Land Law

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan memahami tanggung jawab negara terhadap pelaksanaan pembangunan perumahan yang berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM), dan untuk mengetahui implementasi pengaturan hukum tentang tanggung jawab negara terhadap pembangunan perumahan bagi masyarakat miskin, serta untuk mengetahui implikasi kebijakan negara terhadap pembangunan perumahan dan permukiman masyarakat miskin. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut maka metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif normatif yang ditunjang dengan penelitian hukum sosiologis sebagai pelengkap guna menggambarkan norma hukum dalam pengaturan pembangunan perumahan dan permukiman dikaitkan dengan pemenuhan Hak Asasi Manusia masyarakat miskin. Tanggung jawab negara di bidang pembangunan perumahan dan permukiman yang sesuai dengan konteks HAM harus terlihat dalam aspek-aspek ketersediaan, keterjangkauan dan keberlanjutan. Ketiga aspek tersebut merupakan prinsip terpenuhinya hak-hak masyarakat miskin dalam perspektif HAM. Selanjutnya, implementasi pengaturan hukum terhadap tanggung jawab negara telah diatur mulai dari Konstitusi hingga ke berbagai peraturan di bidang perumahan dan permukiman; tetapi pada tataran implementasi masih sulit terutama terkait dengan konsistensi pengaturan pemerintah untuk pemenuhan hak masyarakat miskin dalam memiliki perumahan yang layak. Pengaruh daripada implementasi karena sinkronisasi pengaturan bukan terfokus pada pemenuhan hak tetapi pada pengadaan proyek pembangunan perumahan dan permukiman untuk kepentingan bisnis semata. Implikasi kebijakan negara dalam pembangunan perumahan bagi masyarakat miskin masih berbenturan dengan kendalakendala seperti kebijakan yang berorientasi pasar, ketersediaan lahan dan belum berorientasi pada pemerataan khususnya hak masyarakat miskin untuk memperoleh rumah yang layak huni baik perumahan RS, RSS maupun RSH. Perlu dilakukan sinkronisasi pengaturan kebijakan perumahan dan permukiman dengan pemenuhan hak Ekosob melalui konvensi-konvensi HAM Ekosob yang sudah diratifikasi oleh pemerintah. ________________________________________________________________________ Kata kunci: pemenuhan, hak masyarakat miskin PENDAHULUAN Ketentuan Pasal 28H ayat (1) Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia 1945 secara jelas menjamin bahwa setiap orang berhak hidup sejahtera lahir dan batin, bertempat tinggal, dan mendapatkan lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat. Demikian halnya dalam konsideran huruf b Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 2011 tentang Perumahan dan Kawasan Permukiman (UU-PKP) menyatakan bahwa negara bertanggung jawab melindungi segenap bangsa Indonesia melalui penyelenggaraan brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

Land tenure system in Africa has received extensive research coverage. For years the customary tenure system was regarded as contradictions to development. Researchers and donor organisations, particularly the World Bank, pushed this agenda and called for its replacement with a more efficient land tenure regime that would promote exclusive land use right through land title registration. After decades of the failure of the land title registration agenda to achieve the perceived investment in land, there is a shift to recognise the customary land tenure practices as evolving, negotiable, fluid, efficient and capable of promoting investment and development in land. This paper examines the effects of land tenure dynamism on yam farming in the Atebubu-Amanten District of Ghana. The paper situates the land tenure debate within the context of the evolutionary theory of land rights which argues that land tenure is evolving from communal landholding to atomistic family and individual landholding. The paper argues that the transition to the individual land rights affects the farming system based on shifting cultivation and land fallowing as practiced in the study area. The study concludes that there is a relationship between the land tenure system and the system of cultivation. Therefore, any attempt at land tenure reforms geared towards exclusive land use right through individual titling should take into consideration the prevailing farming system.

1. Internationally there is a large and growing body of scholarly literature that describes problems of land access and discusses the 'exclusion' of people, often indigenous people, from landscapes. Exclusion connotes the removal of access of people from landscapes and the process by which this occurs; the interactions between legality (often termed regulation), force as acts of violence or threats of violence, the market and legitimation.[1] Regulation (termed legality in this paper) is associated with legal and state instrumentality and is the 'rules regarding access to land and conditions of use.'[2] The market is linked to commodification, the creation of incentives and pressure to individualise land tenure arrangements so as to make land transactions more efficient. [3] Legitimation 'establishes the moral basis for exclusive claims, and indeed for entrenching regulation, the market and force as politically and socially acceptable bases for exclusion.'[4]...

