Information Technology Law

On July 10, 2025, the European Commission released the final draft of the General-Purpose Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Code of Practice, a "code designed to help industry comply with the AI Act's rules." The Code has been under development since October 2024, when the iterative drafting process began after a kick-off plenary in September 2024. The Commission had planned to release the final draft by May 2, 2025, and the subsequent delay has sparked widespread speculation-ranging from concerns about industry lobbying to deeper, more ideological tensions between proponents of innovation and regulation. However, beyond these narratives, a more fundamental issue emerges: an epistemic and conceptual disconnect at the core of the EU Artificial Intelligence Act (EU AI Act), particularly in its approach to "general-purpose AI" (GPAI). The current version, which includes three chapters covering "Transparency," "Copyright," and "Safety and Security," does not address these core problems.

Este trabalho investigou em quais condições a IA Generativa (IAG), com foco em assistentes de IA (GPTs), pode atuar como “co-worker” no trabalho. O estudo combina: (i) survey online com 135 usuários no Brasil; (ii) métricas de uso de GPTs próprios (412.000 conversas; média ponderada 4,46/5); e (iii) revisão bibliográfica. A usabilidade das plataformas foi avaliada em 4,07/5; a descoberta de assistentes/recursos específicos ficou neutra (3,19/5). Entre as limitações mais citadas estão a defasagem temporal do conhecimento do modelo (27,4%), a criação de GPTs restrita a usuários pagos (27,4%) e respostas incorretas/imprecisas (26,7%); também aparecem restrições ao número/tamanho de anexos (23,0%). Entre melhorias desejadas destacam-se memória persistente para GPTs (14,9%), anexos maiores/mais numerosos (14,0%) e orquestração multiagente (GPTs chamando outros GPTs) (14,0%). Os principais riscos percebidos são vazamento de dados confidenciais (57,8%), uso indevido de dados para treino sem consentimento (39,3%) e respostas incorretas (37,0%). Resultados inferenciais indicam associação entre assinatura paga e maior produtividade percebida (t de Welch, p=0,0085; d≈0,50). Conclui-se que a IAG pode atuar como co-worker quando há personalização, domínio de prompt engineering e acesso a recursos avançados (memória, anexos mais amplos, orquestração multiagente), condicionada à mitigação de desafios como lacunas de habilidades em engenharia de prompt e literacia em IA e à adoção de governança para privacidade, segurança e confiabilidade.

This paper provides an overview of the broad interface between law and artificial intelligence (AI), including the risks that may be associated with the application of AI. It focuses on analysing the evolution of definitions of AI and the different regulatory approaches of the EU and the US. At present, administrative law seems to be at the forefront of responding to the challenge of AI, but private law (contracts, torts, intellectual property, conflict of laws) will not be able to avoid finding proper answers to the challenges of AI.

Financial technology (FinTech) is transforming financial services in the United States by embedding automation, blockchain, and artificial intelligence into core financial functions. While these innovations deliver speed, efficiency, and new consumer experiences, they also generate uncertainty about contract formation, enforceability, jurisdiction, privacy, and intellectual property. Contracts remain the foundation of business law, but their form and function are being reconfigured by technologies such as smart contracts, open banking interfaces, and regulatory technology (RegTech). This paper examines how U.S. contract law, rooted in common law and statutory frameworks like the Uniform Commercial Code, interacts with these emerging practices. It highlights doctrinal challenges, reviews regulatory responses, and proposes hybrid contractual solutions that integrate legal text with code execution. Ultimately, effective adaptation requires balancing innovation with legal certainty, enabling FinTech growth while protecting consumers and market integrity.

The idea of replacing human magistrates with silicon ones may prima facie appear outrageous, but we have seen how the proliferation, accessibility, and low cost of AI-based legal services will rapidly trigger an exponential increase of the volume of juridical caseload worldwide. The advent for AI adjudication, however, is not a result of popular demand; no crowds gather demanding robot judges. It is, instead, the natural corollary of the enthusiastic expansionism of the technology sector, eager to optimise another human sphere; and by a managerialist outlook that occasionally confuses speed with quality, and process with purpose. The same machine learning drivers that are democratising legal services will ultimately necessitate the mechanisation of the bench. Society cannot simultaneously embrace unlimited legal accessibility and maintain human-scale judicial systems.

This paper provides a comprehensive review of Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration in K-12 education, examining current implementations, policy frameworks, and emerging challenges. We analyze over 40 recent publications (2024-2025) from academic journals, government reports, and industry whitepapers to iden

O mundo digital introduziu na vida em condomínio novas tecnologias e formas de comunicação. Várias transformações se processam e influenciam diretamente os processos de administração de condomínio. O tema contemporâneo ganha destaque com a análise da aplicação da tecnologia sob o aspecto social e jurídico. Este artigo visa propor uma reflexão sobre a possibilidade de realização de assembleias por meio da internet, suas vantagens e desvantagens. Objetiva-se identificar o suporte jurídico necessário que as viabilizem sob os aspectos de validade, segurança e eficácia, a atuação dos profissionais envolvidos, os custos; a operacionalização das atividades para os administradores, condôminos, profissionais envolvidos é um desafio que se impõe. Palavras-chave: Assembleias de condomínio virtuais, administração condomínio, suporte jurídico, segurança e eficácia.

