Insect Diversity

Insects are vital components of ecosystems, providing key services such as pollination, pest regulation, nutrient cycling, and food web stability. This study assessed insect diversity in the Shree Nasik Panchavati Panjrapole's Chunchale-Belgaon Dhaga Biodiversity Zone, a certified organic reserve in Nashik, Maharashtra. Field surveys were conducted during December-January 2021-2022 using line transect and opportunistic sampling methods, with non-destructive photographic documentation. A total of 57 insect species were recorded, belonging to 33 families and 8 orders. Lepidoptera (28.07%), Odonata (15.79%), and Diptera (15.79%) were the most represented orders, while Nymphalidae was the dominant family (12.28%). The findings highlight the rich insect diversity supported by pesticide-free habitats and emphasize the importance of conserving such organic reserves as refuges for biodiversity. This study also establishes baseline data for future monitoring and contributes to ecological conservation efforts in the region.

A four-month cross-sectional study found five species of parasitoids parasitizing puparia of filth flies breeding at the Taman Beringin landfill in Kepong and a poultry farm in Sungai Pelek, Sepang, Selangor. Effect of monthly rainfalls towards density of flies and percentage of ...

Water audit is an important part environmental audit which is carried with the inspection and observation of work directed inside the organizations whose movement can make risk to the health of inhabitants and environment. The National assessment and accreditation council (NAAC) take a genuine note of this aspect while assessing the educational institute. Water audit is performed in the college with various phases of water such as sources, supply, utilization, disposal etc. On location perception and talk with the most authorized and issue related staff was taken up to get the information. Bore wells and canal beside the village satisfy the all necessities of institute while prerequisite of staff colonies is fulfill by grampanchayat supply. Institutional water is consumed by the laboratories (20-25%), Gardens (30-35%), Bathrooms (15-20%), boys hostel (15-20%), girls hostel (25-30%), drinking water (40-45%) and sports ground and other (5-10%). The seepage in the old construction, reutilization of water and unavailability of rain water harvesting are the destinations of change in institute. Concluded that, institute has own and necessity based source and supply of water then again locales of improvement was likewise observed.

This research was conducted to evaluate the association between aquatic insect with water parameter as pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and total suspended solids in Telipok River, Sabah. Sampling were done in September 2007 with 9 main station (6 sub sampling site) using kicking and ...

The aim of study was to investigate the seasonal changes of physicochemical parameters in the soil of selected 15 spots of the Gautala reserve forest. The soil is consist of the most significant natural factors, which is created by weathering of the rocks existing in the environment. The present survey was made to study consists the physicochemical parameters in the soil of the Gautala Reserve Forest during the year 2017-18 at three seasonal intervals i.e. rainy, winter and summer seasons. The soil parameters examined were soil pH, soil texture, moisture content, bulk density, electrical conductivity (EC),organic carbon (OC), available Nitrogen (N), available Phosphorus (P), and available Potassium (K). The Gautala forest soil physical property was analyzed as sandy loam and silty loam. The pH and Organic carbon levels were low during summer and high in monsoon. The total amount of available N, P, K, electrical conductivity, water holding capacity and moisture content were maximum in monsoon and minimum in summer season. The physicochemical properties are dependent variables that play an important role in order to understand plant diversity.

DNA barcode data of Acrididae is limited in global data bases from Sindh, Pakistan. Hence, the present study was aimed to collect some selected Acridid species from the Sindh and generate DNA barcode data to improve the global database sequencing. Specimens were collected from cultivated, sandy, rocky, vegetation, grassy, desert, semi desert, roadside and open area of the upper Sindh districts i.e., Dadu, Ghotki, Jacobabad, Kashmore, Khairpur Miras, Larkana, Naushahro Feroz, Qambar & Shahdadkot, Shikarpur, Sukkur. Seven species of Acrididae were under discussion i.e., (24%) followed by Acrida willemsei (19%), Truxalis eximia eximia (15%), Aiolopus thalassinus thalassinus (13%), Acrotylus longipes longipes (10%), Aiolopussimulatrix (10%) and Sphingonotus savignyi (09%) belong to 3 sub-families i.e., Acridinae, Oedipodinae and Oxyinae. Moreover, maximum number of specimens belonged to Oxyinae. The present study suggests the collection of multiple specimens from different geographical ...

Thar Desert is most favorable for life of human throughout the deserts of the world. It is rain fed land, some patches are cultivated by farmers in the form of fields for producing sources of economy, other large part of desert remains untouched for natural vegetation for livestock, but unfortunately little yield of desert is also affected by variety of insect including locusts. During present study four species of locusts; belonging to four genera Anacridium, Cyrtacanthacris, Locusta and Schistocerca, two subfamilies Cyrtacanthacridinae and Oedipodenae and one family Acrididae were reported from Thar Desert from June 2015 to May 2016. Comparative study revealed that two species Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria are swarming and destructive while, Anacridium aegyptium and Cyrtacanthacridinae tatarica are non-swarming but are larger in body size and graze more vegetation than both swarming species. Though these four species have ecological and morphological difference but ...

