Indian monsoon

दिल्ली किंवा पांडवांनी स्थापन केलेली राजधानी इंद्रप्रस्थ व कौरवांची राजधानी हस्तिनापुर आणि महाराष्ट्रभूमीचा घनिष्ठ संबंध पउमचरीय, रामायण-महाभारत या महाकाव्यांच्या माध्यमातून आपल्या समोर येतो. पुराणांत, जैन व बौद्ध साहित्यातही आपल्याला रोचक माहिती वाचायला मिळते. त्या काळात हे राज्य महाराष्ट्र या नावाने उदयाला आलेले नव्हते, पण महाराष्ट्रातील दंडकारण्य, विदर्भ, अपरांतक, शूर्पारक, अश्मक (अस्सक), अशा राज्यांचा उल्लेख आलेला आहे. महाभारतातील युद्धात महाराष्ट्रातील अनेक गण सहभागी असल्याची वर्णने आपल्याला महाभारतात मिळतात. म्हणजे भारतातील (समजा काल्पनिक मानले तरी)  प्राचीन महायुद्धात महाराष्ट्राचा सहभाग होता हे सांस्कृतिक दृष्ट्या महत्वाचे आहे. किंबहुना सांस्कृतिक राष्ट्र म्हणून उदयाला येण्याचा तो काळ होता आणि महाराष्ट्र हे त्यात एक अग्रणी प्रादेशिक राज्य होते हे यातून दिसते.

geomorphic concept of the 'orderly sequence of landforms' (Thornbury 1954). Generally, fluvial systems show a downstream increase in channel width, discharge and hydraulic radius, and a decrease in channel gradient, and grain size (Schumm 2005; Bradshaw et al. 1978). However, rivers sometimes show unusual and complex behaviour (Malik et al. 2024), contrary to established trends. Complexity is a situation between 'order' and 'chaos' (Richards 2002), where difficulty is faced in describing the system characteristics (Manson 2001). The word 'complexity' has been used in different ways with rivers (Sivakumar et al. 2007; Zhou et al. 2012; Kourgialas et al. 2012; Zhang et al. 2017), but here, it is related to the geomorphological characteristics of the river. There are different interpretations of complexity in geomorphology (Keiler 2011). According to Phillips (2003), complexities are complications in the prediction of different facets of geomorphology, but they provide an

Ocean-land thermal feedback mechanisms in the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) domain are an important but not well understood component of regional climate dynamics. Here we present a δ 18 O record analyzed in the mixed-layer dwelling planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber (sensu stricto) from the northernmost Bay of Bengal (BoB). The δ 18 O time series provides a spatially integrated measure of monsoonal precipitation and Himalayan meltwater runoff into the northern BoB and reveals two brief episodes of anomalously low δ 18 O values between 16.3±0.4 and 16±0.5 and 12.6±0.4 and 12.3±0.4 thousand years before present. The timing of these events is centered at Heinrich event 1 and the Younger Dryas, well-known phases of weak northern hemisphere monsoon systems. Numerical climate model experiments, simulating Heinrich event-like conditions, suggest a surface warming over the monsoon-dominated Himalaya and foreland in response to ISM weakening. Corroborating the simulation results, our analysis of published moraine exposure ages in the monsoon-dominated Himalaya indicates enhanced glacier retreats that, considering age model uncertainties, coincide and overlap with the episodes of anomalously low δ 18 O values in the northernmost BoB. Our climate proxy and simulation results provide insights into past regional climate dynamics, suggesting reduced cloud cover, increased solar radiation, and air warming of the Himalaya and foreland areas and, as a result, glacier mass losses in response to weakened ISM.

