Intelectual History

This paper analyzes Plato’s Republic with a focus on his claim that justice is an intrinsic good essential to both the individual soul and the state. Plato presents justice as harmony achieved when each person and each social class fulfills their proper role, a view supported by his conception of the tripartite soul and the need for self-discipline. The philosopher king model is introduced as the ideal form of governance, raising questions about its practicality and ethical implications, especially concerning freedom and hierarchy. The paper also examines Plato’s reliance on law, education, and knowledge of the Good as central to sustaining justice, while acknowledging his critiques of democracy and its susceptibility to tyranny. By linking justice to virtue, order, and the well-being of both individuals and societies, Plato establishes it as more than a social arrangement: he portrays justice as a fundamental virtue necessary for human flourishing and collective stability.

O artigo articula uma interpretação da obra de Kathryn Bigelow como uma expressão da visão de mundo da classe profissional-gerencial (CPG). Fazendo uso de Lucien Goldmann, Fredric Jameson, e as teorias psicanalíticas de Herbert Marcuse e Christopher Lasch, identifica-se um transição dos filmes inicias centrados em comunidades marginais para as obras tardias marcadas por protagonistas narcisistas e conteúdo moralizante. A formação marxista inicial de Bigelow deixa uma marca formal que registra o impasse histórico da CPG. Esta trajetória é lida como alegoria de consciência bloqueada, e a conclusão especula sobre o seu próximo filme, propondo "contra-filmes" sobre a ciência climática e a rebelião de George Floyd como alternativas.

Una  carta  fechada  el  24  de  octubre  de  1967,  firmada  por  Juan  Perón,  afirmaba  respecto  de  la  muerte de Ernesto Guevara que había caído en la lucha “uno de los nuestros, quizás el mejor”; pero, ¿había escrito Perón esa misiva? Dos versiones, provenientes de testimonios orales, indican que  la  carta  fue  escrita  por  dirigentes  del  peronismo  revolucionario. Más  allá  de  esas  declaraciones, que pueden ser problematizadas, existen elementos para dudar de su autenticidad. A partir del caso particular, este artículo se propone indagar acerca de la necesidad de interponer un método crítico para el abordaje de documentos, en particular los relacionados con el epistolario de  Perón.  A  su  vez,  aporta  a  un  mayor  conocimiento  empírico  respecto  de  la  relación  entre  el  peronismo y la figura del Che Guevara. El trabajo se enmarca en una investigación más amplia sobre la correspondencia del exilio de Perón y se nutre de diversas fuentes orales y escritas. Las primeras  son  testimonios  recogidos  por  el  autor  para  esta  investigación. Las  segundas  están  constituidas por correspondencia de Perón, archivos personales y publicaciones periódicas

Bank Dunia melalui inisiatif Mangroves for Coastal Resilience (M4CR) meluncurkan program internasional untuk merehabilitasi sekitar 75.000 hektar hutan mangrove di wilayah pesisir. Program ini bertujuan melindungi ekosistem pantai. Dari perspektif siyasah dauliyah, M4CR merupakan contoh nyata kerja sama lintas negara yang berfokus pada kemaslahatan umum.

Este capítulo analiza la representación iconográfica del concepto de república en el marco de las relaciones internacionales entre Brasil y Uruguay desde 1892 hasta 1894. Ambos países vivieron momentos de tensión y acercamiento, en el contexto de la revolución federalista en Río Grande del Sur, los festejos por el aniversario de la declaratoria de la independencia en Uruguay y las celebraciones del quinto aniversario de la proclamación de la República en Brasil. Se pretende comprender el significado atribuido a esas representaciones, su uso en la construcción de un discurso político determinado y las coyunturas en las que se produjeron.

https://www.colibri.udelar.edu.uy/jspui/handle/20.500.12008/47705

This work examines the reception of Antonio Gramsci's thought within the legal sphere in Brazil, focusing on the Movimento Direito Alternativo, which emerged as a privileged space for dialogue between Gramscian thought and the critique of traditional law. The aim was to understand how intellectuals associated with this movement employed Gramscian concepts to develop their political theory and practice. The adopted methodology was of a theoretical-analytical nature, based on a comparative reading of texts by these legal scholars and the writings of Gramsci, taking the Gramscian methodological perspective as a reference. The investigation's results indicate that the movement, in rejecting the normativist-leaning legal tradition, sought to construct critical alternatives supported by concepts such as hegemony, intellectuals, and war of position. However, the analysis revealed a partial and fragmented appropriation of the Gramscian legacy, marked by a growing dissociation between theory and practice, which weakened the initial proposal for social change through law. This tendency became particularly visible in the trajectory of Edmundo Arruda Júnior, whose intellectual output reveals a progressive departure from Gramsci's critical foundations, interpreted as transformismo within a framework of passive revolution, culminating in an adherence to positions compatible with legal positivism and, ultimately, in the legitimation of practices associated with Operação Lava Jato. It is concluded that the reception of Gramsci in the Brazilian legal field, while having contributed to challenging the foundations of traditional law, proved limited by the absence of an organic articulation between theoretical reflection and political practice, which compromised the consistency of the Movimento Direito Alternativo's project and contributed to its disintegration.