This study aimed (1) to determine the diversities and activities of tortoise beetles on fence kale plants (Ipomea carnea) in Madiun and (2) to analyze their ecological effects on the environment. This research was conducted from January up to September 2014 in the Madiun town. The method used was the location tracer of fence kale plants and identification as well as observation on the activities of tortoise beetles. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results revealed that (1) there were two kinds of tortoise beetles on the fence kale plants-Aspidomorpha sanctaecrucis Fabricius and Aspidomorpha miliaris Fabricius, whose activities became pests on the fence kale plants. The activities of Aspidomorpha sanctaecrucis Fabricius were more dominant; and ecologically the tortoise beetles as pests of leaves inhibited the growth and development of the fence kale plants only, but not the other plants around them. And, parasitic symbiosis occurred between the tortoise beetles and the fence kale plants

Apoid wasps and bees (Apoidea) are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of aculeate Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps). During the last decades, significant progress has been made in illuminating the phylogenetic relationships of the major Apoidea lineages. However, some uncertainties have remained. In this study, we present results from re‐investigating the phylogeny of Apoidea by including genome skimming data of key taxa that were missing in previous investigations: a representative of Entomosericini (tribe of the former Pemphredoninae) and a representative of Eremiaspheciinae (subfamily of the former ‘Crabronidae’). We additionally skimmed the genomes of two Heterogyna species (Heterogynaidae). Our results from applying concatenation and coalescence‐based phylogenetic approaches confirm the previously suggested sister group relationship of Ammoplanidae and bees. They also corroborate most taxonomic changes published in 2018 granting eight lineages of the former fami...

This field-based study investigates the diversity and activity of pollinators in cultivated gardens and uncultivated flower-rich areas. The observational data highlight comparative species richness, floral preferences, and the ecological roles of native pollinators such as bees, butterflies, and hoverflies. Conducted in April 2025, the survey employed visual observation and species identification via iNaturalist.

The findings suggest that uncultivated zones offer valuable habitats that support a broader pollinator community. The report is archived as a preprint on Zenodo (DOI:
10.5281/zenodo.15524762).

Butterflies are the most important "bioindicators" representing the overall health of the ecosystem (Pollard, 1991). Butterflies are dependent on different types of vegetation for their life. They are facing threats due to habitat loss and climate change that varies with seasons. Chatra villas garden is endowed with butterflies diversity due to lush green vegetation. Comparatively Abheda is lower in species richness and abundance of butterflies due to habitat loss and lesser variation in vegetation. Study of these bioindicators is crucial for patronage efforts, monitoring of ecosystem and overall understanding the health of the ecosystem. Number of species of butterflies is decreasing day by day due to increase use of pesticides, deforestation and climate change that ultimately results in loss of habitat of butterflies. The study was carried out in March 2022 to February 2023. For the sampling of butterflies "Line Transect Method" was used. The Microsoft excel was used for analyzing the data and for making the graphs. Maximum abundance (205) and species richness (19) was reported in Chatra villas garden. While in Abheda 191 individuals and 11 species of butterflies was reported. Shannon diversity index of Chatra villas garden (H= 2.288) is more than the Abheda (H= 1.883). The highest Simpson's diversity index was at the Chatra villas garden (D= 0.8651) than Abheda (D= 0.176). The species richness Margalef's index (R) of Chatra villas garden (R= 3.381) was higher than the Abheda (R= 1.903). Pielou's eveness index (e) of Chatra villas garden was (e= 0.777) lesser than Abheda (e= 0.785). Nymphalidae family was the dominant family in both Chatra villas garden (36.84%) and in Abheda (54.54%).The least dominant family in Chatra villas garden was Hesperiidae (5.26%) while in Abheda, Lycaenidae (18.18%) was the least dominant family. Danaus chrysippus (Plain tiger butterfly) and Eurema brigitta (Brush bordered yellow) was the most dominant species in C.V garden. While in the Abheda Zizula hylax (Tiny grass blue) was the most dominant species followed by Danaus chrysippus.

The present paper describes a sampling-event dataset on species belonging to two families of Diptera (Syrphidae and Asilidae) collected between 2012 and 2019 in two Italian beech forests located in the central Apennines. The reference dataset consists of an annotated checklist and has been published on Zenodo. Syrphidae and Asilidae are two widespread and key ecological groups, including predator, pollinator and saproxylic species. Despite their pivotal role in both natural and man-made ecosystems, these families are still poorly known in terms of local distribution and open-access sampling-event data are rare in Italy. This open-access dataset includes 2,295 specimens for a total of 21 Asilidae and 65 Syrphidae species. Information about the collection (e.g. place, date, methods applied, collector) and the identification (e.g. species name, author, taxon ID) of the species is provided. Given the current biodiversity crisis, the publication of checklists, sampling-event data and dat...

