Irrigation water use efficiency

Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto 577 RESUMEN El uso racional del agua de riego y de los fertilizantes es fundamental para mejorar el ingreso de los productores y proteger el ambiente. La aplicación de fertilizantes y el agua es una alternativa tecnológica de reciente incorporación destinada a mejorar los rendimientos de los cultivos, ahorrar agua y energía eléctrica, así como reducir los costos de operación de los equipos de bombeo. Este estudio tuvo como propósitos comparar la tecnología de riego tradicional (P) con una metodología tecnificada (T) y medir la respuesta de la producción de maíz (Zea mays) a la aplicación de nitrógeno en forma tradicional y en fertirriego. El experimento se desarrolló en el módulo 2 del Distrito de Riego (DR076), en el Valle del Carrizo, Sinaloa, México. La tecnología denominada riego tradicional es la utilizada por los agricultores, y la tecnificada es una propuesta del Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua (IMTA). Se aplicó una lámina de riego (Lr) de presiembra de 108 mm en los tratamientos. Las láminas de riego en T se estimaron a través de un Sistema Computacional de Pronóstico en Tiempo Real (SIRTRE) y las de P corresponden a las recomendadas por el DR 076. Para aplicar eficientemente los riegos de T se calibró in situ el Modelo Simulador de Riego por Gravedad (RIGRAV). El diseño experimental tuvo una aleatorización restringida, con dos factores: Dosis de fertilización nitrogenada y tecnologías de riego. El primero incluyó cuatro niveles: testigo sin fertilizantes (N 1 =0 kg N ha -1 ), fertilización tradicional (N 2 =240 kg N ha -1 ), una dosis estimada con base en rendimientos potenciales (N 3 =400 kg N Ha -1 y una superior a N 3 (N 4 =500 kg N ha -1 ); y el segundo dos tecnologías de riego: tecnología de riego de los productores (P) y tecnología de riego tecnificado (T). En total se compararon ocho tratamientos. El efecto de las tecnologías de riego no fue significativo, pero T permitió ahorrar 37% de la lámina de riego total aplicada en P,

Flax is considered one of the most important fiber crops in Egypt in general and in new lands in particular. It was found from the research that its area decreased despite its economic, industrial and export importance. Therefore, it can benefit from biotechnology and modern agricultural treatments such as: Fertilization rates, sources of chemical fertilizers and its use in flax cultivation in new lands to expand its cultivation in order to provide needs of local/ industries and exportation. Flax area and seeds decreased by about 6.28%, 6.69% and there was stability in productivity of flax fibers and seeds in old lands. Moreover, flax area in new lands represents 2.70% from total area of flax and its area decreased by change rate 11.06% and fibers production decreased by 9.24% and flaxseed by 9.98% too. There was relative stability in fibers productivity in new lands. On the apposite side, seed productivity per feddan increased with change rate 1.77% and the annual average was about...

Two field experiments were carried out at the Researches and Production Station of the National Research Centre (NRC) at Al Nubaria district, El-Behaira Governorate, Egypt during 2008/09 and 2009/10 winter seasons. Five faba bean varieties (Cairo -4, Cairo -5, Cairo -25, Nubaria -1 and Giza -843) were seeded at (20, 40 and 60 cm between rows) which were 42, 25, 16 plants/m in newly reclaimed sandy soils. Results 2 indicated that faba bean varieties varied significantly in all studied characters. Nubaria-1 and Cairo-25 varieties produced high seed and protein yields per feddan and significantly out yielded the other varieties. Increasing plant density significantly increased seed and protein yields per feddan as well as plant height, 100-seed weight and biological yield per feddan. On the other hand, increasing plant density decreased number of branches and number of pods per plant, pods and seed yields per plant, number of seeds per pod and harvest index. Results also indicated that the interaction between varieties and plant density had significant effect in all studied characters. Nubaria-1 variety produced the highest seed and protein yields per feddan when it seeded at 20 cm between rows and significantly out yielded the other all varieties. However, Cairo-25 and Nubaria-1 varieties produced high biological yield per feddan when they seeded at the highest plant density.

The need for additional food supplies to reduce poverty among smallholder farmers resulted to rapid expansion of irrigation by developing small-scale irrigation schemes and techniques required for tackling household food insecurity. However, high cost of energy for water application and availability, quality and cost of inorganic fertilizer are among the major constraints militating against the productivity of small holder rice irrigation farmers in Nigeria. Thus, this study investigated the effects of varying irrigation schedules and chicken manure application on the growth and yield of irrigated rice (Oriza Sativa L.) using basing irrigation technique at Namtari to establish a decision-making tool for smallholder farmers to increase the grain yield potential at low cost of production. The experiment employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with sixteen treatments, combining four irrigation intervals (6, 8, 10 days and Irregular intervals) and four chicken manure application rates (0, 8, 10 and 12 tons/ha). The rice variety used was Gawal R1 (CHAOTAN), lowland variety resistant to various stresses. Results showed that the 6-day irrigation schedule with a 10 ton chicken manure application rate (I6C10) resulted in highest growth height value and crop grain yield of 115.15 cm and 7.50 tons/ha, respectively, compared to other treatments in the study area. The 6-day irrigation schedule also demonstrated superior water use efficiency (WUE) and water productivity (WP), highlighting the effectiveness of optimized irrigation combined with organic fertilizers. The incorporation of chicken manure improved the water-holding capacity, ensuring consistent moisture availability during critical growth stages. Thus a 6-day irrigation interval combined with moderate amount of chicken manure at the rate of 10 tons/ha is recommended as a sustainable approach to rice production in semi-arid regions that will promote both crop productivity and resources conservation.

The study presents the physiochemical analysis of water samples collected under project, “Recharge of Aquifer for
Groundwater Management in Punjab. The samples were analyzed in Engineering Material and Quality Control
Laboratory of Irrigation Research Institute and standard procedure has been adopted in this regard for finding out
required results of the water samples. The paper contains the results of different activities carried out in field and
laboratory which include collection of water samples from field and analysis in laboratory. Study compares the
results of samples collected and analyzed in 2019 and have been repeated again in 2021 for comparison purpose.
From the analysis result it has been found that shallow water quality in the study area is better than deep water
quality and surface water quality is better than groundwater quality. Same trend is observed in 2021. In 2019 quality
of water was better than in 2021. This shows that quality of water is being deteriorated with the passage of time.
Therefore, some management interventions are recommended including and managed aquifer recharge project to
divert flood water to replenish the aquifer as well as improvement of groundwater quality.