The Early Miocene witnessed major tectonic, palaeoceanographic and climatological reorganizations over the Asian realm. The Himalayan and Tibetan plateau upliftment influenced monsoon intensity during this age. Contemporary high-resolution tropical hydroclimate records are limited. Here, we present an early Miocene sub-annual stable isotope record from the growth bands of well-preserved Turritella sp. from the Kachchh basin, Western India. It showed δ 13 C and δ 18 O variabilities from -4.83‰ to -1.80‰ and -7.06‰ to -2.66‰ (in VPDB) respectively. Conventional oxygen isotope thermometry showed an apparent temperature seasonality from 9.3° to 28.1°C. A comparison of the present early Miocene δ 18 O record with the modern δ 18 O records in the carbonates from coastal-estuarine environments of the Indian Ocean confirmed a high freshwater influx into the NE Arabian Sea during the early Miocene, similar to the modern-day freshwater plume events observed in the coastal region.

The long-term climatic and environmental history of Southeast Asia, and of Thailand in particular, is still fragmentary. Here we present a new 14 C-dated, multi-proxy sediment record (TOC, C/N, CNS isotopes, Si, Zr, K, Ti, Rb, Ca elemental data, biogenic silica) for Lake Kumphawapi, the second largest natural lake in northeast Thailand. The data set provides a reconstruction of changes in lake status, groundwater fluctuations, and catchment run-off during the Holocene. A comparison of multiple sediment sequences and their proxies suggests that the summer monsoon was stronger between c. 9800 and 7000 cal yr BP. Lake status and water level changes around 7000 cal yr BP signify a shift to lower effective moisture. By c. 6500 cal yr BP parts of the lake had been transformed into a peatland, while areas of shallow water still occupied the deeper part of the basin until c. 5400e5200 cal yr BP. The driest interval in Kumphawapi's history occurred between c. 5200 and 3200 cal yr BP, when peat extended over large parts of the basin. After 3200 cal yr BP, the deepest part of the lake again turned into a wetland, which existed until c. 1600 cal yr BP. The observed lake-level rise after 1600 cal yr BP could have been caused by higher moisture availability, although increased human influence in the catchment cannot be ruled out. The present study highlights the use of multiple sediment sequences and proxies to study large lakes, such as Lake Kumphawapi in order to correctly assess the time transgressive response to past changes in hydroclimate conditions. Our new data set from northeast Thailand adds important palaeoclimatic information for a region in Southeast Asia and allows discussing Holocene monsoon variability and ITCZ movement in greater detail.

This paper introduces provenance, a software package within the statistical programming environment R, which aims to facilitate the visualisation and interpretation of large amounts of sedimentary provenance data, including mineralogical, petrographic, chemical and isotopic provenance proxies, or any combination of these. provenance comprises functions to: (a) calculate the sample size required to achieve a given detection limit; (b) plot distributional data such as detrital zircon U-Pb age spectra as Cumulative Age Distributions (CADs) or adaptive Kernel Density Estimates (KDEs); (c) plot compositional data as pie charts or ternary diagrams; (d) correct the effects of hydraulic sorting on sandstone petrography and heavy mineral composition; (e) assess the settling equivalence of detrital minerals and grain-size dependence of sediment composition; (f) quantify the dissimilarity between distributional data using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Sircombe-Hazelton distances, or between compositional data using the Aitchison and Bray-Curtis distances; (e) interpret multi-sample datasets by means of (classical and nonmetric) Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA); and (f) simplify the interpretation of multi-method datasets by means of Generalised Procrustes Analysis (GPA) and 3-way MDS. All these tools can be accessed through an intuitive query-based user interface, which does not require knowledge of the R programming language. provenance is free software released under the GPL-2 license and will be expanded based on user feedback.

Located at the crossroads between Africa and Eurasia, Arabia occupies a pivotal position for human migration and dispersal during the Late Pleistocene. Deducing the timing of humid and arid phases is critical to understanding when the Rub' al-Khali desert acted as a barrier to human movement and settlement. Recent geological mapping in the northern part of the Rub' al-Khali has enabled the Quaternary history of the region to be put into a regional stratigraphical framework. In addition to the active dunes, two significant palaeodune sequences have been identified. Dating of key sections has enabled a chronology of dune accretion and stabilisation to be determined. In addition, previously published optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates have been put in their proper stratigraphical context, from which a record of Late Pleistocene dune activity can be constructed. The results indicate the record of dune activity in the northern Rub' al-Khali is preservation limited and is synchronous with humid events driven by the incursion of the Indian Ocean monsoon.