Hieroglyphus oryzivorus Carl is recognized as more severe pest of rice in Pakistan. However, millets, wheat, sugarcane and maize are also reported its alternate hosts. Pronotum in H. oryzivorus crossed by three deep transverse sulci while the hind sulcus bow-shaped at center. Male cercus appendiculate and same length of supra-anal plate, the face and mouthpart green-yellowish in ♂or dark green in ♀. Moreover, significant differences are studied in H. oryzivorus on the basis of morphological traits as well as on genitalia components compared with H. daganensis. This pest occurred in two forms i-e brachypterous (short-winged) and macropterous (long-winged) but the macropterous form have tendency to produce swarm. Hoppers usually emerge in the field from August to September after a fortnight they enter in paddy field. The adults preferred to feed on fresh new leaves of the rice plant while hoppers vigorously feed on Cynodon dactylon. Population of adults was at its peak from September to November after this it's population rapidly decreased in field.

This study aimed to investigate the diversity of insects, including stingless bees (Heterotrigona) in the mangrove ecosystem of Beras Basah Village, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The mangrove plantation in Beras Basah Village contained 11 species, including Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora. stylosa, Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, Bruguiera gymnorhizza, Xylocarpus granatum, Excoecaria agallocha, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Lumnitzera racemosa, and Nypa fruticans. Additionally, five flowering plant species were identified in the vicinity: Antigonon leptopus, Asclepias curassavica, Helianthus annuus, Calliandra grandiflora, Portulaca grandiflora. Other plant species recorded in the area included Cocos nucifera, Pandanus amaryllifolius, Leucaena leucocephala, Ziziphus mauritiana, Albizia chinensis, and Terminalia catappa. Insect identification from four observations using sweep nets, yellow sticky traps, and blue pan traps resulted in the collection of 1,525 individual insects belonging to eight orders, 17 families, and 19 genera. These insects included ten predators and pests, comprising five Odonata species (Neurothemis terminata, Orthetrum sabina, Orthetrum testaceum, Potamarcha congener, Zyxomma obtusum) and five ant species (Camponotus spp., Crematogaster spp., Nylanderia spp., Odontoponera denticulate, Pheidole spp.). The insect functional status within the mangrove area was determined to include seven species of scavengers, 12 species of herbivores, two species of pollinators, 19 species of predators, one species of parasitoid, and four species of insect disease vectors. This study provides valuable insights into the insect diversity and ecological roles within the mangrove ecosystem of Beras Basah Village, contributing to a better understanding of the conservation and management of this important habitat.

This study aims to identify and analyse the diversity of insect visitors to the cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) garden in the karst area of Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta. The method used was purposive sampling method by direct capture. The data collected were analysed by Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The conclusion of this study is that there is a diversity of visitor insects categorised as medium (H'=1.7) in the cayenne pepper garden in the karst area of Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta. This insect diversity can help in the process of pollination and natural pest control in cayenne pepper plants in the karst area. Understanding the diversity of these insects is important for environmental conservation and sustainable agricultural management, especially in karst areas.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari keragaman serangga pengunjung bunga pada tanaman kelapa sawit. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan hand collecting, insect net, dan yellow pan trap. Data dianalisis menggunakan Indeks Shannon Wiener, Indeks Simpson dan Indeks Nilai Penting. Hasil penelitian ditemukan serangga sebanyak 25.900 individu, 10 ordo dan 30 famili. Indeks Keragaman (H) pada bunga jantan adalah H=0,52 dan pada bunga betina adalah H=0,96. Berikutnya Indeks Kemerataan (E) pada bunga jantan yakni E=0,27 dan bunga betina yakni E=0,32. Berdasarkan lokasi penelitian juga ditemukan Indeks Keragaman dan Kemerataan yang berbeda, diketahui bahwa di Lokasi 1 yaitu H=1,35 dan E=0,59. Nilai tersebut lebih tinggi dibanding yang terdapat di Lokasi 2 yakni H=1,50 dan E=0,67 sedangkan di Lokasi 3 H=1,37 dan E=0,42. Curculionidae adalah famili yang memiliki Indeks Nilai Penting tertinggi yaitu INP=1,00.

In addition to our previous work, further incidences of Hieroglyphus nigrorepletus I. Bolivar, 1912 were reported from different climatic zone of Pakistan. This pest is injurious to sugarcane, wheat, millets and fodder crops in some area but cause severe defoliation of maize and rice all over the country. A fairly large number of specimens were recorded from N.W.F.P for the first time. Collection of single female from desert area Nagar Parkar (Thar) constituted the first record for this area of Sindh province. H.nigrorepletus based on a reticulum of black lines on the lateral side of pronotum. The pest occurred in brachypterous (short-winged) and macropterous (long-winged) forms, but brachyterous form was more common. This species also occurs in two color forms i.e. brown and green; brown spots found on the abdomen were reported for the first time. Furthermore, apical diverticulum showed great intra-specific variations both in size and shape. Hoppers usually emerge in the field in July immediately after the monsoon begins. During their early stages (I to III) hoppers vigorously feed on Penicum tergidum, Digitaria sp. and other grasses. After a fortnight they enter fields of maize and paddy. The adults preferred to feed on fresh and new leaves of rice and maize. Population of adults was at its peak from August to October. However, it rapidly decreased in months of November and there was no adult found in the month of December.