By the study of various properties of some divided-difference equations, we simplify the definition of classical orthogonal polynomials given by Atakishiyev, Rahman and Suslov (1995), then prove that orthogonal polynomials obtained by some modifications of the classical orthogonal polynomials on nonuniform lattices satisfy a single fourth-order linear h omogeneous divided-difference equation with polynomial coefficients. Moreover, we factorize and solve e xplicitly these divided-difference equations. Also, we prove that the product of two functions, each of which satisfying a second-order linear homogeneous divided-difference equation is a solution of a fourth -order linear homogeneous divided-difference equation. This result holds in particular when the divided- difference operator is carefully replaced by the Askey-Wilson operator Dq, following pioneer work by Alphonse Magnus (1988) connecting Dq and divided-difference operators. Finally, we propose a metho d to look for polynomia...

We report on a discussion among IWMI's Asian researchers on our strategy for policy research on canal irrigation in India. Poor service delivery, persistence of head-tail inequity, growing gap between irrigation potential created and utilized, shrinking of command area despite growing investments in construction and rehabilitation, sustained build up of deferred maintenance of infrastructure, patchy performance of Farmer-Participatory Irrigation Management, poor service fee recovery -these are part of the litany of problems that concern irrigation managers and policy makers in India and elsewhere in Asia. This paper argues that state, society, technology and agrarian institutions -all had a better 'fit' with the canal irrigation technology during the colonial and earlier times in ways that does not obtain today. A contingency hypothesis is proposed to explore why, as socio-technical systems, canal irrigation systems would behave differently under different 'contingency clusters'. A research program around irrigation management performance benchmarking -with four meta questions -was proposed but received little support from the IWMI research group. The paper concludes the discussion with the lead author's dissenting note which argues that, though difficult, benchmarking of managerial performance -as routinely done in businesses, educational institutions, governments, even research institutions -may be the way to go if IWMI aims to contribute to effective reform in canal irrigation management.

The negative impact of climate change is potentially damaging agroecosystem services that have constrained agricultural production and caused water scarcity in Central Asian countries, particularly in Uzbekistan. This study evaluates the efficiency of full (FDI) and deficit (DDI) drip irrigation regimes for amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) cultivation in the Tashkent region of Uzbekistan using the HYDRUS-1D simulation model. Field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons, accompanied by soil moisture monitoring, root zone analysis, and crop performance measurements while the accuracy of the obtained results was assessed against ground measured data. The results showed that compared to the FDI regime, amaranth under the DDI improved water productivity by 56.5% while exhibiting tolerance to water scarcity. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong relationship between the simulated and observed SWC data for both irrigation regimes (R 2 = 0.862 for FDI and R 2 = 0.936 for DDI), indicating the model's predictive reliability. Although FDI produced higher yield (2004 kg/ha) over the two-year period, which was 25% (2 t ha-1) higher than the DDI regime (1,604 kg/ha). However, DDI demonstrated significantly greater water productivity (56.5% higher), attributed to reduced unproductive evaporation and the C4 nature of amaranth. Root system analysis revealed deeper penetration under DDI, suggesting adaptive responses to water stress. The findings of this study suggest that implementing precise irrigation technology in amaranth cultivation combined with the use of the HYDRUS-1D model in the context of inevitable climate change, can ensure the long-term sustainable management of water and land resources in arid regions.

The negative impact of climate change is potentially damaging agroecosystem services that have constrained agricultural production and caused water scarcity in Central Asian countries, particularly in Uzbekistan. This study evaluates the efficiency of full (FDI) and deficit (DDI) drip irrigation regimes for amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) cultivation in the Tashkent region of Uzbekistan using the HYDRUS-1D simulation model. Field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons, accompanied by soil moisture monitoring, root zone analysis, and crop performance measurements while the accuracy of the obtained results was assessed against ground measured data. The results showed that compared to the FDI regime, amaranth under the DDI improved water productivity by 56.5% while exhibiting tolerance to water scarcity. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong relationship between the simulated and observed SWC data for both irrigation regimes (R 2 = 0.862 for FDI and R 2 = 0.936 for DDI), indicating the model's predictive reliability. Although FDI produced higher yield (2004 kg/ha) over the two-year period, which was 25% (2 t ha-1) higher than the DDI regime (1,604 kg/ha). However, DDI demonstrated significantly greater water productivity (56.5% higher), attributed to reduced unproductive evaporation and the C4 nature of amaranth. Root system analysis revealed deeper penetration under DDI, suggesting adaptive responses to water stress. The findings of this study suggest that implementing precise irrigation technology in amaranth cultivation combined with the use of the HYDRUS-1D model in the context of inevitable climate change, can ensure the long-term sustainable management of water and land resources in arid regions.

Background: Ratooning in pigeon pea is one of the unexplored options for increasing the production and income through more number of crops per year under adequate supply of inputs. Dearth of knowledge on the ratooning, its yield and economics in pigeon pea on which the current study aimed at providing the basic idea of its suitability for cultivation. Methods: The field experiment investigated during October 2020-February 2021 at University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru. The experiment was conducted with 2 levels of irrigation, 3 levels of fertigation and 2 levels of mulching under split-split plot design. Result: The experimentation of ratoon pigeon pea with varied levels of inputs revealed that ratooning was found to be an economically feasible option with higher returns and lower cost of cultivation. The study comprehensively covers and states the adaptability of the practice in terms of yield and economics.

Water productivity (WP) is reported lower in Pakistan when compared to the rest of the world. This paper investi-gates the factors responsible for low water productivity and demonstrates various irrigation techniques farmers could use for its improvement. A comprehensive questionnaire was designed, and 230 farmers were interviewed in a cotton-wheat area (Samundri-site I), a mixed crop area (Chiniot-site II), and a rice-wheat area (Hafizabad-site III) in Rechna Doab, Punjab, Pakistan. This survey found that the majority of farmers expressed major concerns about shortages of canal water, energy, and fertilizer. These issues were the main factors affecting their land and water productivity. Field experiments were conducted at the above mentioned sites. The results indicated that drip irrigation was the most efficient irrigation technique, which produced a maximum WP of 2.26 kg m-3 for wheat. Drip irrigation was 98% efficient, and water savings were 40% better when compared with that un...

Agriculture plays a pivotal role in ensuring food security, economic growth, and environmental preservation. With the rising global population and increasing climate challenges, innovation in agriculture is essential for sustainable development. This article explores the modern advancements driving transformation in the agricultural sector, such as precision farming, biotechnology, smart irrigation, vertical farming, and AI-powered monitoring systems. By integrating sustainable practices with technological solutions, agriculture can become more resilient, efficient, and environmentally friendly. These innovations are not only improving productivity but also helping reduce waste, conserve resources, and support rural livelihoods, ultimately leading to a more sustainable and food-secure world.

