IoT Middleware

The internet of things (IoT) and message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) play crucial roles in connecting sensor networks, data exchange among diverse devices, and enabling various smart systems. Several studies have been conducted on IoT-MQTT-based applications because of their ease of implementation and deployment. It also offers real-time and reliable communication between a publisher and a subscriber. However, there is a lack of comprehensive studies covering overall performance metrics. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a water level warning system prototype and evaluate its performance through simulation experiments, focusing on critical metrics, such as latency, throughput, packet loss rate (PLR), packet delivery ratio (PDR), and availability at various data transmission rates. The results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves significantly lower latency, compared to existing solutions and achieves up to 98% availability and reliability with minimal packet loss. The experimental findings also reveal that higher data transmission rates lead to higher throughput and latency performance with lower performance in terms of availability, PDR, and sensor accuracy.

A scenario of a person entering a massive library for the first time If the person does not know where to search for a book of their interest, they will eventually find themselves stuck at every corner searching for the book of their choice, to add to this, the multitude of books cause an even greater confusion in pinpointing whether the books are even there in the library. The librarian may be able to provide the person with directions but it is still not easy. Unfortunately, most modern libraries have neither the technology to automatically guide the user through the library nor the technology to provide the user with necessary information. This paper is aimed in resolving the aforementioned problem. The concept of Internet of Things brings forward the incorporation of Beacon Technology, which uses Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), where beacons are used to communicate with user's device to provide a detailed description of the books in the library including the distance from the se...

As various fields are processing towards smarter systems with rapid adaptations towards sensor network to collect precious data, a common framework accommodating multiple protocols to communicate each other acting as a M to N gateway with user-controlled logic and middleware addition feature would ease the interoperability issues and pave a way towards better integration of sensor nodes into the ecosystem leading to much efficient communication across systems. The stronger infrastructure with lower cost of wireless devices and sensors have made economical for any sized industry to adapt but due to the monopoly of certain vendors with proprietary system, smaller scale industries aren't able to invest capital due to interoperability issues with home grown products. Thus, we are focusing on creating a generic multi-protocol support framework for interoperability across the devices with data centric approach. The framework is designed in such a way that it is able to work across presence enabled devices along with backward compatibility such as HTTP for polling methods. Every data unit is processed across the different layers of the system and passed to the processor thread which applies the rules defined at prior and dispatches the notification or alerts to the respective destination as defined in the data packet.

The level of dependence on data communication in the modern era is increasing exponentially. The internet of things (IoT) plays a very important role in the advancement of the industrial revolution 4.0 that utilizes data communication systems. IoT deployments require data communication protocols, such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), and message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) as well as network communication protocols (wireless) to meet the network needs of devices with limited resources. Optimization of data communication in IoT is needed to maintain the quality of sending and receiving data in real time. This research proposes a hybrid NarrowBand-IoT (NB-IoT) protocol designed using NarrowBand communication network technology with optimization of data communication using MQTT and HTTP protocols. In this research, the hybrid NB-IoT protocol has the best packet loss value of 0.010% against the HTTP NB-IoT protocol which has a value of 0.017%, and the MQTT NB-IoT protocol o...

Now a day one of the advance word in the information technology is Internet of Things (IoT). The main goal of IoT is to transform real world objects to the artificial intelligent virtual objects. IoT will provide everything in the real world object to provide common infrastructure to control the things around the state of the things. Recently this study represents IoT concepts by researcher scholars, expert system, corporate white papers and online databases. Moreover this research paper will provide definitions, issues of internet things, basic requirements and characteristics of IoT. The main objective of research paper is to provide a complete overview of technologies associated with their usage of daily life. However new research will provide goal comprehension and facilitate accumulation effectively. Keywords: RFID, Internet of Things, Network, Near Field Communication, Wifi

One solution for interoperability issue in IoT is a middleware which is competent on resolving the problems of syntactical, semantic, and network interoperability. In previous study, a middleware capable of addressing semantic and syntactical interoperability challenges has been developed, yet has not responded to network interoperability matter. In this paper we continue our previous research by adding BLE and 6LoWPAN features to the middleware's communication media, so it may communicate with various devices. Interoperability test results show that the middleware is capable of responding to network interoperability challenges and able to receive data from multiple nodes simultaneously.

The application of a solar home system in remote areas is needed to be monitored by real time. The Internet of Things (IoT) system is capable of performing data management for monitoring and evaluating the solar home system performance in specific locations. The data are then collected and transmitted to a system monitoring through the internet which then can be stored in cloud for further analysis. The purpose of this paper is to develop the concept of IoT architecture by measuring the parameter of photovoltaic panels for the selected remote area.

