Information law

Преимущества самообучающихся систем Главная идея Винера заключается в том, что такая машина может самостоятельно анализировать свой опыт, находить ошибки и совершенствовать алгоритмы действий. Он приводит пример, где система всего за двадцать часов работы способна достичь уровня, превосходящего навыки своего создателя. Это открывает огромные перспективы для автоматизации, позволяя значительно повышать эффективность процессов без постоянного участия человека.

Преимущества самообучающихся систем Главная идея Винера заключается в том, что такая машина может самостоятельно анализировать свой опыт, находить ошибки и совершенствовать алгоритмы действий. Он приводит пример, где система всего за двадцать часов работы способна достичь уровня, превосходящего навыки своего создателя. Это открывает огромные перспективы для автоматизации, позволяя значительно повышать эффективность процессов без постоянного участия человека.

SOMMARIO: 1. Il cloud. – 1.1 Le tipologie di cloud: classificazioni. – 1.2 Il ruolo del Data Center. – 2. Il cloud computing nel quadro normativo europeo ed italiano. – 3. I soggetti del cloud computing. - 4. Il modo di funzionamento. – 5. I modelli di servizi e di distribuzione di cloud computing. – 5.1 (segue) in base alla tipologia di infrastruttura: private cloud, community cloud, public cloud, hybrid cloud. – 5.2 (segue) in base alle modalità di erogazione: SaaS, IaaS, PaaS. – 5.3 (segue) in base alla gestione dell’infrastruttura e alla localizzazione dei dati: data shard, data localization, data trust. – 6. I vantaggi. – 7. Le criticità.

Scharakteryzowano akty prawne dotyczące ochrony informacji, obowiązujące przedsiębiorstwa. Przeprowadzono badania aktów prawnych celem określenia odpowiedzialności i obowiązków przedsiębiorców przetwarzających informacje chronione na podstawie przepisów prawa. Podjęto próbę określenia działań niezbędnych do zaimplementowania w przedsiębiorstwach dokumentacji dotyczącej ochrony informacji prawnie chronionych oraz próbę przedstawiania skutków dla przedsiębiorstwa spowodowanych niewłaściwą ochroną tych informacji. Słowa kluczowe: informacja, ochrona informacji, przetwarzanie informacji, ochrona prawna.

В статье анализируются взгляды ученых-правоведов на значение и спектр научного применения словосочетания «правовая природа». Более 100 лет в российской правовой науке это словосочетание активно использовалось самыми известными учеными, но единства в понимании его смысла не сложилось. Масштаб и спектр применения российскими учеными этого словосочетания увеличились настолько, что появились авторы, которые забили тревогу, указывая, что оно не несет в себе признаков научного термина.
В последнее десятилетие проведено несколько специализированных исследований, в которых показано, что словосочетание «правовая природа» используется в юриспруденции более чем в 10 значениях. Авторы отмечают, что слово «природа» не имеет единого значения не только в юриспруденции, но и в философии. При этом каждый из них попытался сформулировать определение научного понятия, номинируемого указанным словосочетанием. Ученые аргументированно доказывают несостоятельность этих попыток, рас
крывают негативные аспекты научного применения словосочетания «правовая природа», формулируют предложения по преодолению оформившейся тенденции к применению многозначных терминов вообще и данного словосочетания в частности.

রাষ্ট্র, সমাজ, পরিবার, রাজনৈতিক দলগুলো একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয়, যা সকলেই এড়িয়ে যায়। আর সেটা হচ্ছে রাজনীতির অর্থনৈতিক বাস্তবতা। হাতে গোনা কয়েকজন নেতা টাইপের রাজনীতিবিদ ছাড়া বেশীরভাগ রাজনৈতিক কর্মীদের স্থায়ী আয়ের কোন বন্দোবস্ত নেই। বিভিন্ন রাজনৈতিক মহড়া বা দলীয় সমাবেশে লাখো মানুষের আসা- যাওয়া, খাওয়া, থাকা, চিকিৎসাসহ অন্যান্য টুকিটাকি খরচের জন্য বিরাট অংকের টাকার প্রয়োজন। এই টাকার যোগন হয়ত দল থেকে ব্যবস্থা করা হয়। কিন্তু কর্মসূচী শেষ হওয়ার পরে আবারো সেই স্থানীয় রাজনীতির মাঠের অপ্রয়োজনীয় সৈনিক হিসাবে নিজের জীবনের গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সময়টাকে ক্যাসিনো বোর্ডের কার্ড রুপে নিজেকে সপে দেয়। এটা অর্জনের জন্যই যেন সে বাপ- মায়ের খেয়ে পড়ে বড় হয়ছে।

This article explores a significant constitutional controversy within the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), focusing on the unilateral proposal by Acting Chairman Tarique Rahman to delay the national election timeline from December 2025 to February 2026 without prior approval of the party’s Standing Committee. The analysis evaluates whether this act constituted a violation of Articles 12(a) and 9(c) of the BNP Constitution, which mandate collective decision-making through quorum-based sessions of the Standing Committee. The article also discusses potential disciplinary measures permissible under party rules, while highlighting the internal political realities that often hinder accountability. The case underscores the tension between symbolic leadership and procedural democracy, calling for urgent institutional reform within BNP to preserve its constitutional integrity and democratic legitimacy.