The experiment was conducted to determine the crop coefficients and leaf area index of pigeonpea, using a digital weighing type lysimeters. The research was conducted under Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola for kharif season of year 2024. The meteorological data was collected from the weather station installed at the experimental site to determine the reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) using Penman

The lysimeter design followed accepted procedures as well as aspects unique to the study site, including a foundation designed for a perched water table outside the lysimeters, fetch distance, deep drainage, and lightning protection. Each lysimeter has a planted surface area of 2.32 m 2 and a soil depth of 1.37 m. The soil in each lysimeter is reconstructed sandy soil originally from the experimental site. The lysimeter facility includes monitoring wells, an automatic pumping system, and additional lightning protection system for load cells and soil moisture sensors. The construction materials and installation cost (excluding labor) were $63,443 for the three lysimeters. Lysimeter on-site maintenance, operation, and performance are discussed. Four load cells with an accuracy of 0.02% (0.12 mm) are used to weigh the average 5.8 Mg lysimeter mass, including the steel lysimeter tank and soil. Initial data show that the three lysimeters provided a consistent hourly evapotranspiration (ET c ) measurement over a five-day period in the summer season, although many field activities and precipitation events occurred. An additional 30 days of daily bahiagrass ET c resulted in a 0.82 ratio between the ET c and Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration in November 2003.

Irrigation water use efficiency is an important issue for both agricultural production and optimization of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions where water resources are limited. Surface drip irrigation (DI) is used in most of these areas. However, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) has become widespread in recent years. Therefore, the effects of SDI method on the plant and contributions on the water saving should be examined and compared with the DI method in different plant and climate conditions. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of surface drip (DI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) methods on canopy temperature measured with infrared thermometer and to evaluate deficit irrigation effects on soybean grown at the Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute (BAARI), Antalya, Turkey in 2017. The study was designed in a randomized complete block design to include two irrigation methods (surface drip (DI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI)) and four different irrigation treatments (0%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) in three replications. The canopy temperatures were measured by an infrared thermometer between 12:00 and 15:00 hours before and after irrigation. Conclusions: The results showed that the canopy temperatures of the plants irrigated with the SDI method throughout the season were up to 2.5°C lower than the DI method. Also, the yield values obtained from the SDI method (439.1 kg da -1 ) were statistically higher than DI method (395.2 kg da -1 ). When compared to the DI method, a water saving of approximately 78.3 mm was obtained in SDI method. Significance and Impact of the Study: It was determined that the canopy temperatures of soybean irrigated with SDI method were lower compared to the DI method. In addition, there was a high level of exponential relationship and negative correlation between canopy temperatures and yield, applied irrigation water and evapotranspiration in both irrigation methods.

In landscape implementations, the required water volume for the plant should be provided through an appropriate system and irrigation program. The use of inappropriate irrigation systems can result in the wasteful consumption of water resources that are already in limited supply. It is therefore crucial that irrigation systems are designed by experts following the relevant standards. The objective of irrigation system designers in urban areas is to guarantee the year-round health of landscapes. Accordingly, designers and users need to pay more attention to water management. The goal of water management is to keep landscapes healthy throughout the year while minimizing the amount of water and energy used for irrigation on an annual basis. This study aims to investigate landscape irrigation systems, which are critical to the sustainable use of green spaces in urban areas, at the scale of neighborhood parks. The study area was selected as Prof. Dr. Erol Güngör Park with an area of about 9000 m 2 in Konya, Türkiye. The research involved observing the irrigation systems used in the park, studying their technical specifications in detail, and analyzing data such as the amount of water used and the frequency of irrigation. It is found that over-irrigation in the park results in the annual waste of 8.963 m 3 of water, which corresponds to an approximate cost of 6.665 US dollars per year. The results of the study show that significant water savings can be achieved through the design of automatic irrigation systems and the conscious preparation of irrigation schedules.

Cotton production in Pakistan is often constrained by limited water resources and inadequate potassium (K) fertilization, leading to lower crop resilience and yield. This study aimed to evaluate the ameliorated effect of potassium on cotton under drought stress and the climatic conditions of Multan by assessing the potassium (K) use efficiency and related physiological attributes in cotton cultivars with varying K efficiency. Moreover, we aimed to identify the K-efficient cotton cultivar to provide a helping hand for breeders in developing high-yielding varieties for low K and water-limiting environments. For this purpose, five cotton cultivars (FH-142, IUB-2013, CIM-554, CYTO-124 [K-efficient], and BH-212 [K non-efficient]) were evaluated under two irrigation regimes (reduced and normal) with a standardized K application (50 kg ha-1) across two growing seasons. Under reduced irrigation with applied K, the K-efficient cultivar FH-142 displayed significantly improved agronomic and physiological K use efficiency compared with the K non-efficient cultivar BH-212. Specifically, FH-142 exhibited 67.3% and 62.5% increases in agronomic and physiological use efficiency, respectively, compared with BH-212. Potassium application under normal irrigation generally increased chlorophyll content across all cultivars, with the greatest improvement observed in FH-142 (7.2%). Reduced irrigation with K application increased leaf osmotic potential in all cultivars, indicating improved drought tolerance. However, the magnitude of this increase varied, with BH-212 showing the highest rise (16.2%) and FH-142 exhibiting moderate increase (7.3%). Interestingly, K application under reduced irrigation mitigated membrane leakage, a measure of cell damage, in all cultivars except BH-212. Notably, BH-212 displayed higher membrane leakage (14.2%) than K-efficient cultivars (3.0%-9.0%). Overall, the K-K-efficient cultivars' performance order differs from FH-142< CIM-554< CYTO-124< IUB-2013. The key findings highlight the importance of potassium for mitigating the negative effects of water stress on cotton plants. Several cultivars, including FH-142, CIM-554, CYTO-124, and IUB-2013, demonstrated superior performance under both irrigation levels with and without potassium application, suggesting their potassium-efficient nature. FH-142 outperformed other cultivars under water stress with K application, demonstrating exceptional potassium recovery efficiency and reinforcing its suitability for drought-prone, K-deficient soils. These findings suggest that selecting K-efficient cotton cultivars like FH-142, CYTO-124, IUB-2013, and CIM-554 could improve cotton resilience and yield under limited water and K availability, aiding farmers and supporting breeders in developing high-yield, drought-tolerant varieties.

In collaboration with Hoechst Company (now called Agrevo), a chemical and fertilizer private transnational company. This joint project is on a fifty-fifty share basis between Mr. Tareen and Agrevo. The project is scheduled for the period ' Laser-controlled land leveling was introduced to the Delta area of central Utah in 1980 by the USDA-ARS, U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory and Ihe Utah Agricultural Extension Service. Tests revealed that yield of wheat and barley were increased by more than 50%. presumeiy due to more uniform irrigation events (personal communication with Dr. W.R. Walker).