Introdução 11 1 Analisando o uso de TICs pelas administrações públicas municipais 35 2 Disponibilização de informações públicas 57 3 Solicitando e acompanhando serviços prestados ou sob responsabilidade das administrações municipais 93 4 Modelo de mensuração de uso das TICs na interação entre administrações municipais e a sociedade 103 Conclusões 123 Referências bibliográfi cas 129 Apêndices 135 Com efeito, um dia de manhã, estando a passear na chácara, pendurou-se-me uma ideia no trapézio que eu tinha no cérebro. Uma vez pendurada, entrou a bracejar, a pernear, a fazer as mais arrojadas cabriolas de volatim, que é possível crer. Eu deixei-me a contemplá-la. Súbito, deu um grande salto, estendeu os braços e as pernas, até tomar a forma de um X: decifra-me ou devoro-te. (Brás Cubas, Machado de Assis) O entendimento de que o uso dos recursos das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação tem importância vital para a economia atual permeia todas as áreas do conhecimento e se tornou um dos focos de atenção de gestores públicos e privados . Também importante tem sido o destaque para a questão do valor do acesso à informação como diferencial competitivo e como variável fundamental para administração, não só na dimensão privada como também na pública . Vivemos um momento em que a única constante é a certeza da mudança, e as inovações advindas com a Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) têm papel preponderante neste cenário. Mas as principais mudanças não têm ocorrido em função de tecnologias 14 RICARDO CÉSAR GONÇALVES SANT'ANA homens, em especial os grupos sociais de um município 2 , 3 , 4 , que engloba, assim, o âmbito urbano e rural sob responsabilidade da administração municipal. Já com relação ao conceito de Estado 5 , considerou-se que para o Estado confi gurar-se e existi, precisa de elementos integrativos que possuem os aspectos materiais: população 6 e território; e o aspecto formal: governo 7 . Com relação ao fi m estatal: 2 Utilizou-se, neste estudo, o termo município em detrimento ao termo cidade em razão da necessidade de se relacionar este estudo diretamente com elementos e fatores da administração municipal e também pela necessidade de se considerar o território e seus elementos sob responsabilidade de sua administração, englobando área urbana e rural como um todo. 3 Município. 1. Circunscrição administrativa autônoma do estado, governada por um prefeito e uma câmara de vereadores; municipalidade; conselho. 2. O conjunto dos habitantes do município. (Ferreira, 1986, p.1171). Cidade. 1. complexo demográfi co formado, social e economicamente, por uma importante concentração populacional não agrícola, i. e., dedicada a atividades de caráter mercantil, industrial, fi nanceiro e cultural; urbe. 2. Os habitantes da cidade em conjunto. (Ferreira, 1986,p.403) 4 Etimologicamente, a palavra vem do latim municipium, formado pelos termos munus e capere, sendo o primeiro expressando tomar e o segundo exprimindo o tríplice aspecto: dádiv, cargo e ofício, sob o qual pode-se ligar ao signifi cado de função. (Menezes, 2005) 5 A palavra Estado, no sentido hodierno, começou a ter curso na Itália, onde, ante o caráter especial dos Estados existente, império ou regno era demais e citta ou terra era muito pouco, usando-se, pois, aquele termo, que se unia ao nome de uma cidade, por exemplo:statu de Firenze. É provável que, ainda aí, esse vocábulo corresponde ao antigo signifi cado de status, isto é, situação, ordem, condição, havendo algum informe, no entanto, de que no século XIV, já se encontra na Inglaterra a palavra status como equivalente de Estado. [...] do século XVI em diante, o termo italiano stato se incorpora à linguagem correta, adquire toros de universalidade e se generaliza, para designar a todo Estado, na tradução correspondente às demais línguas. (Menezes, 2005) 6 Utilizamos, neste trabalho, o vocábulo população para indicar o número de habitantes do Estado, indicando por isso mesmo um conjunto de homens em sentido quantitativo. É, portanto, um conceito aritmético, de caráter demográfi co, de alcance estatístico, de expressão censitária. Quer dizer: massa de indivíduos que, em dado momento, vivem dentro da jurisdição de certo Estado. (Menezes, 2005, p.136) 7 Cabe neste ponto destacar a distinção entre governo e administração. Neste trabalho, com base nos órgãos que desempenham as funções públicas, sistema formal, governo é toda atividade exercida pelos representantes, TECNOLOGIA E GESTÃO PÚBLICA MUNICIPAL 15 [...] traduzido pelo bem público, não há como inovar, pois essa finalidade coexiste no Estado, ao qual é coessencial, identifi cando-se, inteira e justamente com os três elementos constitutivos: população, território e governo, que são indispensáveis em conjunto, em virtude de a falta de um, qualquer que seja, acarretar a desfi guração e consequente inexistência da sociedade política 8 . (Menezes, 2005, p.132) No âmbito das empresas privadas percebeu-se que gerir e utilizar--se da melhor maneira possível as TICs como agente de mediação de comunicação e interação é um dos fatores chave de sucesso e tem-se buscado investir neste sentido, sob o olhar atento de gestores e investidores interessados em obter sucesso em seus empreendimentos. (Evans & Wurster, 1999) Na esfera pública 9 , no entanto, a motivação nem sempre é tão clara, já que depende do envolvimento dos principais benefi ciários do uso destas tecnologias, o conjunto da sociedade, e ainda existem agentes públicos que utilizam a Internet como quadro de aviso eletrônico, relegando a um segundo plano a busca por uma interação mais efi ciente. enquanto administração é toda atividade exercida pelos agentes. Com base nas funções que são desempenhadas pelos órgãos públicos, sistema material, governo é toda ação ligada ao estabelecimento e conservação da ordem pública, como