O ITR é um imposto territorial Rural, com finalidade a prestação de serviços aos cidadãos, e com o objetivo de diminuir as áreas improdutivas, onde o imposto é mais caro nestas áreas, conseqüentemente incentivado as áreas produtivas, sendo mais barato o imposto. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no município de Guaraniaçu PR com 40 produtores sendo que visava testar o conhecimento dos agricultores referente ao imposto, pois muitos não sabem para que serve e porque é cobrado o imposto, não sendo escolhidos tipos de proprietários sendo tanto da área pecuária como agricultura, sendo de pequeno, médio e grande porte, as avaliações foram realizadas através da aplicação de questionário diretamente aos proprietários. O questionário abrangeu perguntas como período de apuração do ITR, como se calcula, o fator de geração do imposto, período de declaração, para onde vai os dinheiros arrecadados e se existe possibilidade de não pagamento. Observou-se que 12,5% dos produtores não sabiam o período exat...

This article examines the Greek term κτοίνα, a lexical survival from the Mycenaean period that reappears sporadically in inscriptions from the Rhodian area dating to the Hellenistic and Roman periods, as well as in Hesychius’ Lexicon. The available contexts suggest that the word underwent a semantic shift over time, from its original meaning of ‘plot of land’, as attested in Mycenaean sources, to the notion of ‘territorial unit’. This study argues that, despite this evolution, κτοίνα consistently retains a religious connotation across its occurrences. This association with the religious sphere may account for its survival through the centuries.

Розглядаються спеціальні принципи міжнародного екологічного права, виявлено взаємозалежність загальних принципів міжнародного права, спеціальних принципів міжнародного екологічного права та принципів міжнародного економічного права.Рассматриваются специальные принципы международного экологического права, выявлено взаимозависимость общих принципов международного права, специальных принципов международного экологического права и принципов международного экономического права.Special principles of international environmental law are considered, the interdependence of general principles of international law, special principles of international environmental law and principles of international economic law is revealed

This is an application for Restitutio in Integrum filed by the substituted Plaintiff-Petitioner-Petitioner to set aside the order of the District Court of Monaragala dated 21.03.2024 in Case No. 2229/L, and to set aside the settlement entered between the parties on 05.03.2018 in the same case. 2] The Petitioner, who is the substituted Plaintiff after the death of his father (the original Plaintiff), states that his father was the lawful owner of the land described in Schedule A of the amended plaint. A dispute arose in 2010 when the Respondent objected to the construction on part of this land (Schedule B), resulting in a police complaint and a subsequent Magistrate's Court 66 order

The contemporary debate on the “commons” often relies on economic paradigms that assume the inevitable depletion of open-access resources unless subjected to collective regulation. Yet this perspective risks obscuring the legal complexity of collective ownership forms. This essay argues that such forms cannot be reduced to a single notion of the commons: each arose within specific historical contexts—Napoleonic reforms, post-unification legislation, or modern statutory law—and served distinct political and social purposes. Through a comparative analysis, including native title jurisprudence in Canada and Australia, the essay shows that only by reconstructing the dogmatic structures underlying these experiences can we move beyond economic models and toward a genuine legal topology of collective land rights.

This article attempts to study the interaction between two antagonistic dynamics that the community of the mediaeval city of Taroudant has undergone and is still experiencing, starting from the colonial period to the 2020s. It is manifested, on the one hand, in the grabbing of collective agricultural land linked to agrarian capitalism and urban expansion; and on the other hand, in the contestation dynamic of the members of Ahl Taroudant tribe, who are the historic users of these lands. The data analysed here is the result of a 06-year field observation. It is also based on biographical interviews with members from three generations of this tribe. A special focus was placed on the socioeconomic conditions of Sulâliyyât women and their resistance to the social discrimination they faced.

Resumo: Novos processos de comunicação podem contribuir para o preparo profissional em atendimento ao mercado, o que caracteriza a educação a distância. Por outro lado, a gestão do trânsito é uma área que necessita de profissionais preparados para compor ambientes sustentáveis em atendimento a demanda. Deste modo, o trabalho tem por objetivo a elaboração de proposta de cursos MBA na modalidade a distância voltados à gestão do trânsito para cidades brasileiras de pequeno e médio porte. A metodologia do trabalho foi composta de pesquisa inerente à área de gestão do trânsito com aspectos referentes às exigências atuais para sustentabilidade urbana e melhoria da qualidade de vida para elaboração de cursos de especialização. Ao final, são apresentados tópicos para cursos em três ênfases que são o planejamento dos transportes urbanos, a infraestrutura viária e a circulação urbana. Palavras-chave: Educação a Distância; Trânsito Urbano; Sustentabilidade Urbana. SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF TRA...