kavramlarina bakisini degerlendirmis, toplumun ve insanligin gelisebilmesi icin egitime atfettigi oneme vurgu yapmistir. Ulkenin egitim durumundan hic de memnun olmadigini, ozellikle egitim isinden anlamayanlarin yandascilik ve kayirmacilikla haksiz yere egitim teskilatina atanmasindan sikâyet ettigini ifade etmis, o yillarda egitim sistemindeki aksakliklara dair degerlendirmelerine yer vermistir. Yedinci baslikta ise, Cevdet Pasa’nin Darulmuallimin Mudurlugu sirasinda hazirlamis oldugu Darulmuallimin

de marcos normativos, códigos éticos y buenas prácticas ya elaborados, así como de los desarrollos de la ética de la investigación en ciencias sociales. Se analizan cuestiones metodológicas y deontológicas de la investigación histórica, así como algunos de los problemas éticos más importantes que se plantean en la investigación y en la práctica profesional. Partiendo de una necesaria contextualización del desempeño laboral de ésta, que ha sufrido un proceso combinado de especialización, flexibilización y burocratización, se ha tenido en cuenta el respeto al principio de veracidad en relación con cuestiones como la objetividad o los diferentes sesgos de interpretación, el plagio, el tratamiento de datos sensibles, la historia oral y los problemas asociados a la ética de la gestión del patrimonio histórico. El objetivo del trabajo es defender la necesidad de considerar la ética aplicada como un objeto de estudio específico para construir una virtud profesional de los historiadores que garantice la integridad en la investigación.

The text provides an overview of the historiographical production of the last quarter century, focusing on the renewal of the history of Hispanic American independence in line with the emergence of a new set of questions unfolded throughout the period. This questionnaire drew on a more general reflection –that is discussed here– and that [fueled] it with a set of queries in which political history and political thought appeared hardly distinguishable: the rise of nations, federalism, the analysis of electoral processes, the debate on sovereignty, spaces of sociability, among others. The text also examines the repercussions that led to a reassessment of the link between liberalism and republicanism, to the renewal of a constitutional perspective and to the emergence of attempts to broaden the analysis with a comparative approach, both in chronological and spatial terms.

Cuando se publicó La Democracia en América, en 1835, la crítica fue unánime: se trataba de un libro comparable a la Política, de Aristóteles, o al Espíritu de las Leyes, de Montesquieu. Paradójicamente, luego de 1880 y hasta los años 1970 casi nadie se interesó por ella. No obstante, desde estos años, Tocqueville se transformó en un autor esencial tanto para la teoría política como para la sociología política o aun para la filosofía política. Ese interés fue acompañado por un renovado interés por el pensamiento político liberal de esos años, tal como lo atestiguan las obras dedicadas a publicistas liberales o doctrinarios, tales como Mme. De Staël, B. Constant, F. Guizot, entre otros, que permitieron redescubrir las riquezas del pensamiento político francés en la primera mitad del siglo xix. Las razones de ello son complejas pero es posible indicar, rápidamente, algunas. En primer lugar, la renovación de la reflexión política de los años ’70 se produjo en el contexto de una revalori...

Censorship of history can be defined as the systematic control of the content or exchange of information and ideas concerning the past, imposed by, or with the connivance of, the authorities. It can be directed against the historical work in all its stages or against the producers or consumers of this work. Censorship of history is widespread and multi-faceted, and occurs in widely diverging political and historiographical contexts. Its natural habitat is a non-democratic climate in which historians are harassed, dismissed, imprisoned, tortured, or killed, but its traces are also recognizable in the grey areas of democracy. The core obligation of historians is to search historical truth, but the task is difficult, sometimes impossible, to fulfil in conditions where freedom of information and expression are absent. The eagerness of some rulers to censor history has often been proof a contrario of their historical awareness. A superficial count of the heads of state and government between 1945 and zooo who had either a degree in history, wrote a historical work, held important speeches with historical content, or showed their active interest in history in other demonstrable ways, totals 62 leaders in 45 countries. In 1931, Joseph Stalin called disloyal historians "archive rats". His successor Nikita Khrushchev declared in 1956: "Historians too must be directed. " When the aim is to control the past, the censor attaches importance to both professional and nonprofessional producers of history, and to interpretations of the past in written, spoken, or visual form. Popular history is as much a target as academic history, and probably even more so. A flexible definition

This study (in czech language) presents an analysis of a treatise by the Nestorian translator Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq (d. 873), which was conceived in response to an exhortation to convert to Islam written by Abū al-Hasan ʿAlī b. Yahyā b. al-Munajjim (d. 888), a renowned Muslim of Persian descent. The study presents the contents of the treatise, and, on the basis of direct quotations, notes the specifics and characteristics of Hunayn´s thought. It concludes by presenting the key idea that in this Christian-Muslim controversy, more than faith, it is about the proper use of reason and rational thought.

