227,462 land parcels from ± 108,422,172 land parcels in the entire territory of the Republic of Indonesia (based on data as of November 23, 2016). With the condition of the land parcels number that have been registered, required some possible alternative methods which is enable the government to accelerate the complete land registration program. The method proposed in this study is the utilization of cloud computing methods. Cloud computing is defined as storage, data access and use of applications through internet media. With cloud computing method requires a provider to provide hosting IT services. This method is suitable when associated with the concept of participatory mapping that can increase the participation of landowners or community elements in mapping land parcels. The development of IT technology in the android telecommunications system can be combined in the development of the methods as a facility to update the physical and juridical data of the land in an integrated manner. As the final result of this research is an integrated system between mobile mapping technology using android with cloud computing and cloud sourcing facilities that can be used online and offline.

Recommender systems have grown to be a critical research subject after the emergence of the first paper on collaborative filtering in the Nineties. Despite the fact that educational studies on recommender systems, has extended extensively over the last 10 years, there are deficiencies in the complete literature evaluation and classification of that research. Because of this, we reviewed articles on recommender structures, and then classified those based on sentiment analysis. The articles are categorized into three techniques of recommender system, i.e.; collaborative filtering (CF), content based and context based. We have tried to find out the research papers related to sentimental analysis based recommender system. To classify research done by authors in this field, we have shown different approaches of recommender system based on sentimental analysis with the help of tables. Our studies give statistics, approximately trends in recommender structures research, and gives practitioners and researchers with perception and destiny route on the recommender system using sentimental analysis. We hope that this paper enables all and sundry who is interested in recommender systems research with insight for destiny.

States vegvesen region midt har ansvaret for regionens kulturminner i forbindelse med vegnettet. Dette omfatter blant annet steinhvelvsbruer fra 1800-tallet og gamle vegfar som denne tilstandsanalysen tar for seg. Denne rapporten forsøker å avdekke tilstanden til de synlige kulturminnene og vegens beskaffenhet i forbindelse med de gamle vegene over Gjevingåsen i Stjørdal, Sør-Trøndelag. Tre av de fire eldste vegene ble befart som henholdsvis er fra 1700-tallet, 1835 samt 1859. I tillegg ble fergeleiet "Ferjemannstuggu" ved Sandferhus og et segment av et ukjent vegfar befart. I noen tilfeller gir forfatteren forslag til utbedringer av eventuelle skader, slitasje eller neglisjering av vegfaret.


Norwegian Public Roads Administration has the responsibility for the region’s cultural heritage in connection with the road network. This includes, among other things, stone-arch bridges as well as old roads which this survey focuses on. This report attempts to uncover the physical state of the visible cultural heritage and the condition of the old roads over Gjevingåsen in South-Trøndelag, a hill south of Stjørdal (which lies in North-Trøndelag County). Three of the four oldest roads were inspected; the oldest was constructed during the 1700s while the other two were built in 1835 and 1859. The ferry port, "Ferjemannstuggu" at Sandferhus and a segment of an unknown road were also inspected. In some of the cases, the author gives suggestions for improvements on of any damage, wear or neglect of the roads.

satellites service that provides universal access to position, velocity and time information. Nowadays, GPS has emerged as a universal cornerstone for much of our technological infrastructures. However, the GPS signals can be corrupted, either intentionally or unintentionally by strong interfering sources such as microwave transmission towers, radar frequency and multipath. These anomalies can affect the accuracy and the integrity of GPS applications particularly in the field of surveying applications where positioning at the highest accuracy is greatly demanded. This paper highlights several tests conducted to assess the performance of Virtual Reference Station Real-time kinematic (VRS-RTK) observation using MyRTKnet under difference sky viewing conditions. These tests were designed to provide an empirical evaluation of both initialization failure probability and the range of the subsequent errors in the observed coordinates under varying observation conditions. Some experimental results are presented and discussed.