SOMMARIO: 1. Il cloud. – 1.1 Le tipologie di cloud: classificazioni. – 1.2 Il ruolo del Data Center. – 2. Il cloud computing nel quadro normativo europeo ed italiano. – 3. I soggetti del cloud computing. - 4. Il modo di funzionamento. – 5. I modelli di servizi e di distribuzione di cloud computing. – 5.1 (segue) in base alla tipologia di infrastruttura: private cloud, community cloud, public cloud, hybrid cloud. – 5.2 (segue) in base alle modalità di erogazione: SaaS, IaaS, PaaS. – 5.3 (segue) in base alla gestione dell’infrastruttura e alla localizzazione dei dati: data shard, data localization, data trust. – 6. I vantaggi. – 7. Le criticità.

As interações humanas, desde a Antiguidade, sempre se basearam na troca de bens e serviços, evoluindo de simples escambo para complexas transações monetárias. O advento da tecnologia e da internet superou barreiras geográficas, expandindo exponencialmente o potencial das relações comerciais e impulsionando a ascensão da "economia de compartilhamento" (SCHOR, 2017). Esse novo modelo, que coloca a colaboração no centro das relações de consumo, pode ser dividido em categorias como a recirculação de bens e o uso intensivo de bens duráveis. O presente trabalho se debruça sobre a segunda categoria, utilizando como estudo de caso a plataforma online Airbnb, que atua como intermediária na formalização de contratos de locação por temporada. O objetivo é analisar os desafios regulatórios que emergem desse fenômeno, destacando a lacuna normativa na legislação brasileira, que não dispõe de uma norma específica para regular esse tipo de contrato.

The AI Manifesto serves as a crucial compass in guiding the ethical evolution of artificial intelligence. As AI technologies continue to expand, aligning innovation with human values is more important than ever. By adhering to the principles outlined in the AI Manifesto, developers, organizations, and governments can help ensure a future where AI benefits everyone—safely, fairly, and transparently. Learn more in AI Manifesto Workshop by Tonex.

This article is concerned with the liability of search engines for algorithmically produced search suggestions, such as through Google's 'autocomplete' function. Liability in this context may arise when automatically generated associations have an offensive or defamatory meaning, or may even induce infringement of intellectual property rights. The increasing number of cases that have been brought before courts all over the world puts forward questions on the conflict of fundamental freedoms of speech and access to information on the one hand, and personality rights of individualsunder a broader right of informational self-determination-on the other. In the light of the recent judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (EU) in Google Spain v AEPD, this article concludes that many requests for removal of suggestions including private individuals' information will be successful on the basis of EU data protection law, even absent prejudice to the person concerned.

Over the past decade, technological advancements have led to significant transformations in various
aspects of life, including the judicial system. In particular, ongoing innovations in information
technologies are reshaping the provision of legal services. In recent years, a rapidly developing field
known as “legal technologies” has emerged, integrating law and technology comprehensively. This field
continues to expand as legal professionals increasingly incorporate digital tools into their professional
activities, evolving in an interdisciplinary context. Initially, legal technologies were primarily focused on enhancing and modernizing legal professions. However, their scope has broadened, now offering the
potential to strengthen and safeguard the rights of not only legal professionals but also all individuals
seeking access to justice. Beyond facilitating access to justice, legal technologies are expected to
contribute to the dynamism of legal concepts and pave the way for a paradigm shift by aligning the
justice system more effectively with societal needs. This study examines the current advancements in
legal technologies, their practical applications, and their impact on the evolving responsibilities of the
legal profession. Rather than adopting an abstract theoretical approach, it explores the dynamic and
functional role of these technologies in shaping the relationship between law, society, and justice.