To speed up the olive harvesting process, a tractor-driven olive harvesting machine was designed and manufactured at the Institute of Agricultural Engineering (AEI), Islamabad. This newly developed equipment was tested on the Bari Zaitoon-I cultivar for its performance evaluation. This innovative technology has proven valuable in efficiently replacing expensive manual harvesting operations with timely and economic alternative. It was experimentally evaluated at different PTO speeds, stroke lengths (SL), and vertical clamp positions (CP) on the tree to find the harvested and leftover fruit (%) and field capacity (trees/h) of the machine. Data collected was statistically analyzed by using "Statistix 8.1" software at a 5 % le vel of probability. The best results were recorded as 92.4 % harvested fruit, 7.6 % leftover fruit and 23.6 trees/h field capacity at the PTO speed of 300 rpm along with the stroke length of 10 cm and clamp position of 1 m on the tree trunk from the ground. The use of the developed equipment will make it possible to harvest olives in a shorter time than with manual harves ting without reducing the quality and weight of the obtained products.

The article examines the content and features of the Big Data phenomenon, the concept of which is currently undergoing dynamic development. The author analyzes such features as an unprecedentedly large amount of information without any data loss, hidden potential for repeated value, transition to correlations instead of causality, etc. The sources of Big Data are reviewed. The author emphasizes the effect of combining data from different sources in order to improve the quality of the information itself and the efficiency of its processing. It is argued that due to the large amount of information, the prerogative of decision-making is gradually shifting from a person to an algorithm which acquires the characteristics of a subject of legal relations. The author analyzes the correlation between the right to be forgotten and its opposite, “permanent memory”, as well as the conflict between the right to be forgotten and the ideology of Big Data. It is proved that the ability to monitor a...

The article examines the phenomenon of aberration (distortion of the content) of regulatory and legal information in the field of criminal law on the example of certain basic elements of criminal offences (Part 1 of Article 152 “Rape”, Article 119 “Manslaughter by negligence” of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), as well as certain wording, in particular, the use of perfect and imperfect verbs, focusing on related activities instead of a certain activity, etc. The author proves that the aberration significantly distorts the meaning of certain criminal law prohibitions, which grossly violates the principle of legal certainty as an integral part of the rule of law. To improve the current wording of Part 1 of Article 152 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which does not define rape as penetration, nor as an act aimed at penetration, but only an act related to penetration, it is proposed to set out its disposition in the following wording: “Committing vaginal, anal or oral penetration into th...

Det er i dag stadig mere almindeligt, at offentlige myndigheder kombinerer geografiske informationer med personoplysninger i forbindelse med håndteringen af en lang raekke administrative opgaver.Persondataloven indeholder en raekke rettigheder for registrerede, som blandt andet omfatter ret til indsigt i det registrerede, adgang til at få korrigeret fejlbehaeftede data/informationer, krav om at blive orienteret om en behandling, når den bliver indledt med videre. Det fører for vidt indenfor rammerne af denne artikel at behandle alle disse spørgsmål samlet. Artiklen omhandler derfor det grundlaeggende spørgsmål om, hvorvidt GIS omfattes af persondataloven samt behovet for anmeldelse af GIS anvendelser. Det første og vaesentligste spørgsmål, myndigheden skal stille sig selv, er, om brug af GIS til den taenkte behandling af data overhovedet er omfattet af persondatalovens bestemmelser.

Concerning juridical responsibility there are published a lot of articles, collections and monographs. In the working out of its subject-matters there are some achievements. However the itself notion of responsibility, and series of its central problems-is a subject of long years-lasting discussion, during which came out the necessity to elaborate some methodological questions. The juridical responsibility is being determined as a duty-to be responsible‖,-to account‖. One of the results in the search to determine the juridical responsibility has become the idea of-positive law responsibility‖, under which we understand not the responsibility of the person who has committed an infringement of the law, but vice versa a lawful behavior of the person, who commits no law infringements. The goal of the given article is to regard the juridical responsibility of one of the subjects of administrative law-local public authorities-in Republic of Moldova, because the efficient activity of the s...

Do We Value What Clients Think About Their Lawyers? If So, Why Don't We Measure It? at . 11. The Franklin Pierce Law Center has gone so far as to hire a full-time director for this program using its funds. 12. Dalianis & Sparrow at 24. 13. "To be effective, the teaching of lawyering skills and professional values should [include the] . . . opportunity for students to perform lawyering tasks with appropriate feedback and self-evaluation; [and] reflective evaluation of the students' performance by a qualified assessor." MACCRATE REPORT at 331.

Висока соціальна мобільність громадян і нові виклики у сфері економіки вимагають нових підходів до змісту освіти та процесів підготовки фахівців. Пріоритетним завданням більшості освітніх середовищ є інтеграція новітніх цифрових технологій в освітній процес.