In developing countries around the globe, the number of vehicle users has exceeded the optimum threshold and is increasing rapidly due to speedy economic growth. Consequently, roads are getting more congested in the cities. This has resulted in increased difficulties in meeting the minimum parking demands. Moreover, most of the parking lots are at the underground level of buildings. Due to the lack of natural light sources, there is a need for a massive power source to light up a large quantity of lighting equipment continuously. This results in waste of energy, equipment losses and causes a tremendous financial burden on property management. However, an IoT driven parking management can significantly aid in the utilization of parking resources. Availability of a sensor based smart parking spot with its location information identified and transmitted using wireless communication technology can immensely benefit the vehicle owners as well as parking spot authorities. It is a comprehensive solution both for the user and the owner of the parking space. Besides, it can fulfill the lighting requirement of the parking lot with minimized energy. Some eminent features of such IoT based systems are online reservations, user authentication for ensuring security, parking guidance, online payment, and energy saving. This paper reviews IoT driven smart parking management systems. It gives insights into various approaches for the parking system, related technologies, widely used components, communication standards and concerned system security issues. Besides, the paper gives researchers a direction for future work as it directs towards some open issues in this area. INDEX TERMS Sensors, communication, IoT, smart parking, security. I. INTRODUCTION The number of registered vehicles in the world is increasing everyday which creates an enormous demand for the parking space symmetrically. For example, according to Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA), there are around 3.1 million registered vehicles in the country. A study shows that private cars use Dhaka (the capital of the country), city's 80% road [1]. Another study shows that U.S's registered Motor The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Yougan Chen. Vehicles were updated yearly, averaging 248 thousand Unit from December 2005 to 2015 [2]. Thus many parking-related issues require much attention and are needed to be solved on an urgent basis [3]. Due to the lack of an intelligent system, it takes a long time for drivers to find an empty spot. This delay directly impacts the economy. Some other vital impacts are extra fuel consumption, noise, environmental pollution, and a considerable workforce maintenance cost. Security of the parked vehicle is another primary concern. It is an extra burden for both user and the owner of a parking area. Unauthorized parking cannot be avoided effectively with the

This project aims towards the usage of MQTT (Message queueing telemetry transport) protocol in IoT (Internet of things) along with adopting a feasible means of encrypting the message transfers in applications. The lightweight nature of MQTT protocol makes possible the transfer of information speedily and hence, has now being used in applications related to IoT, WSN (Wireless sensor networks), and M2M (Machine to machine) communications. Here, MQTT is deployed between ESP-8266 Wi-Fi SoCs namely-NodeMCU ESP-8266 12E and ESP-01 8266 Wi-Fi modules. Both communicate using the MQTT protocol using the internet via Wi-Fi. The ESP-8266 Wi-Fi SoCs have completely revolutionized approach towards IoT because of numerous advantages. This project also includes the usage of 2 sensors namely-PIR (Passive InfraRed) motion detector sensors and an MQ-5 gas sensor which sense human presence and some gases respectively. These sensors read the environment around them for the required information, systems encrypt that information and subsequently, transmit the data over the internet to the MQTT broker stationed at the cloud. This encrypted data is then sent to a central node-NodeMCU ESP-8266 12E which decrypts it and then alerts the user about any mishappening, through the Blynk app.

Tremendous advancements in heterogeneous communication technologies have enabled smart cities objects to interact with each other while ensuring network connectivity. However, these communication technologies cannot provide flawless connectivity in smart cities due to the coexistence of thousands of devices, which brings about several problems. In this article, we discuss the enabling communication and networking technologies used in smart cities. The similarities and differences among different communication technologies based on the important parameters are also analyzed. Moreover, a taxonomy is devised by classifying the literature based on future and emerging technologies, modern communication technologies, IEEE wireless technology standards, objectives, network classes, and mode of operations. Furthermore, some reported case studies of different cities (Barcelona, Stratford, Singapore, and Porto) are also presented. Lastly, several research challenges, such as interference management, scalable wireless solutions, interoperability support among heterogeneous wireless networks, mobility management, and high energy consumption that remain to be addressed for enabling unimpaired connectivity in smart cities are discussed as future research directions.

Faster development of sensor and network technologies is facilitating immense deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) towards creating a smart world. In IoT, a massive number of heterogeneous resource-constraint devices communicate with each other without any human intervention and generate a huge amount of data. Unique research challenges posed by IoT are fascinating the research community. This paper presents some of the critical issues along with state of the art solutions towards them. In-depth discussion is provided on various key issues like heterogeneity and interoperability, scalability, QoS, and security. Directions for further researches in those areas are also pointed out.