Tereza Kunkelová (1), Dick Kroon (1), Simon Jung (1), Erica S. de Leau (1), Nicholas Odling (1), Silvia Spezzaferri (2), Stephanie Hayman (2), Montserrat Alonso-Garcia (3), James D. Wright (4), Carlos Alvarez Zarikian (5), Christian Betzler (6), Gregor P. Eberli (7), Luigi Jovane (8), Juan Carlos Laya (9), Anna Ling Hui-Mee (7), John Reijmer (10), Jesus Reolid (6), Craig R. Sloss (11), and the Expedition 359 Scientific Party Team

The South Asian Monson (SAM) is one of the most intense climatic elements yet its initiation and variations are not well established. Dating the deposits of SAM wind-driven currents in IODP cores from the Maldives yields an age of 12. 9 Ma indicating an abrupt SAM onset, over a short period of 300 kyrs. This coincided with the Indian Ocean Oxygen Minimum Zone expansion as revealed by geochemical tracers and the onset of upwelling reflected by the sediment's content of particulate organic matter. A weaker 'proto-monsoon' existed between 12.9 and 25 Ma, as mirrored by the sedimentary signature of dust influx. Abrupt SAM initiation favors a strong influence of climate in addition to the tectonic control, and we propose that the post Miocene Climate Optimum cooling, together with increased continentalization and establishment of the bipolar ocean circulation, i.e. the beginning of the modern world, shifted the monsoon over a threshold towards the modern system.

This is to recommend that the report entitled "Study of human eye color genetics in Jagaritinagar, Tinkune, Kathmandu, Nepal'' has been carried out by Mausami Chapagain in partial fulfillment of the requirements for practical examination of Zoology (Zool. 302) in B.Sc. III Year. This is her original work and has been carried out under my supervision. To the best of my knowledge, this report work has not been submitted for any other degree in any institutions.

भाषा हे कोणत्याही समाजातील संवादाचे अत्यंत महत्त्वाचे साधन आहे. संवादासाठी भाषेचा वापर करण्याबरोबरच शिक्षणासाठीही भाषेचा उपयोग केला जातो. खरेतर, भाषेशिवाय शिक्षण पूर्ण होऊ शकत नाही. तसेच, ग्रंथालयाशिवाय शिक्षणाच्या प्रक्रियेची आपण कल्पनाही करू शकत नाही. समाजातील भाषेचे जतन आणि विकास करण्यात ग्रंथालयाची भूमिका महत्त्वाची आहे. या संशोधनाचा उद्देश भाषेच्या प्रचार आणि प्रसाराबरोबरच तिचे संवर्धन व जतन ग्रंथालयाच्या माध्यमातून कसे केले जाते, हे तपासणे हा आहे. या संदर्भात ग्रंथालयाच्या महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिकेवर या संशोधनात अधिक भर देण्यात आला आहे.

माझे शिक्षण आणि नंतरची नोकरी यामुळे मी शहरात राहू लागलो. याचा परिणाम मी गावापासुन दूर गेलो. काही दिवंसापूर्वी गावी जाण्याचा योग आला. गावी तीन दिवस राहिलो, तेंव्हा मला काही बदल अनुभवास आला; माणसं बदलली,जमीन-हवा-पाणी-वृक्षं बदलली. एवढेच काय,जनावरेही मला बदललेली दिसली. हे सर्व पाहत मी शेतात गेलो. एका झाडाखाली बसलो आणि माझ्याच मनाशी संवाद करू लागलो की एवढा बदल का झाला ?.....