Türk edebiyatının en önemli sorunlarından birinin toplumcu gerçekçilerin kendi dışındaki edebi yönelimleri edebiyat dışı sayması olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Hatta bu yadsımanın Marksist dünya görüşüne dayanan Toplumcuların kendi aralarında yaptıkları bazı tartışmalara da yol açtığı bilinmektedir. Öncelikle

This article documents the ups and downs of the Tlalpan Railroad Company, which established a joint stock company to build a railway line between Mexico and Tlalpan in 1865. It describes the difficulties experienced by the company during the war and outlines the circumstances that led to an infrastructure project with material improvements, as it was called at the time, supported by a broad social base, ending up being appropriated by a sec-tor of the country's economic elite. In addition to re-assessing the business owners' proposal, emphasis is placed on the cartoons on the topic published at the time. The hypothesis is that these business owners, without being members of the elite and despite having two governments against them, were temporarily able to overcome their difficulties due to the support provided by the press, known as "public opinion" at the time.

Este artículo analiza la independencia como un proceso histórico complejo, marcado por tensiones internas y externas, compromisos regionales y disputas de soberanía. Se revisan las interpretaciones de historiadores clásicos y contemporáneos para comprender la construcción de la identidad uruguaya y la formación del Estado, mostrando que, más que un hecho cerrado, la independencia fue un proceso de negociación y mediación.

VAŠŠ, Martin. Between Naturalism, Machiavellianism and (De)Mythization: The Image of Svätopluk in Jégé's Novel Svätopluk.

The article examines the image of Svätopluk in the novel Svätopluk (1928) by L. N. Jégé, using the techniques of textual, historical and literary-historical analysis, as well as interpretation and comparison. In examining the image of Svätopluk, emphasis is placed on the methods of construction and instrumentation of this image, taking into consideration extra-literary goals, within which we devote special attention to the author's instrumentalisation of historical facts and analyse the author's conception of the novel in relation to his political views and his understanding of the concept of Slovak and Czechoslovak history. In analysing literary-historical factors, we reflect on the influences of naturalism and the intertextual connection to the concept of the The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli. Jégé's image of Svätopluk is conceptually multilayered, ambiguous and ambivalent, which is manifested, based on our findings, in the oscillation between three basic aspects-the naturalistic, Machiavellian and (de)mythization aspects. Within the naturalistic aspect, Jégé demonstrates the formative influence of the environment on the individual through the figure of Svätopluk. Within the Machiavellian aspect, he constructs Svätopluk as a Machiavellian ruler and reformer of his era. Finally, within the mythization aspect, he searches for parallels between the first Czechoslovak Republic and Great Moravia and monumentalises the figure of Svätopluk in opposition to the figure of Rastislav, while simultaneously demythicizing Svätopluk through naturalistically conditioned regressions.

На Универзитету у Бордоу, као и на већини францускох универтитета, изучавање „српскохрватског“ језика систематски је започело након Другог светског рата, конкретно 1951. године. Од тада, и у току наредних седам деценија, овај универзитет ће дати значајан допринос развоју југославистике и србистике у Француској, у толикој мери да се може рећи да ја његовa улога  у снажењу ових грана славистике можда била и највећа после високошколских и научних институција у Паризу.

: Fakihe Odman, Cumhuriyet döneminin unutulmuş kadın yazarlarındandır. Hüseyin Cahit yazarı “ilk
feminist yazar” olarak tanıtır. Aşk temalı romanlar yazan Odman’ın Âşık ve Mâşuk adında bir de şiir kitabı
vardır. Yazarın romanlarında hatıra ve günlükler önemli yer tutar. Fakihe Odman’ın ilk romanı Sevgi ve Saygı,
yazarın eserleri içerisinde gerek kurgusu gerek hacmi gerekse dönem özelliklerini yansıtması bakımından
diğerlerinden ayrılır. Sevgi ve Saygı 1930-1934 yılları arasında bir grup gencin üniversite yaşamlarında
karşılaştıkları güncel meseleleri ele alır. Karakterlerin büyük çoğunluğunun eğitimli insanlar olması, romanın
İstanbul’da köklü bir üniversitede geçmesi, yazıldığı dönemin Cumhuriyet’in ilk dönemlerini içermesi bu romanı
daha dikkate değer bir eser olarak inceleme gereksinimini doğurmuştur. Roman, 1930’lu yılların başlarında,
İstanbul’da gençlerin gündelik eğitim ve sosyal hayatlarını yansıtması ve toplumla gençlerin bağlarını
göstermesi bakımından önemli bir yere sahiptir. Eser, kütüphanelerden yurt hayatına eğlence yaşamından eğitim
ortamına dair pek çok ayrıntıyı barındırmaktadır. Yazarın hayatından izler de taşıyan bu eserde Odman, kısmen
milliyetçi ve halkçı söylemlere yer vermiştir.