Since long before the 2023 wildfires, Lahaina has been a battleground for Kanaka Maoli who are winning their ancestral lands back in settler courts of law. Kanaka Maoli leader Keʻeaumoku Kapu has waged legal battles against developers and has won using the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi's kuleana maps to show how the United States has been juridically forced to recognize kuleana land claims established under the Kingdom. In the first part of this essay, I foreground the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi maps that the Kapu family has used in their legal cases to expose the settler processes of land seizure and the erasure of Kanaka Maoli histories on their ancestral lands. In the second half of the essay, I show that kuleana maps are a wonder of genealogy that remind us of the intimate relationality between Kanaka Maoli and the elements. The mapping of kuleana family names is a beautiful reminder that in elemental cartographies, humans are also elements. Such cartographies teach us that kuleana maps are relational webs of Kanaka Maoli knowledges, reaching out to descendants across time and space and laying a foundation for the restoration of a more resilient Lahaina after the fires.

Land acquisition for public purposes is an activity intended for the public interest that uses community land. To be able to carry out development in the public interest, the government uses state land. If state land is not sufficient or cannot maximize development, the government can use land from individuals or groups by carrying out the land acquisition. In implementing land acquisition, the land acquisition team must pay attention to the rights of the people affected by land acquisition. Irregularities that often occur in the implementation of land acquisition are related to discrimination, intimidation, and violence. These rights are included in human rights, which must be upheld and protected because this is closely related to property rights. Human rights give an understanding that the right to own something is the right of every citizen, including the right to own land is one of the human rights inherent in each person per person in groups. While property rights must not be ...

A "colourful transaction" in the context of Section 96 of the State Acquisition and Tenancy Act, 1950 of Bangladesh, refers to a transfer of land that is disguised as something other than a sale in order to defeat the right of pre-emption. This term is a judicial creation, not explicitly defined in the law itself, but it's a concept that has been widely recognized and applied by the courts to ensure the integrity of the pre-emption right.

This case examines the decision of the High Court of Tanzania at Musoma in PC Civil Appeal No. 73 of 2022, arising from disputes over the administration of the estate of the late Erasto Josiah Toga. The central issue concerned whether administratrixes retained legal authority after filing final accounts and inventories (Forms V and VI) Now Form 80 and 81).

The Court held that once administrators have filed these documents and the probate cause has been closed, they become functus officio—they cease to hold legal authority in their capacity as administrators. Consequently, they cannot sue or be sued in that role. The Court emphasized the principle that “there is no lifetime administrator” within Tanzanian probate law.

This ruling reinforces the importance of statutory timelines and procedures under the Probate and Administration of Estates Act [Cap. 445 R.E. 2019], ensuring that estate administration is a temporary responsibility bound by law. The judgment provides clarity on the finality of probate proceedings and prevents misuse of authority by former administrators.

The book compares fundamental legal conditions such as property ownership rights, land tenure, and tax regimes in China, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Indonesia. The chapter details how each country’s property ownership laws, taxation of real estate, and restrictions on foreign ownership differ, providing a comparative matrix of institutional environments

Indonesia merupakan negara yang sedang berkembang, sama halnya dengan negara-negara berkembang lainnya yang dalam pembangunan dan persebaran penduduknya akan semakin terus meningkat dengan seiring berkembangnya zaman. Karena hal itu mengakibatkan jumlah penduduk yang tidak merata apalagi pemerintah tidak terlalu mengkontrol masalah ini, sehingga salah satu contohnya yaitu di Pulau Jawa yang secara sensus, penduduknya lebih banyak dari pulau-pulau lain di Indonesia. Hal ini berbanding terbalik dengan luas tanah yang tersedia dan terbatas. Inilah yang menjadi tujuan dari penelitian yuridis normative untuk mengetahui penyebab terjadinya masalah dikemudian hari dalam bidang pertanahan seperti sengketa tanah antara PT. KAI dengan masyarakat di beberapa daerah pulau jawa. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini terjadi dikarenakan masyarakat merasa memiliki hak atas tanah yang ditempati dengan alasan bahwa tanah yang ditempati sudah diterlantarkan oleh PT. KAI selama berpuluh-puluh tahun dan masyarakat menolak penuh apabila terjadi penggusuran yang dilakukan oleh PT. KAI. Sengketa ini bermula dari rencana reaktivasi rel kereta api yang dipakai kembali dengan tujuan bersifat publik maupun privat, dengan berpegang pada grondkaart dari masa kolonial Belanda oleh PT. KAI. Grondkaart sendiri atau hak beheer Djawatan Kereta Api diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri Agraria Nomor 9 Tahun 1965 menegaskan bahwa suatu instansi pemerintah yang masih menguasai hak beheer atas tanah haruslah dikonversi menjadi hak pengelolaan dan hak pakai untuk didaftarkan di Badan Pertanahan Nasional guna mendapatkan setifikat sebagai tanda bukti. Namun dalam kenyataannya masih ada beberapa tanah PT. KAI yang belum dikonversi menjadi hak pengelolaan atau hak pakai. Dengan hal itu sebaiknya penyelesaian masalah penguasaan terhadap tanah PT.KAI dilakukan dialog bersama dan bermusyawarah dengan pihak-pihak yang terlibat serta mendatangkan ahli yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan itu supaya mendapat jalan tengah dan tidak ada yang merasa dirugikan. Kata kunci: Jumlah Penduduk, PT. KAI, Hak Atas Tanah