Proqram rəhbəri: i.f.d., Şəfizadə Elnurə Rafiq qızı ___________________ imza Elmi rəhbər: h.f.d., dos. Məmmədov Oruc Cəmil oğlu ___________________ imza Kafedra müdiri: dos. Məmmədova Sevər Mömin qızı ___________________ imza "BİZNESDƏ RƏQABƏT VƏ KOMMERSİYA SİRRİNİN HÜQUQİ ƏSASLARI" Xülasə Dissertasiya işinin aktuallığı: Rəqabət hüququ ədalətli və sağlam bir bazar mühitinin qorunması məqsədi ilə kommersiya fəaliyyətini tənzimləyən hüquq sahəsidir. Bu sahədə kommersiya sirlərinin qorunması da böyük əhəmiyyət daşıyır. Rəqabət hüququ və kommersiya sirri ilə bağlı proseslər daim elmi cəhətdən araşdırma tələb edir. Bu amillər mövzunun aktuallığını şərtləndirir. Dissertasiya işinin məqsədi: Tədqiqatın əsas məqsədi davamlı inkişaf kontekstində Azərbaycan Respublikasında və digər ölkələrdə mövcud olan sağlam rəqabət siyasətinin formalaşması və inkişafı, kommersiya sirri ilə əlaqədar baş verən proseslərin araşdırılması, mövcud vəziyyətin təhlil edilməsindən ibarətdir. Dissertasiya işində istifadə edilmiş biznes tədqiqat metodları: Tədqiqatda məlumatların ümumiləşdirilməsi, qruplaşdırılması, statistik və müqayisəli təhlil metodlarından istifadə olunmuşdur. Dissertasiya işinin nəzəri-metodoloji əsası və informasiya bazası: Tədqiqatın nəzərimetodoloji əsasını yerli və xarici müəlliflərin, rəqabət və kommersiya sahəsi üzrə elmi əsərləri, yerli və xarici ölkə iqtisadçılarının və hüquqşünaslarının elmi-tədqiqat işləri və elmi məqalələri, Azərbaycan Respublikasının qanunvericiliyi və bu sahə üzrə digər normativ-hüquqi aktlar təşkil edir. Tədqiqatın informasiya bazası isə Respublika ərazisində çap olunan elmi jurnallardan, dissertasiya işlərindən və digər materiallardan ibarətdir. Dissertasiya işinin predmeti və obyekti: Tədqiqatın predmetini rəqabət strategiyasının hazırlanması və reallaşdırılması zamanı yaranan münasibətlər və kommersiya sirrinin mühafizəsi, obyektini isə Azərbaycan Respublikası ərazisində rəqabət mühitinin bərqərar edilməsini və kommersiya sirrini tənzim edən hüquq normaları təşkil edir. Nəticələrin istifadə oluna biləcəyi təşkilat, müəssisə və biznes sahələr: Tədqiqatdan əldə olunan nəticələr bu mövzu ilə bağlı aparılan araşdırmalar, müxtəlif təhsil müəssisələrində təhsil alan tələbələr üçün yararlı ola bilər.

Digitalisation becomes a key component in modern public administrations, and, consequently, constitutes a landmark in current legal relationships between citizens and public authorities. Administrative procedures are flooded with digital solutions to achieve more efficiency and accessibility. However, a gap often emerges between the speed at which public services are digitalised and the ability of many citizens to adapt to and understand these technologies. Even when authorities attempt to nudge citizens toward certain digital behaviours, resistance can be strong if individuals do not trust the solutions provided.

This research aims to explore the set of principles which public authorities should follow when offering digital solutions in administrative procedures. These principles may be reunited under an umbrella term – “the right to trust digital solutions in administrative procedures”. The proposed right is not monolithic but inherently multidimensional. It draws from several fundamental values and legal principles, including transparency, accountability, neutrality, security, and privacy. The paper proposes four conceptual pillars that define this right:
(1) the right to understand digital administrative procedures, including how algorithms work and decisions are made;
(2) the right to neutrality, which encompasses both infrastructure-level neutrality (e.g., Internet neutrality and platform independence) and algorithmic neutrality, with a particular focus on the risk of bias in automated decision-making;
(3) the right to security, focusing on reliable and safe digital public services, especially in systems outsourced to private providers;
(4) and the right to privacy, which includes the ethical and lawful management of personal data.
The last two elements can be linked more deeply because both relate to good data management, even if they may target it from different angles.