"Sawit untuk Dunia dan Lingkungan" merupakan seri 1 dari buku "Palma Tropika Indonesia untuk Dunia". Permintaan global terhadap minyak nabati terus meningkat, mencapai lebih dari 228 juta ton pada 2024, dengan pertumbuhan tahunan lebih dari 3 juta ton sejak 1960. Jika hanya mengandalkan tanaman semusim seperti kedelai atau rapeseed, kebutuhan ini akan memerlukan lahan yang lebih luas. Kelapa sawit menjadi solusi utama karena produktivitasnya yang tinggi per hektare, sehingga lebih efisien dalam memenuhi permintaan minyak nabati dunia. Namun, ekspansi sawit yang pesat, terutama di Indonesia pasca-reformasi, menimbulkan tantangan besar, termasuk deforestasi, perubahan tata guna lahan, serta dampaknya terhadap ekosistem, sosial dan keanekaragaman hayati.

Sagledavajući građu (ne njezin sadržaj, nego pozicioniranje i značenja) koja je tijekom godina prikupljana o iseljeništvu kroz derridovski koncept arhiva, ovaj rad propituje strukturiranje subjektiviteta “iseljeništva” u odnosu na politike identiteta te njegovo pozicioniranje u “nacionalnom tijelu” i domovini unutar različitih političkih konteksta i institucionalnih prostora (arhivi, knjižnice, muzeji). Objektivizacija te građe u različitim institucionalnim prostorima, kao objekata nacionalnoga sjećanja i povijesti, sagledana je kroz promjene “naloga pamćenja” i hegemonijskih institucionalnih diskursa identiteta koji su utjecali na to što ulazi u “arhiv o iseljeništvu”, kao i to tko je uključen u pojam iseljeništva, a tko nije.

Aksi pergerakan tersebut -yang diekspresikan melalui pelbagai cara seperti surat kabar, rapat umum, serikat buruh, pemberontakan, karya sastra, ataupun lagu-lagu -menandai momen saat orang Indonesia mulai memandang dunia mereka dengan cara yang barn. Politik Indonesia modern berawal dari pergerakan itu, dan cikal bakal nasionalisme Indonesia, Islamisme, serta komunisme, sebagai gerakan politik, dapat dirunut hingga periode ini. Lewat studi kepustakaan yang luas dan mendalam, Shiraishi mengkaji asal-muasal dan evolusi pergerakan di panggung nasional dan lokal. Selain membahas Sarekat Islam secara kritis, is juga menyuguhkan gambaran yang memukau tentang pergerakan di wilayah Surakarta dengan menyoroti kemunculan dan kehancuran sejumlah partai berikut perhimpunan politik, termasuk Sarekat Islam Surakarta, Insulinde, National -Indische Partij, Partai Komunis Indonesia, dan Sarekat Ra'jat. Dan yang tidak ku-rang menarik adalah ulasannya mengenai "kata dan perbuatan" tiga pemimpin pergerakan terkemuka, yakni

Aksi pergerakan tersebut -yang diekspresikan melalui pelbagai cara seperti surat kabar, rapat umum, serikat buruh, pemberontakan, karya sastra, ataupun lagu-lagu -menandai momen saat orang Indonesia mulai memandang dunia mereka dengan cara yang barn. Politik Indonesia modern berawal dari pergerakan itu, dan cikal bakal nasionalisme Indonesia, Islamisme, serta komunisme, sebagai gerakan politik, dapat dirunut hingga periode ini. Lewat studi kepustakaan yang luas dan mendalam, Shiraishi mengkaji asal-muasal dan evolusi pergerakan di panggung nasional dan lokal. Selain membahas Sarekat Islam secara kritis, is juga menyuguhkan gambaran yang memukau tentang pergerakan di wilayah Surakarta dengan menyoroti kemunculan dan kehancuran sejumlah partai berikut perhimpunan politik, termasuk Sarekat Islam Surakarta, Insulinde, National -Indische Partij, Partai Komunis Indonesia, dan Sarekat Ra'jat. Dan yang tidak ku-rang menarik adalah ulasannya mengenai "kata dan perbuatan" tiga pemimpin pergerakan terkemuka, yakni

En este artículo ubicamos a la revista Controversia para el examen de la
realidad argentina (1979-1981) como un ejemplo de producto cultural que propició una buena parte de las transformaciones acontecidas en el paso de una década a otra, respecto a las prácticas y a las ideas políticas en las que se apoyó su grupo editor. También exponemos que la revista fue un medio de comunicación que condensó una serie de debates que tuvieron un cierto derrotero previo al exilio argentino en México; y mostramos que, si bien la última dictadura militar marcó un punto de inflexión en el terreno político y cultural en Argentina, Controversia fue un eco de ese proceso y sirvió
de punto de pasaje para nuevas formas en que se relacionaron la política y la cultura –en las cuales los intelectuales de la comunicación tuvieron un papel destacado-, dejando de lado a la lucha armada. Corroboramos la hipótesis de que en Controversia se produjo un punto de viraje para un grupo de intelectuales exiliados en México, el cual estuvo inmerso en un cambio de década que llevó la marca de la transformación del ideario revolucionario hacia uno democrático, donde se retomó la tarea intelectual y se produjo
un cambio de lenguaje.

