Indigenous issues

The micro-credit movement started in Bangladesh with the concept that poor people had investment opportunities and necessary management capacity but could not avail these due to the lack of capital, which could be met by micro loans, and the funds can be generated from the poor themselves as their savings. This has worked well in Bangladesh, with a good management set-up and dedicated staff support, and the amount of savings generated initially was much lower than the credit supplied as a result of funds available from outside sources. Also there has not been any major failure or fraud that led to substantial loss of savings, even without any direct supervision of a regulator. 2.2 This was the dominant model. But increasingly the providers understood that it is that the poor need loans for other purposes as well, such as, for consumption smoothing, life cycle needs, housing, education, etc, and they should support them by excelling management and the provision for funds. The industry acknowledged that a borrower draws little distinction between income generating activity related cash flow on the one hand and all the various revenues or expenditures of a family on the other.

In this article, we provide an in-depth organizational analysis of the World Indigenous Nations Higher Education Consortium (WINHEC) through its global strategies in achieving nation building and self-determination for indigenized higher education efforts. We identify four theories from the literature used by WINHEC in its operations, and propose two new theories to fit our evaluation of the Consortium—Indigenous Creativity Theory and Indigenous Cultural Creativity Theory. Social cartography, archival analysis, and discourse analysis are used to identify the indigenous, paradigms, and practices of the Consortium. Employing a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges (SWOC) approach, we examine WINHEC’s organizational contributions, effectiveness, unique aspects, and challenges of indigenous engagement and governance in the membership nations’ locations. The findings suggest that both indigenous and non-indigenous peoples play an important and symbiotic role essential for the furthering of indigenous higher education worldwide.

Keywords: indigenous paradigm, indigenous higher education, WINHEC

Editorial "We are human beings; hence we must communicate. We are obliged to dialogue, in spite of all the conflicts in which human act, we also face and resolve with communication." Abstract Collaborative ethnographic research with First Nations Peoples contributes to our understanding of humanity, its dynamic processes, and possibilities toward sustainable ways of living in harmony with Mother Earth. Cultural diversity is one of the greatest gifts bestowed on humanity (Spradley 1979, p. v). When conducting participative research with indigenous peoples, it is essential for the fieldworker to adopt a holistic perspective with the awareness that ethnographic interviewing is a cross-cultural opportunity of intimate communication, exchange and fellowship. The researcher must be conscious of her/his personal biases and assumptions that directly reflect their ethics and values, as well as the research process and outcomes.

In September 1900, while India suffered through one of the severest famines in its history, a British official charged with identifying suitable recipients for free food shared his travails with the Times of London. "The main difficulty in these inquiries is the unlimited mendacity of the Hindu farmer," he complained. In his experience, many supplicants for aid had "starved themselves into a state of emaciation in the hope that they would receive gratuitous doles, rather than go to work for their living" in a food-for-labour program. The civil servant went on to describe his interrogation of a typical "starved-looking wretch:" "Why is he not working? He says he has not the strength. But why did he not go to work before his strength failed? He pretends he does not understand; he only repeats that he cannot; and he falls on his knees and places his head in the dust and calls you his 'father and mother' and 'protector of the poor.' It is very pitiablethe mental and moral state more than the physical."

Resumo: Este trabalho compreende um esforço no sentido de desmistificar alguns aspectos da questão indígena, considerando-a como questão urbana, dado ao contexto no qual se estabelecem as relações interétnicas no Brasil. Procura-se trazer a questão indígena para o centro do debate geográfico, tecendo considerações sobre o indigenismo, a cidade e o índio no Brasil, buscando dimensionar as diferentes condições em que se dá a presença do índio na cidade, e por quais motivos se dá este fato. O indigenismo, em acordo com as idéias propostas por Pacheco de Oliveira, é considerado como a dimensão territorial de uma política de origem urbana. Palavra-chave: Questão indígena, questão urbana, indigenismo. Abstract: This work includes an effort to clarify some aspects of the Indian question, considering it as urban issue, given the context in which to establish the inter-ethnic relations in Brazil. It seeks to bring indigenous issues to the geographical center of the debate, with considerations on the indigenous movement, the city and the Indian in Brazil, trying to scale the different conditions under which it gives of the Indian presence in the city, and for what reasons this happens fact. The indigenous movement in accordance with the ideas proposed by Pacheco de Oliveira, is regarded as the territorial dimension of a policy of urban origin.

Lo scopo della presente analisi, basata sui dati individuali relativi ai percorsi dei minori accolti almeno un volta in una comunità residenziale della regione Lombardia nel triennio 2007-2009, è quello di delinearne le caratteristiche principali, e descrivere le modalità del loro percorso nelle strutture in base al motivo del loro ricovero 1 . Si cercherà, inoltre, in questo ambito di chiarire se esistano differenze tra minori italiani e minori di origine straniera. Per delineare i profili dei minori ricoverati si è effettuata in primo luogo un"analisi statistica delle corrispondenze sulle variabili più significative che ha come risultato principale quello di fornire una mappatura -o graficodelle caratteristiche dei minori in un piano di rappresentazione dove le modalità posizionate più vicine sono quelle che si presentano più frequentemente associate nell"ambito della popolazione in esame. Le variabili analizzate e mappate sono il genere, l"età all"ingresso nel percorso, i motivi alla base del ricovero per grandi aree di problematicità, la tipologia di minore, la situazione degli eventuali fratelli, la Tab. 2 Minori ricoverati per tipologia prevalente di problema, per anno di primo ingresso. Lombardia, anni 2007-2009. Motivi di ingresso [grandi aree di problemi] Anno di ingresso Conflittualità dei genitori Gravi problemi relativi alla famiglia di origine Minore privo di figure di riferimento Problemi economici/ abitativi di salute Violenza, sfruttamento sul minore e/o in famiglia Gravi problemi del minore Altri problemi prima del 2007 N. 175 1063 263 192 225 55 46 % 8,7%