There is a great demand for accurate and high-resolution seafloor topography (bathymetry) data. However, at present availability of such data remains spatially incomplete and limited. Bathymetry in shallow water areas is challenging for vessel-based bathymetric surveys and this zone is where remote sensing typically outperforms traditional methods such as echo sounding. The obvious advantages over conventional echo sounding methods include the wide data availability, synoptic surface coverage, and improved spatial resolution. Due to the high cost associated with traditional bathymetric surveys, the availability of up-to-date bathymetric charts in developing countries is rare or limited to a few charts for some areas. In this study, a ratio-transform model was applied on Landsat imagery to derive bathymetry at sites in nine rivers and creeks along the Nigerian coastal area. Accuracy tests comparing the image-derived bathymetry with reference data from echo sounding of Lighthouse Creek in Lagos and hydrographic charts of the other sites confirms good agreement at some sampled locations. The results of this study prove that this remote sensing method can augment existing hydrographic datasets in the country and is a useful reconnaissance tool for hydrographic surveying offices. It also offers a viable interim solution for areas where there is inadequate hydrographic data and scarce resources for extensive surveys using other methods.

Land surveyor Wallis Frederick Hime was one of the founders of the Institution of Surveyors of Kenya and the land survey profession in Kenya. In this talk he delves into his experiences in land surveying before and after Kenya's independence, the challenges that the profession pf land surveying faces in Kenya and his encouragement for the young surveyors. Part of his story is the untold history of land surveying in Kenya, its influence on the development of Nairobi City and Kenya as a whole.

While doing my graduate LIDAR research we were often tasked with writing user guides for the equipment that we purchased to help others  know how to use it. Jonathan Murphy and I teamed up to create a user guide for the Leica Total Station (TCR1105) that we both used pretty extensively on our research projects. 

The Leica Total Station (TCR1105) User Guide covers the basic information about the unit itself and the equipment found in the case, how to prepare for the survey in the office, details about the user interface, how to operate the unit, and how to export the data after the survey.

More details and photos can be found at http://tmackinnon.com/leica-total-station-tcr1105-user-guide.php

Cite as follows: Hetherington, Kregg. 2016. "Surveying the Future Perfect: Anthropology, Development and the Promise of Infrastructure." In Infrastructures and Social Complexity: A Companion. P. Harvey, C.B. Jensen, and A. Morita, eds. Pp. 40-50. London: Routledge.

The 20 m SPOT DEM (Digital Elevation Model) was acquired by the Office of the Surveyor-General of the Federation (OSGoF) in Nigeria for use in topographic mapping. A localized assessment of the DEM is needed to validate its stated accuracies as it is well-known that the vertical accuracies of global DEMs vary in different landscape contexts. Hence, this study assessed the quality of the DEM in various landscapes and terrain contexts by comparing its heights against 780 Ground Control Points (GCPs) in Lagos State and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Nigeria. The pattern of distribution of the height differences was analyzed using spatial autocorrelation analysis, including other accuracy metrics employed. In the general accuracy assessment, the DEM yielded root mean square errors of 2.33 m in Lagos and 3.69 m in the FCT. It was shown that heights over the bare lands were the most accurately represented on the DEM while heights over built-up areas were the least accurate at both...

CV. BAGJA NIAGA TEKNIK (BNT BANDUNG)
Service & Supplier Surveying Instrument
Kami merupakan Supplier alat teknik/alat survey/alat topografi maupun alat laboratorium, baik dalam kondisi bekas maupun kondisi baru berupa Total Station, Theodolite Digital, Waterpass, GPS Handheld, GPS Geodetik, Current Meter, Echosounder, Accesories seperti (Rambu Ukur, Tripod, Pole/Stik, Prisma AK, Prisma Polygon, Batre, Charger dll), Alat Laboratorium seperti (Hammer Test, CBR, Speedy Moisture Tester, Sandcone, dll). Dengan Berbagai merk seperti Topcon, Sokkia, Nikon, Leica, Garmin, Trimble dll. Dan kami juga menerima jasa sewa alat teknik dan GPS geodetik.