The monsoon is a crucial season for farmers, as southwest monsoon irrigates a large portion of the agricultural land in India. In recent decades, the monsoon has shown variability in timing, amount, and distribution of rainfall. In order to determine the sowing date, crop pattern, plan for protective irrigation, and conduct intercultural operations, it is also crucial to be aware of the onset and withdrawal of the rainy season. The analysis of weekly rainfall data reveals significant variation in the timing and duration of the monsoon across different locations. Lonavala experiences the earliest monsoon onset in week 23 (04 Jun-10 Jun), while Kasbe Digraj sees the latest onset in week 29 (16 Jul-22 Jul). Most locations, such as Gadhinglaj, Igatpuri, and Karad, experience the monsoon beginning around week 24 (11 Jun-17 Jun), with later starts in regions like Savali Vihir. Monsoon withdrawal also varies, with Savali Vihir seeing the earliest withdrawal in week 40, and Pune and Vadgaon Maval experiencing the latest in week 44. The length of the rainy season ranges from 12 weeks in Savali Vihir to 20 weeks in Mahabaleshwar, with other locations falling in between. This variability underscores the influence of local conditions on monsoon patterns and highlights the need for tailored agricultural strategies to optimize crop management and adapt to local climatic conditions. Understanding these variations is crucial for effective planning of planting schedules and irrigation practices. Hence, the present study entitled, "Onset and withdrawal of monsoon in different research stations under MPKV Rahuri jurisdiction, (Maharashtra, India)" conducted.

It is a review of a Book by Dr. Chhaya Goswami: E-Journal or an E-Book in honour of Dr. Mohsina Mukadam to commemorate her 34 years of service in Ramnarain Ruia College, 202 Published in the E-Journal or an E-Book in honour of Dr. Mohsina Mukadam to commemorate her 34 years of service in Ramnarain Ruia College, 2021

(i) Geoelectrical studies along the Mandi-Leh transect. (ii) Seismological array in the Mandi-Leh translect. (iii) Gravity and magnetic investigations in the :Mandi-Leh transect. (iv) Crustal reflection profiling in the Mandi-Leh transect and adjoining Ganga. foredeep. It was also decided to hold another meeting at. Calcutta to formulate project proposals for the geotraverse across the East Indian Craton and the eastern Himalaya.

The history of the Somali upwelling during the last 18.5 ka has been reconstructed using biogenic silica fluxes estimated from a sediment core retrieved from the western Arabian Sea. The reconstructed record demonstrates periodic weakening and strengthening of the Somali upwelling during the past 18.5 ka. Variations in biogenic silica fluxes suggest weak upwelling during the last glacial period (18.5-15 ka BP). Strengthened upwelling during the Bølling-Allerød period (15-10 13 ka BP) points to post-glacial onset of the southwest monsoon. The Younger Dryas (13-11 ka BP) is again marked by reduced upwelling strength. Intensification of the Somali upwelling at the beginning of the Holocene and a decline at 8 ka BP are observed. Increases in upwelling strength recorded since 8 ka BP suggest strengthening of the southwest monsoon during the latter part of the Holocene. Linking these upwelling variations with southwest monsoon precipitation, a major shift in the relationship between the strength of the Somali upwelling and southwest monsoon rainfall from positive to negative has 15 occurred during the pre-Holocene to the Holocene. The observed shift is attributed to the variation in the southwest monsoon strength due to the latitudinal shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) associated with changes in moisture sources. 1 Introduction The greater part of the world's population inhabits the tropical region, where climate is mainly controlled by monsoon rainfall. Understanding the causes of past changes thus plays a critical role in deciphering past, present and future monsoon variability. 20 The economy of India, which is a tropical country that contains a significant part of the world's population, is dependent to a large extent on the southwest monsoon (SWM) rainfall; hence, slight changes in SWM rainfall can lead to immense societal impacts. Several attempts have been made to identify the factors responsible for SWM rainfall variations. SWM rainfall variability is correlated with several global phenomena, such as ENSO (