Yön dergisini 1 Türk sol tarihi içerisindeki radikal yönelimlerden biri olarak değerlendirmek ya da onu sol Kemalizmin beşiği olarak ele almak yaygın bir tavırdır. Dergi, bir taraftan, kendisini çıkaran öncü kadronun sosyalist fikirleri nedeniyle radikal Türk solu içerisinde konumlandırılırken, diğer taraftan içerdiği Kemalist ton sebebiyle sol Kemalizmin köşe taşlarından birisi olarak görülür. Her ne kadar derginin kalkınma konusuna yaklaşımına dikkat çeken sınırlı sayıda bazı önemli analizler söz konusu olsa da, siyasî ve sosyal tarih çalışmalarında Yön, ya radikal bir sol harekete ya da sol Kemalist bir ideolojiye atıf yapmaktadır. On dokuzuncu yüzyıldan bu yana Türk düşüncesinin başlıca tartışma konusu; Batılılaşma, bir başka deyişle çağdaşlaşmadır. Bu tartışmanın ne tarafında durulduğu, çoğu zaman siyasal kimlikler arasındaki çizgilerin berraklaşmasını ya da silikleşmesini belirleyen temel bir unsurdur. 1960'ların Türkiyesi'nde de aynı tartışma sürmektedir. Çağdaşlaşma, bir üst ideoloji olarak o dönemde de geçerliliğini korumaktadır. Ancak bu dönemde tartışmanın üzerinden yürütüldüğü kavram "kalkınma"dır. Yön dergisinin, dönemin başat problemi olan "kalkınma" meselesine yaklaşımını merkeze alarak, onun hakkında yorum yapmak, bize, özelde Yön dergisi genelde de dönemin entelektüel ve siyasî ortamı hakkında kapsayıcı bir perspektif geliştirme imkanı sunacaktır. Gerek derginin kendi önüne koyduğu siyasal hedeflerin niteliği, gerekse de dergiyi çıkaran kadronun siyasî ve entelektüel kimlikleri bu tartışma ekseninde yerli yerine oturabilecektir. Yön dergisini kalkınma söylemi ve modernleşme ideolojisi ile ilişkisi temelinde ele alan bu yazıda, derginin maddî özellikleri, kurucu kadrosu, çıkış gerekçesi, öncelikli tartışma alanları ve siyasal hedefleri, dönemin Türkiye ve dünya siyasetinde yaşanan gelişmeler doğrultusunda çözümlenmeye çalışılacaktır. Bu yazıda

Se proponen seis asuntos de historia de las ideas y de la cultura escrita que se desarrollan gracias a una lectura atenta y detallada de una muestra representativa de los epistolarios de Miguel Antonio Caro. Lo anterior sin perder de vista el carácter de letrado especializado (filólogo y gramático) del hispanófilo bogotano y su participación en la asociación de academias correspondientes a la Real Academia Española. Esto permite formarnos una imagen más completa de M. A. Caro y su idea de crítica literaria más allá de los marcos de la historiografía nacional, con la intención de superar la visión convencional que limita sus interpretaciones a sus más conocidas obras y opúsculos ideológicos sin correlacionarlos con las ideas compartidas con sus corresponsales hispanoamericanos.

Demasiadas intelectualidades lamentan haber sido silenciadas.
Normalmente se trata de una de las estrategias del débil, con su
doble faz: de protesta y de conformismo.
Quizás, más criterioso
sería señalar también que han sido poco capaces de decir su palabra
y ponerla en el tapete de la discusión en los ecosistemas
intelectuales locales, nacionales o globales. Este cliché ha llegado a
ser una moda, donde silenciamiento y discriminación aparecen en
una dupla fácil, que oculta difícilmente la incapacidad para hacerse
oír. Sin duda, deben considerarse las dimensiones digamos
“subjetivas” y las “objetivas”, enfatizar las subjetivas significa
enfatizar simultáneamente nuestras posibilidades de agencia, en
vez de dejar creer que otras personas, esas que supuestamente
monopolizan la palabra, deberían regalarnos porciones de su
protagonismo.
Es importante preguntarse por las intelectualidades que se autosilencian,
por inseguridad, por falta de astucia, por no ser capaces de acceder a los canales de comunicación.

Two of Cusanus’ works are exceptional in terms of their contents:  De Pace Fidei (1453), and Cribratio Alkorani (1461). Both deal with Islam; the CA more extensively. The DPF is irenic in content and spirit, while the CA is polemical. Generally speaking, Islam was not on Cusanus’ contemplative agenda. However, it was on his “here and now” agenda. It occupied his mind and his writing list, following contemporary actual events, namely the Ottoman capture of Constantinople in May 1453 and the Ottoman expansion that followed. DPF and the CA were his intellectual responses to these cataclysmic occurrences, fundamentally following the lead of his superior, Pope Pius II.

Ao meu pai, com muita saudade À minha mãe, pela sua determinação para que eu pudesse prosseguir estudos 2 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradecemos penhoradamente: À nossa professora do Ensino Primário, Senhora D. Alice Calado Diniz, pela carta decisiva que escreveu a nossos pais, para que nos mandassem estudar. A todos os que se têm disponibilizado para testemunhar, confiando-nos as suas memórias.