Kantor
Alamat : Komp. Sapta Taruna PU Jl Suhodo Blok B1 No 17 Terusan Buah Batu Bandung 40287
Phone : 022-87521608, Mobile: 081222229059 / 08156229059
Email : bagjaniagateknik@yahoo.co.id
Website        : http://www.totalstation.co.id

The main objective of this research paper is to present a deep and specified presentation on plane table surveying. What, how and where is plane table surveying used is explained in detail. A comprehensive introduction followed by different methods and errors and uses and benefits of this type of surveying have been discussed. Emphasis is given even to small details regarding types and uses of alidades in plane table surveying. Subjects are supported with good clear images in order for better understanding.
The main purpose of writing these presentation was to provide a flexible, clear and detail information on one of the oldest surveying methods in the world. Before the advancements in civil engineering and the introduction of modern civil engineering instruments and equipment’s, plane table surveying was the initial and base of surveying. This was one of the widest used methods.

Dans la longue histoire cadastrale du Languedoc, qui renaît probablement à la fin du XIIe siècle et se révèle aux historiens au début du XIIIe, les années 1520-1560 marquent un tournant décisif quant à la manière d’élaborer ces compoix. On recourt alors systématiquement à une mathématisation de l’espace arpenté, pour calculer le revenu cadastral de chaque contribuable, et l’ensemble de l’enquête de terrain devient définitivement publique. Mais la survenue des guerres de Religion marque un coup d’arrêt dans la production régionale de compoix, qui, ensuite, vers 1590, repart brusquement à la hausse. Les savoirs et les savoir-faire qui venaient d’être accumulés furent ainsi rarement mis en œuvre au cours de ces trente années creuses. Ont-ils survécu à cette génération perdue ou induit une rupture dans les méthodologies ensuite appliquées ? Isolée dans ce désert cadastral, l’étude de cas du compoix de Saint-Germain-de-Calberte de 1579 apporte, à elle seule, des éléments de réponse qui dépassent, de loin, la ligne bleue des serres cévenoles.

For nearly a century there is an ongoing debate about, have the ancient Egyptians known any case of the Pythagorean Theorem and that the triangle 3-4-5 is right-angled? According to the opinions of most scholars, there is no written evidence regarding this dispute. Hence, this paper shows the written evidence in a problem on land survey in the so-called Rhind Mathematical Papyrus-RMP of circa 1550BC, which has been separated by the early scholars into two problems: RMP#53 and RMP#54. The paper shows that RMP#53-54 is one problem on reckoning the dimensions of a triangular plot of land with sides 6-8-10 and its sections, where the triangle's height is a radius of a circular horizon that increases by adding one-tenth of the triangle's hypotenuse. Besides, it shows that the reckonings of RMP#55 are based on the same triangle sketch of RMP#53-54. The paper proves that the ancient Egyptians knew this triangle almost thousand years before the days of Pythagoras. The paper also shows that the ancient Egyptians did not only use the unit fractions but have also used complex fractions.

This thesis investigates the three-dimensional (3D) coordinate transformation from a global geocentric coordinate system to a national terrestrial coordinate system. Numerical studies are carried out using the Swedish geodetic data SWEREF 93 and RT90/RH70. Based on the Helmert transformation model with 7-parameters, two new models have been studied: firstly a general 3D affine transformation model has been developed using 9-parameters (three translations, three rotations and three scale factors) and secondly the model with 8-parameters (three translations, three rotations and two scale factors) has been derived. To estimate the 3D transformation parameters from given coordinates in the two systems, the linearized observation equations were derived. Numerical tests were carried out using a local (North, East, Up) topocentric coordinate system derived from the given global geocentric system. The transformation parameters and the residuals of the coordinates of the common points were computed. The investigation shows the horizontal scale factor is significantly different by the vertical scale factor. The residuals of the control points were expressed in a separate (North, East, Up) coordinate system for each control point. Some investigations on the weighting process between horizontal and vertical components were also carried out, and an optimal weighting model was derived in order to reduce the residuals in horizontal components without changing the coordinates.