Seventeen years of struggle. That's what it took for the United Nations to adopton 17 December 2018the Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas (UNDROP 2018). UNDROP recognises the dignity of the world's rural populations, their contributions to global food production, and the 'special relationship' they have to land, water and nature, as well as their vulnerabilities to eviction, hazardous working conditions and political repression. It reiterates human rights protected in other instruments and sets new standards for individual and collective rights to land and natural resources, seeds, biodiversity and food sovereignty. Readers of this Grassroots Voices forum will encounter some of the key actors that made the Declaration happen: peasant activists from Indonesia, Belgium, France, Germany, Senegal and Argentina; a farmworker union activist from the United States; a women's rights activist from Spain; a Bolivian diplomat; the Indian leader of a transnational Catholic farmers' movement; an advocate for small-scale fishers from Uganda; a Swiss jurist; an indigenous peoples' rights leader from Mexico who had participated in the negotiations of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP); and human rights advocates from CETIM 1 and FIAN International, two organisations that played key supporting roles in the process. Together they describe a new kind of people's diplomacy and an innovative, bottom-up process of building alliances, lobbying, and authoring international law. As Henry Saragih, Melik Özden and Florian Rochat describe below, the process in the UN began in 2001, when La Via Campesina (LVC) first called for peasants' rights in debates on the 'right to development' in the UN Human Rights Commission (CETIM, WFDY, and LVC 2001). 2 Its roots, however, go further back, to the brutal repression in Indonesia in the mid-1960s, and to LVC's 1996 decision, at its Second International Conference in Tlaxcala, Mexico, to bring its 'objectives to the international arena of the FAO, IMF, WB, WTO and other international forums of the United Nations and the ILO' (LVC 1996). While LVC historically kept its distance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO), which it views as adversaries, it has long pursued engagement with various UN bodies and agencies, with an emphasis on the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and UN Committee on World Food Security (CFS) (Edelman and Borras 2016, chap. 6). Before the creation, in 2012, of the

1 Department of Climate Change and Food Security, Faculty of Agribusiness and Communication Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana. 2 Department of Climate Change and Food Security, Faculty of Agribusiness and Communication Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL1882, Tamale, Ghana. 3 Department of Climate Change and Food Security, Faculty of Agribusiness and Communication Sciences, University for Development Studies, Ghana.

This Compendium of Judgments on the Forest Rights Act: 2015 - 2018 is a companion volume to a first of its kind Compendium of Judgments on the Forest Rights Act 2007-2015 published by MoTA and UNDP in December 2015 (available at https://www.academia.edu/27965735/Compendum_of_Judgments_on_FRA_2007_2015_pdf and  https://tribal.nic.in/downloads/FRA/3.%20Compendum%20of%20Judgements%20on%20FRA.pdf ).  In the ten years since that volume was released, there have been numerous court decisions on the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, even as the statutory landscape around environmental conservation and protection has seen significant change. This book picks up where the December 2015 volume left off, and includes key court orders and judgments from the period 2015 to 2018, along with brief summaries and contextualization.
The Forest Rights Act has been pivotal in providing a powerful vocabulary to the centuries old struggles of Adivasi and forest dwelling communities to regain control over their ancestral homelands. It has provided the legislative landscape for a bold new imagination of self-governance, environmental conservation, and property relations, and opened creative pathways for translating complex and critical understanding of forest ecosystems into the formal language of governance. It is hoped the present volume provides a deeper and wider understanding of the transformative potential of the Forest Rights Act both inside and outside the court room.