The aim of this paper is to determine the physical proximity of connected things when they are accessed from a smartphone. Links between connected things and mobile communication devices are temporarily created by means of dynamic URLs (uniform resource locators) which may be easily discovered with pervasive short-range radio frequency technologies available on smartphones. In addition, a multi cross domain silent logging mechanism to allow people to interact with their surrounding connected things from their mobile communication devices is presented. The proposed mechanisms are based in web standards technologies, evolving our social network of Internet of Things towards the so-called Web of Things.

Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas Telemáticos. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Avenida Complutense no 30, “Ciudad Universitaria”. 28040 Madrid (España). Tel. 91 549 57 00 ext. 3035 Departamento de Ingeniería Topográfica y Cartografía. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.UPM Campus Sur, Km 7.5 de la Autovía de Valencia. 28031 Madrid, Spain. Tel. 91 549 57 00 ext. 3035 Emails: tomas.robles@upm.es, bbordel@dit.upm.es, ramon.alcarria@upm.es, diego.martin.de.andres@upm.es

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm in which smart objects actively collaborate among them and with other physical and virtual objects available in the Web in order to perform high-level tasks for the benefit of end-users. In the e-health scenario, these communicating smart objects can be body sensors that enable a continuous real-time monitoring of vital signs of patients. Data produced by such sensors can be used for several purposes and by different actors, such as doctors, patients, relatives, and health care centers, in order to provide remote assistance to users. However, major challenges arise mainly in terms of the interoperability among several heterogeneous devices from a variety of manufacturers. In this context, we introduce EcoHealth (Ecosystem of Health Care Devices), a Web middleware platform for connecting doctors and patients using attached body sensors, thus aiming to provide improved health monitoring and diagnosis for patients. This platform is able to integrate information obtained from heterogeneous sensors in order to provide mechanisms to monitor, process, visualize, store, and send notifications regarding patients' conditions and vital signs at real-time by using Internet standards. In this paper, we present blueprints of our proposal to EcoHealth and its logical architecture and implementation, as well as an e-health motivational scenario where such a platform would be useful.

The increasing demand for Internet of Things (IoT) applications has resulted in vast amounts of data, requiring the utilization of big data analytics. The integration of big data analytics in IoT-based smart cities can greatly benefit from the development of wireless communication protocols, among which the Thread protocol has emerged as a promising option. Thread is IEEE 802.15.4 based and has advanced capabilities like mesh networking, IPv6 support, and multiple gateways providing no single point of failure. This paper presents the design and evaluation of a low-cost mesh network using Raspberry Pi, nRF52840 dongle, and OpenThread 1.2 (i.e., an open-source software implementation of the Thread protocol stack). The research elaborates on the hardware and software solutions used, as well as the network topologies adopted. To evaluate the performance of the developed system, extensive real-time tests are performed, considering parameters, such as jitter, packet loss, and round trip t...

Smart City promises to enhance resource utility, cost-effectiveness, sustainability and living conditions in urban environments by utilizing Internet-of-Things (IoT) infrastructures. This chapter presents a comprehensive survey on the architectural design and key wireless communication technologies that enable Smart City applications. In addition, with the adoption and installation of IoT devices on a city-wide scale, securing these devices and the associated communications networks becomes an important issue. As a result, this chapter then continue with a survey to discuss potential security threats for IoT devices in a Smart-City environment, possible countermeasures and open research issues.

The level of dependence on data communication in the modern era is increasing exponentially. The internet of things (IoT) plays a very important role in the advancement of the industrial revolution 4.0 that utilizes data communication systems. IoT deployments require data communication protocols, such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), and message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) as well as network communication protocols (wireless) to meet the network needs of devices with limited resources. Optimization of data communication in IoT is needed to maintain the quality of sending and receiving data in real time. This research proposes a hybrid NarrowBand-IoT (NB-IoT) protocol designed using NarrowBand communication network technology with optimization of data communication using MQTT and HTTP protocols. In this research, the hybrid NB-IoT protocol has the best packet loss value of 0.010% against the HTTP NB-IoT protocol which has a value of 0.017%, and the MQTT NB-IoT protocol o...

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm in which smart objects actively collaborate among them and with other physical and virtual objects available in the Web in order to perform high-level tasks for the benefit of end-users. In the e-health scenario, these communicating smart objects can be body sensors that enable a continuous real-time monitoring of vital signs of patients. Data produced by such sensors can be used for several purposes and by different actors, such as doctors, patients, relatives, and health care centers, in order to provide remote assistance to users. However, major challenges arise mainly in terms of the interoperability among several heterogeneous devices from a variety of manufacturers. In this context, we introduce EcoHealth (Ecosystem of Health Care Devices), a Web middleware platform for connecting doctors and patients using attached body sensors, thus aiming to provide improved health monitoring and diagnosis for patients. This platform is able to integrate information obtained from heterogeneous sensors in order to provide mechanisms to monitor, process, visualize, store, and send notifications regarding patients' conditions and vital signs at real-time by using Internet standards. In this paper, we present blueprints of our proposal to EcoHealth and its logical architecture and implementation, as well as an e-health motivational scenario where such a platform would be useful.