Water saving has becoming imperative for oases sustainability. One of the options, being actively explored, is the use of surface drip irrigation for water saving, but its use in sub-desert regions does not protect water from evaporation. An alternative to this system would be the use of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). Actually, the performance of SDI, according to several research studies, differs according to the climatic, soil and cultural conditions, in addition to the knowledge gaps concerning the water distribution from a buried source on real conditions. This document deals with its application to date palm in the oasis of Tafilalet (south-eastern Morocco), where appropriate design and management of this system should be proposed to farmers. The objectives of this research are: to evaluate in situ the performance of SDI on real conditions (farm plot); and to model the functioning of SDI and provide design criteria to irrigate young date palm using Hydrus 2D. The results of ...

Water scarcity and the increasing global demand for water in many sectors, including agriculture, has become a global concern .The rapid growth world population and the adverse impacts of climate change lade to growing computation for water use by industrial and urban users for agriculture to secure enough food. Irrigated agriculture is an important role in total agriculture and provides humanity with wide range of agricultural products, including fruits, vegetables, grains and cereals. Effective management of water use is the only way to save water for the increasing irrigated agriculture. Different approaches have been adopted to reduce the damage caused by drought; among these approaches is water productivity or water use efficiency WUE. A crop with high WUE should have greater yield than crop with low WUE.

In rainfed Mediterranean areas, early sowings which lead to early growth and maturity to escape terminal heat and drought usually give higher grain yield than late sowings in years when rains come early. We test the hypothesis that early sowing coupled with a small amount of irrigation to ensure earlier emergence increases grain yield significantly, while improving irrigation water productivity. Replicated field experiments were conducted for 4 years in the semi-arid central Bekaa Valley of Lebanon. Barley was sown early, and half of the plots were irrigated with 25-30 mm of water immediately after sowing (EI). Half of the plots also received irrigation around heading stage (LI). Besides yields, other agronomic data were collected throughout crop growth, and the supplemental irrigation water use efficiency (WUE SI ) was calculated. Our results confirm the hypothesis that in Mediterranean areas early sowing followed immediately with a small amount of irrigation increases barley grain yield significantly. Farmers in the region should seriously consider practicing this technique as it produces a higher WUE SI than irrigation at the heading stage.

OSRO/LIB/002/ITA, which utilize advanced remote sensing technologies alongside field data collection to enhance water management systems. The primary aim is to assess the infrastructure related to water management, focusing specifically on irrigation systems, crop production, and water productivity across Libya, with particular attention to the Fezzan (south), west, and east regions of Libya.The overarching goal of these projects is to improve sustainable water resource management practices. By leveraging the insights gained from these initiatives, there is potential to apply the knowledge and techniques developed here on a national scale. The expected outcomes include the identification of areas requiring rehabilitation and development, as well as the creation of deep insights into innovative practices and cutting-edge technologies that can significantly enhance water productivity at the microfarm level.This assessment of water management infrastructure in Libya utilized a methodological approach that combined remote sensing technology and ground-based surveys. The selected area of interest (AOI)was Libya as a whole, with the administrative boundaries sourced from the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) (HDX, 2023).1Sampling locations were chosen using geolocation data for extraction and collection, and storage, drone monitoring for transportation (proposed but not implemented), and remote sensing data for irrigation effectiveness, using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)’s portal to monitor WAter Productivity through Open-access of Remotely sensed derived data (WaPOR) evapotranspiration data (FAO, 2023).2 This stratified and clustered approach ensured a representative data collection. Field visits were conducted in the southern (Fezzan), western, and eastern regions, collecting 750 samples using the Kobo Toolbox (Kobo Toolbox, 2023).3The data was thoroughly analysed to provide insights into the current state of water management infrastructure and identify areas for improvement. This integrated methodology offers a robust framework for ongoing monitoring and enhancement of water management systems, to improve the efficiency and sustainability of Libya’s agricultural water use.The results of the water management infrastructure assessment in Libya reveal a detailed categorization and status evaluation of various facilities critical to the country's agricultural water management. The infrastructure was categorized into four main areas: Category 1: Extraction/collection includes well fields, dams, and desalination plants. Monitoring in this category included both field surveys and remote sensing-based Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) analysis. Technicians physically inspected wells, dams, and desalination plants, while NDWI data provided insights into the changing size of water bodies, allowing the identification of reductiondue to droughts, overuse, or poor maintenance. Key findings show that Libya has 21 desalination plants with a total capacity of 525.68 m³ daily, but many face issues such as a lack of maintenance and operational inefficiencies. The major dams surveyed – such as Wadi Al-Magineen and Wadi Kaam –exhibit severe structural damage, electrical and mechanical failures, and in a significant need for rehabilitation. Out of 1 300 wells in the major well fields, nearly 50 percent are non-functional due to technical faults, lack of maintenance, and vandalism.Category 2: Storage includes large agricultural reservoirs and smaller agricultural tanks. Field teams inspected the physical conditions of both large and small water storage facilities. These surveys provided real-time insights into the operational status, efficiency, and capacity of storage infrastructure. Key reservoirs like the Grand Omar Mukhtar Reservoir have substantial storage capacities but face issues such as sedimentation and reduced efficiency during peak water demand periods. The storage capacity of large reservoirs ranges from 4 to 24 million (M) m³, with significant declines observed during summer months due to increased demand and pipeline supply issues.Category 3: Transportation includes pumping stations and canals, including the Great Man-Made River (GMR) Project. The transportation infrastructure, which plays a critical role in moving water from extraction points to storage and agricultural fields, was monitored through field inspections and infrastructure assessments. This network includes main canals, pumping stations, and water flow monitoring points. The main canals are essential for transporting water to storage facilities, but face challenges such as leakage and sedimentation. Pumping stations are crucial for maintaining water flow but suffer from mechanical and electrical issues. Water flow monitoring points provide vital data for managing distribution but require regular maintenance to ensure accuracy.Category 4: Distribution/irrigation includes pipes, pivot irrigation equipment, local wells, irrigation pipes, drip irrigation, mixed irrigation, and sprinkler systems. These were evaluated using remote sensing and field data. Remote sensing, particularly NDVI, was used to assess crop health and water productivity by using actual evapotranspiration data, while field data provided ground truth and detailed insights into infrastructure conditions. The combined approach allowed for the accurate identification of crop types and evaluation of irrigation efficiency. The analysis indicates that the condition and maintenance of these systems significantly impact water distribution and agricultural productivity. Addressing these issues of maintenance and upgrading is essential to enhance water distribution efficiency, support sustainable agriculture, and improve the overall productivity in Libya.Recommendations include prioritizing the maintenance and repair of pipes, pivot irrigation equipment, and sprinkler systems to prevent water loss and ensure efficient irrigation. Technological upgrades and regular maintenance of drip and mixed irrigation systems are also essential for improved water conservation and distribution. Enhanced monitoring using remote sensing and field data should be regularly conducted to assess crop health and water productivity, allowing for timely interventions. Implementing security measures will also protect local wells and irrigation infrastructure from vandalism and theft. Additionally, training local technicians and farmers on effective maintenance and operation of irrigation systems is crucial for sustained agricultural productivity.