sugarcane farming. The investor was anxious to "get the squatters off my land", and with the help of the UPDF, Flora and others were soon evicted. She went to find a living in the closest town. Flora turned to the authorities to get her land back, but to no avail. In the local court, it was explained that the government owned the land, and that the deal was protected both by an investment treaty and by a concession contract, the latter one being enforceable under Ugandan law. In an obiter dictum, the judge told her that even if it had not been the Government's land, it belonged to the clan, and she was no longer a member of the clan, since her husband had died. This situation is not authentic, but it could have been. Against the backdrop of the fate of many war widows in Northern Uganda, it is specifically inspired by two cases of alleged "land grab" in Uganda: the Amuru Sugar Works case and the Kaweri Coffee Plantation case, to which I will return later. 1 I have amalgamated the two in order to provide a focus for my question: If international law cannot help Flora, what is wrong with international law? International Land Law -an irrational hodgepodge. The purpose of law is to regulate human activity and to settle disputes in an efficient and rational manner, that is, to get outcomes that correspond to a certain (and presumably coherent) conception of justice, what Ronald Dworkin calls integrity. 2 Domestic law sometimes does this, and sometimes not. However, to the extent that domestic law fails in this respect, it can be fixed by a legislator, or by a supreme court, which balances different interests. 3 At the international level it is different. If there is a problem with the law, it takes agreement, or at least tacit acquiescence, between some 200 states to have it fixed. If powerful interests are vested in an irrational status quo, the prospects for change are bleak. And yet, people are justified in expecting integrity from international law. In the preamble to the UN Charter, states declare that they are "determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war … to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the 1 My reason for choosing Uganda, is biographical: I lived there for three years.

Дана стаття присвячена дослідженню визначення предмету контролю залежно від виду господарської діяльності, яку провадить підприємство Постановка проблеми. Контроль є невід'ємною складовою управління господарською діяльністю. На сучасному етапі розвитку науки про контроль існує ряд проблем, пов'язаних із методологією здійснення контролю. Важливим моментом є початковий етап контролю -формування системи контролю, визначення об'єктів, суб'єктів та предмету контролю. Економіка України перебуває на етапі формування нової системи контролю. Формування методології контролю на постулатах Радянського Союзу та невдале впровадження західного досвіду зумовлює неефективність сучасної системи контролю як державних органів, так і внутрішньофірмових структурних підрозділів. Для ефективного здійснення контролю в країні, як внутрішнього так і державного, потрібно розробити методичні рекомендації щодо його здійснення. Під час створення рекомендацій щодо формування системи контролю в Україні необхідно враховувати вже існуючу нормативно-правову базу та потребу в інформації в сучасних умовах. Для здійснення ефективного управління країною необхідно мати чітке уявлення про матеріально-технічне забезпечення в Україні та його стан. Здійснення цілеспрямованої інвентаризації усього майна призведе до значних витрат. Мета дослідження полягає у визначенні предмету контролю залежно від виду господарської діяльності, яку провадить підприємство. Викладення основного матеріалу. Неможливо уявити діяльність будь-якого підприємства, установи або організації без здійснення на них контролю. За словами Є.О. Кочерина, "Чітко налагоджена контрольна діяльність дозволяє своєчасно вдосконалювати систему управління, коригувати плани, покращувати звітність і т.д. Задача контролю полягає в тому, щоб виявити фактичний стан справ, співставити відповідність цього стану наміченим цілям і у випадку необхідності прийняти коригуючі заходи. Найбільш ефективний такий контроль, який допомагає завчасно виявити причини тих чи інших відхилень, попередити зриви в роботі, виявити невикористані резерви" [1, с 4]. В наш час особливу увагу слід приділяти державному контролю. Контроль з боку держави в Україні має досить розгалужену систему. Перелік органів виконавчої влади та предмет контролю наведено в таблиці 1. Таблиця 1. Органи виконавчою влади, які виконують контрольні функції, та предмет контролю Орган виконавчої влади Предмет контролю (нагляду) 1 2 1. Міністерство економіки України Додержання ліцензіатами ліцензійних умов Державна інспекція з контролю за цінами Ціни і тарифи Державний департамент з питань банкрутства Додержання ліцензіатами ліцензійних умов