Recently, home automation systems have been challenged with two outstanding needs: the need for high interoperability between home devices, and the need for accessing the system from different end points. The Internet of Things idea consists of IP-enabled embedded devices connected to the Internet and the rapid expansion of IPv6. The IETF added to this idea by defining 6LoWPAN as a technique to apply IPv6 to IEEE 802.15.4 low-power wireless network standards, which adds the potential for transparent end-to-end communication, control, and monitoring of home automation devices from anywhere on the globe. The use of 6LoWPAN technology also helps lower expense and decrease complexity of home automation architecture. In this paper we analyze the implementation of 6LoWPAN wireless embedded internet technology, and propose a system that is especially designed for the task of home automation. Our system relies on a lowpower wireless home network that uses a low energy consumption solution called CC2530 SoC for 802.15.4 applications combined with Contiki embedded RTOS. Our home gateway provides a smart and efficient platform while interconnecting home automation to the outside world based on Ethernet or Wi-Fi. In order to secure our 6LoWPAN-based wireless home automation system, we also design an anomaly-based 6LoWPAN intrusion detection system and implicit authentication for secure remote home controllers. Finally, by using the additional components of a 3V, 70mA small polycrystalline silicon solar cell for power, and the implemented energy harvesting technique, we can have home automation nodes without the need of periodically replacing batteries.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm that has gained more popularity in recent years. At a conceptual level, IoT refers to the interconnectivity among our everyday devices such as personal computers, laptops, tablets, smart phones, PDAs, and other hand-held embedded devices. These devices now communicate smartly to each other. The goal of the Internet of Things is to enable things to be connected anytime, anyplace, with anything and anyone ideally using any path/network and any service. Internet of Things is a new revolution of the Internet. Objects make themselves recognizable and they obtain intelligence by making or enabling context related decisions thanks to the fact that they can communicate information about themselves and they can access information that has been aggregated by other things, or they can be components of complex services. This paper surveys some of the standard and non-standard protocols that are used for network routing in IoT applications. It should be noted that we have partitioned the network layer in two sub layers: routing layer which handles the transfer the packets from source to destination, and an encapsulation layer that forms the packets. Encapsulation mechanisms will be out of scope of this paper. Six network layer routing protocols of IoT were discussed in this paper.

Internet of Things (IoT) has become a continuously growing concept with the advancements of ubiquitous computing, wireless sensor networks, and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication. IoT connects heterogeneous physical devices and enables communication among them over the Internet via uniquely addressable identifiers. This paper delivers an overview of IoT in the context of the architecture and related technologies. However, IoT does not adhere to a universal architecture. Hence, it describes widely accepted architectural designs, further elaborated with the corresponding communication protocols and standards. Moreover, highly prevalent protocols and standards are summarized, so that the reader can gain an overall view of IoT. Furthermore, it describes some identified solutions and future directions towards overcoming the challenges present in the IoT paradigm. Finally, the paper concludes with some applications of IoT, in order to realize the feasibility of IoT concept in real-world scenarios.

The level of dependence on data communication in the modern era is increasing exponentially. The internet of things (IoT) plays a very important role in the advancement of the industrial revolution 4.0 that utilizes data communication systems. IoT deployments require data communication protocols, such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), and message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) as well as network communication protocols (wireless) to meet the network needs of devices with limited resources. Optimization of data communication in IoT is needed to maintain the quality of sending and receiving data in real time. This research proposes a hybrid NarrowBand-IoT (NB-IoT) protocol designed using NarrowBand communication network technology with optimization of data communication using MQTT and HTTP protocols. In this research, the hybrid NB-IoT protocol has the best packet loss value of 0.010% against the HTTP NB-IoT protocol which has a value of 0.017%, and the MQTT NB-IoT protocol o...