The study engages with current European legal instruments (such as the GDPR, the NIS2 Directive, and Regulation (EU) 2015/2120), as well as comparative practices across EU Member States. It emphasises the need to assess algorithmic bias in automated procedures and questions whether legal safeguards can ensure that public digital infrastructures and decisions remain neutral, lawful, and inclusive. This research also reflects on the institutional responsibilities of public authorities: how they educate and assist citizens in navigating digital services, the implications of relying on Big Tech platforms for public communication, and the limits of legal remedies in digital contexts.

Furthermore, the research aims to find the necessary legal framework and the practical approaches for safeguarding citizens' rights in the context of digitalising administrative procedures. Lastly, another objective is to assess whether the above-mentioned components fit well under an umbrella term and if that umbrella term should rather follow the steps of administrative law principles or even towards becoming a component under a new “right to digital public administration”.

The development and interest in decision-making that is or can be automated have opened the doors of debate regarding the form and substance of related means of regulating its application. Part of this discourse involves proposals advocating for the creation of a new human right not to be subject to an automated decision. This article questions whether such a right is necessary in light of existing substantive rules under legal frameworks already applicable to automated decision-making, specifically data protection, non-discrimination and human rights. There are also procedural challenges requiring treatment if automated decision-making is to be adequately addressed by application of the law. Exploring these challenges helps appreciate the significance of ensuring that existing substantive law is better implemented for the purpose of protecting human beings in settings where automated decision-making poses risks to individuals and groups.

My thesis examines the legal consequences and perspectives on AI within the framework of copyright law. In particular, it analyzes the challenges presented by content generated by AI and its potential impact on copyright ownership, infringement, and accountability.

The topic is significantly influenced by the rapid advancements in AI technology and its widespread application in content generation. IP law and data privacy regulations are critical in ensuring fair attribution of AI-generated content, protecting the rights of copyright owners, and addressing potential infringement liability. In this technological context, there is an urgent need to evaluate whether existing laws are adequate for regulating new developments or if immediate legislative updates are necessary.

The legal issue with these “productions” involves determining the basis for their protection: whether it should fall under copyright law, related rights to copyright, or a sui generis framework. The decision to include algorithmic productions under protection will ultimately rest with the legislator. The concept of work is flexible, having encompassed digital creations such as software, databases, and multimedia works. Legislative action would be necessary only if existing solutions (such as inclusion within copyright law) prove inadequate based on case law precedents. Lawmakers could then adjust the current framework or establish a unique law.

The future may bring new demands that will guide further developments. What legal perspectives are available to balance copyright protection, personal data protection, and liability actions? Striking a balance between fostering innovation and ensuring protection is a crucial task in the evolving landscape of AI and copyright law.

The concept of authorship and copyright for creative works has long been debated. With the boom of AI, more works are being produced through new sources of creativity.  Lawmakers and copyright offices have been slow to address AI-generated works, often denying protection and releasing them into the public domain.

Machines cannot make original, creative choices. While they can generate new content, copyright protection requires independent creation of works of authorship rather than novelty. The ongoing debate and legal disputes revolve around authorship and copyright eligibility of works created by AI. There is a pressing need to address this by incorporating an exception into copyright legislation concerning ownership and authorship rights.

This article explores the dynamics of legal convergence and compares the use of soft law and hard law as instruments of legal harmonization of competition law in response to global market digitalization. This paper uses a law and economics lens to analyze legislative harmonization, especially transaction costs, the costs associated with understanding and complying with existing legislation by global players and businesses. In addition, the role of democratic legitimacy and the technocratic nature of competition law are explored, especially due to the observation of a global regulatory scenario influenced by the Brussels Effect and other political issues. By analyzing and comparing the characteristics, costs, and advantages of soft and hard law, the paper concludes that the use of soft law is a practical approach to help countries quickly respond to anti-competitive behavior in digital markets with fewer costs and, at the same time, in a cooperative movement, not to add extra fees to the global market players.

The rise of click-wrap e-contracts, initiated by invitations to treat, has revolutionized commercial transactions in Nigeria. Despite their growing prevalence, the identification of their essential legal elements remains a complex task due to the inherent nature of these contracts and the existing gaps in Nigerian legislation concerning the use of IT and ICT tools in commerce. This paper delves into the intricacies of click-wrap agreements, comparing them with traditional contracts and highlighting the challenges in defining their legal framework. By drawing on practical examples and the legal literature of other common law jurisdictions, this study aims to elucidate the fundamental components of click-wrap econtracts. It further advocates for the enactment of comprehensive legislation to regulate electronic transactions, ensuring clarity and legal certainty in the realm of digital commerce.

institutions. Sure enough, in its current condition the international legal system may not be so amenable to such collaborations, nor does this system feature other characteristics that may be important for long-term regulation, such as adaptability or effective enforcement. However, notwithstanding these challenges, international lawmakers must acknowledge that the time has come to push the international legal system more decisively toward long-termism, thereby aligning its temporalities with changing global realities.