Rukopis pod nazivom „Ostrožac – moć jednog vremena“ predstavlja značajan doprinos proučavanju historije pograničnog prostora Bosne i Hercegovine, s posebnim fokusom na područje Ostrožca. Autor detaljno obrađuje historijski razvoj ovoga kraja od prahistorije do 1945. godine, oslanjajući se na relevantne izvore, rijetku literaturu i savremene metodološke pristupe. Poseban akcenat stavlja na značaj utvrde Ostrožac kao strateškog i kulturnog centra, analizirajući njen razvoj kroz različite civilizacijske, političke i društvene faze od Babonića do osmanskog perioda. Autor ne pristupa temi samo deskriptivno, već kritički preispituje postojeće stavove, otvara nova pitanja i sintetički zaokružuje manje poznate aspekte prošlosti. Rukopis se odlikuje preglednom strukturom, jasnoćom izraza i akademskim stilom, te predstavlja vrijedan doprinos domaćoj historiografiji.

The manuscript titled "Ostrožac – The Power of an Era" represents a significant contribution to the study of the historical border region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a particular focus on the area of Ostrožac. The author thoroughly examines the historical development of this region from prehistoric times to the year 1945, relying on relevant sources, rare literature, and contemporary methodological approaches. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of the Ostrožac fortress as a strategic and cultural center, analyzing its evolution through various civilizational, political, and social phases from the Babonić family to the Ottoman period. The author approaches the subject not only descriptively but also critically, re-evaluating existing interpretations, raising new questions, and synthetically encompassing lesser-known aspects of the past. The manuscript is characterized by a clear structure, academic style, and clarity of expression, making it a valuable contribution to local historiography.

У раду ћемо анализирати и приказати јавни ангажман академика Димитрија Богдановића током осамдесетих година прошлог века. У време када је Југославију потресала свеопшта криза, Богдановић се као ангажовани интелектуалац на различите начине борио за либерализацију југословенског друштва, али и за равноправност српског народа чија су права тада била угрожавана, нарочито на Косову и Метохији. Рад се заснива на изворима у виду објављених докумената, штампе и сведочанстава савременика, као и релевантне научне литературе.

A fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX, Argentina profundiza su sistema socio económico  transitando de un capitalismo primitivo, en el que había primado el proteccionismo  aislacionista, hacía uno de base agropecuaria exportadora. La novela Matar la tierra de  Alberto Rodríguez (h.) desarrolla su diégesis en ese contexto. En la presente  comunicación estudio las relaciones causales que se establecen entre las ideologías de  los personajes y las características del medio socio histórico en que se insertan.
Utilizando herramientas de la Teoría del inconsciente ideológico de Juan Carlos Rodríguez y los aportes conceptuales de la crítica literaria marxista, intento mostrar cómo los personajes confrontan con el sistema en una dialéctica que en unos implica el derrumbe y  en otros, el reacomodamiento.

En este artículo se reflexiona en torno a los posibles aportes de un enfoque histórico-conceptual y político-intelectual para una comprensión crítica y revisitada sobre la experiencia gaitanista y el populismo en Colombia. El texto se estructura en dos partes. En la primera, se analiza el gaitanismo en el período de Gaitán en vida. Se rastrean ciertos conceptos políticos nodales del lenguaje político natural de los protagonistas de los acontecimientos, en la coyuntura previa al magnicidio de Gaitán, y se identifica el lugar que ocupó el populismo en el léxico político colombiano de la década de 1940. En la segunda, se reconstruye la emergencia de la noción de “populismo fallido” como una categoría analítica que, a inicios de los años setenta del siglo pasado, colocó a Colombia en el universo de los populismos latinoamericanos como una experiencia histórica excepcional, según la interpretación elaborada en un ensayo seminal de Marco Palacios. Finalmente, se exploran yuxtaposiciones y solapamientos de sentido entre la producción de ideas sobre el populismo colombiano y las transformaciones registradas, en el lenguaje político corriente de ese país, a comienzos de la década nombrada. Como corolario de la operación analítica propuesta, el artículo muestra las tensiones y contrastes entre una comprensión de la experiencia gaitanista en su contexto de emergencia, con sus conceptos políticos nativos y en su propia lógica política, y los rasgos predominantes con que la historiografía clásica sobre los populismos latinoamericanos la ha representado.

Abstract
This article reflects on the possible contributions of a historical-conceptual and political-intellectual approach to a critical and revised understanding of the Gaitanista experience and populism in Colombia. The text is divided into two parts. The first part analyzes Gaitanism during Gaitán’s lifetime. Certain key political concepts are traced from the natural political language of the protagonists of the events that took place before Gaitán’s assassination, and the place that populism occupied in the Colombian political lexicon of the 1940s is identified. The second part reconstructs the emergence of the concept of “failed populism” as an analytical category that, in the early seventies of the last century, placed Colombia in the universe of Latin American populisms as an exceptional historical experience, according to the interpretation elaborated in a seminal essay by Marco Palacios. Finally, the article explores the juxtapositions and overlaps of meanings between the production of ideas about Colombian populism and the transformations registered in the country's current political language at the beginning of the aforementioned decade. As a result, the article shows the tensions and contrasts between an understanding of the Gaitanista experience in its context of emergency, with its indigenous political concepts and its own political logic, and the dominant features with which the classical historiography on Latin American populisms has represented it.