Somali upwelling history has been reconstructed for the last 18.5 ka BP based on biogenic silica fluxes estimated from a sediment core retrieved from the western Arabian Sea. Surface winds along the east African coast during the southwest monsoon (SWM) cause the Somali upwelling; thus, the intensity of this upwelling has been related to the variability of the SWM. Biogenic silica flux variation suggests periodic weakening and strengthening of the Somali upwelling. Weakened upwelling during the 18.5-15 ka BP period and strengthened upwelling during the Bølling-Allerød (15-12.9 ka BP) suggest the onset of the SWM. The Younger Dryas (12.9-11.7 ka BP) is marked by reduced upwelling strength, with an intensification of the Somali upwelling observed at the beginning of the Holocene and a further decline at 8 ka BP. The increase in the upwelling strength recorded since 8 ka BP suggests SWM strengthening during the latter part of the Holocene. A comparison of upwelling variations with the SWM precipitation record demonstrates a reversal in the relationship between the strength of the Somali upwelling and SWM rainfall at the beginning of the Holocene. This observed shift has been attributed to the variation in the SWM strength due to the latitudinal shift of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) associated with changes in moisture sources.

Sections of Jurassic rocks belonging to the Chari Formation in Jumara and Jhurio domes, Kutch Mainland, are investigated for their foraminiferal microfauna. The foraminiferal assemblage composed of small benthonic species including Nodosariids, Epistominids ...

Coastal cities around the world are locales of high vulnerability. The issues are graver in the developing world where the challenges posed by the urbanisation and climate change multiply the existing risks. Here, we examine the case of Kochi, an Indian city located at the centre of a rapidly urbanizing coastal and estuarine region. In Kochi, a port city characterised by crisscrossing canals and rivers connected to a backwater system, waterways used to play a major role in the socioeconomic and cultural development of the region. They not only supported the commerce and economy but also connected communities, supported a rich and diverse ecosystem and provided livelihood opportunities. However, poor planning and management of the industrialization and urbanization processes resulted in the neglect and widespread exploitation of this resource over the years, undermining its ability to support both ecology and connectivity. In the recent years, partly due to growing recognition of climate change, and need for both mitigation and adaptation, there has been a renewed interest in investing in waterways to enhance connectivity in the region. The study examines how water ways can promote the climate, social and economic resilience of the city. It also critically compares these efforts against the global experiences and attempts to identify multiple limitations and challenges to development of water ways in Kochi. The global experiences could be useful for Kochi as it is now starting to focus on waterways development as a crucial part of its integrated transportation network.

The biodiversity of butterflies in Badikhel VDC was studied during three periods: Pre-Monsoon (April-May 2009), Monsoon (June-July 2009), and Post-Monsoon (August-October 2009). 75 species from 51 genera and 9 families were collected using sweeping insect nets and forceps. Specimens were killed, stored in paper envelopes, and later identified in the lab. The Nymphalidae family was the most dominant, with 167 individuals from 63 species observed during Pre-Monsoon, 70 individuals from 34 species during Monsoon, and 197 individuals from 55 species during Post-Monsoon. Acraeidae was the least dominant, represented by a single species with 15 individuals during Pre-Monsoon and 16 during Post-Monsoon. Other families observed included Satyridae, Pieridae, Papilionidae, Hesperiidae, Danaidae, and Lycaenidae, with species richness decreasing in that order. A massive forest fire in May contributed to the relatively low number of butterflies during the Monsoon. Among the 75 species collected, 60 were ranked as “common,” 7 as “rare,” 2 as “getting rare,” and 1 as a CITES-listed species. The area is a potential site for CITES-listed species like Troides aceacus and rare species such as Caltoris tulsii and Hebomoia glaucippe. Some species, like Graphium agamemnon and Cyrestis thyodamus, previously common in 1997, are now becoming rare.