Now a day one of the advance word in the information technology is Internet of Things (IoT). The main goal of IoT is to transform real world objects to the artificial intelligent virtual objects. IoT will provide everything in the real world object to provide common infrastructure to control the things around the state of the things. Recently this study represents IoT concepts by researcher scholars, expert system, corporate white papers and online databases. Moreover this research paper will provide definitions, issues of internet things, basic requirements and characteristics of IoT. The main objective of research paper is to provide a complete overview of technologies associated with their usage of daily life. However new research will provide goal comprehension and facilitate accumulation effectively. Keywords: RFID, Internet of Things, Network, Near Field Communication, Wifi

The internet of things (IoT) has allowed for ubiquitous measurement. Infant incubator temperature is one of crucial parts that need to be measured, especially for the stability and uniformity temperature. Based on the interpretation of IEC 60601-2-19, we proposed measurement method using IoT with the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT). In the 10,000 packet, the result shows the quality of service (QoS) level 2 of the system has the highest delay, however it has the lowest packet loss data than the other QoS. For 1 hour, the uniformity result and stability can fulfill the standards. Uniformity of 32°C, the lowest difference is point C with 0.32 °C, and the highest difference is point B with 0.75 °C. Uniformity of 36 °C, the lowest difference is point B with 0.27 °C, and the highest difference is point C with 0.79 °C. The stability of 32 °C and 36 °C is 0.32 °C and 0.44 °C, respectively. Moreover, the Kruskal Wallis test shows the highest difference average from point M is point...

The level of dependence on data communication in the modern era is increasing exponentially. The internet of things (IoT) plays a very important role in the advancement of the industrial revolution 4.0 that utilizes data communication systems. IoT deployments require data communication protocols, such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), and message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) as well as network communication protocols (wireless) to meet the network needs of devices with limited resources. Optimization of data communication in IoT is needed to maintain the quality of sending and receiving data in real time. This research proposes a hybrid NarrowBand-IoT (NB-IoT) protocol designed using NarrowBand communication network technology with optimization of data communication using MQTT and HTTP protocols. In this research, the hybrid NB-IoT protocol has the best packet loss value of 0.010% against the HTTP NB-IoT protocol which has a value of 0.017%, and the MQTT NB-IoT protocol of 0.024%. The hybrid NB-IoT protocol has a latency value of 8.7 seconds compared to the HTTP NB-IoT protocol which has a latency of 10.9 seconds. Meanwhile, the throughput value of the hybrid NB-IoT protocol is 158906.1 byte/s and is better than the MQTT NB-IoT protocol which is only 158898.6 bytes/s.

This document describes the applicability of IPv6 over constrained node networks (6lo) and provides practical deployment examples. In addition to IEEE 802.15.4, various link layer technologies such as ITU-T G.9959 (Z-Wave), BLE, DECT-ULE, MS/TP, NFC, and PLC (IEEE 1901.2) are used as examples. The document targets an audience who like to understand and evaluate running end-to-end IPv6 over the constrained node networks connecting devices to each other or to other devices on the Internet (e.g. cloud infrastructure).

The internet of things (IoT) has allowed for ubiquitous measurement. Infant incubator temperature is one of crucial parts that need to be measured, especially for the stability and uniformity temperature. Based on the interpretation of IEC 60601-2-19, we proposed measurement method using IoT with the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT). In the 10,000 packet, the result shows the quality of service (QoS) level 2 of the system has the highest delay, however it has the lowest packet loss data than the other QoS. For 1 hour, the uniformity result and stability can fulfill the standards. Uniformity of 32°C, the lowest difference is point C with 0.32 °C, and the highest difference is point B with 0.75 °C. Uniformity of 36 °C, the lowest difference is point B with 0.27 °C, and the highest difference is point C with 0.79 °C. The stability of 32 °C and 36 °C is 0.32 °C and 0.44 °C, respectively. Moreover, the Kruskal Wallis test shows the highest difference average from point M is point...

Smart City promises to enhance resource utility, cost-effectiveness, sustainability and living conditions in urban environments by utilizing Internet-of-Things (IoT) infrastructures. This chapter presents a comprehensive survey on the architectural design and key wireless communication technologies that enable Smart City applications. In addition, with the adoption and installation of IoT devices on a city-wide scale, securing these devices and the associated communications networks becomes an important issue. As a result, this chapter then continue with a survey to discuss potential security threats for IoT devices in a Smart-City environment, possible countermeasures and open research issues.

As devices become increasingly connected, the Internet of Things (IoT) concept becomes ever so prominent. For Deviceto-Device (D2D) communications in the home and industry like for power, oil and gas, utility transmission and transport, the most profound challenge of the IoT has been organizing this large number of devices into a network of things. The Majority of these devices constituting the IoT setup are lightweight, low power wireless sensor nodes. The objective of the Home Area Network (HAN) is to continuously monitor connected devices, collect data, process data, and give feedback where and when needed. Within this chain of communication are numerous nontrivial and computational issues. In this paper, we demonstrate the proof of concept using the ZigBee protocol as a smart data collection element in IoT based HAN in global environment. A simulation study with different topologies and configuration using the ZigBee network platform in the global environment is presented. Based on traffic-demand, it is imperative to implement a network configuration that enables ideal network performance. To transfer the large volume of collected data from the HAN, we designate the Fifth Generation (5G) wireless device enabled with Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) connected to the cloud to process data.