-Cet  article donne un aperçu général sur les systèmes et les types de cadastres existants à travers le monde et plus particulièrement sur le cadastre marocain.
-Il porte, également, sur les aspects du cadastre marocain qui nécessitent des améliorations pour consolider son  rôle de locomotive à la fois en matière de la sécurisation du droit à la propriété que de la production de données géographiques fiables permettant une gestion optimale du territoire marocain.

Control Surveying is the determination of the precise position of a series of stations distributed over an area to serve as the origin or reference to be used for checking of subsequent surveys to be used in engineering projects like property delineation, topographic and hydrographic mapping, and construction planning and design. Control networks which cover the whole country have become been conducted with better accuracy and less stringent technique, with the use of artificial satellites. These stations are linked to local networks which have been adopted for special surveys connected with projects such as dams, roads, railways and pipelines, large or small construction sites, etc. The purpose of a control system is to prevent the accumulation of errors, by connecting detail work to a consistent geometrical system of points, which are accurate enough for the project. Great care is taken to ensure that this control is sufficiently accurate.

Regression analysis is probably one of the most used statistical techniques in engineering applications. Further, least square technique is often which that is used for such regression analysis. While LS computations can be carried out following a number of basic principles, this paper revisits an application of the method of 'condition equations' for adjustments required to any typical closed traverse surveys.

Presentation of the results of the survey of geodetic data on the Polish state border. Serious inaccuracies in public data concerning the course of the state border have been discovered. This results in differences of several dozen kilometers in the given lengths of individual sections of the Polish border. The study is the basis for updating works started by the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography.

Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) are reference stations of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), providing fundamental positioning infrastructure that is accurate and reliable. As such, CORS are designed to meet the needs of a wide range of users requiring high three-dimensional (3D) positional accuracy. The Continuously Operating Reference Station at the Engineering Faculty (CREF), University of Lagos was set up in order to support research applications in Surveying, Mapping and Geodesy. This study evaluates the seasonal variations in the 3D coordinates of CREF using metrics such as coordinate differences, Standard Deviation (SD) and Standard Error (SE). The Canadian Spatial Reference System (CSRS), known as CSRS – Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP) was used to compute the station’s daily coordinates over a three-year period from 2016 to 2018. In the analysis, the daily coordinates were divided into two seasons - the wet and the dry. The results obtained show that the dry and the wet seasons had SDs (5.4 mm, 3.9 mm, and 2.0 mm) and (5.2 mm, 18.6 mm and 14.4 mm) in the x, y and z-directions respectively. Generally, the dry season presents a better result than the wet season as revealed by the accuracy metrics. These results have led to an increased understanding of the seasonal variability inherent in the data acquired by GNSS CORS, and must be taken into consideration: in particular, for GNSS applications such as the weather prediction and water vapour estimation. This study concludes that more needs to be done regarding the maintenance of CREF to ensure data continuity and reliability for geodetic studies.

This paper presents the current status of land information management system in Uganda, the different problems faced with the system and the practical solutions to the problems. Land is the basic element of development and more especially in developing countries such as Uganda. A good land administration system is a prerequisite for proper land management and information about parcels of land is the basis on which a good land administration and land information system can be built. In this review, we examine issues and problems pertaining to land information management in Uganda. We discuss the roles of various stakeholders, the nature and format of the information and how handling of this information has affected land administration in Uganda. Furthermore, we highlight the various efforts being taken by the government of Uganda in addressing land administration problems. In particular, we examine the current computerisation process and establishment of land information system. Finally, we propose possible solutions to the land information handling problems in Uganda.

Indonesia is one of much country have a rich natural resources. Be it marine or natural resources. One of natural resources in the land natural resources in from of Forest Ecosystems. Forest ecosystems can to employed for tourism based Agroforest and Biodeversity. To Analysis tourism development can used Geography Information System (GIS). Pauh Subdistrict, Padang City is a region have a forest potential can to make to spatial tourism based Agroforest and Biodeversity because have a rich resources include a flora and fauna with beautiful landscape. This research aim to analysis development of tourism in Pauh Subdistrict, Padang City based Geography Information System (GIS) include of development, Tourism location and give a information tourism of a map tourism development. Method in this research used Ground check for get a coordinat location of tourism object. Andthen analysis data of Ground Check used Geography Information System (GIS). This research result and can explain  Geography Information System (GIS) can be apply to Analysisi Tourism, example location and wide of deveopment tourism area in Pauh Subdistrict, Padang City specially in map result information for tourist.