The origin of patent law in Canada is traceable to British colonization of large swaths of territory in North America. In addition, the historical development of patent law in Canada owes significant debts to developments in patent law and institutions of the United States of America. These twin sources of influence have given Canadian patent law a unique flavor amongst many of the industrialized states with mature patent systems. There is a close relationship in statutory language and construction between Canadian patent law and United States patent law as well as patent law in England. Of course, this is not to suggest that there are no strong and palpable differences between the three regimes. In terms of scholarship and intellectual ruminations on patent law, the transplant of patent law from England to Canada was not followed by academic literature in the field by Canadians. To the contrary, early Canadian patent law was a plodding exercise in the mechanics of patent prosecution. Academic discourse in Canadian patent was sparse and inconsistent. The situation did not change much despite the exponential growth in the number of lawyers practicing in the field. This is not to suggest that Canada has been bereft of star performers in patent litigation. To be fair, the Canadian bar has produced its own significant share of superstars in matters pertaining to litigation in patent law. The list would include Frederick Fetherstonhaugh, the Marion brothers,

Спеціальність 081 Право Галузь знань 08 Право Подається на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора філософії. Дисертація містить результати власних досліджень. Використання ідей, результатів і текстів інших авторів мають посилання на відповідне джерело.

A critical discussion on the existing laws and ongoing EU legislative efforts concerning real-time and non-real-time facial recognition systems are inadequate to address the risk presented by the use of these technologies by public authorities.

Fair use is a statutory legal standard, which authorizes the courts to determine whether a use of a copyrighted work is permissible without a license. The open-ended nature of fair use enabled copyright law to remain flexible and adaptable to the changing circumstances. At the same time, however, flexibility creates high level of uncertainty regarding permissible uses, which may lead to a detrimental chilling effect. Consequently, while courts, scholars and practitioners strive for more certainty in fair use analysis, they are also concerned about losing the flexibility which comes with it. Does fair use mandate case-specific decision-making, or does it also allow some elaboration into rules and guidelines? A recent decision by the Eleventh Circuit brought this issue to the forefront of legal discourse. In Cambridge Univ. Press v. Patton, the Court of Appeals repudiated the attempt made by the lower court to offer a rule-like elaboration of fair-use for educational purposes. This Ar...

Cryptocurrency has been accepted as a means of financial transactions by UK and other countries of the world. Despite numerous challenges, the cryptocurrency market has a potential to revotionalise the financial markets. Nowadays the underlying technology behind this the Blockchain technology is been used in a variety of field. The novelty factor and the pace of growth have fueled both a utopian promises and dystopian fears behind it. This paper examines the principle-based regulatory framework for crypto assets in the UK which distinguishes itself as an innovator. The financial impact of the Financial services and Marketing (FSMB) 2023 bill passed regarding it in the year 2023 in an attempt to compete European Union's Market in Crypto Assets(MiCA)regulations post Brexit. Instead of developing a separate regime, the government intends to incorporate cryptocurrency assets into the regulatory framework established by the Financial Services and Markets Act (FSMA). This recent development has shown a positive impact in the consumer behaviour and it assists in mitigating risk. This article will be useful to scholars of economics, technology and law regarding the regulatory aspects of the cryptocurrency. This research will be useful to scholars of law, economics, and technology regarding the regulatory aspects of cryptocurrency. Research objective: 1. To understand the current regulatory framework, present in the United Kingdom regarding cryptocurrency. 2. To gain insight on the taxation regime on crypto incomes in the selected country. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: To effectively regulate cryptocurrencies, a multifaceted approach with diverse research methods is necessary for a thorough understanding of the subject. The use of the dialectical method allows us to identify contradictions. The formal legal method helps form precise legal concepts by understanding both external and internal aspects of a specific legal phenomenon. This method explains the structure and meaning of legal provisions, as well as the possible effects they might have. This approach allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the problem and its interdependence. Using diverse research methods, a thorough analysis of cryptocurrency regulation can lead to more effective and balanced policies. Will assist in further development of regulations.

This report presents a practical mapping between the DGA and the AI Act
to help stakeholders understand how data governance mechanisms
underpin AI compliance. It highlights key areas of alignment, including the
reuse of protected public sector data, the role of data intermediation
services, and frameworks for data altruism and international transfers.
Together, these regulatory pillars support a responsible and harmonized
approach to AI innovation across Europe.

AI & Partners defends and extends the digital rights of users at risk around the world. By combining direct technical support, comprehensive policy engagement, global advocacy, grassroots professional services, regulatory interventions, and participating in industry groups such as AI Commons, we fight for fundamental rights in the artificial intelligence age.