Upcoming in a new world of computing technology i.e., internet of things (IoT). IOT is a sort of "universal global network" in the cloud which connects various things i.e., physical and virtual devices having separate identity to eachoneofthem, which can be connected via a vast network to share data and process it into meaningful information. The IoT is an intelligently affiliated disposition and systems, which consist of smart machines move and communicating with other machines, encircle, stuff and substructure and the radio frequency identification (RFID) and sensor networkapplication will fall to meet this new challenge. As a result, a vast quantity of data are existence bring forth, stock, and that data is being refined into multipurpose human activity, that can "authority and relation" the things to form our lives so much easier and safer and to trim back our consequence on the surroundings. Every arrangement such as companionship and civil organization needs up intelligence collection about people. In this attentiveness, most open up use site, electronic mail or notice boards. However, in most of countries internet access is available to people on systems and their mobile devices, so that the transferring of the information can be much easier and less costly through theinternet.

Smart cities are demanding solutions for improved traffic efficiency, in order to guarantee optimal access to mobility resources available in urban areas. Intelligent video analytics deployed directly on board embedded sensors offers great opportunities to gather highly informative data about traffic and transport, allowing reconstruction of a real-time neat picture of urban mobility patterns. In this paper, we present a visual sensor network in which each node embeds computer vision logics for analyzing in real time urban traffic. The nodes in the network share their perceptions and build a global and comprehensive interpretation of the analyzed scenes in a cooperative and adaptive fashion. This is possible thanks to an especially designed Internet of Things (IoT) compliant middleware which encompasses in-network event composition as well as full support of Machine-2-Machine (M2M) communication mechanism. The potential of the proposed cooperative visual sensor network is shown with...

The internet of things (IoT) has allowed for ubiquitous measurement. Infant incubator temperature is one of crucial parts that need to be measured, especially for the stability and uniformity temperature. Based on the interpretation of IEC 60601-2-19, we proposed measurement method using IoT with the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT). In the 10,000 packet, the result shows the quality of service (QoS) level 2 of the system has the highest delay, however it has the lowest packet loss data than the other QoS. For 1 hour, the uniformity result and stability can fulfill the standards. Uniformity of 32°C, the lowest difference is point C with 0.32 °C, and the highest difference is point B with 0.75 °C. Uniformity of 36 °C, the lowest difference is point B with 0.27 °C, and the highest difference is point C with 0.79 °C. The stability of 32 °C and 36 °C is 0.32 °C and 0.44 °C, respectively. Moreover, the Kruskal Wallis test shows the highest difference average from point M is point...

The internet of things (IoT) has allowed for ubiquitous measurement. Infant incubator temperature is one of crucial parts that need to be measured, especially for the stability and uniformity temperature. Based on the interpretation of IEC 60601-2-19, we proposed measurement method using IoT with the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT). In the 10,000 packet, the result shows the quality of service (QoS) level 2 of the system has the highest delay, however it has the lowest packet loss data than the other QoS. For 1 hour, the uniformity result and stability can fulfill the standards. Uniformity of 32°C, the lowest difference is point C with 0.32 °C, and the highest difference is point B with 0.75 °C. Uniformity of 36 °C, the lowest difference is point B with 0.27 °C, and the highest difference is point C with 0.79 °C. The stability of 32 °C and 36 °C is 0.32 °C and 0.44 °C, respectively. Moreover, the Kruskal Wallis test shows the highest difference average from point M is point A and B. It occurred because of the point A and B located far from the heater part, so the point A and B colder than point C.

Smart cities are demanding solutions for improved traffic efficiency, in order to guarantee optimal access to mobility resources available in urban areas. Intelligent video analytics deployed directly on board embedded sensors offers great opportunities to gather highly informative data about traffic and transport, allowing reconstruction of a real-time neat picture of urban mobility patterns. In this paper, we present a visual sensor network in which each node embeds computer vision logics for analyzing in real time urban traffic. The nodes in the network share their perceptions and build a global and comprehensive interpretation of the analyzed scenes in a cooperative and adaptive fashion. This is possible thanks to an especially designed Internet of Things (IoT) compliant middleware which encompasses in-network event composition as well as full support of Machine-2-Machine (M2M) communication mechanism. The potential of the proposed cooperative visual sensor network is shown with...