Water scarcity and inefficient irrigation practices demand intelligent agricultural solutions. This paper presents a low-cost, energy-efficient smart irrigation system powered by the Raspberry Pi Pico W, integrating environmental sensing and human detection for optimized water usage. The system employs a DHT11/DHT22 sensor to monitor temperature and humidity, a soil moisture sensor to assess real-time soil conditions, and a PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor to detect human presence, ensuring safety and manual intervention capability. The Raspberry Pi Pico 2W processes sensor data and controls a water pump/valve via a relay module, activating irrigation only when necessary. The built-in Wi-Fi capability of the Pico W enables remote monitoring and control through a web dashboard or mobile app. This system minimizes water wastage, prevents over-irrigation, and enhances user safety by halting operation when humans are nearby. Future improvements could include solar power integration, weather API-based scheduling, and edge AI for predictive analytics. The paper demonstrates a scalable, sustainable, and IoT-ready approach to smart agriculture.

Governorate, Egypt, to evaluate 20 wheat genotypes and cultivars under three irrigation regimes. Plants in the first regime were irrigated four times after planting irrigation (normal irrigation I 1 ). In the second regime plants were irrigated two times after planting irrigation (I 2 ). In the third regime plants were given one surface-irrigation 25 days after planting irrigation (I 3 ). A wide border (7m) was made to minimize the underground water permeability surrounded each experiment. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. Highly significant genotype differences were registered for grain yield and its components in both seasons and combined. The interactions between genotypes and water regime treatments for grain yield and its components were highly significant for all characters in both seasons and combined except for 1000 grain weight in first season. The obtained results showed that I 1 treatment gave the highest water consumptive use and applied irrigation water. Results indicated that values of water consumptive use in the first season were 520.1, 382.6 and 275.3 mm for irrigation regimes I 1 , I 2 and I 3 , respectively. However, in the second season the corresponding values of the water consumptive use were 494.7, 370.9 and 263.4 mm, respectively. Genotype No. 2 gave the least value of water consumptive use, while genotype No. 13 recorded the highest water consumptive use. Water utilization efficiency (kg grains/ m 3 applied water) revealed that I 3 gave the highest value, whereas I 1 was the lowest one. The highest water utilization efficiency was registered by Genotype 8, while genotype 3 recorded the lowest value for this measurement. Drought sensitivity index (DSI) reveal that genotypes No 1, 5, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 18 were tolerant to water stress. Moderate drought stress resulted in significant increase in total soluble sugars, proline and free amino acids in the studied genotypes. Under sever stress, the above mentioned characters significantly increased in genotypes No 1, 2 and 3 compared to other tested genotypes. Therefore wheat genotypes No.1, 2 and 3 could be classified as more tolerant to moderate drought stress. Anatomical features of 5 wheat genotypes were influenced by drought stress. It has been noticed that genotype No. 20 recorded the highest reduction in anatomical characters. On the other hand, the least reduction was detected in genotype No. 1 compared to other tested genotypes. Genotype No. 1 appeared to be more tolerant to drought stress as it exhibited DSI less than unity and gave increase in total soluble sugars, proline and free amino acids with lowest reduction in leaf anatomical characteristics. The study recommend genotype No. 1 as more tolerant to drought stress with good level of yield productivity.

Son y›llarda Akarçay Havzas›'ndaki ekonomik ve sosyal geliflime koflut olarak, uygun kalite ve miktardaki su gereksinimini karfl›lamak için yeralt›suyu kullan›m› sürekli artmaktad›r. Bu çal›flmada, Akarçay Havzas›'nda yeralt›suyu kaynak potansiyelinin günümüzde ve gelecekteki gereksinimler do¤rultusunda sürdürülebilir kullan›m› ve bu potansiyelden en yüksek yarar› sa¤layacak flekilde tahsisat› için bir su kaynaklar› yönetiminin gelifltirilmesi hedeflenmifltir. Bu amaçla; havza için kullan›labilir yeralt›suyu potansiyelinin belirlenmesinde klasik emniyetli verim yak-lafl›m› yerine, sürdürülebilirlik yaklafl›m› ile aktif su kullan›m› sonunda hidrolojik sistemde istenmeyen etkiler yaratmadan, uzun dönemlerdeki gereksinimleri karfl›layabilecek bir dinamik potansiyel de¤erlendirilmesi gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Havza için sürdürülebilir potansiyelin hesaplanmas›nda, beslenmenin zamana ve konuma göre de¤iflimleri göz önüne al›nm›fl, sekiz alt havza için hesaplanan beslenme de¤erlerinin belirli tekrarlama sürelerindeki oluflma olas›l›klar› de¤erlendirilmifltir. 2000-2015 y›llar› aras›ndaki beslenme de¤erlerinin tahmini için yapay seriler Thomas-Fiering Modeli kullan›larak oluflturulmufltur. Yönetim stratejisi içinde su kaynaklar›n›n sürdürülebilirli¤inin ya-n›nda, havza içinde en yüksek kazanc›n sa¤lanaca¤› kullan›m önceliklerinin gözönüne al›nd›¤› bir tahsisat politi-kas› uygulanm›flt›r. Akarçay Havzas› için belirlenen tar›msal sulama senaryolar› ve yapay beslenme koflullar› dikkate al›narak önerilen on farkl› yeralt›suyu iflletimin uygulanmas› sonucu, 2000-2015 y›llar› aras›nda hidrolojik sistemde ortaya ç›kacak durumun benzeflimi için MODFLOW yeralt›suyu ak›m modeli kullan›lm›flt›r. Bu benzeflim sonucunda her alt havza için olas› hidrolik yük de¤iflimleri ve havza genelinde olas› rezerv de¤iflimleri belirlenmifltir. Tüm bu de¤erlendirmeler sonucunda, Akarçay Havzas›'nda yeralt›suyu kullan›m›n›n do¤al hidrolik denge koflulla-r›n› bozmayacak flekilde düzenlenmesi için 120 hm 3 /y›l de¤erinin sürdürülebilir verim de¤eri olarak kabul edilebi-lece¤i sonucuna var›lm›flt›r.

This review paper explores empirical shreds of evidence across the world on cutting-edge technologies like micro-irrigation, fertigation and mulching, all of which contribute to increased yields while conserving water and improving soil quality. Furthermore, the review highlights the potential of IoT-based irrigation and fertigation automation in reducing waste and labor expenses. By advocating for the integration of these practices, the paper underscores the importance of achieving water-saving objectives, boosting economic returns and ensuring food security. Researchers, policymakers and practitioners committed to sustainable green gram cultivation will find this comprehensive review a valuable resource for implementing innovative and efficient farming techniques.