Sumário: 1. Introdução; 2. Da privatização à implantação do modelo de regulação das telecomunicações; 3. Quadro jurídico-institucional após a criação do órgão regulador; 3.1. A reestruturação dos serviços de telecomunicações; 3.2. O órgão regulador; 4. Contexto atual abreviado da regulação de telecomunicações no Brasil; 4.1. A ampliação do serviço de telefonia móvel: avanço ou anacronismo?; 4.2. Implementação da concorrência: um desafio perdido pelo órgão regulador?; 4.2.1. Segmento de telefonia fixa; 4.2.2 Segmento de telefonia móvel; 4.2.3. Segmentos relativos à convergência tecnológica; 5. Conclusão. Ementa: A partir de uma análise do atual quadro regulatório que se delineia para as telecomunicações no Brasil, desde a criação de um órgão regulador para o setor, o artigo visa à apresentação das questões essenciais de Direito Econômico que tal regulação setorial tem incitado. Valendo-se da legislação que disciplina diferenciadamente os serviços de telecomunicações, a presente regulação do setor tem se feito notar por uma distorcida fragmentação institucional, ou pela existência de micro-cosmos regulatórios que se conformam aos segmentos dos serviços em perspectiva. Essa subdivisão reforça os fortes vínculos de cada divisão da agência com os correspondentes operadores regulados, criando uma fratura de enforcement do órgão regulador. Essa divisão tem ao desvirtuamento dos propósitos que foram perquiridos pelo legislador, quando da instauração do modelo de regulação para o setor. O trabalho se abstém, nesse sentido, de tratar os problemas jurídicos de ordem técnica ou mercadológica que palmilham a incipiente literatura no ramo do Direito das Telecomunicações. N'outro giro, o artigo procura abordar de forma breve a fonte de desafios à efetivação dos direitos econômicos fundamentais concernentes às telecomunicações decorrentes da referida fragmentação regulatória. Palavras-chave: regulação -telecomunicações -direitos econômicos fundamentaisconcorrência -serviços.

After an analysis of the origin and meaning of the acronym DAO, this paper offers an overview of certain regulations that have governed the phenomenon and attempts to trace it back to Italian corporate law, with particular attention to cases of spontaneous cooperation among users through voluntary submission to governance rules implemented via smart contracts (i.e., without the formal establishment of an associative or corporate vehicle). Finally, it investigates the implications in terms of attribution and liability for decisions made through the execution of consensus protocols run on DLT. * The "DAO" working group has 28 members and was established in 2023 to facilitate discussion around the sociological, IT and legal implications of DAOs as well as to hypothesize their truly useful, law-compliant and widespread application on a large scale.

Licensing is one of the essential means of exploiting the monetary value of a musical work, and yet it is an area fraught with many issues and transactional costs which make it a difficult process for individuals and organizations. Many issues in music licensing arise from the legal complexity (e.g., national and international copyright law), business complexity (authentication, tracking, accounting, etc.), value web complexity (transparency of relationships among stakeholders), and technical complexity (e.g., establishing a global repertoire database for music, sufficient metadata standards) of working with music. Then, in addition to these issues, there are specific transactional costs (identification, negotiation, monitoring, and enforcement) associated with the licensing process. To mitigate the complexity and transactional costs associated with music and the licensing process, researchers and technologists have been investigating how new technologies and design models from the ...

Data protection and transparency are highly recommended modern approaches for any transaction domain. The proposed layer model will provide an improved and secure approach for transporting of goods using crypto currencies and excluding intermediate parties. Paper gives temporarily overview of crypto currency, logistics movement channels, block chain evaluation, challenges, types, applications and layer model that shows movements of good from scratch (source) to delivery (client destination) through secured transactions medium, excluding intermediate parties (banks etc.) storing signatures in distributed ledger.

El arbitraje comercial internacional enfrenta el desafío de integrar tecnologías emergentes como la inteligencia artificial, el Big Data y el blockchain, sin comprometer sus principios fundamentales de confidencialidad y transparencia. Este artículo analiza, a partir de una revisión documental y comparativa, cómo el uso de estas tecnologías impacta la gestión de casos, el análisis predictivo y la ejecución de laudos, al tiempo que mejora la eficiencia y accesibilidad del arbitraje, pero también genera riesgos en materia de privacidad, ciberseguridad y protección de datos sensibles. Asimismo, se analizan los

This article examines the conformity of e-government theoretical aspects with practical outcomes of interaction between executive authorities and citizens while governance optimization. The empirical part of this study evaluates the current level of communication between local authorities and citizens via electronic resources based on the portal “Our Saint Petersburg” data. Citizens capacities and claims causes are revealed as well as portal functioning problems over the past two years.