The location of core MD92-1008 close to the southern edge of the Red Sea is ideal to study the evolution of seawater exchanges with the Northern Indian Ocean through the Bab-el-Mandeb narrow strait. The present study was aimed at documenting the paleoceanographic evolution of this area over the past 60 ka using high-resolution magnetic, sedimentological, and geochemical indicators. Two modes of variability dominate the records: (i) long-term, glacial-interglacial variations and (ii) rapid, millennial scale variability (Dansgaard-Oeschger type) during the last glacial period. Changes in magnetic concentration were documented from natural and laboratory magnetizations after proper normalization. They are inversely correlated to the total organic carbon (TOC) content, pointing out the key role played by reductive dissolution of magnetite on the evolution of magnetic concentration. Based on the temporal evolution of TOC, CaCO 3 , and planktonic δ 13 C, we suggest that past changes in the organic matter content (i) were closely linked to glacio-eustatic variations which modulated long-term seawater exchanges and nutrient supplies to the Red Sea through the narrow Bab-el-Mandeb Strait and (ii) reflect millennial-scale changes in productivity driven by monsoon wind intensity which controlled the amount of nutrient-rich intermediate waters upwelled in the Gulf of Aden during the summer season and advected into the Southern Red Sea. The sea level rise following the onset of deglaciation generated a rapid flush of detrital material that was accumulated on the continental margins and on the previously emerged zones of the Bab-el-Mandeb area.

High‐resolution faunal and isotopic analyses of foraminifera were performed on core MD96‐2073 (10°94′N, 52°62′E, 3142 m depth), located close to Socotra Island in the upwelling area of the Somali Basin (NW Indian Ocean). This work focuses on Marine Isotopic Stage 6.5 in order to reconstruct paleo‐upwelling changes and their links with the Arabian Sea summer monsoon and the migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Correspondence and cluster analyses of planktonic foraminiferal abundances, partly controlled by temperature and water mass productivity, together with an upwelling intensification index, show the occurrence of a strong upwelling between 176 and 165 ka. This upwelling intensification responds to a northward migration of the ITCZ. An isotopic depletion in the planktonic foraminifera δ18O records occurring between 180 and 167 ka is interpreted as proof of a large salinity decrease in the surface waters, probably linked to a strong input of fresh rainfall waters...

New bulk sediment Sr and Nd isotope data, coupled with U-Pb dating of detrital zircon grains from sediment cored by the International Ocean Discovery Program in the Arabian Sea, allow the reconstruction of erosion in the Indus catchment since ∼ 17 Ma. Increasing ε Nd values from 17 to 9.5 Ma imply relatively more erosion from the Karakoram and Kohistan, likely linked to slip on the Karakoram Fault and compression in the southern and eastern Karakoram. After a period of relative stability from 9.5 to 5.7 Ma, there is a long-term decrease in ε Nd values that corresponds with increasing relative abundance of > 300 Ma zircon grains that are most common in Himalayan bedrocks. The continuous presence of abundant Himalayan zircons precludes large-scale drainage capture as the cause of decreasing ε Nd values in the submarine fan. Although the initial increase in Lesser Himalaya-derived 1500-2300 Ma zircons after 8.3 Ma is consistent with earlier records from the foreland basin, the much greater rise after 1.9 Ma has not previously been recognized and suggests that widespread unroofing of the Crystalline Lesser Himalaya and to a lesser extent Nanga Parbat did not occur until after 1.9 Ma. Because regional erosion increased in the Pleistocene compared to the Pliocene, the relative increase in erosion from the Lesser Himalaya does not reflect slowing erosion in the Karakoram and Greater Himalaya. No simple links can be made between erosion and the development of the South Asian Monsoon, implying a largely tectonic control on Lesser Himalayan unroofing.

The monsoon plays an important role in determining the cropping pattern of any region. The onset and withdrawal data was obtained from the analysis of weekly rainfall data for all tehsils in Ahmednagar district. This analysis indicated that the tehsils of Jamkhed, Newasa, Pathardi, Rahata, and Shevgaon have a mean week of onset of monsoon at 26 MW (Meteorological Week), while for all other tehsils, the mean week of onset was 27 MW.

The mean week of withdrawal of the monsoon was observed to be 41 MW for tehsils like Kopergaon, Newasa, Rahata, Shevgaon, and Rahuri. For tehsils such as Akole, Jamkhed, Karjat, Pathardi, and Rahuri, the mean week of withdrawal was 42 MW, whereas 43 MW was observed to be the mean week of withdrawal for Ahmednagar, Parner, Sangamner, and Shrigonda. Hence, the given research work studies the onset and withdrawal of the monsoon in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra.