Georg Öder der Jüngere (II.) und dessen gleichnamiger Sohn verkörperten im ausgehenden 16. Jahrhundert als kurfürstliche Markscheider das amtliche Vermessungswesen Sachsens. Georg Öder II. erscheint im Zusammenhang mit seinen Vermessungen der landesherrlichen Wälder und Jagden Sachsens als Initiator einer kartographischen Tradition, die schließlich von seinen Söhnen fortgesetzt wurde. Zentrale Werke, die bisher Georg Öder II. zugeschrieben wurden, können als Arbeiten seines Sohnes Georg Öders III. herausgestellt werden. Dazu zählen die Forstzeichenbücher und die damit verbundenen Kartierungen der kurfürstlichen Waldungen, mit denen Georg Öder III. wichtige Impulse zur Entwicklung der kursächsischen Vermessungskartographie beisteuerte.

 To learn to apply a system approach to a plan, execute and manage a survey given specification as a group  To learn and undertake site measurements and calculations using proper equations  To learn how to analyze data with respect to error theory and produce scale plots  To learn how to work in a team  Read information from maps and plans  To learn how to use the survey equipment such as total stations and auto level  To learn how to interpret the data obtained and how to use the spread sheets to reduce, adjust and analyze the data According to J. Uren's and W.F.Price's book, Surveying for Engineers, they describe surveying as an art of determining the relative positions of different object on the surface of the earth by measuring the horizontal distance between them and by preparing a map to any suitable scale.

Contrastive analysis of English and Polish surveying terminology examines how surveying terms and concepts differ in English and Polish. The purpose of the book is three-fold: (1) to investigate how surveying terms are created and how they are named in English and Polish, (2) to analyse concept systems of the two languages with respect to surveying terminology, and (3) to indicate the areas of surveying in which terminological and conceptual differences occur, the factors that trigger them and translation strategies which are used to solve them. The book focuses on a systematic, corpus-based study of terminology and provides a set of guidelines how to enrich the content of surveying dictionaries. It is addressed to terminologists, translators, technical writers as well as to specialists in the surveying field.

Over the Eastern Mediterranean Coast, a historical centre, well known as the port of the Phoenicians, stands facing the sea where ships sail across the blue horizon. There lie the oldest historical monuments of Sidon that remain undocumented. This paper's aim is to study these buildings that have been damaged by urbanization by using methodological norms and predict their social practices that were inhabited with the lifestyle of fishermen and by which we came across many repetitive patterns that turned out to be modular. By envisaging the modular spatial practices of ruined buildings, their cores of which we had no previous information, we can restore those buildings to their original state.