Internet of things is the innovation can convey to each other without a human. This paper addresses the internet of Things and presents the few advances and interchanges arrangements. In this paper, we portray the internet of Things (IoT) which is a model where things can have distinguishing, detecting, and handling highlights that will enable them to speak with different gadgets over the Web to play out the errand. There are many difficulties with programming, equipment, and security in the genuine execution of IoT. This paper incorporates three conventions, For example, sigfox, Z wave and EnOcean .The systems administration convention and security administrations are not specifically connected on IoT in view of various correspondence stacks and different systems administration gauges. Along these lines, there is have to locate a productive arrangement which manages the every one of the difficulties in a domain of IoT. This paper presents different research challenges with their se...

Smart cities are demanding solutions for improved traffic efficiency, in order to guarantee optimal access to mobility resources available in urban areas. Intelligent video analytics deployed directly on board embedded sensors offers great opportunities to gather highly informative data about traffic and transport, allowing reconstruction of a real-time neat picture of urban mobility patterns. In this paper, we present a visual sensor network in which each node embeds computer vision logics for analyzing in real time urban traffic. The nodes in the network share their perceptions and build a global and comprehensive interpretation of the analyzed scenes in a cooperative and adaptive fashion. This is possible thanks to an especially designed Internet of Things (IoT) compliant middleware which encompasses in-network event composition as well as full support of Machine-2-Machine (M2M) communication mechanism. The potential of the proposed cooperative visual sensor network is shown with...

The Internet of Things (IoT) is characterized as a system where entities associated with detectors, actuators, and CPUs to interact with one another to provide a significant objective. The Internet of Things is made up of intelligent machines that interact with one another. It allows data gathering and transfers by such devices. In addition, the Internet of things currently has a broad spectrum of life implementations like business sector, storage, procurement, medical care, intelligent ecosystem, and private, mobile gaming machine and data about towns. Intelligent devices might have connected or cellular connections. Protocols and frameworks addressing the Internet of Things ecosystems are still being developed at a really rapid speed. The paper is an effort to explore various IoT protocols. The Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining great interest and prominence in industry and government alike. In accumulation, it will analyze generally IoT protocol, with focus on key characteristics and activities of different criteria of information spreading protection of energy consumption, and other functions.

Technological advances in recent years have significantly changed the way an operating room works. This work aims to create a platform to solve the problems of operating room occupancy and prepare the rooms with an environment that is favorable for all operations. Using this system, a doctor can control all operation rooms, especially before an operation, and monitor their temperature and humidity to prepare for the operation. Also, in the event of a problem, an alert is sent to the nurse responsible for the room and medical stuff so that the problem can be resolved. The platform is tested using a Raspberry PI card and sensors. The sensors are connected to a cloud layer that collects and analyzes the temperature and humidity values obtained from the environment during an operation. The result of experimentations is visualized through a web application and an Android application. The platform also considers the security aspects such as authorization to access application functionalities for the Web and the mobile applications. We can also test and evaluate the system's existing problems and vulnerabilities using the IEEE and owasp IoT standards. Finally, the proposed framework is extended with a model based testing technique that may be adopted for validating the security aspects.

This paper describes a design of a lightweight authentication solution for the 6LoWPAN based Wireless Sensor Network. 6LoWPAN nodes are classified as constrained devices with limited memory and computing power. Therefore, since confidential data is shared in various fields through a public channel, the underlying resources are vulnerable to security threats. Moreover, constrained devices make it impossible to secure information using traditional resourceintensive encryption algorithms such as biometric, username, and password. Therefore, a variety of symmetric cryptographic and public key-based authentication methods have been proposed to address such issues. Conversely, the solutions still suffer from large communication and computational overhead problems and do not resist some known attacks. Our proposed framework aims to reduce computing and communication costs by using lightweight authentication-based symmetric key management. It employs a hash-based method, pre-distribution key, track sequence, nonce, and symmetric Lici-2 algorithm in both phases (establishment and authentication). This proposal framework is expected to resist attacks as exemplified by to reply and man in the middle.

While IoT devices and networks continue to scale in volume and heterogeneity across multiple application domains, they remain unconnected and the data generated from them remain largely inaccessible across the multiple application domains. This is due to a lack of holistic interoperability in the IoT enterprise. Various approaches have been used to address IoT interoperability but each approach only addresses different levels of interoperability in isolation. This paper presents a novel, hybrid approach to IoT interoperability that introduces cognition into the IoT gateway. Thus, the gateway, as a cognitive dynamic system, provides for holistic interoperability in an integrated manner.