The genus Oedaleus Fieber (1853) were considered economically pest. In present work Oedaleus senegalensis specimens has been collected from the cultivated fields, semi arid areas, along the sides of standing crops and rocky areas. This species have been found and that were described with four illustrations of Phallic complex and description also provided. The epiphallus bridge shaped, bridge comparatively wider, thickening and slightly curved. Anterior projections well marked, finger like with acute rounded boundries. This investigation was taken to understand the structural pattern of Phallic complex to update new research workers.

The grasshopper species Hieroglyphus are well known as major pest of rice, sugarcane, wheat and maize in many countries of the world including Pakistan. However, no information is available regarding H.perpolita (Uvarov). Therefore, a study was carried out on taxonomy, morphology, distribution and ecology of H.perpolita from Pakistan during the year 2005-2007. In H.perpolita pronotum cylindrical dorsum crossed by four wide sulci, prosternal process bifurcate. Lophi elongate, zygoma of cingulum narrow; rami broad; apodemes slightly shorter than basal valves of penis. Further, other significant differences are studied in H.perpolita on the bases of morphological traits as well as on genitalia components. This species occurs in macropterous form with two distinguish color forms: shinning yellow and dark green. H.perpolita is univoltine and crossed six nymphal stages to become adult. Hoppers usually begin to emerge in second week of June, but by middle of July most of the hoppers become adults. In addition to this, a close interaction of H. perpolita with Saccharum bengalense was also studied.

The Slant faced Mermiria bivittata (Serville, 1838) and its genus Mermiria Stål, 1873 (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Gomphocerinae) are recorded for the first time for the Pakistan fauna. The species was collected from Mansehra, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. This record expands the known distributional range of Mermiria bivittata. Descriptions of the genus and species is given by using multiple diagnostic characters. The descriptions are supplemented by photographs of the species is provided.

The genus Hieroglyphus Krauss 1877 comprises a numbers of species. Of these, the occurrence of three species H. perpolita (Uvarov), H. oryzivorus Carl and H. nigrorepletus I. Bolivar in Pakistan was revised. In these species the significant taxonomic variations have been reported. The phallic complex of these species is discussed and taxonomic key for identification of species is presented. The natural history and geographical distribution of the genus is reviewed. It occurs mostly east, south-east and west region of Pakistan. The H. oryzivorus is largely disjunct geographically; it is only restricted in Dadu and Larkana district of Sindh, while H. perpolita and H. nigrorepletus have been recorded through out the country. In addition to this, one new species H. akbari has been added. In this new species the lobes of female subgential plate are elongated and pointed and the lateral lobes are rounded and the posterior margin of the pronotum is obtuse angular. This character led to the diverse systemic position for this species in relation to the other species of this genus studied. This manuscript presents result of an expedition conducted for the collection of grasshopper during the year 2005-2007 in various provinces of Pakistan.

is a journal primarily devoted to insect systematics, but articles can be published on any non-marine arthropod. Topics considered for publication include systematics, taxonomy, nomenclature, checklists, faunal works, and natural history. Insecta Mundi will not consider works in the applied sciences (i.e. medical entomology, pest control research, etc.), and no longer publishes book reviews or editorials. Insecta Mundi publishes original research or discoveries in an inexpensive and timely manner, distributing them free via open access on the internet on the date of publication. Insecta Mundi is referenced or abstracted by several sources including the Zoological Record, CAB Abstracts, etc. Insecta Mundi is published irregularly throughout the year, with completed manuscripts assigned an individual number. Manuscripts must be peer reviewed prior to submission, after which they are reviewed by the editorial board to ensure quality. One author of each submitted manuscript must be a current member of the Center for Systematic Entomology.

Jagung  merupakan  salah  satu  pangan  pokok  penting  di  Indonesia  yang  terancam  oleh  hama  utama Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), termasuk di Pulau Sumbawa yang merupakan salah satu sentra produksi jagung lahan kering di Indonesia. Saat ini, pengendalian S. frugiperda masih mengandalkan insektisida sintetik karena potensi musuh alami belum banyak diketahui, terutama pada pertanaman jagung  lahan  kering  di  Pulau  Sumbawa.  Penelitian  ini  bertujuan  mengkaji  potensi  parasitoid  S. frugiperda meliputi keanekaragaman, kemerataan, dominansi, kekayaan, dan tingkat parasitisasinya. Sampel  dikumpulkan  secara  purposive  random  sampling  pada  Februari–Mei  2024  di  pertanaman  jagung lahan kering pada umur 4–6 minggu setelah tanam, baik di pertanaman yang menggunakan pestisida maupun di pertanaman yang tidak menggunakan pestisida. Sebanyak 30 tanaman yang terlihat memiliki gejala kerusakan karena serangan S. frugiperda pada tiga plot masing-masing berukuran 10  m  ×  10  m  diperiksa  dengan  cermat  untuk  mengumpulkan  30  kelompok  telur  dan  30  individu  larva.  Hasil  penelitian  menemukan  parasitoid  telur  Telenomus  remus  Nixon  dan  Trichogramma nr. pretiosum Riley, parasitoid larva Exorista sp., parasitoid larva-pupa Brachymeria lasus Walker dan Archytas  marmoratus  Townsend.  Kesimpulan  bahwa  parasitisasi  telur  didominansi  oleh  T.  remus (23,54– 61,22%) sehingga berpotensi sebagai agens hayati untuk S. frugiperda. Parasitisasi larva  didominasi  oleh  Exorista sp.  (50%),  tetapi  tingginya  tingkat  parasitisasi  dibayangi  oleh  hiperparasitoid yang dapat menurunkan efektivitasnya sebagai agens hayati S. frugiperda.