Direzione: Dipartimento di Agronomia e Produzione erbacee dell&#x27;Università di Firenze - Piazzale delle Cascine, 18 - 50144 Firenze - Redazione, Pubblicità, Abbonamenti, Am-ministrazione: Via Emilia Levante, 31 - 40139 Bologna - Tel. 051/49.22.11 (15 linee) - Telefax ...

Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis Celak from mint family (Lamiacae) traditionally being used as source of the essential oil and phenolic components derived from their different parts. In order to optimum of harvest time this experiment has been conducted in field Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch, in center Iran during 2012 farming season on the base of factorial experiment in the layout randomized complete block design with three replications. The aerial parts of T. daenensis and T. vulgaris were collected in five stages of plant growth, i.e. the before blooming, beginning of blooming, 50% blooming, full blooming and fruit set. The hydro-distillated oils obtained from thyme species were analyzed by GC–MS. Statistical analysis indicated that different stages of plant growth had significant effect on plant height, diameter, dry herbage, oil yield, thymol percentage and thymol yield of thyme species. Results of mean comparisons revealed that the highest fresh h...

In this study, field tests were performed for sprinkler irrigation system. The results indicate that the average Christiansen's coefficient of uniformity (CU) for the sprinkler for upstream of the plot was the highest (95.3%) followed by the sprinkler mid-stream (95.1%) and the least was the sprinkler downstream (75.8%) of the plot. The sprinkler distribution uniformity for the upstream of the plot was highest (99%) whiles the midstream was next with (92.7%) and downstream was the least with (67.6%). The sprinkler had average discharge is 1.5 m3/ h. The crop water productivity of Ayoyo (Corchorus olitorius) grown under sprinkler irrigation was determined for the upstream and the mid-stream with both locations having the same value of 0.50 kg/m3 whilst the least was obtained for the downstream with a value of 0.44 kg/m3. It was recommended that; further elaborate studies be conducted on the subject by considering the effects of different pressures on the performance of sprinkler irrigation system.

The application of deficit irrigation (DI) to stabilize yield and to increase water productivity of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) raises questions in the arid Southern Altiplano of Bolivia where water resources are limited and often saline. Rainfed quinoa and quinoa with irrigation restricted to the flowering and early grain filling were studied during the growing seasons of 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 in a location with (Irpani) and without (Mejillones) water contribution from a shallow water table. It was found that the effect of additional irrigation was only significant above a basic fulfillment of crop water requirements of around 55%. Below this threshold, yields, total water use efficiency (TWUE) and marginal irrigation water use efficiency (MIWUE) of quinoa with DI were low. Capillary rise (CR) from groundwater was assessed using the one-dimensional UPFLOW model. The contribution of water from capillary rise in the region of Irpani ranges from 8 to 25% of seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ET c ) of quinoa, depending mostly on the depth of the groundwater table and the amount of rainfall during the rainy season. DI with poor quality water and cultivation of crops in fields with a shallow saline groundwater table pose a serious threat for sustainable quinoa farming. To assess the impact of saline water resources, soil salinity and required leaching were simulated by combining the soil water and salt balance model BUDGET with UPFLOW. The results indicate that irrigation of quinoa with saline water and/ or CR from a saline shallow water table might, already after 1 year, result in significant salt accumulation in the root zone in the arid Southern Altiplano. A farming system with only 1 year fallow is often insufficient to leach sufficient salts out of the root zone. In case the number of fallow years cannot be increased, leaching by means of an important irrigation application before sowing is an alternative. Although potentially beneficial, DI of quinoa in arid regions such as the Southern Bolivian Altiplano should be considered with precaution.

Increasing irrigation efficiency in irrigation schemes has always been high on the agenda of policy makers. Despite quite some 'social' experiments, whereby large portions of management were carried over to the farmer level, results often remained disappointing. This paper explores why this came about for a case study in the Office du Niger irrigation scheme in Mali. Since Irrigation Management Transfer, farmers are responsible for the tertiary level, but collective action for water management remains below expectations. This paper applies an analytical framework based on the conceptual model developed by van Noordwijk et al. (Conserv Ecol 5:21, 2002) and proceeding in two steps. Firstly, an interview-based stakeholder analysis assesses the objectives and mental models of farmers and the central management regarding water management. It appears from the interviews that the central management wants to increase irrigation efficiency through fully-fledged collective action, whereas farmers value the latter only when it favours easy irrigation. Secondly, the relation between collective action and performance was tested through a field study on a sample of 36 tertiary blocks. Results indicate that only collective action at the inlet of the tertiary canal, currently implemented on less than a third of the tertiary blocks, increases irrigation efficiency (with 14%). Collective action for water allocation is implemented within almost three quarters of tertiary blocks and effectively reduces irrigation problems. However, if they lack the necessary social capital, not all farmers can establish collective action when needed. Based on this analysis, the paper proposes a mix of incentives and measures to resolve the conflict between farmers and the central management to their mutual benefit.

A study was carried out during 2022 to assess the potential of rainwater harvesting for sustaining small-scale irrigated coffee farming in the Bigasha watershed of Isingiro District, south-western Uganda. In this study, remote sensing, Geographical Information System (GIS), the Quantum GIS Soil and Water Assessment Tool (QSWAT+) and Crop Water and Irrigation Requirements Program (CROPWAT) models were utilised to assess the potential of rainwater harvesting (RWH) that can be used for irrigation. The criteria used to identify suitable RWH sites were based on four factors namely; topography, soils, land use land cover and rainfall. It was found out that seventy per cent of the watershed is hilly with slopes greater than 10 per cent and half of the area is covered by Leptosols. Three temporal land use land cover (LULC) maps (of 1999, 2010 and 2022), were derived using the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm. These LULC databases were used to assess the impacts of land use land cover chan...

Within the western United States, water rights are granted for reasonable and beneficial water use, and a measure of irrigation performance that embodies this stan dard is needed. A new performance parameter, irrigation sagacity (IS), is recommended for this purpose. The term 'sagacity' comes from 'sagacious', meaning wise or pru dent. IS is more closely tied to the water rights granted, and to the potential for water conservation and realloca tion than is the traditional irrigation efficiency, which con siders only beneficial uses. Sagacious uses are either ben eficial, or non-beneficial but reasonable. Reasonable uses are those that, while not directly benefiting agronomic pro duction within the boundaries of the water rights area, are nonetheless justified under prevailing conditions. Non-sa gacious uses (non-beneficial and unreasonable) are those uses which are without economic, practical, or other jus tification. Determination of sagacity involves checking al ternate irrigation practices for practical, technical, eco nomic, and environmental feasibility. Feasibility includes the requirement for a reasonable implementation schedule for any new practices. Only if a feasible alternate using less water is found should a current practice be considered in any part non-sagacious. The results of a sagacity deter mination may vary depending on geographic scale, time frame, and perspective.