The fundamental premise behind this notion is that the Internet is present all around us in the form of a variety of items or objects such as mobile phones, computers, and everyday goods such as refrigerators, TVs, and smart sensors. The idea of the Internet of Things shortly referred to as an IoT was driven by technological advancements that allowed effective wireless small devices. Between 2015 and 2020, mobile data traffic is projected to increase eightfold, and the number of mobile connected devices will reach 11.6 billion. The integration of several technologies and communications solutions, such as wired and wireless sensor and actuator networks, next-generation communication protocols, identification technologies, and artificial intelligence for smart objects, are key factors in this exponential growth and widespread acceptance. We analyze the role of the Internet of Things in different areas, consider technical issues, and assess the problems and possibilities that the Inter...

Securing Internet of Things (IoT) devices and protecting their applications from privacy leaks is a challenge, due to their weak (computational and storage) capabilities, and their proximity with sensitive data. Considering the resourceconstrains of such devices, their long lifetime, and the intermittent connections, classical security approaches are often too difficult or impractical to apply. Moving Target Defense is an established technique whose goal is to lower the attack surface to malicious users by constantly modifying device footprint. Changing the address to an IoT device without privacy leaks is, however, a nontrivial task. In this paper, we propose a novel method to perform a network-wide (IP and MAC) address shuffling procedure, called Address Shuffling Algorithm with HMAC (AShA), which is simple to implement, and whose network overhead is minimal. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we analyze our approach via theoretical analysis and simulations. Our analysis shows how AShA parameters can be adapted to various network sizes while our simulations results show how AShA can be used to successfully perform a global collision-free address renewal on networks of more than 2000 nodes using 16-bit addresses.

Extreme events and disasters resulting from climate change or other ecological factors are difficult to predict and manage. Current limitations of state-ofthe-art approaches to disaster prediction and management could be addressed by adopting new unorthodox risk assessment and management strategies. The next generation Internet of Things (IoT), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), 5G wireless communication, and big data analytics technologies are the key enablers for future effective disaster management infrastructures. In this chapter, we commissioned a survey on emerging wireless communication technologies with potential for enhancing disaster prediction, monitoring, and management systems. Challenges, opportunities, and future research trends are highlighted to provide some insight on the potential future work for researchers in this field.

The internet of things (IoT) is a network of physical devices and is becoming a major area of innovation for computer-based systems. Agriculture is one of the areas which could be improved by utilizing this technology ranging from farming techniques to production efficiency. The objective of this research is to design an IoT to monitor local vegetable (Coriander; Coriandrum sativum L.) growth via sensors (light, humidity, temperature, water level) and combine with an automated watering system. This would provide planters with the ability to monitor field conditions from anywhere at any time. In this research, a group of local vegetables including coriander, cilantro, and dill weed were experimented. The prototype system consists of several smart sensors to accurately monitor the mentioned vegetable growth from seedling stage to a fully grown plant which will ensure the highest production levels from any field environment. Three different types coriander were measured under these par...

LPWANs have recently emerged as a promising solution for enabling industrial IoT applications. To fully exploit their potential, LPWANs need to be connected to the Internet. However, the severe capacity constraints of LPWAN technologies challenge IPv6 support, and even 6LoWPAN-based adaptations are not sufficient. In this paper, we present SCHC, an ultralightweight IPv6 adaptation layer designed for LPWANs, which is being standardized by the IETF.

There are increasing preferences to employ wireless communication technologies for high mobility, high scalability and low-cost applications in smart city development. This paper gives a brief synopsis of typical wireless technologies in smart city applications and the comparison analysis between them. The trend for smart city wireless technology is also presented. Examples, for several key applications within smart city development (healthcare, smart grid, localization) are studied and current advanced solutions supporting these applications are summarized with futuristic trends and demands are presented.

The most prominent protocols for data transfer in internet of things (IoT) are message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) and constrained application protocol (CoAP). The existing clients from both sides are unable to communicate directly because of the packet’s header structure difference in application and transport layer. In response, this paper aims to develop a bidirectional conversion server used to translate the specified messaging protocol interchangeably in the OpenFlow network and transmit the converted packet from both sides. The conversion server integrated the MQTT subscriber and CoAP POST object for converting the MQTT message into CoAP data. Similarly, the CoAP-MQTT translation was
processed by CoAP GET and MQTT publisher object. The research was
evaluated by analysing the round trip time (RTT) value, conversion delay,
and power consumption. The RTT value for MQTT-CoAP required 0.5 s
while the CoAP-MQTT was accumulated in 0.1 s for single-packet
transmission. In addition, the SDN controller and the conversion server only consumed less than 1% central processing unit (CPU) usage during the experiment. The result indicated that the proposed conversion server could handle the translation even though there was an overwhelming request from the clients.