Анотація. Технології, як і суспільство,динамічне явище, якому притаманний постійний розвиток. Наразі людство активно використовує здібності штучного інтелекту, вирішуючи майже всі питаннявід побутових до юридичних. Українське законодавство закріпило поняття штучного інтелекту в Концепції розвитку штучного інтелекту в Україні, згідно яким це організована сукупність інформаційних технологій, із застосуванням якої можливо виконувати складні комплексні завдання шляхом використання системи наукових методів досліджень і алгоритмів обробки інформації, отриманої або самостійно створеної під час роботи, а також створювати та використовувати власні бази знань, моделі прийняття рішень, алгоритми роботи з інформацією та визначати способи досягнення поставлених завдань. У статті досліджено використання штучного інтелекту в судових системах найпрогресивніших держав світу і розглянуто можливість використання іноземного досвіду у правозастосовній практиці України. Було проаналізовано такі системи штучного інтелекту, як: RAVN, HART (Harm Assessment Risk Tool) -Великобританія; COMPAS (Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions) -Сполучені Штати Америки. Окрім цього, в роботі згадано успішний досвід Малайзії та Китаю. Основоположним документом у використанні штучного інтелекту в Українському кримінальному судочинстві стало Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України № 1556-р «Про схвалення Концепції розвитку штучного інтелекту в Україні» від 2 грудня 2020 року. Даний нормативно-правовий акт визначає мету, принципи та завдання розвитку технологій штучного інтелекту ISSN (рrint) 2708-7530 Наукові перспективи № 5(35) 2023 691 в Україні в різноманітних сферах, у тому числі в правосудді. У статті детально проаналізовані завдання Концепції, серед яких є розвиток вже існуючих технологій у сфері правосуддя; впровадження консультативних програм, що зроблять доступним юридичну консультацію населенню; попередження суспільно небезпечних явищ; визначення необхідних заходів ресоціалізації засуджених; винесення судових рішень у певних справах. Штучний інтелект надає широке коло переваг, до яких можна віднести швидкість і можливість опрацьовувати велику кількість матеріалів. При цьому дану систему не можна назвати досконалою через можливі технічні помилки. Ключові слова: кримінальний процес, штучний інтелект, HART, COMPAS, пробація.

Процесс алгоритмизации в современном мире набирает обороты. Право как сфера далекая от математики и информационных технологий находится в зоне риска. Алгоритмизацию необходимо поставить под контроль (начать администрировать). Для этого юристам необходимы дополнительные компетенции.

Article 45 of the EU AI Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689) establishes a mandatory information-sharing framework for notified bodies responsible for the conformity assessment of high-risk AI systems. This article represents a significant departure from traditional, top-down regulatory models, embracing a networked and collaborative approach to AI governance. This abstract summarizes the key aspects of Article 45, its evolution, its underlying philosophy, and its implications for the future of AI regulation.
Article 45 mandates that notified bodies inform their respective notifying authorities about: (1) the issuance, refusal, restriction, suspension, or withdrawal of certificates and approvals; (2) circumstances affecting their scope of notification; (3) information requests from market surveillance authorities; and (4) all conformity assessment activities. It also requires notified bodies to share information with each other about both positive and negative assessment results, fostering mutual learning and the dissemination of best practices. Crucially, all information sharing must be conducted in accordance with strict confidentiality obligations (Art. 78) and data protection principles (GDPR).
The evolution of Article 45 through the legislative process reflects a negotiation between promoting broad information sharing (favored by the European Parliament) and ensuring the protection of sensitive data (emphasized by the Council). The final version strikes a balance, requiring sharing of information related to "the same types of AI systems" and explicitly referencing Article 78 for confidentiality.
Article 45 embodies a philosophy of epistemic humility, recognizing the limitations of individual knowledge in a complex and rapidly evolving field. It leverages collective intelligence by creating a network of notified bodies, promoting a shared understanding of AI risks and best practices. This approach moves beyond mere compliance, fostering a culture of responsibility, transparency, and continuous improvement.
The article is not without its challenges. These include: preventing information overload, addressing language barriers, incentivizing participation, and balancing transparency with the need to protect confidential information (trade secrets, intellectual property, and personal data).
The ultimate success of Article 45, and the AI Act as a whole, will depend on:
• Effective implementation: Establishing clear procedures, secure communication channels, and user-friendly tools (like an enhanced EU database).
• Ongoing adaptation: Continuously refining the framework to address emerging technologies and challenges.
• Broad stakeholder engagement: Expanding the circle of trust to include civil society, researchers, and end-users.
• International collaboration: Promoting a globally harmonized approach to AI governance.
Article 45 is not just a procedural requirement; it is a catalyst for change. It represents a shift towards a more dynamic, collaborative, and ethically grounded approach to regulating AI, aiming to create a trustworthy ecosystem where innovation can thrive while safeguarding fundamental rights. It is a key building block for shaping a global AI governance framework.
Keywords: EU AI Act, Article 45, Notified Bodies, Information Sharing, Conformity Assessment, Transparency, Accountability, Harmonization, Data Protection, Confidentiality, GDPR, Collaboration, Epistemic Humility, Networked Governance, Trust, Risk Management, Cybersecurity, Emerging Technologies, Best Practices, EU Database, Standardization, Data Governance.
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Link - https://informationsocietylaw.sharepoint.com/:w:/s/ai/Ec2rP8IfVe1DqupHt7KM81wBsFm3nSWzr9Zgfz0-9iUr8g?e=CxrTlX