Consensus Ad Idem, legally defined as "meeting of minds", at the time of the formation of a contract, warrants a cardinal jurisprudential question which transcends its mere literal meaning. In Indian Contract Law, the trend has followed the test of objectivity, whereby it is not the actual intent of the party or parties that enter into the contract that is the subject of judicial evaluation, but it is what a reasonable man would deliberate in the peculiar circumstances of the case. However, the evaluation of telephonic conversations merit intrinsic jurisprudential insight. While applying the objective test, the questions that arise are -is there legal certainty of assent to a contract over telephonic conversations i.e. whether there is free consent. Do the parties have the capacity to contract over telephone? What are the liabilities of the telephone operator and his legal bond to the contract between two or more contracting parties? Does it amount to violation of the fundamental rights to freedom of speech and expression and the right to privacy? The authors attempt to provide an objective analysis of communication in contracts over telephonic means and the constitutional environment embedded therein. To this end, a plea for due diligence prior to the formation of telephonic contracts shall be made in order to bring

This study focuses on the detection of phishing attacks, one of the most prevalent and detrimental cybersecurity threats, particularly those carried out through the email channel. The complex social engineering tactics and AI-driven methods continuously evolved by attackers diminish the efficacy of traditional detection mechanisms, such as blacklists or rule-based systems. This scenario has increased the importance of Machine Learning (ML) and, notably, Natural Language Processing (NLP)-based approaches that enable the semantic analysis of email content. The primary objective of this research is to empirically analyze and compare the performance of various Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods (e.g., feature extraction techniques such as TF-IDF, Word Embeddings) and different Machine Learning (ML) classification algorithms (e.g., Support Vector Machines,
Naive Bayes, Random Forest), utilized in the detection of phishing emails, on publicly available, standard datasets. The performance of the models will be quantitatively evaluated using widely accepted metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and the F1 score. The anticipated findings are expected to contribute to the identification of the most effective NLP-based phishing detection approaches by highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of various method combinations, thereby providing a scientific foundation for the development of cyber defense mechanisms in this domain.

Der Beitrag in Heft 07/2025 (Zeitschrift für Künstliche Intelligenz und Recht, Beck Verlag) untersucht die Auswirkungen der europäischen KI-Verordnung (KI-VO) auf den Musiksektor, insbesondere in Hinblick auf den Einsatz generativer KI-Systeme zur Musikproduktion. Im Zentrum steht die Analyse der Transparenzvorschriften für „KI-generierte Inhalte“, die künftig sowohl Musikschaffende als auch Plattformbetreiber:innen vor neue rechtliche und praktische Herausforderungen stellen. Die Autor:innen beleuchten, wie diese Vorschriften die kreative Praxis, die Informationspflichten gegenüber Nutzer:innen und die Kennzeichnungspflichten für KI-Musik beeinflussen – und welche Spielräume und Unsicherheiten dabei bestehen. Der Beitrag möchte eine fundierte rechtliche Einordnung eines dynamischen Spannungsfelds zwischen Kreativität, Regulierung und KI bieten.

With the growth of technology and the personalization and customization of the internet experiences, personal data has been stored and processed more and more. In some cases, the data subject has not agreed with the retrieval and the purpose of the processing. To solve this, the European Union (EU) parliament approved the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), a regulation that has the data subjects' interests in mind. Since some of the concepts and requirements are hard to comprehend, patterns can help system architects and engineers to deliver GDPR compliant information systems. It is important to emphasize that these privacyrelated concerns should be addressed at a design level, not after the implementation. This methodology is mostly known as privacy by design. This work focuses on the requirements brought by the GDPR and in providing enterprise architecture patterns to achieve GDPR compliance by proposing a library of patterns. This library is organized in 11 use cases with the GDPR principles that they address; it has 22 patterns, each one handling one or more use cases, modeled in ArchiMate, for a clearer understanding of the solutions. The patterns are applied to a case study, and the impacts are assessed.

Social media has revolutionized political engagement, social movements, and information consumption. While platforms like Facebook, Twitter (now X), and Instagram have democratized access to information and facilitated grassroots mobilization, they have also become tools for manipulation, surveillance, and polarization. This expanded article delves deeper into the dual role of social media in modern democracy, analyzing its impact on nonviolent resistance, algorithmic bias, public opinion formation, and electoral integrity. Drawing on interdisciplinary research, empirical evidence, and a novel theoretical framework, it proposes a "Democratic Regulation Framework" for social media platforms that combines transparency, accountability, and public participation. By fostering collaboration between governments, tech companies, civil society, and academia, we can harness the benefits of these platforms while mitigating their risks.

The role of a Certified AI Security Engineer is more vital than ever. With expertise across machine learning, cybersecurity, and cloud infrastructure, CAISE professionals use a powerful mix of tools to keep AI trustworthy and secure. As businesses adopt AI, the need for skilled CAISEs will only grow — making this certification both strategic and future-proof. Learn more in a Certified AI Security Engineer (CAISE) Certification course by Tonex.