The physicochemical characters and diatoms of two coastal lakes i.e. the Khajuri Lake and the Babule Lake from the Palghar District Maharashtra were studied to ascertain the relationship between water quality and diatom diversity. The prevalent diatom assemblage from the Khajuri Lake indicates fresh to brackish, alkaliphilous water with mild pollution and mesotrophic to eutrophic status. Similarly, dominant diatom assemblage from the Babule Lake indicates alkalibiontic, eutrophic water with the impact of anthropogenic pollution. The pH values clearly indicate alkaline nature of both the lakes, but very high values of pH were noted for the Khajuri Lake (9.6). Thus, these pH values clearly point moderate to high alkaline nature of water. However, higher values of the pH for the Khajuri Lake suggest increased decomposition of organic matter in addition to elevated photosynthetic activities. The conductivity of these lakes varies from minimum at the Khajuri Lake (255μs/cm) to a maximum at the Babule Lake (620μs/cm). The highest conductivity in the Babule Lake may be due to release of ions from the decomposed organic matter during summer. The total dissolved solids (TDS) content was higher in the Babule Lake (326 mg/l), followed by the Khajuri Lake (125 mg/l), respectively. The low-medium levels of TDS in these lakes may be due to the presence of low to moderate content of potassium, chloride and sodium. The higher values of the total hardness in both these lakes may be due to the usages of excessive fertilizers from the adjoining agriculture fields. The Calcium hardness of both the lake may be categorized as rich lakes. The phosphorous and total nitrogen content suggest fair to poor, eutrophic to hyper-eutrophic water quality for both the lakes.

Interdisciplinary approaches to the Indian Ocean are fairly new, and ecological topics in cultural studies more generally are also rare. This paper, then, is an attempt to begin discussion on these two fronts, hoping that further research will be able to document it in more detail. We cast our argument as being both about Indian Ocean stories and a story in itself, and cast it in three parts: the pre-colonial Indian Ocean, the colonial one, and the postcolonial or contemporary situation.

Analysis of the weather and ocean conditions during recent pirate attacks in the Indian Ocean region suggests that the transition of the summer monsoon limits maritime piracy. A comparison of all known pirate attacks in the region in 2010–11 with surface observations from Socotra and the Somali jet index during the same period indicates that pirates attacking from skiffs are thwarted when winds blow in excess of 9 m s−1. The wind speeds and sea states encountered by pirates during individual attacks were reconstructed using satellite altimetry data for 2010–11. Mean daily wind speeds of up to 20 m s−1 during the two boreal summers resulted in consistently rough seas across the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean. Surface wind speeds during pirate attacks were generally low (less than 8 m s−1), and once wind speeds exceeded 9 m s−1 no successful attacks occurred. The majority (94%) of pirate attacks took place in waves of sea state 4 or less (wave heights below 2.5 m), with pirates rarely a...