The fate of humans and insects intertwine, especially through the medium of plants. Global environmental change, including land transformation and contamination, is causing concerning insect diversity loss, articulated in the companion review Scientists' warning to humanity on insect extinctions. Yet, despite a sound philosophical

El filo Arthropodase divide en cinco grupo: Trilobites,Crustaceos,Mirapodos, Queliceriformes y Hexápodos (Fig. ). Los coleópteros o escarabajos son el orden más abundante dentro de los insectos con 350 mil especies descritas, en México se reconocen 114 familias y se estima la existencia de más de 35,500 especies (Fig. y 3).

Studies on orthopteran species diversity of the Chilika lake was carried out to prepare a updated faunal inventory, hundred years after the first faunal exploration by Annandale and his team in 1915 and twenty six years after designation of Ramsar site. A total of 74 species under 58 genera of 9 families were reported in this present communication, of which 07 species reported for the first time from this area.

This paper communicates the exploring of the dragonfly fauna collected from Tehsil Takhti Nusrati District Karak Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A survey was conducted over a period of one year. A total 733 specimens of dragonfly were collected from various sampling sites of Tehsil Takhti Nusrati. These sampling sites were Takhti Nusrati, Zarki Nasrati, Ganderi Khattak, Bogara and Khada respectively. The Specimens collected and identified belonged to 1 Order, 3 Families, 6 Genera and 7 Species. Family Libellulidae was the largest family consisting 5 Species while Family Aeshnidae, and Gomphidae comprising only one species each. From the Present study, it is concluded that Takht-eNusrati Tehsil have a diverse dragon fly fauna. Similar survey on large scales is recommended to fully evaluate the dragon fly fauna in the Warana region of District Karak.

While undertaking the insect survey in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir State of India, a total of 33 specimens of grasshoppers were collected. The collected materials comprised of 10 species belonging to 8 genera and 04 subfamilies under 02 families of Acridoidea. With the photographs of each species, a key of species is also provided. Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) eurasius eurasius Mistshenko, 1937 is recorded for the first time from the state.

The present paper describes a sampling-event dataset on species belonging to two families of Diptera (Syrphidae and Asilidae) collected between 2012 and 2019 in two Italian beech forests located in the central Apennines. The reference dataset consists of an annotated checklist and has been published on Zenodo. Syrphidae and Asilidae are two ‡, §,|

The parasitoid wasp Woldstedtius flavolineatus (Gravenhorst) (Ichneumonidae) attacks the larvae of syrphid flies (Syrphidae). Woldstedtius flavolineatus was collected in Hawaii for the first time during an extensive malaise trap-based survey of parasitoids in Hawaiian forests. Since its initial collection on Hawaii Island in January 2006, it has been collected at five additional sites on Hawaii Island and at one site each on Maui and Oahu. Malaise trap results from Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge showed a strong seasonal pattern of abundance, with peak population levels reached during July-September. Rearing of its host, Allograpta obliqua (Say), collected from koa (Acacia koa Gray) at Hakalau over two days, revealed a parasitism rate of approximately 95%. Broader impacts of this alien wasp are unknown, but a reduction in host syrphid abundance could result in an increase in numbers of psyllids and aphids (Homoptera) that are preyed upon by syrphid larvae. Furthermore, a reduction in adult syrphids could impact the reproductive success of some of the plants they pollinate.

Efficiency of collection methods and flight activity of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) in three sites in Guanacaste, Costa Rica (Under the direction of JOHN PICKERING) I compare Malaise trapping to rearing as methods for collecting Ichneumonidae in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. In total, 6707 Ichneumonidae were collected in the one year of Malaise trapping, while 2193 were collected in approximately 22 years of rearing. Malaise trapping found a total of 18 different subfamilies, while rearing yielded a total of 13 subfamilies. At the species level for subfamily Pimplinae, Malaise trapping yielded a total of 28 species (375 specimens), while rearing yielded a total of 13 species (108 specimens). Of these, six species were found by both methods, meaning that 22 were found only by Malaise trapping and seven were found only through rearing. I conclude that Malaise trapping is a more efficient way of collecting Ichneumonidae quickly than rearing. I also attempt to determine whether rainfall, host abundance and phenology, or other factors influence the magnitude and timing of flight activity of Ichneumonidae, as measured by Malaise trap catches. To this end I compare across three sites with differing amounts of yearly rainfall in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Neither rainfall nor host abundance clearly has a significant effect on the magnitude and timing of ichneumonid flight activity, although there is some evidence that host abundance may play a role.