This commentary provides a comprehensive, multi-faceted analysis of Article 43 of the EU Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act), a pivotal provision that establishes the framework for conformity assessment of high-risk AI systems. Going beyond a simple legal exegesis, this work traces the evolution of Article 43 through various legislative stages, dissects its substantive elements, explores its intricate interplay with other EU regulations, and delves into its philosophical underpinnings and broader societal impacts.
The analysis demonstrates how Article 43 embodies the EU's commitment to balancing AI innovation with a high level of protection for fundamental rights, safety, and ethical values. It unpacks the tiered approach to conformity assessment, distinguishing between self-assessment through internal control and independent verification by notified bodies. It examines the specific requirements for data governance, risk management, transparency, and human oversight that providers of high-risk AI systems must meet. Furthermore, the commentary analyses the mechanisms for ensuring consistency, including the use of harmonized standards, common specifications, and cybersecurity certification.
The commentary also explores the complex interaction of Article 43 with other relevant regulations, including the GDPR, the DSA, DMA, the DGA, the Data Act, and the Cybersecurity Act, highlighting potential overlaps and conflicts, and identifying strategies for harmonization. It provides a detailed analysis of functional aspects, offering hypothetic examples of the internal and external procedures, and explores specific roles and responsibilities of all relevant actors (providers, deployers, notified bodies, etc) in the context of the EU database and the registration procedures.
The commentary goes beyond a purely legal analysis, delving into the policy goals and ethical considerations underpinning Article 43. It explores the philosophical underpinnings of trust in AI systems, the ethics of algorithmic decision-making, and the role of regulation in shaping technological development, highlighting the interconnectedness of all these aspects. Moreover, the study includes a comparative analysis of Article 43 with corresponding provisions in California AI Acts, the Colorado AI Act, the draft China AI Law, the Council of Europe's Framework Convention, the UK's AI regulation white paper, Canada's AIDA, Japan's AI Guidelines and the G20 AI Principles, offering valuable insight into different regulatory approaches and the challenges of establishing global AI governance.
This commentary concludes by synthesizing key takeaways, emphasizing the need for a dynamic and adaptive framework that can respond to emerging challenges and opportunities. It outlines potential future directions, such as strengthening internal control mechanisms, expanding the scope of third-party assessment, and refining assessment criteria and methodologies. The analysis suggests that the success of Article 43 hinges on fostering a culture of responsible AI development, enhancing public trust, and promoting a holistic approach that encompasses both technical and ethical dimensions.
Keywords: EU AI Act, Article 43, Conformity Assessment, High-Risk AI Systems, Internal Control, Third-Party Assessment, Notified Bodies, Harmonized Standards, Data Governance, Human Oversight, Cybersecurity, Innovation, Regulation, Ethical Considerations, Public Trust, Delegated Acts, International Harmonization, European Cybersecurity Certification, General Purpose AI Models, Data, Risk Management.
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E-Discovery is the process of discovering electronically stored information such as email that is relevant to a legal case. A typical ediscovery process incurs huge costs due to the large volume of information and the requirement of highly specialized and expensive human resources (legal professionals). In this paper, we examine how information management technologies can be used to reduce the high cost. We propose a set of concepts that are helpful in identifying relevant and not-relevant documents. We then develop a set of rule based annotators that automatically identify documents with these concepts and compare their performance with standard off-the-shelf classifiers for building the concept annotators. The rule based annotators have been integrated into the IBM product for ediscovery review called IBM InfoSphere eDiscovery Analyzer.

In this paper, we examine the application of various grouping techniques to help improve the efficiency and reduce the costs involved in an electronic discovery process. Specifically, we create coherent groups of email documents which characterize either a syntactic theme, a semantic theme or an email thread. All such grouped documents can be reviewed together leading to a faster and more consistent review of documents. Syntactic grouping of emails is based on near duplicate detection whereas semantic grouping is based on identifying concepts in the email content using information extraction. Email thread detection is achieved using a combination of segmentation and near duplicate detection. We present experimental results on the Enron corpus that suggest that these approaches can significantly reduce the review time and show that high precision and recall in identifying the groups can be achieved. We also describe how these techniques are integrated into the IBM eDiscovery Analyzer product offering.

Lawyers and their large institutional clients increasingly face the enormous problem of how to efficiently and efficaciously conduct searches for relevant documents in large heterogeneous electronic data sets, for the purpose of responding to litigation demands. Past research indicates that lawyers greatly overestimate their true rate of recall in civil discovery. The unprecedented size, scale, and complexity of electronically stored data now potentially subject to routine capture in litigation, for purpose of preservation, access, and review, presents information retrieval researchers with a series of important challenges to overcome. This paper describes the current context of e-discovery and discusses the potential for IR and AI research to address the challenges of conducting e-discovery. The TREC Legal Track is presented as a forum for the evaluation of e-discovery research and one new evaluation measure, elusion, is described, which has potential for addressing problems of mea...

The risk of negligence liability can be considerably reduced by application of basic legal concepts early in the development lifecycle. The costs of preparing and defending a suit can be considerably reduced as well. This paper develops a simple model for integration of these considerations into the development process. The model stresses the following: 1. early consideration of process constraints derived from negligence law; 2. explicit consideration of such constraints during the development process; and, 3. documentation of all significant tradeoffs that is traceable to key constraints.

Чи відповідає Конституції та європейським стандартам прав людини встановлений законом обов'язок громадських організацій давати відповіді на звернення громадян? Чи відповідає Конституції та європейським стандартам прав людини контроль з боку Омбудсмана за наданням громадськими організаціями  відповідей на звернення громадян? Приводом до надання експертного висновку стала справа, яка перебуває на розгляді в Конституційному Суді України за конститтуційною скрагою голови ГО "Центр громадянських свобод" Олександри Матвійчук.