‫للطريق‬ ‫الجانبي‬ ‫الرفع‬ ‫ويشمل‬ ‫للطريق‬ ‫الفقي‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫ويستعرض‬ ، ‫التصميم‬ ‫ومحددات‬ ‫ومواصفات‬ ، ‫الحضرية‬ Superelevation ‫والتوسيع‬ Widening ‫الرأسي‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫فتستهدف‬ ‫التالية‬ ‫المرحلة‬ ‫أما‬ ‫النتقالية،‬ ‫والمنحنيات‬ ‫و‬ ‫الرصف‬ ‫عروض‬ ‫وتحديد‬ ‫العرضية‬ ‫القطاعات‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫الخيرة‬ ‫المرحلة‬ ‫تأتي‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫الرأسية‬ ‫والمنحنيات‬ ‫للطريق‬ ‫للطريق.‬ ‫النشائي‬ ‫والتصميم‬ ‫الدوار‬ ‫وتصميم‬ ‫الوسطية‬ ‫والجزر‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وأرصفة‬ ‫والبردورات‬ ‫الكتاف‬ ) ‫رقم‬ ‫جدول‬ 2 ‫الجريان‬ ‫وسرعة‬ ‫التصميميه‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫العلقة‬ ( ‫التصميمية‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫ساعة(‬ / ‫)كم‬ Design Speed ‫الجريان‬ ‫سرعة‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫ساعة(‬ / ‫)كم‬ Average ‫التصميمية‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫مواصفات‬ Design Speed Standards ‫والمتوقعة‬ ‫المختارة‬ ‫التصميمية‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫متناسبة‬ ‫للطريق‬ ‫الهندسي‬ ‫التصميم‬ ‫خصائص‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫أساس‬ ‫على‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫التصميمية‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫اختيار‬ ‫المصمم‬ ‫على‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫كما‬ ‫التضاريس‬ ‫وظروف‬ ‫البيئية‬ ‫للظروف‬ . ‫القتصادية‬ ‫والعتبارات‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫و‬ ‫التضاريس‬ ‫وخصائص‬ ‫المخططة‬ ‫الطريق‬ ) ‫رقم‬ ‫جدول‬ 3 ‫الحضرية‬ ‫للطرق‬ ‫التصميمية‬ ‫السرعة‬ ( ‫درجات‬ ‫الدنى‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫ساعة(‬ / ‫)كم‬

The book adopts a classical pedagogical approach by providing a vivid insight into the theory of surveying and its application through solving typical problems in the field of surveying. It aims at helping the students understand surveying more comprehensively through solving field related problems. Each chapter of the book commences with a summary of basic theory and a range of worked out examples making it very useful for all undergraduate and postgraduate courses in surveying. Alternative solutions to the problems wherever possible, have also been included for stimulating the budding minds. A number of objective type questions which are now a days commonly used in many competitive examinations, have been included on each topic to help the readers to get better score in such examinations. At the end, a number of selected unsolved problems have also been included to attain confidence on the subject by solving them. The book is also intended to help students preparing for AMIE, IS, and Diploma examinations. The practicing engineers and surveyors will also find the book very useful in their career while preparing designs and layouts of various application-oriented projects.

The use of Global Positioning System (GPS) in cadastral surveying has ignited much interest over the past decades. To take advantage of the rapid expansion of the GPS technology in both developed and developing countries, cadastral surveying firms and government agencies are increasingly turning their attention to the delivery of services through the GPS technology. GPS has made inroads in those applications requiring lower precision surveys and is fast becoming a primary technology for acquiring data for input into geographical and information system.

Unfortunately, cadastral surveyors in Malawi have a task of catching up to this technology since Malawi is poor and undeveloped. The adoption rate of GPS technology in cadastral surveying is not known. Therefore, to get on the same standard with our colleagues worldwide, there is a need to find out how fast we are updating our technology in cadastral surveying.

The research aimed at investigating the rate of adopting the use of Global Position System technology in Malawi’s cadastral surveying industry.

The research was carried out through structured questionnaires. The questionnaire forms were given to nine cadastral firms and were assessed using simple percentage calculations and displayed on both tables and pie charts.

After the study, a rate of adopting the GPS technology in the cadastral surveying industry was produced. The results showed a high rate of adopting the GPS technology at 71.43% which as compared to the rate of both developed (78.0%) and developing (70.1%) countries, is an indicator of progress in Malawi’s surveying industry.

Despite Malawi being poor, it can still facilitate access to the GPS technology which can contribute towards its Economic Recovery Plan and Malawi Growth and Development Strategy especially on poverty reduction and rural development.

Isu pertikaian tanda sempadan diantara dua hakmilik telah berlaku sejak 1990-an. Ini disebabkan oleh perkembangan teknologi moden yang digunakan bagi pengukuran tanah pada masa ini. Walaubagaimanapun, dengan penggunaan teknologi ini dapat dimanfaatkan oleh juruukur bagi menyelesaikan masalah yang menyebabkan pertindihan sempadan tanah. Oleh itu, kajian ini dilakukan untuk menyelidik, mempelajari, mengenalpasti dan menganalisa isu pertindihan sempadan tanah. Selain itu, tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk melihat diantara penyelesaian yang digunakan oleh mahkamah bagi membantu meleraikan pertikaian tanda sempadan. Hasil utama kajian untuk membolehkan isu-isu pertindihan sempadan dapat dilihat dengan lebih jelas oleh pelajar ukur tanah dan pentadbiran tanah samaada dari segi teknikal ataupun undang-undang.