Field investigations were carried out to determine the diversity and relative abundance of various honeybee species during 2011 and 2012. Total 184 samples were collected from 10 different localities in Murree and its vicinity. The majority of specimens (n=156, 84.78%) were from Apis cerana F. The ratio of Apis mellifera L. was 13.04% (n=24) and only 2.17% (n=4) honeybees belonged to Apis dorsata F. Although Apis florea F. is found in most parts of Pakistan but no specimen was observed in the study area. Keywords: Apis fauna, Biodiversity, Relative abundance

Rice is a food crop and serve as the staple food of Indonesian society. The need for food in the form of rice is increasing every year. Increased food needs are sometimes not offset by agricultural production. The decline of agricultural products results from weeds. Weeds lead to a decrease in rice yield in both quality and quantity. This study aims to determine what types of weeds are found, the index of species richness and diversity of weeds, and how to create an encyclopedia of the results of the identification weeds in paddy fields Balerejo Subdistrict. This research was conducted in rice field area of Balerejo Subdistrict. Data collection is done by survey location to know the weed vegetation in it. Samples were taken in each village in Balerejo Subdistrict, which amounted to 18 villages. Data collection is done by using quadratic method that is by observation of sample plot in the field. Weeds were taken by placing a swath of 1m x 1m squares of 15 plots by random sampling in each village. The result of the research is used as the material of making the botanical encyclopedia. The results of biodiversity analysis showed that on the rice plant land found 24 species

Rice is a food crop and serve as the staple food of Indonesian society. The need for food in the form of rice is increasing every year. Increased food needs are sometimes not offset by agricultural production. The decline of agricultural products results from weeds. Weeds lead to a decrease in rice yield in both quality and quantity. This study aims to determine what types of weeds are found, the index of species richness and diversity of weeds, and how to create an encyclopedia of the results of the identification weeds in paddy fields Balerejo Subdistrict. This research was conducted in rice field area of Balerejo Subdistrict. Data collection is done by survey location to know the weed vegetation in it. Samples were taken in each village in Balerejo Subdistrict, which amounted to 18 villages. Data collection is done by using quadratic method that is by observation of sample plot in the field. Weeds were taken by placing a swath of 1m x 1m squares of 15 plots by random sampling in ...

Climate warming is considered to be among the most serious of anthropogenic stresses to the environment, because it not only has direct effects on biodiversity, but it also exacerbates the harmful effects of other human-mediated threats. The associated consequences are potentially severe, particularly in terms of threats to species preservation, as well as in the preservation of an array of ecosystem services provided by biodiversity. Among the most affected groups of animals are insectscentral components of many ecosystems-for which climate change has pervasive effects from individuals to communities. In this contribution to the scientists' warning

The negative impact of livestock breeding on the environment has been mitigated through the combination of pastures and trees, characterizing the silvopastoral systems (SPS), an alternative to conventional pasture systems (CPS). The SPS provides environmental services, particularly the recovery of degraded areas and carbon sequestration. Furthermore, the complexity of the SPS can improve other environmental services, for example, enhance biodiversity and reduce pests through biological control. However, it is not clear the relationship between microclimate, pasture, trees, cattle, and invertebrate present in this environment. The purpose of this research was to characterize the macrofauna and determine the richness and abundance of invertebrates associated with dung patches of cattle raised in SPS and CPS pasture systems during two years in Brazil. As a result, we verified that the presence of trees in pastures alters the environment, notably through the reduction of solar radiation...

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) productivity is highly dependent on insect pollination of flowers. Visiting insects are insects that come to a plant which can also act as pollinating insects. This study aims to investigate what insects visit oil palm trees. Research on the diversity of visitor insects on oil palms was conducted at Kebun Pendidikan dan Penelitian (KP2), Stiper Edu Agro Tourism (S.E.A.T), Ungaran in August and September, 2023. Sampling using hand collection, bait traps, bottle traps and sticky traps. Data were analyzed using Shannon Wiener Index and Sorensen Index. The study obtained a total of 1411 individuals consisting of 14 morphospecies, three orders, and three families of insects. The Diversity Index (H') in the interior of the plantation was H'=2.47 while at the edge of the plantation was H'=1.36. Similarity Index (S) was 96.29%. The dominant insect species is Elaeidobius kamerunicus (543 individuals) found on the anthesis male flowers of oil palms.