Права человека в цифровую эпоху» 10 декабря 2024 Волков Ю. В., к.ю.н., доцент, УрГЮУ им. В. Ф. Яковлева От текста к коду (Law: from text to code) Всем или почти всем известно, что Законы пишут (как текст) Так было всегда (тысячи лет от цилиндра Кира до 12 таблиц) И почти две тысячи лет спустя Кодекс Наполеона написан как текстовый документ. Однако, практически сразу после изобретения компьютеров ученые начали искать путь переложить Закон на язык вычислительного устройства. Рассмотрим несколько этапов, которые приведут нас к Закону, который написан программным кодом.

The article presents the text of the author's speech at the foresitesession "Human Rights in the Digital Age" on December 10, 2024. The author
fragmentarily, by the method of Functional Points, mainly based on publications, describes the dynamics of the formation and presentation of legal texts in the modern world. The transition from text format to electronic-digital, called digitalization, has been outlined for a long time. However, for the legal sphere, this challenge was unexpected. Changes in the competence of all legal scholars, especially practicing ones, are a necessity in the modern world. The material invites everyone to reflect on
what is happening and determine themself own place in the changing legal world.

The article is dedicated to asst. prof. Theodor Piperkov. It examines the
importance of the Roman legal tradition in the study of the possessio and the conceptual framework that is created in the context of modern law in the light of comparative analysis with the legislations of other European countries.

Voglio ringraziare tutti gli intervenuti, e i relatori in particolare, che con grande generosità hanno accettato di dare il loro contributo a questa discussione. Questo convegno ha la sua origine in una frase di Gaetano Rasi e il suo fondamento in una sorta di riflessione che abbiamo fatto sul nostro lavoro quotidiano, che fa del Garante un osservatorio privilegiato sul modo in cui l'innovazione tecnologica penetra nella società, nelle materie e nei settori e più diversi. Tutto questo ci consente non soltanto di misurare il grado di sensibilità sociale all'innovazione nei diversi settori, perché registriamo le reazione di cittadini, amministrazioni, imprese. Ci permette di fare anche un'altra operazione, che chiamerai di "relativizzazione della tecnologia". La tecnologia si presenta non voglio dire con una pretesa egemonica e totalitaria, ma con tutta la forza di chi ha consapevolezza di essere la forza trainante dell'organizzazione sociale. E tuttavia, quando analizziamo le tecnologie e passiamo dal discorso generale sulla tecnologia alle diverse applicazioni tecnologiche, ci accorgiamo immediatamente della diversità con la quale le singole tecnologie devono poi essere considerate. Considerando un caso che riguarda la vita quotidiana, la videosorveglianza, ci accorgiamo subito che essa assume significati molto diversi se viene adoperata per controllare i varchi di ingresso a una zona a traffico automobilistico limitato, se ha finalità di ordine pubblico, se avviene in relazione ad attività commerciali. È dunque necessario contestualizzare, e quindi relativizzare, il discorso sulla tecnologia. Non si può semplicemente dire sì o no alla videosorveglianza: questo sarebbe un discorso astratto e pericoloso. Si debbono analizzare i diversi contesti all'interno dei quali la stessa tecnologia adempia a funzioni diverse e quindi esige regolamentazioni differenziate. Lo sguardo totale del Garante aiuta, poi, a meglio comprendere le situazioni specifiche. Il Garante talvolta è stato descritto come avversario delle tecnologie, la parola "Talebani" è persino comparsa in qualche titolo giornalistic. Senza voler fare difese d'ufficio, vorrei sottolineare il fatto che il Garante ha accompagnato con gran-S S t t e e f f a a n n o o R R o o d d o o t t à à-L a i c i z z a r e i l r a p p o r t o f r a i n n o v a z i o n e e s o c i e t à 15 (1) Presidente Garante per la protezione dei dati personali G Gi iu us se ep pp pe e S Sa an nt ta an ni ie el ll lo o-Tipologia delle innovazioni tecnologiche e protezione dei dati personali 23 (1) Vicepresidente Garante per la protezione dei dati personali I I n n n n o o v v a a z z i i o o n n i i t t e e c c n n o o l l o o g g i i c c h h e e e e p p r r i i v v a a c c y y-S v i l u p p o e c o n o m i c o e p r o g r e s s o c i v i l e G Gi iu us se ep pp pe e S Sa an nt ta an ni ie el ll lo o-Tipologia delle innovazioni tecnologiche e protezione dei dati personali 25 D Da an n i il l o o B Br ru us s c c h h i i-Sicurezza informatica e privacy: fondamentalmente un problema di uomini 35

В работе рассматривается эволюция теоретических подходов к созданию кибернетических систем управления в прошлом и в настоящем на примере советской ОГАС (Общегосударственной автоматизированной системы учёта и обработки информации) и современной Цифровой Земли, используемой, в частности, при создании системы управления проектом «Пояс и Путь». С привлечением средств общенаучной методологии идентифицируется и обосновывается критический недостаток классических кибернетических системограниченность их только катафатическим содержанием, что ведёт к тенденциозности при представлении обстановки и невозможности включения в среду управления не опосредованных категориями данных, в том числе принципиально не опосредуемых. Показано, что этот критический недостаток удалось преодолеть в Цифровой Земле за счёт использования уникальных свойств пространства и времени как единого метрологического каркаса для катафатического и апофатического содержимого.