Este trabalho, que se localiza no campo da História da Educação, objetiva traçar um mapeamento de um conjunto de livrarias e sebos de Curitiba, com o intuito de investigar esses espaços como um circuito da cultura impressa da cidade de Curitiba/PR, cidade que tem investido, de diferentes modos, em projetos de difusão da leitura como prática irradiadora de cultura. Como recurso metodológico, foi feito um mapeamento em guias culturais on-line, sites e páginas da internet, a fim de identificar os principais sebos e livrarias da cidade, e assim traçar um mapeamento desses espaços. Ao todo foram encontradas 23 lojas, sendo que 11 são livrarias, 6 desempenham a função de sebo-livraria, e outras 6 atuam como sebos. Além disso, também foi feita uma pesquisa bibliográfica para indicar por onde tem passado as pesquisas sobre sebos e livrarias como possíveis circuitos intelectual e cultural de uma cidade. O diálogo com Aníbal Bragança e Baptistini foi fundamental para pensar a importância desses espaços na cena curitibana. Como resultado da pesquisa, ficou latente a importância dos sebos e livrarias para a vida cultural de Curitiba, como espaços de mediação cultural, e sua relevância para a circulação intelectual e fomento para a construção de sociabilidades. Além disso, verificamos o papel de espaços de memória, desempenhado pelos sebos, que guardam indícios da vida intelectual e cultural de diferentes tempos.

To investigate the radicalization of Catholic intellectuals in the first half of the 20th century are the most commonly used analytical tools of "fascist studies." While these approaches yield valuable insights into the factors driving the radicalization of some Catholics, they also have some limitations. Chiefly, their insufficient attention to the religious identities of the historical actors can lead not only to a fragmented interpretation of the causes of their radicalization, but above all to overlooking the influence of fascism on Catholicism itself. These limitations can be addressed by taking into account recent innovations in the research of religion and intellectual history. The aim of this study is therefore to present current methodological trends in the research of religion and fascism. One such trend is the analytical concept of Catholic modernism, which understands Catholics not as enemies of progress, but as creators of a Catholic form of modernity. Building on this concept-and integrating approaches from the history of political ideologies, conceptual history, and contextual analysis-I suggest a new analytical category: "crusaders of paternalistic modernism." This analytical tool is situated in the typology of Slovak clerical fascists developed by historian Miloslav Szabó. It is illustrated through the figure of Štefan Polakovič, a Catholic priest, philosopher, and prominent ideologue of the wartime Slovak state. Polakovič's appropriation of elements from Italian and German fascist modernity is examined not only through the lens of the "fascist effect" but also in relation to the modernization of Catholicism and the interplay between religious and secular ideologies. Moreover, the concept of Catholic modernism situates the radicalization of Slovak Catholics within a broader European context, offering a framework for understanding their postwar transformation from Catholic supporters of fascism into Christian democrats.

Ovaj rad postavlja hipotezu da vokalski sistem srpskog jezika, a posebno fenomen prevoja vokala (apofonije), nije samo gramatičko-istorijska relikvija, već živi nosilac drevnog intuitivnog kognitivnog nasleđa. Tvrdimo da se u vokalima ogleda dubinska psihološka i duhovna tradicija koja se proteže od neolitskih kultura Lepenskog Vira i Vinče, preko pra-ilirskog i ilirskog supstrata, do vizantijskog pravoslavnog oblikovanja i savremenog srpskog identiteta. Analizom fonosemantičke vrednosti vokala, gde svaki vokal nosi specifičan afektivni i duhovni naboj, pokazujemo kako je srpski jezik živa arhiva kontinuirane mentalne i kulturne tradicije. Ovaj pristup nudi novi ključ za razumevanje procesa samoidentifikacije i potvrđuje da je intuitivna inteligencija, kao fundamentalna odlika, duboko ukorenjena u samoj zvučnoj strukturi srpskog jezika.

Este capitulo investiga as tendências da historicidade na vida social do nosso presente tecnológico e ansioso. Explora como a condição existencial se sedimenta nos afetos e sensibilidades corporais, preparando o trreno para práticas do ensino de história que possam desenvolver as propriedades históricas existenciais diante das características do nosso presente.