ПРОБЛЕМИ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ ТА ДИФЕРЕНЦІАЦІЇ В ЕКОЛОГІЧНОМУ ПРАВІ: ПИТАННЯ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРАВА ЕКОЛОГІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ Зростання наукового знання -одна з ключових проблем сучасного пізнання і дослідницької діяльності. Прогрес кожної галузі науки обумовлений можливістю розгляду її як цілісної системи. Більш того, знання знаходиться в стані зміни, становлення. Одним з істотних механізмів розвитку та становлення наукового пізнання є його інтеграція і диференціація. На наш погляд, диференціація та інтеграція -два взаємопов'язаних і різноспрямованих способи зростання і розвитку наукового знання. Процес диференціації -перехід від «єдиного», загального до подільного, «багато чого». Розділення загального знання на його частини, види або підвиди призводить до появи нових сфер знання, з'являються нові об'єкти і галузі дослідження, цілі галузі наукового знання. Процеси диференціації перетворили науку в складну і розгалужену систему дисциплін. Інтеграція -протилежний механізм розвитку наукового знання, в результаті якого відбувається об'єднання розрізнених знань, областей дослідження, тобто відбувається перехід від «багато чого» до «єдиного». Це одна з найважливіших закономірностей розвитку наукового знання, становлення його цілісності. Слід підкреслити, що далеко не кожне міждисциплінарне дослідження комплексних проблем є інтегративною взаємодією наук. Сутність інтеграції -в ущільненні наукової інформації, зростанні системності, комплексності та бази знань. Таким чином, інтеграції та диференціації підлягає будь-яка галузь і сфера знань. Не становить виключення й екологічне право. 145 brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

Tanah memiliki makna yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia. Ia tidak hanya bernilai ekonomis, tetapi juga menyangkut identitas, budaya, dan spiritualitas. Bagi masyarakat adat, tanah merupakan bagian dari warisan leluhur yang harus dijaga dan diwariskan kepada generasi berikutnya. Sementara itu, bagi negara modern, tanah adalah aset pembangunan yang dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat melalui investasi, infrastruktur, dan industrialisasi. Perbedaan paradigma inilah yang seringkali melahirkan konflik agraria.

The aim of this thesis is to assess the Irish regulatory approach to asset and wealth distribution upon marital breakdown, and to highlight the implications arising from the failure to articulate the social policy aims of such regulation. Whilst the main body of the thesis considers the regulatory approach of four distinct jurisdictions, it commences with a critical overview of the rules versus discretion debate in order to illustrate the nature and impact of different approaches to law-making. Thus chapter one incorporates both a theoretical examination of rule-based and discretion-based regulation and an examination of the significance of such regulatory approaches in the context of asset distribution on divorce. Chapter two provides a historical account of the elevated status of the marital family under Irish law and the implications for the manner in which the remedy of divorce was eventually enacted. Chapter three provides a critical analysis of the content and workings of the Family Law (Divorce) Act 1996, which in granting extensive and infinite judicial powers to secure justice and proper provision, has evaded the responsibility for identifying the objectives of such state intervention, creating a legal and social policy vacuum and a system which lacks legitimacy, predictability and fairness. In order to fully illuminate these shortcomings and ultimately inform the Irish lawmakers as to the need for, and nature o f reform, a detailed and comparative analysis of the governing regimes o f three distinct jurisdictions, California, Scotland and New Zealand is presented in chapters four to six respectively. Particular attention will be focused upon the willingness of these law-makers to enunciate the social and legal policy objectives of their governing laws. Ultimately it will be argued that effective governance demands that regulatory processes, howsoever structured, exist within a considered and articulated legal and social policy context. Irish family law learn from the experiences of California, Scotland and New Zealand? Bibliography 301 49 Posner R The Problem s o f Jurisprudence (Harvard University Press) (1990) at 456. See also Simon D "A Psychological Model o f Judicial Decision Making" (1998) 30 Rutgers L.J. 1. 50 Supra n. 9 at 37. 51 Without such a requirement, Dworkin, ibid at fn. 20 notes, "no rule could be said to be binding". 52 Supra n. 1 at 24. Davis identifies an almost accidental source for the development o f discretionary power in the twentieth century, blaming "the zeal o f those who a generation or two ago were especially striving to protect against excessive discretionary power. They attempted too m uch..." He surmises that in attempting to eliminate the possibility o f arbitrary decision making powers, the legal system became rigid and inflexible, and ultimately unworkable without discretion. 53 Supra n. 8 at 926.

Які нові виклики використання ШІ при підготовці дисертацій? Які саме відомості слід вважати загальновідомими в сучасній юридичній науці? Чи відповідає вимогам академічної доброчесності включення у Новизну неіснуючих у тексті дисертації наукових результатів? Ці питання стали предметом обговорення під час захисту результатів одного з  нещодавніх досліджень.