The object of the study is virtual influencersdigital characters created with the help of computer programs and artificial intelligence, on behalf of which agencies maintain pages in social networks to increase the number of supporters and promote branded goods and services among them. This concept emerged in the last decade in a practical environment and is currently actively developing, attracting the attention of researchers. The relevance of the article, on the one hand, is related to the novelty of the phenomenon of virtual influencers, its lack of research, and on the other hand, the significant potential of influencing the formation of public opinion and changes in the principles and formats of communications in the digital age. The purpose is to conceptualize the "virtual influencer" phenomenon, define its role and place in modern digital communication, and outline its opportunities and risks. The research methods are a critical review of theoretical sources, publications in the industry media, and expert blogs of recent years, as well as a SWOT analysis based on consideration of practical aspects: content specifics, methods of interaction with the audience, and statistical indicators of the profiles of the most popular virtual influencers in social networks. The main conclusions are that virtual influencers are a new specific type of communicators, artificial technological and informational products of collective creativity that compete with live bloggers in digital reality. Currently, virtual influencers cannot communicate with the audience on their own. However, with the development of artificial intelligence technologies, they will learn this based on the analysis of the content of social networks. They will not just imitate live contact but will conduct meaningful communication. Over time, virtual influencers will overcome the evolutionary distance from exotic communication tools to self-managed carriers of meaning. They will become independent actors of social communications, bringing society closer to the metaverse.

До відома читачів Пам'яті наставників та вчителів: Микола Якович ШВЕЦЬ БЄЛЯКОВ К.І., доктор юридичних наук, професор, заслужений діяч науки і техніки України, завідувач наукового відділу інформаційного суспільства і права, керівник центру проблем соціогуманітарної інформології ДНУ ІІБП НАПрН України. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9517-2192. ГАВЛОВСЬКИЙ В.Д., кандидат юридичних наук, с.н.с., головний науковий співробітник Міжвідомчого науково-дослідного центру з проблем боротьби з організованою злочинністю при РНБО України. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-9904. Останні роки, саме роки тяжкої війни, завдали Україні величезних людських, матеріальних, економічних, культурних втрат. На превеликий жаль, непоправні втрати сталися в ці роки й у лавах цілого покоління видатних учених Національної академії правових наук України (далі-НАПрН). Пішли з життя академік-засновник НАПрН

The concept «virtual legal relationships» and modem its understanding in a context of problem of a formation of terminologically-conceptual apparatus of informationally-legal researches are considered. The author offers an introduction and definition of a technologically-legal method of the information law. The author notes that the concept of «virtual» and «virtual reality» is not theoretical representations, but metaphors. In logic the concepts «possible world» and «artificial reality» are widely used, that with «virtual reality» does not relate. «Vi rtual reality» mentalize or make the subject of modality logic, «virtual» try to interpret by relevance. Therefore, these concepts have no right to exist in legal science and the use of these terms in scientific use should be strongly avoided.

Статья посвящена вопросам определения понятий «термин», «терминология» и «юридический термин». Рассмотрены особенности юридической терминологии, зарождение первых теорий термина. В данной статье нашла отражение проблема разграничения таких понятий как «термин» и «слово». Ключевые слова термин, терминология, юридический термин, этимология, лексика, классификация. Проблема термина и терминологии принадлежит к одной из важных проблем общего языкознания. Терминологическая лексика противопоставляется общеупотребительной, во-первых, "своей содержательной связанностью и объектами определенной специальной области, во-вторых, тем, что в рамках специального общения она обладает очень высокой частотностью, с точки зрения словарного состава в целом лишь в очень незначительной степени включается в сферу достаточно частотной лексики" [1, с.171-172]. В работах В.П.Даниленко терминология квалифицируется как "принадлежность языка науки, как основная, наиболее значимая и информативная часть лексической системы языка науки" [2, с.15]. Глубокие исследования по этимологии слов "термин" и "терминология" провел А.Д.Хаютин. Слово термин происходит от латинского "terminus"-первоначально в классической латыни "terminus"-терм, божество границ, впоследствиипограничный камень, рубеж; затем-предел, конец, окончание. В средневековой латыни слово "terminus" могло приобретать значение