This study was carried out to evaluate the biodiversity parameters at the upper taxon level of epigean species in lemon agro-ecosystems with different applications between 2019 and 2022. Field studies were carried out on the land of Çukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture Revolving Fund, on a 50-decare Mayer lemon variety orchard. For this purpose, four parcels were chosen: (i) Chemical (herbicide was applied periodically for weed control and weed growth was not allowed), (ii) Weed cutting (in-row mulching and inter-row weed cutting applications are made), (iii) Vetch (in-row mulching and inter-rows covering the plant with vetch (Vicia sativa L. (Fabaceae: Leguminosae)), and (iv) Control (where conventional agriculture is applied). The pitfall trap sampling method was used to measure the biodiversity parameters at the upper taxon level of the epigean (epigeal) species. Arthropoda, Chordata, Mollusca (3 phylum), and Amphibia, Arachnida, Insecta, Gastropoda, Malacostraca, and Reptilia (6 classes) were sampled over 3 years in the study. When the data were evaluated together with all the study years it was seen that the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity value was calculated in the vetch plot as 1.9981. The dominance value increasing or decreasing inversely with the diversity was calculated highest in the control (0.2746), weed cutting (0.2290), chemical (0.2172), and vetch (0.1686) plots, respectively. It was determined that the habitat with the lowest dominance was the vetch parcel. According to percent similarity, the most similar parcel was found in weed cutting and control parcels, and this similarity rate was calculated as 83.879 %. Vetch parcel was found 71.688 % similar to the group formed by control and weed-cutting parcels. Besides chemical parcel was found %52.04 similar to the group formed by the rest of the study areas. Although vetch and chemical parcels were within the same garden boundaries, they were found to be only 58.012 % similar to each other. According to the results of this study; it can be said that the biodiversity in the agro-ecosystems where cover crops are applied, may have a higher biodiversity value than the diversity of conventional agricultural lands. In addition, when these two different application methods are compared in terms of similarity, the dissimilarity rate may increase due to the difference in epigean species living in those agro-ecosystems.

Paddy fields are natural wetland ecosystems that supply rice for the people and provide the shelter to wildlife especially insect diversity of different functional aspects. In the present study, we investigated entomofaunal diversity in organic paddy field at Mahadare conservation reserve, Satara district Maharashtra. A total of 275 insects belonging to 56 species and eight orders, viz., Coleoptera (10), Diptera (1), Hemiptera (4), Lepidoptera (24), Mantodea (2), Odonata (10), Orthoptera (4), and Thysanoptera (1) were recorded. The most abundant order was Lepidoptera and the least one was Diptera. The abundance of insects varying in different growth stages of the rice. Total (53%) insects act as pest and predators comprising (41%) individuals of insect pests with remaining (6%) were visitors of the paddy field. We concluded from our study that these rice fields were cultivated without use of any type of insecticide, pesticide or inorganic chemical fertilizer honouring traditional Indian culture. So, even the pest insects were diverse the predators serve as most effective agents for the biological control and farmers produces high crop yield.

Agricultural expansion and intensification are major threats to global biodiversity, ecological functions, and ecosystem services. The rapid expansion of oil palm in forested tropical landscapes is of particular concern given their high biodiversity. Identifying management approaches that maintain native species and associated ecological processes within oil palm plantations is therefore a priority. Riparian reserves are strips of forest retained alongside rivers in cultivated areas, primarily for their positive hydrological impact. However, they can also support a range of forest-dependent species or ecosystem services. We surveyed communities of dung beetles and measured dung removal activity in an oil palm-dominated landscape in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. The species richness, diversity, and functional group richness of dung beetles in riparian reserves were significantly higher than in oil palm, but lower than in adjacent logged forests. The community composition of the riparian reserves was more similar to logged forest than oil palm. Despite the pronounced differences in biodiversity, we did not find significant differences in dung removal rates among land uses. We also found no evidence that riparian reserves enhance dung removal rates within surrounding oil palm. These results contrast previous studies showing positive relationships between dung beetle species richness and dung removal in tropical forests. We found weak but significant positive relationships between riparian reserve width and dung beetle diversity, and between reserve vegetation complexity and dung beetle abundance, suggesting that these features may increase the conservation value of riparian reserves. Synthesis and applications: The similarity between riparian reserves and logged forest demonstrates that retaining riparian reserves increases biodiversity within oil palm landscapes. However, the lack of correlation between dung beetle community characteristics and dung removal highlights the need for further research into spatial variation in biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships and how the results of such studies are affected by methodological choices.

Tropical forests are among the most biodiverse biomes on the planet. Nevertheless, quantifying the abundance and species richness within megadiverse groups is a significant challenge. We designed a study to address this challenge by documenting the variability of the insect fauna across a vertical canopy gradient in a Central Amazonian tropical forest. Insects were sampled over two weeks using 6-m Gressitt-style Malaise traps set at five heights (0 m–32 m–8 m intervals) on a metal tower in a tropical forest north of Manaus, Brazil. The traps contained 37,778 specimens of 18 orders of insects. Using simulation approaches and nonparametric analyses, we interpreted the abundance and richness of insects along this gradient. Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera had their greatest abundance at the ground level, whereas Lepidoptera and Hemiptera were more abundant in the upper levels of the canopy. We identified species of 38 of the 56 families of Diptera, finding that 527 out of 856 speci...