This study examined butterfly imagery in Sijo by connecting it to the
following three themes: vegetable fields and green mountains (菜花田and 靑山), spider webs and flowers, and a house with three-colored peach blossoms. It explored the aesthetic of “flying over” (넘놂) in the
representation of butterflies. Butterfly imagery appears early in Korean
classical literature, notably in SoAkbu (小樂府) by Lee Je-Hyun (Ikjae)
andMin Sa-Pyung (Geupam). This study compares the butterfly imagery
in Gojiso with earlier forms, dividing them into “butterflies in vegetable
fields and green mountains” and “butterflies on spider webs and flowers.” The former reflects a longing for harmony between nature and naiveté, while the latter expresses the ambivalence of affection and loneliness or indulgence and vigilance. Furthermore, this study examined the butterfly imagery that appears in “a house with three-colored peach blossoms,” which seems to represent an ingenious aesthetic potential. Moving beyond traditional symbolism, this butterfly embodies the desire to transgress boundaries. The butterfly’s act of transgression captures the emotional essence of various meanings from nature and purity to affection, loneliness, and desire.

White Paper Summary for Students and Researchers

Executive Summary
What if the biggest problems in AI, education, and society come from ignoring the real diversity of human intelligence? This paper explains the IPER typology and shows why recognizing all four types — Intuitive, Rational, Ethical, Practical — is the next big step for science, business, and culture.

Bab ini menelusuri dinamika historis, politik, dan sosial dalam transformasi tata kelola desa di Sumatera Selatan, dari sistem marga tradisional menuju struktur desa formal pasca-Undang-Undang Desa. Perubahan tersebut membawa implikasi besar terhadap pengelolaan sumber daya alam dan tata ruang desa, termasuk hilangnya hak komunal, tumpang tindih kewenangan, serta munculnya berbagai konflik tenurial. Melalui studi kasus di Desa Peninggalan dan Desa Dawas, bab ini menunjukkan bagaimana inovasi lokal dan kepemimpinan desa berupaya menjawab keterbatasan struktural dan ekologis, meskipun tidak lepas dari reproduksi ketimpangan kekuasaan. Perhutanan sosial dipotret sebagai bentuk negosiasi dan harapan baru dalam menyeimbangkan kepentingan konservasi dengan penghidupan warga desa. Bab ini menekankan pentingnya perspektif demokratisasi agraria dalam mendukung tata kelola lanskap berkelanjutan yang inklusif dan berpihak pada masyarakat lokal.

A pesquisa buscou contribuir para a construção de conhecimento teórico sobre o tema "Parenthetical Man" e oferecer uma base sólida de dados relevantes, incluindo artigos, autores e periódicos mais significativos na área. No entanto, a pesquisa apresenta uma limitação, pois apenas utilizou a base de dados do Google Scholar (GS) para realizar as buscas. Sugere-se que pesquisas futuras explorem outras bases de dados relacionadas ao tema, mantenham o processo de

Le fonti storiche non forniscono fatti evidenti, ma sembianze vaghe e irregolari che possono essere identificate correttamente solo con occhiali metodologici ben calibrati. Uno sguardo inesperto percepirà la situazione dei primi libri dei valdesi come vaga e irregolare, ma se essa è considerata nel contesto più ampio dei primi testi biblici in volgare, non c'è nulla di sorprendente in ciò che accadde a Lione all'inizio dell'ultimo quarto del xii secolo. Due sono le fonti che parlano dei libri dei primi valdesi. Stefano di Borbone descrive un libro di Valdo, scritto a Lione verso il 1174, mentre Gualtiero Map parla di un libro che i valdesi presentarono al Laterano nel 1179. È possibile che i due libri siano identici, anche se è più pratico, per il momento, tenerli separati. L'unica cosa che di solito manca nella discussione sui libri dei primi valdesi è l'elenco delle letture più ampie di un gruppo di presunti valdesi di Metz intorno al 1199-1200. Ora, passiamo da due a tre fonti. Ne manca una sola per raggiungere il numero di evangelisti. Tutte queste fonti presentano vari problemi, ma quello più spinoso è che la ricerca non ha mai interpretato le informazioni che possediamo a loro riguardo in collegamento con lo stato dell'arte relativo al profilo, ai contenuti e alla circolazione dei libri volgari alla fine del xii secolo.

FIMNY lahir dilatarbelakangi oleh kemauan dan tekad yang kuat dari para intelek muda Ncera yang berada di kota gudeg Yogyakarta untuk turut serta memberikan kontribusi bagi kampung halaman, terutama dalam hal penanaman nilai-nilai moral, keimanan, ilmu dan pengetahuan. Tekad ini bermula dari ide kreatif seorang rekan kami. Tekad tersebut pun diusulkan dalam sebuah forum dalam bentuk pertemuan pada Hari Senin tanggal 2 Juni 2008 di Asrama Mahasiswa Bima Yogyakarta. Dalam pergulatan ide yang sangat alot pada saat itu, para tokoh FIMNY pun sepakat menamakan diri KIMJA (Komunitas Intelektual Muda Jogja Ncera).

Estudo sobre a formação do conceito de história entre as novas gerações segundo uma interpretação fenomenológica, buscando propor atividades no ensino de história que possam reelaborar e reavivar a compreensão da própria historicidade, assim como promover ativamente estruturas mais complexas dessa historicidade para além da compreensão intelectual do sentido histórico.