Globalny charakter Internetu, i związana z tym łatwość nawiązywania stosunków prawnych o międzynarodowym charakterze, sprzyja poszukiwaniu nowych rozwiązań kolizyjnoprawnych. Konieczność uwzględniania przez użytkowników wielu krajowych porządków prawnych, często rozbieżnych regulacji prawnych (np. w zakresie dozwolonego użytku prywatnego utworów utrwalonych w postaci cyfrowej, zasad prawa konkurencji, przepisów dotyczących ochrony konsumenta), co wiąże się ze stosowaniem tradycyjnych reguł kolizyjnych, sprzyja dążeniu do radykalnego uproszczenia zasad rządzących określaniem prawa właściwego. Dotyczy to nie tylko sposobu wskazania właściwych norm merytorycznych z zakresu prawa prywatnego, lecz również zasięgu zastosowania regulacji publicznoprawnych (prawa administracyjnego, karnego czy finansowego). Nie ulega wątpliwości, że dla przedsiębiorców prowadzących międzynarodową działalność przy użyciu sieci komputerowych korzystne byłoby stosowanie wyłącznie jednego systemu prawnego-najlepiej państwa, w którym znajduje się ich siedziba, dla oceny wszelkich elementów ich aktywności. W znacznym stopniu ułatwiałoby to oszacowanie ryzyka związanego z prowadzeniem sprzedaży on-line bądź świadczeniem usług społeczeństwa informacyjnego. Z drugiej jednak strony bezwarunkowe przyjęcie właściwości prawa państwa siedziby przedsiębiorców mogłoby zachęcać ich do przenoszenia siedzib na obszary państw przyjmujących najniższe standardy prawne odnośnie internetowej działalności gospodarczej (zjawisko określane w literaturze jako tzw. "race to bottom") 1. Przy poszukiwaniu nowych, uniwersalnych dla sieci