Intercropping is an important component in cropping system research. It can improve crop productivity by utilizing a piece of land efficiently. It also strengthens the farmer's capability towards growing crops to adapt to climate change impacts. Hence, a field experiment to identify the advantages of sunflower-cotton intercropping over solitary cropping through agronomic interactions in arid irrigated conditions was conducted in the crop season of year 2016 and 2017. The experiment was designed in RCBD with four replications. The experiment comprised four treatments; 75 cm sole planting of sunflower (P1), 75 cm sole planting of cotton (P2), 75 cm single row of sunflower with cotton (P3), and 112.50 cm double rows strip of sunflower with cotton (P4). Evaluations of planting patterns were performed based on several crop competition indices. Agronomic interactions revealed that sunflower-cotton singlerow intercropping (P3) had advantages over solitary planting, due to its better yield of cotton (2444, 2383 kg ha-1) and sunflower (3055, 2752 kg ha-1), Land Equivalent Ratio (1.76, 1.73), Competitive Ratio (2.03, 2.01), significant Relative Crowding Coefficient (32.73, 15.37) and lower Aggressivity (0.16, -0.16; 0.10, -0.10) in year 2015 and 2016, respectively. The sunflower crop was more competitive than the cotton crop in planned planting patterns. Although the yield of intercrops was low compared to pure stands, the results obtained from competition indices attributed to better land use efficiency when the intercrops were sown in 75 cm spaced single rows with limited use of external inputs. Hence, it is concluded that this practice is economical and feasible for application at the farmer's field for higher productivity of the cropping system.

By Ivan Penov, Insa Theesfeld and Franz Wilhelm Gatzweiler; Irrigation and Water Regulation Systems in Transition: The Case of Bulgaria in Comparison with Latvia, East Germany. ... Ivan Penov, Insa Theesfeld and Franz Wilhelm Gatzweiler. ...

This article identifies irrigated row-crop farmer factors associated with the adoption of water-conserving practices. The analysis is performed on data from a survey of irrigators in Mississippi. Regression results show that the amount of irrigated area, years of education, perception of a groundwater problem, and participation in conservation programs are positively associated with practice adoption; while number of years farming, growing rice, and pumping cost are negatively associated with adoption. However, not all factors are statistically significant for all practices. Survey results indicate that only a third of growers are aware of groundwater problems at the farm or state level; and this lack of awareness is related to whether farmers noticed a change in the depth to water distance in their irrigation wells. This evidence is consistent with a report to Congress from the Government Accountability Office (GAO) that recommends policies promoting the use of: (1) more efficient ...

Background: Water management and its appropriate use are priorities in arid and semi-arid areas across the globe. Methods: A field experiment was carried out at Hisar in Al-Tunkopry district, Kirkuk Governorate, during 2023 summer season. Split-split plot design was adopted to implement the experiment, using randomized complete blocks design (RCBD). The main plots included irrigation method factor (sprinkler and drip) and the moisture depletion rate was placed in the sub plots (60 and 70% of the available water) while varing irrigation depth were placed in the sub-sub plots (50, 75 and 100)% of the net irrigation depth. Result: Results of the study revealed that the water requirement of the soybean crop under the sprinkler irrigation system reached 1275.9 and 1272.9 mm season-1 at 100% of net irrigation depth and at moisture depletion rates of 60 and 70%, respectively and in drip irrigation system it reached 1170.6 and 1201 mm season-1 for an irrigation level of 100% of the net irrigation depth and at a moisture depletion rate of 60 and 70%, respectively. The yield coefficient values (0.52, 0.90, 1.01, 0.90) and (0.44, 0.85, 0.96, 0.52) at a moisture depletion of 60% for the two methods (drip and sprinkler irrigation). The highest seed yield was 4.094 Mg ha-1 for the sprinkler irrigation treatment with a moisture depletion rate of 60% and an irrigation water level of 50% of the net irrigation depth, while the lowest yield was 2.41800 mg ha-1 for the drip irrigation treatment with a moisture depletion rate of 60 and a level of 75% of the net depth. The drip irrigation achieved the highest water use efficiency 0.607072 kg m-3 , in comparison to the sprinkler irrigation 0.362063 kg m-3 .

This study assessed Open Cattle Grazing and the spread of certain invasive plant species in Niger-Delta, Nigeria. The research was conducted in three study areas namely Imo, Rivers and Abia State. Surveys and interviews were used to incorporate the views of the participants. Observations were also used to verify the information. Collated data were statistically analyzed and tested at a 0.05 level of significance. Results from the study shows that Mimosa pudica commonly called touch and die and Mimosa diplotricha commonly called sensitive plant were identified as the dominant invasive species in all the study areas. 46% of the study sample reported that invasive plant species grows mostly in farmlands, 27.5% of the study participants indicated that invasive plant species were observed to not be easily attacked by diseases and parasites while 24.5% indicated that this specie was difficult to weed. 54% admitted that invasive plant species were problematic. Major causes of open cattle grazing were identified to be illiteracy and beliefs. Early weeding, building of kaals and ranching were recommended in managing invasive plant species.

This meta-review explores the growing role of artificial intelligence (AI) in transforming irrigation practices across Nigeria. As agriculture remains a key driver of Nigeria’s economy, efficient irrigation systems are critical for enhancing productivity, especially in the face of erratic rainfall and increasing water scarcity. Traditional irrigation methods, while widely used, are often inefficient and resource-intensive. AI technologies offer a promising alternative, enabling data-driven decision-making, real-time environmental monitoring, and automated water management. This study systematically reviews published literature, technical reports, and case studies on AI-driven irrigation across Nigeria’s six geopolitical zones, spanning the period from 2015 to 2024. The primary objective of this meta-review is to identify the types of AI technologies adopted in irrigation, assess their impact on water management and crop yield, evaluate regional implementation trends, and highlight the challenges limiting broader adoption. Data extracted from 60 case studies were analyzed alongside six thematic figures that illustrate irrigation types, AI tools used, efficiency outcomes, and policy gaps. Findings reveal that AI applications such as artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector regression (SVR), and IoT-enabled microcontrollers have improved irrigation efficiency by up to 99% and enhanced crop yields by as much as 70% in certain regions. However, challenges such as high setup costs, poor infrastructure, limited data availability, and low AI literacy remain significant barriers. Policy and technological interventions, including government incentives, public-private partnerships, and farmer education programs, are crucial for scaling these innovations. This review concludes that AI holds transformative potential for irrigation in Nigeria. By addressing existing challenges and investing in research, policy, and capacity building, Nigeria can achieve sustainable, climate-resilient agriculture through the widespread adoption of AI-powered irrigation systems. The study provides a foundation for future research and policy formulation aimed at driving digital innovation in the agricultural sector.