Land is an important asset and redistribution of land is a sensitive subject in Colombia. Land issues in Colombia are complex and include political, social and economic aspects. Due to an on-going conflict people are being denied access to land. In Colombia there are between 3.3 and 4.9 million internally displaced persons that have been deprived of land. In a country where many base livelihoods on land, displacement cause severe effects. With a new Victims' Law introduced in 2010, the Colombian government intends to address issues of displacement. A case study method has been used to examine if redistribution of land can function in times of conflict. In order to answer the question we used a theoretical framework involving land redistribution, property rights and legal empowerment. In a context where land rights are being neglected and not protected, land redistribution faces challenges. The internal conflict have damaged the efficiency and reach of institutions, which hinders institutional reforms. When there are not sufficient institutions to assure implementation, reforms fall short.

The chapter examines the ins and outs of a protected area zonation undertaken by the Ministry of Environment and a large conservation organisation in Northern Cambodia. On paper, the approach was innovative as it aimed to promote an inclusive form of forest management where customary land and resource tenure are recognised and formalised. We used an analytic of assemblage to look critically at the initiative and ask who benefits and loses out in these processes. We examine two distinct assemblages existing within the same forest landscape but which are constituted by radically different components. The first is comprised of state agencies and a conservation organisation that undertook the protected area zonation, which are the central pillars of a larger conservation assemblage. The other is forged by largely autonomous Kuy communities that assembled to protect their forests from outside interests and which have a very different perspective of what constitutes the forest, its uses and values, its more-than-human dimensions, and approaches to conservation. We examine how and why the conservation assemblage goals to conduct a more inclusive zonation process were not realised in practice, despite the good intentions of individuals involved and significant resources deployed. In particular, we draw attention to the question of people's participation and the narrow scope of what was up for discussion; processes of simplification at play that failed to grasp the complexity of people's livelihoods and use of forests; and the subsuming of political claims over forests into technical problems to be fixed, which served to reinforce the knowledge and authority of the Ministry of Environment. It resulted in a process of exclusion of the people it was supposed to benefit, caused by the combined exercise of distinct forms of power that speak to different sets of actors, agendas, and socio-political contingencies.

est sociologue et économiste de formation. Jusqu'en août 2002, il était professeur à l'Institut d'études du développement, Université Catholique de Louvain ( UCL, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgique ) et chercheur au FNRS ( Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique ). Il est co-fondateur du groupe de recherche FEED ( 'Foncier, Espaces, Environnement, Développement' ) à l'IED, UCL et travaille actuellement au Service foncier de la Division du développement rural à la FAO, Rome. Le présent document a été rédigé en collaboration avec le GRET, Paris, alors qu'il y tenait un poste de recherche. Paul Mathieu a acquis une expérience considérable des questions foncières sur le terrain; ses travaux ont porté sur les politiques, les institutions locales et la gestion des conflits fonciers, principalement en Afrique. Philippe Lavigne Delville, agronome et anthropologue de formation, est actuellement Directeur scientifique au GRET ( Groupe de Recherche et d'Echanges Technologiques ) à Paris. Hubert Ouédraogo est juriste et consultant à Ouagadougou. Mahamadou Zongo, anthropologue, travaille en tant que consultant et enseigne actuellement à l'université de Ouagadougou. Lacinan Paré, géographe et consultant, est décédé en 2002. Ses collègues et coauteurs souhaitent rendre hommage à sa mémoire à travers cette publicationl'un de ses derniers ouvrages.