The history of Tauric Chersonesus, a colony of Heraclea Pontica, established on the coast of the Gerakleiskii Peninsula, lasted for two thousand years, from the fifth century BC to the fifteenth century AD. During this period, many exciting events took place in this area. Especially interesting for researchers always were the initial centuries, when the chora was shaped and the polis lands were demarcated. These aspects have been addressed by a multitude of field researches and scholarly publications (Блаватский, 1953; Стржелецкий, 1961; Щеглов, 1978; Виноградов, Щеглов, 1990; Зубарь, 1993; Сапрыкин, 1994; Николаенко, 1999; 2001).
In the initial stage of Tauric Chersonesus, the colonists’ main task was the development of neighbouring areas to establish firm economy based on farming. It was the time of adaptation to local life conditions and of the searches for the best ways of use and protection of the neighbouring lands in the Gerakleiskii Peninsula, Inkerman Valley, and Balaklava Valley. In 400/350–375/350 BC, Tauric Chersonesus started the division of the neighbouring country in the Gerakleiskii Peninsula. At first, they demarcated the area of the Maiachnyi Peninsula, which formed the westernmost tip of the Gerakleiskii Peninsula. Soon after, 10,000 hectares of the Gerakleiskii Peninsula were demarcated into plots.
This division also foresaw the establishment of the system of defence of the chora as an important part of the polis territory, especially vulnerable to enemies’ aggression and plunder, which threatened Chersonese that its lands and provisions would be lost. The security to the region was provided by installation of forts in the demarcated area, without violation of its integrity. The fortified settlements on the isthmus of the Maiachnyi Peninsula on the west, in the Bermana Ravine on the south, in the Khomutova Ravine on the east, and on the Karan’ Hills (Bezymiannaia Hill) on the south-east are known at present. There were roads connecting these forts with Tauric Chersonesus and each other, going between the farming plots.

Маячный полуостров является частью земледельческой округи античного Херсонеса, где сохранились строительные остатки оборонительных сооружений и жилых построек укрепленного поселения на перешейке, сельские усадьбы и специально созданные на земельных наделах агротехнические сооружения для успешного выращивания виноградной культуры на плато полуострова. Многие памятники известны еще с конца XVIII века. В XIX – начале ХХ в. были проведены раскопки отдельных участков оборонительной системы и внутренней планировки укрепления на перешейке, а на плато полуострова раскопано несколько усадеб и участков земельных наделов. В результате проведенных исследований возникли различные противоречивые представления о хронологии этого региона хоры и его роли в истории Херсонеса Таврического.
Во второй половине прошлого века сразу несколько экспедиций продолжили здесь масштабные исследования. В течение последних 20 лет Гераклейская экспедиция музея-заповедника «Херсонес Таврический» под руководством автора также сосредоточила свое внимание на изучении памятников Маячного полуострова. Раскопки позволили уточнить хронологию оборонительной системы и внутренней застройки укрепленного поселения на перешейке. Достаточно интенсивно изучалась хора на самом полуострове. В ходе исследований территории укрепленного поселения на перешейке и площади земельных наделов использовались геофизические методы изысканий, в частности, электроразведка, что значительно пополнило наши знания о межевой системе этого региона хоры Херсонеса в античный период и позволило с большей уверенностью gриступить к ее воссозданию.
Итогам многолетних раскопок Гераклейской экспедиции на Маячном полуострове и посвящена эта работа. Основная цель данного издания – археологическая характеристика укрепленного поселения на перешейке Маячного полуострова, земельных наделов и усадеб, расположенных на его плато, а также введение в научный оборот материалов, добытых раскопками.