Salinity stress is an important environmental factor which decreases crops growth, development and production. It is an essential problem in arid and semi-arid regions. Selecting planting method and salinity-resistant cultivar is one of the most important strategies used for mitigating salinity effects on alfalfa. Therefore, the current study was carried out using as a split-plot experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in order to determine the most appropriate planting method and salinity-resistant alfalfa cultivar. In this study, the planting method with four levels including pitting, drilling, shallow furrow and transplanting methods constituted the main plot and alfalfa cultivars including Baghdadi, Nikshahri, Bami and Mesaseresa constituted the sub-plot. The results showed that planting method and cultivar significantly affected fresh and dry forage yield. Furrow and pitting planting methods produced the highest fresh forage yield (66.7 and ...

This paper analyzes the factors influencing crop diversification in Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu. Crop diversification is nothing but a shift in cropping pattern, shift from traditionally grown less benefit crops to more benefit crops to increase the income as well as agricultural sustainability. To cope up with the risk arise due to mono cropping, crop diversification can be used as a better strategy. It reduces the risk to farmer from total crop failure by providing alternative means of income through other crops grown. It also helps in conservation of natural resources, increases food and nutritional security and helps in poverty alleviation by providing employment opportunities to the farmers. We studied about the factors influencing crop diversification in Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu using the primary data. Non-Experimental Research design was used for this study purpose. A sample size of 120 respondents was fixed for the study using proportionate random sampling technique. Out of twenty-two variables selected for the study, variables viz., Family size, Distance to the market, Economic motivation, Risk orientation, Innovativeness and Scientific orientation had positive and significant association with crop diversification at one per cent level of significance.

Close management of irrigation could have considerable impacts on water resources, especially for cropping systems dominated by corn. The experiment was carried out to compare the influence of porous capsule irrigation (PCI), surface drip irrigation (DI), and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems, with or without mulching, on actual evapotranspiration (ETc act), crop coefficients (K c single and K c dual), biomass yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of corn in a semiarid region of Iran. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design with the three irrigation systems assigned to the main plots and two mulching (with or without foil type) treatments (M 1 and M 2) assigned to the sub-plots. The corn ETc act varied significantly (P < 0.05) with the different irrigation systems, being (mm) 389.8 for PCI, 377.0 for DI, and 372.8 for SDI. The highest K c average and K cb (0.82 and 1.22) and the lowest K e (0.12) were observed under the PCI system. The dry and wet biological biomass yields were highest (29.98 and 107 t/ha) under the PCI + M 1 treatment, and the lowest (23.19 and 58.54 t/ha, respectively) were under the DI + M 2 treatment. The highest WUE (7.89 kg/m 3) was also observed under the PCI + M 1 treatment; PCI produced the best biological biomass yield, WUE and IWUE in comparison to DI and SDI systems. Accordingly, the PCI system could be a viable alternative to drip irrigation for areas with scarce water resources, particularly for smallholder farmers.

Background: To meet the requirements of sustainable growth for feeding the increasing population in a changing world, farmers and scientists have developed many eco-agricultural practices. Although researchers have developed many eco-agricultural techniques, there remain challenges in terms of integrating their advantages and overcoming their limitations. Here we advocate the intercropping of groundnut and blackgram with different crop ratios to study the production potential and economics of groundnut cum black-gram based intercropping system. Methods: The experiment was laid out in 2020-2021 with random block design consisting twelve treatments comprising of groundnut as base crop and blackgram as intercrop in the replacement series or crop ratios

The informal tank institution seems to have functioned relatively well in Tamil Nadu, India, at least until the early 1970s. The institution had been supported by three layers of irrigation functionaries at village level. Especially important was the role of the lower irrigation functionaries such as the water-turner (Neerkatti ( ( ), who had been conducting important tasks such as sluice operation, field water management and others. Based on the authors' recent field survey in seven tank-benefitted villages in Madurai District of Tamil Nadu, especially interviews with 31 Neerkatti families, after discussing physical and socioeconomic factors which caused the deterioration of tank irrigation and the village-level informal tank institution, the paper focuses on the current status of institution, including how rules and regulations, and the sanction system on violators and related systems are functioning, and analyzes the current socioeconomic status and perceptions of the Neerkattis. It emphasizes the contradiction between the traditional caste-based society, which governs the informal tank institution, and the recent rapid economic development in India.

In recent years, there is a significant increase in the number of devices with low power consumption. The energy requirements of these devices are provided by chemical batteries. The batteries must be charged at regular times, and cause some problems such as environmental pollution. RF energy harvesters are an alternative energy source for the batteries. In this study, the responses of 900 MHz RF energy harvester, which was previously tested, are estimated using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method in different states. For this aim, the output power values are determined by using the input power and the frequency of the signal and the load resistances connected to the energy harvester.

Water scarcity is a limiting factor for crop production in arid and semi-arid regions. To evaluating effects of deficit irrigation (DI) on growth, yield, yield components and water-use efficiency (WUE) in cantaloupe crop (Cucumis melo L.) under semi-arid conditions, a field experiment based randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted. In this experiment, three irrigation treatments consisted of 60 (I 60 ), 80 (I 80 ), and 100% ETc (I 100 , Control) were applied during the growing season. Based on the results, the highest total crop yield (30.3 t ha -1 ), mean number of fruits per plant (4.9), mean fruit weight (1.508 g), plant main stem length (194.6 cm) and total leaf area (24.375 cm 2 ) were obtained in I 100 , while highest chlorophyll (Chl) a, total Chl content and Chl stability index obtained at I 80 treatment. Moderate water stress (I 80 ) did not reduce cantaloupe yield but led to increase WUE and total soluble solids (TSS). Under I 60 treatment, the yield was reduced by 35.3% mainly due to decrease of fruit weight, while value of WUE (0.89 t ha -1 cm -1 ) in this treatment was 45.9% greater than I 100 . Maximum value of TSS (9.3%) was achieved at I 60 . Based on the total fruit yield, the preferable level of DI for cantaloupe production is I 80 , and in region that goal is preserving water resources, I 60 treatment, recommended.

The aims of irrigation network planning is to determine the mainstay of irrigation water needs, cropping planning patterns, as well as the discharge needed for agricultural areas. Indonesia itself isan agrarian country so it is natural that the first priority in the national development agenda iscentered in agriculture. Based on that, the availability of agricultural diarrhea water is one of theguarantees of food availability to increase national food production. So that the success of rice selfsufficiencyinordertoimprovefoodsecuritycannotbeseparatedfromtheroleofwater.Variousattemptshave been made to increase the yield of food production, including the opening ofagricultural land. In Balangan Regency, South Kalimantan Province, especially Awayan District,has the potential of water resources and the potential of undeveloped agricultural land. Therefore, inan effort to improve and meet the food storage needs of the Balangan Regency, the BalanganRegency Water Works Public Works Departm...