Article 23 of the EU Artificial Intelligence Act introduces a novel mechanism for regulating high-risk AI systems developed outside the EU: the mandatory appointment of an authorized representative within the bloc. This representative acts as a legal and practical bridge, enabling EU authorities to enforce the Act's requirements on non-EU providers. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of Article 23, moving beyond mere exegesis to explore its legal foundations, practical implications, potential benefits, and significant challenges.
The analysis begins by mapping the authorized representative mechanism onto the Act's broader framework, highlighting its essential role in achieving the Act's extraterritorial reach and ensuring accountability for non-EU providers. We then delve into the intricacies of the mandate agreement, the representative's tasks, and potential liabilities, analyzing the Act's provisions through the lens of legal scholarship, real-world case law, and best practices from other regulatory domains.
We identify several key strengths of Article 23, including its contribution to legal certainty, its facilitation of effective market surveillance, and its potential to promote harmonization in global AI governance. However, we also highlight significant weaknesses and potential challenges, particularly regarding the ambiguity in key provisions, the reliance on a potentially scarce pool of qualified representatives, the limited guidance on ensuring representative diligence, and the complexities arising from the Act's interplay with other EU regulations on data protection, digital services, and cybersecurity.
The analysis extends beyond a purely legalistic approach, exploring the philosophical underpinnings of Article 23. We examine its implications for state sovereignty, the ethics of technological diffusion, and the challenges of balancing competing legal systems and cultural values in a globalized world. We consider potential positive impacts, such as enhanced compliance, reduced risk for EU users, a more level playing field, and the EU's potential to shape global AI governance. However, we also critically assess potential negative impacts, including market barriers, liability concerns for representatives, administrative burdens, and data protection challenges.
Throughout the analysis, we propose concrete recommendations for strengthening Article 23's framework, including clarifying mandate requirements, establishing qualification standards for representatives, promoting internal accountability mechanisms, and actively fostering international collaboration and harmonization. We conclude by emphasizing the need for a dynamic and adaptable approach, acknowledging that Article 23 must evolve alongside AI technology and the global regulatory landscape to remain an effective tool for promoting trustworthy and responsible AI.
Keywords: EU AI Act, Article 23, Authorized Representative, High-Risk AI, Non-EU Providers, Extraterritorial Jurisdiction, Market Surveillance, Data Protection, Cybersecurity, Ethical AI, Global Governance, Harmonization, Compliance, Liability, Expertise, Independence, Transparency, Accountability, Future of AI.
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Article 21 of the EU Artificial Intelligence Act, titled "Cooperation with competent authorities," mandates providers of high-risk AI systems to share information and provide access to data upon a reasoned request from a competent authority. This seemingly straightforward provision opens a complex landscape of considerations, challenges, and opportunities for AI governance in the EU and beyond. This extended abstract synthesizes a detailed analysis of Article 21, exploring its interplay with other regulations, its potential impact on various stakeholders, and its broader philosophical implications for the future of AI.
The commentary utilizes a mind-mapping approach to deconstruct Article 21, examining its core components, interconnected provisions, and related concepts. The analysis delves into the specific requirements for information and documentation, the complexities of data control and access, the importance of confidentiality safeguards, and the need for clear language accessibility in a multilingual context. It further explores the broader implications of Article 21, analyzing its impact on providers, competent authorities, data subjects, and the AI industry as a whole.
The commentary also ventures beyond a strict legal interpretation of Article 21, exploring its philosophical underpinnings and its role in shaping the future of AI governance. This includes examining the delicate balance between fostering innovation and ensuring control, the evolving nature of "competent authority" in the age of AI, the need for shared learning and adaptation in a rapidly changing technological landscape, and the challenges and opportunities of international harmonization. The analysis concludes with a synthesis of key insights and recommendations for the future of AI governance, emphasizing the need for dynamic, adaptable, and ethically-aligned regulatory frameworks that can effectively navigate the complexities of AI while ensuring its benefits are harnessed for the good of humanity.
Keywords: EU AI Act, Article 21, Cooperation with Competent Authorities, High-Risk AI Systems, Information Provision, Data Access, Confidentiality, Transparency, Accountability, Risk Management, Fundamental Rights, Data Protection, Innovation, Competition, Algorithmic Accountability, Human Oversight, International Harmonization, EU AI Governance, Ethical AI, Societal Impact, Future of AI.
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Article 20, "Corrective actions and duty of information," within the EU's Artificial Intelligence Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689) is a crucial mechanism for addressing non-compliance and mitigating risks associated with high-risk AI systems. This comprehensive commentary explores Article 20's provisions, delving into their legal and philosophical underpinnings while examining their potential impact on various stakeholders and the broader AI ecosystem.
The analysis begins by unpacking the scope and applicability of Article 20, highlighting the challenges of defining "high-risk" AI systems in a rapidly evolving technological landscape. It then examines the triggers for corrective action, emphasizing the provider's proactive responsibility for ongoing assessment and monitoring. The commentary explores the range of corrective actions available to providers, from bringing a system into conformity to product recalls, analyzing the complexities of choosing the most appropriate response.
A key theme throughout the commentary is the importance of transparency and collaboration. The article's duty of information, requiring providers to communicate with stakeholders and regulatory authorities, is analyzed in detail, emphasizing the role of clear communication, trust-building, and the need for alternative notification mechanisms in specific contexts. The article's requirement for collaborative investigation highlights the importance of shared responsibility between providers and deployers, leveraging both technical expertise and practical knowledge to identify and address root causes of non-compliance.
The commentary then delves into the broader implications of Article 20, exploring its interplay with other EU regulations, such as the GDPR, DSA, DGA, DMA, and the Cybersecurity Act. This analysis highlights the interconnectedness of AI regulation with other legal frameworks, emphasizing the need for harmonization and a holistic approach to enforcement.
The commentary goes beyond a strict legal interpretation of Article 20 to explore its broader ethical and societal implications. It examines the Act's commitment to a human-centric approach to AI, analyzing how Article 20's provisions promote transparency, accountability, and human oversight while seeking to balance innovation with the protection of fundamental rights and safety. The analysis considers the challenges of algorithmic justice, the potential for AI to impact social structures and the future of work, and the EU's ambition to be a global leader in responsible AI governance.
The commentary concludes by reflecting on the long-term challenges and opportunities presented by the AI Act, emphasizing the need for continuous learning and adaptation as AI technology continues to evolve. It highlights the importance of international collaboration in shaping a global consensus on ethical AI development and the need for ongoing dialogue between policymakers, regulators, AI providers, researchers, and civil society to ensure that AI technologies are developed and used responsibly, ethically, and for the benefit of all.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act), EU Regulation, Article 20, Corrective Actions, Duty of Information, High-Risk AI Systems, Non-Compliance, Risk Management, Transparency, Accountability, Explainable AI (XAI), Collaboration, Stakeholder Engagement, Human-Centric AI, Fundamental Rights, Ethical Considerations, Social Impact, Global AI Governance, Innovation and Protection, Regulatory Oversight, International Harmonization, Continuous Learning, Adaptability.
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Article 19 of the EU AI Act, mandating the retention of automatically generated logs for high-risk AI systems, stands as a pivotal element in the EU's comprehensive approach to regulating artificial intelligence. While seemingly a technical requirement, this provision acts as a microcosm of the complex challenges and opportunities presented by AI in the 21st century. This in-depth analysis moves beyond a narrow legal interpretation, exploring the philosophical and societal dimensions of Article 19 and its interplay with other key provisions within the AI Act. The analysis delves into the complexities of operationalizing transparency, balancing competing interests such as innovation and data protection, fostering international cooperation, and addressing the evolving relationship between humans and AI. It highlights the crucial role of data governance, stakeholder engagement, and ethical considerations in shaping a trustworthy and accountable AI ecosystem. The EU's approach, with its emphasis on human-centricity and adaptability, sets a precedent for global AI governance, aiming to ensure that AI technologies are developed and used in a manner that benefits all of humanity while safeguarding fundamental rights.
Keywords
EU AI Act, Article 19, log retention, high-risk AI systems, data protection, GDPR, transparency, accountability, explainable AI, algorithmic bias, fairness, human oversight, data governance, risk management, cybersecurity, international cooperation, harmonization, stakeholder engagement, adaptive governance, societal impact, ethics, philosophy of AI, human-AI relationship, user trust, global AI governance.
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Article 18 of the EU AI Act, while seemingly a technical provision focused on documentation retention, embodies a profound commitment to shaping a trustworthy and accountable AI ecosystem. The Act's meticulous documentation requirements, encompassing technical specifications, risk assessments, and post-market monitoring data, serve not merely as a compliance checklist but as a foundation for transparency, empowering regulatory oversight, and fostering public trust. This comprehensive record allows for scrutiny of high-risk AI systems, enabling authorities to investigate potential violations, hold providers accountable, and ensure that AI development aligns with fundamental rights, safety, and ethical principles.
The dynamic nature of AI technology, however, necessitates an adaptive and forward-looking approach to documentation. The Act must evolve alongside AI, refining its definitions, expanding its scope, and promoting international harmonization of documentation practices. By striking a balance between fostering innovation and safeguarding societal values, the EU AI Act aims to shape a future where AI development is both ethically sound and contributes to a more equitable and prosperous society.
Keywords: EU AI Act, Article 18, Documentation, High-Risk AI Systems, Transparency, Accountability, Risk Management, Data Protection, Regulatory Oversight, Innovation.
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