This research is to determine diversity Cerambycid beetles on cacao plantation (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) based on three different land types. The research was carried out from June 2017 to April 2018. Sample were collected using Atrocarpus trap at three types of cocoa plantations i.e. cocoa plantation in margin of the forest (Omu Village), not cultivated cocoa plantion (Wombo Village) and cultivated cocoa plantation (Sibowi Village). Total of 381 Cerambycid beetles belonging to 5 tribes, 7 genera and 13 species were obtained during the study. The highest of diversity (H') and Eveness (E) indices was found in the not cultivated cacao plantation (KTT). The Bray-Curtis similarity indices (IBC) was showing a similarity between cocoa plantation in margin of the forest (KPH) with cultivated cocoa plantation (KT). The result of this study was showing that three types of cacao plantations in this research, very supported the existence of Cerambycidae bettles and hasn't significant effect on their life.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman hayati makrofauna tanah diurnal pada ketinggian 1.200 mdpl. Metode yang digunakan yaitu observatif deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode perangkap jebak (pitfall trap). Jumlah perangkap jebak yang digunakan ialah 5 buah dengan tiga kali pengulangan. Penelitian dilakukan pada ketinggian 1.200 mdpl dengan tahapan: penentuan lokasi penelitian, pembuatan perangkap jebak, pengambilan sampel makrofauna tanah dan identifikasi sampel makrofauna tanah. Hasil yang diperoleh makrofauna tanah diurnal sebanyak 9 spesies dengan jumlah 390 hewan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa nilai H’ ≤ 1 sehingga indeks keanekaragaman rendah, nilai E’≤ 0,4 sehingga menunjukkan indeks kemerataan rendah dan komunitas tertekan, nilai C < 0,5 sehingga menunjukkan dominansinya rendah kecuali untuk spesies Oecophylla smaragdina yang menunjukkan dominansi sedang dengan nilai C = 0,59.   Kata kunci: diurnal, gunung Buthak, keanekaragaman, makrofauna

The presence of insects in an agricultural habitat is affected by several factors, such as vegetation around agricultural land. The objectives of this research was to study the effect of different types of shade trees in coffee plantations on insect diversity. Research conducted at the Pakuwon Experimental Station and the Integrated Laboratory of Balittri in January-July 2019. Insects sampling was observe using yellow pan traps and pitfall traps on the field. In each coffee plantation, 15 yellow pan traps (YPT) and pitfall traps (PT) were installed for 24 hour. Three types of shade trees found in this research were (1) Philippine Tung (Reutealis trisperma), (2) a combination Philippine Tung (Reutealis trisperma) with Gliricidia sepium, (3) a combination Banana (Musa sp.) with Gliricidia sepium. Insect identification was carried out morphologically from Order to morphospecies. Diversity, number of species and abundance were analyzed using the R statistic. The results showed that there were seven orders of insects found in the coffee plant, namely Hymenoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Dermaptera. The explored dominant insects were from the order Hymenoptera of the Formicidae, namely Anoplolepis sp. Tetramorium sp., Odontoponera sp., and the Orthoptera family Gryllidae, namely Gryllus sp. The statistical analysis result showed that differences in shade trees affected the diversity and abundance of insects.

Anemia causes substantial health challenges for both children and women. Maternal anemia is a notable public health issue that heightens the susceptibility of pregnant women to low birth weight, early delivery, perinatal death, and neonatal mortality. According to the World Health Organization's estimate, Anemia affects around 40% of children aged 6-59 months, 37% of pregnant women, and 30% of women aged 15-49 years. The states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh have outperformed the national average of 53.95%, with respective performances of 43.12, 49.07, and 53.93. Anemia is the most severe among all states in the EAG states, with an average score recorded at 60.25. The states of Assam, Jharkhand, Bihar, and Odisha must prioritize efforts to promptly eradicate the problem. The research concluded that over 60% of girls in Jharkhand are affected by anemia, with 69.87% of children in non-aspirational districts and 67.78% in aspirational areas being afflicted. According to NFSH-5, the highest percentage of children with anemia (73.42%) falls during the age range of 06 to 59 months. Anemia affects more than 79% of pregnant women in Pakur. The district of
Hazaribag has the lowest prevalence of anemia among pregnant women, with a rate of 56.12%, compared to the other 18 districts. Hazaribagh has the greatest percentage at 56.6%, while Pakur has the lowest percentage at 76.08%.

Tumbuhan berbunga dapat meningkatkan populasi serangga polinator, yang sekaligus berperan penting dalam meningkatkan hasil tanaman. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh tumpang sari Crotalaria juncea dengan kedelai terhadap keanekaragaman serangga pengunjung bunga dan polinator alami terhadap hasil kedelai. Penelitian dirancang pada petak tunggal, dengan perlakuan: tanpa C. juncea (kontrol), penanaman C. juncea mengelilingi lahan kedelai, penanaman C. juncea setiap 5 baris kedelai, dan penanaman C. juncea setiap 10 baris kedelai. Pengaruh polinator alami terhadap hasil kedelai diamati melalui penyungkupan tanaman dengan jaring serangga. Hasil penelitian menunjukan, bahwa penanaman C. juncea dapat meningkatkan keanekaragaman serangga pengunjung bunga. Indeks keanekaragaman tertinggi 2,37 tercatat pada petak penanaman C. juncea setiap 10 baris kedelai. Keanekaragaman serangga pengunjung bunga terbanyak, yaitu 18 spesies ditemukan pada perlakuan penanaman C. juncea setiap 5 ...