Jelita iman berhias ilmu, ilmu berhias 'amal, dan 'amal berhias kelembutan -Salim A Fillah Tiada kata terindah selain hamdalah yang dapat penulis haturkan atas penulisan skripsi sebagai syarat untuk memperoleh gelar kesarjanaan di bidang Ilmu Hukum. Hanya dari Allah SWT lah, segala anugerah, kekuatan, keistiqamahan, kesabaran, dan keikhlasan diberikan kepada penulis sehingga penyusunan skripsi dengan judul Kedudukan Hukum Kegiatan Usaha Pertambangan pada Kawasan Hak Ulayat Masyarakat Hukum Adat Dalam Konteks Negara Kesejahteraan dapat selesai dengan lancar. Ucapan terima kasih secara khusus penulis sampaikan kepada: 1. Orang Tua penulis, Ibu Dra. Sri Endah Sulistyowati, M.M.Pd dan Ayah Drs. Saiful Anam M.M.Pd yang kasih sayang keduanya bagai susu; tak tercampur kotoran, tak tersusup darah. Murni, bergizi, dan menguati. 2. Dosen Pembimbing penulis, Bapak Imam Koeswahyono, SH. M.Hum dan Bapak Dr. Moh. Fadli SH., MH yang telah banyak membantu penulis dalam penyusunan skripsi ini, bimbingan, diskusi, dan arahan yang Beliau berikan sangat berguna bagi penulis dan semoga dapat penulis aplikasikan pada jenjang keilmuan selanjutnya. 3. Majelis Penguji saat Ujian Komprehensif, Prof. Dr. Moh. Bakrie SH., MS.; Ulfa Azizah, SH., MKn; M. Hisyam Syafioedin, SH. 4. Ibu Siti Hamidah, SH., MM atas kemudahan yang diberikan dalam proses administrasi skripsi dan semangat untuk skripsi. 5. Ibu Myrna A. Safitri, SH, MH, Phd, Bapak Asep, Bapak Marwan Batubara, Mas Bagus, Bapak Muhdar, serta rekan-rekan dari Epistema Institute, dan JATAM yang telah meluangkan waktu untuk diskusi dan berbagi ilmu untuk memperkaya bahan skripsi penulis. iv 6. Ibu Afifah Kusumadara, SH., LLM, SJD, Ibu Dhiana SH., LLM., Phd, Ibu Milda Istiqamah SH., MTCP dan Ibu Ikaningtyas SH., LLM atas ilmu yang telah diberikan kepada penulis melalui kegiatan Joint Summer Programme 2012 dan 2013. Hal ini menjadi bekal tersendiri bagi penulis. 7. Ibu Indah Dwi Qurbani, SH., MH salah satu dosen yang menginspirasi untuk turut menggeluti bidang pertambangan.

This paper explores two concepts of recent interest to Keebet von Benda-Beckmann, including notions of personhood as expressed in the law and diverse felt obligations of care. As with Keebet, we are interested in how both interrelate with legal pluralism. Both concepts enabled us to build on relational themes that have been gaining traction in social theories, and to ask about the extent to which legal orders differ in their approach to embedded legal personhood. In this relational context, the perception of care as a natural course of action (2021, 3) might or might not be extended to non-human entities and beings. We extend Keebet's exploration of care and legal personhood by comparing two cases where international efforts have been directed towards better environmental care, the argan forests of Morocco and the open ocean as part of the "Blue Economy".

Tanah di kawasan lindung merupakan wilayah yang dilindungi dan dilestarikan untuk kehidupan manusia dan flora fauna. Karena fungsinya yang strategis, kawasan lindung bukanlah ladang bisnis dan investasi, perlu kebijakan negara yang fokus pada kehidupan manusia sekarang dan yang yang akan datang sesuai prinsip life on land principle (SDGs). Terbitnya Surat Edaran ATR/BPN No. 4/2022, pada angka 5, memberikan kebijakan kepada pejabat ATR/BPN di Jakarta dan daerah membolehkan pendaftaran dan/atau pensertipikatan tanah di kawasan lindung. Pada pihak lain, tanah di kawasan lindung, beberapa kondisi dibolehkan diterbitkan hak atas tanah dan beberapa terlarang diterbitkan hak atas tanah. Issu hukum itulah, latarbelakang dari penelitian yuridis normatif ini dengan obyek penelitian materi SE No. 4/2022 ditinjau dari undang-undang sektoral yang mengatur kawasan lindung. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan, tanah di kawasan lindung ada yang dapat diterbitkan sertipikat hak atas tanah, ada yang tidak boleh diterbitkan sertipikat hak atas tanah, dan ada yang tidak dapat diterbitkan hak atas tanah kecuali ada izin dari pejabat yang berwenang.

Sáng ngày 31 tháng 7 năm 2025, tại Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Trung tâm Trọng tài Quốc tế Việt Nam (VIAC) và Trung tâm xúc tiến Thương mại và Đầu tư TP. Hồ Chí Minh (ITPC) đã phối hợp tổ chức Hội nghị “Cập nhật mới quy định pháp luật trong lĩnh vực Tài chính: Những tác động đối với nhà đầu tư”. Hội nghị có sự tham gia của hơn 200 đại biểu gồm doanh nghiệp, hiệp hội doanh nghiệp, luật sư và các đại diện cơ quan nhà nước. Đây là sự kiện hướng đến Diễn đàn Hỗ trợ Pháp lý Đầu tư 2025 (ILS Forum 2025) sẽ được VIAC và ITPC tiếp tục triển khai trong tháng 9 năm 2025.