आर्टिफिशियल इंटेलिजन्सच्या मोठ्या भाषेच्या मॉडेल्समध्ये, आज सर्वात व्यापक चॅटजीपीटी आहे आणि त्याची आवृत्ती 4 ओ आवृत्ती 3 आणि 4 च्या "मतिभ्रम" विरूद्ध आधीच विश्वसनीय ज्ञानाची हमी देते, परंतु हे आवृत्ती 5 साठी निश्चितपणे समायोजित केले जाऊ शकते, जे 2024 च्या उन्हाळ्यापर्यंत आधीच आश्वासन दिले गेले आहे. अशा प्रकारे, आपल्या प्रशिक्षणाद्वारे आणि इंटरनेटच्या सामग्रीपर्यंत थेट प्रवेशाद्वारे, चॅटजीपीटी योग्य प्रश्न विचारल्यानंतर सेकंदात जगात जमा केलेले बहुतेक ज्ञान प्राप्त करू शकते. वैज्ञानिक संशोधन म्हणजे ज्ञानाच्या सीमेवर काम करणे, म्हणजे दिलेल्या संशोधन क्षेत्रातील संचित ज्ञानाच्या विशिष्ट पैलूंची मालकी घेणे आणि त्या आधारे नवीन संदर्भांविषयी प्रश्न विचारणे आणि त्यासाठी सर्जनशील दृष्टिकोनातून माहिती मिळविणे. चॅटजीपीटी आणि त्याचे सहकारी जगाच्या सर्व ज्ञानाचा ताबा घेऊन थेट ज्ञानाच्या सीमेवर आहेत, ही वस्तुस्थिती त्यासाठी आवश्यक असलेल्या उपक्रमांमधून समोर येते.  नैसर्गिक आणि तांत्रिक विज्ञानातील संशोधकांच्या आतापर्यंतच्या क्रियाकलापांवर या बदलाचा वेगळा प्रभाव पडतो, जिथे अनुभवजन्य प्रयोगशाळेचे काम बर्याचदा लक्ष केंद्रित केले जाते आणि सामाजिक विज्ञानात, जिथे सामाजिक क्रियाकलापांचे संबंध उघड करणारी पुस्तके आणि अभ्यासांमध्ये संकलित केलेल्या ज्ञानाच्या आधारे वैज्ञानिक संशोधन केले जाते आणि ते त्यांचे खंडन करू शकतील आणि नवीन संबंध प्रकट करू शकतील असे ज्ञान मिळविण्याचा प्रयत्न करतात. अशा प्रकारे, कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्तेवर आधारित मोठ्या भाषेच्या मॉडेल्सच्या सर्वात प्रगत आवृत्त्या सामाजिक विज्ञानाच्या बाबतीत मोठे बदल घडवून आणू शकतात आणि म्हणूनच आम्ही या लघुलेखात हे लक्षात घेत आहोत. मोठ्या भाषेच्या मॉडेल्सची मर्यादा म्हणून हे आधीच सांगणे महत्वाचे आहे की त्यांच्या प्रशिक्षणाद्वारे आणि ऑनलाइन ज्ञानाच्या थेट प्रवेशाद्वारे, ते आधीच अस्तित्वात असलेल्या सामाजिक वैज्ञानिक ज्ञानाची संपूर्णता धारण करू शकतात, परंतु ते सर्जनशीलपणे नवीन वैज्ञानिक ज्ञान तयार करू शकत नाहीत.

Climate model faces considerable difficulties in simulating the rainfall characteristics of southwest summer monsoon. In this study, the dynamical downscaling of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast's (ECMWF's) ERA-Interim (EIN15) has been utilized for the simulation of Indian summer monsoon (ISM) through the Regional Climate Model version 4.3 (RegCM-4.3) over the South Asia CoOrdinated Regional Climate Downscaling EXperiment (CORDEX) domain. The complexities of model simulation over a particular terrain are generally influenced by factors such as complex topography, coastal boundary, and lack of unbiased initial and lateral boundary conditions. In order to overcome some of these limitations, the RegCM-4.3 is employed for simulating the rainfall characteristics over the complex topographical conditions. For reliable rainfall simulation, implementations of numerous lower boundary conditions are forced in the RegCM-4.3 with specific horizontal grid resolution of 50 km over South Asia CORDEX domain. The analysis is considered for 30 years of climatological simulation of rainfall, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), mean sea level pressure (MSLP), and wind with different vertical levels over the specified region. The dependency of model simulation with the forcing of EIN15 initial and lateral boundary conditions is used to understand the impact of simulated rainfall characteristics during different phases of summer monsoon. The results obtained from this study are used to evaluate the activity of initial conditions of zonal wind circulation speed, which causes an increase in the uncertainty of regional model output over the region under investigation. Further, the results showed that the EIN15 zonal wind circulation lacks sufficient speed over the specified region in a particular time, which was carried forward by the RegCM output and leads to a disrupted regional simulation in the climate model. Keywords ECMWF. Regional climate model. Dynamical downscaling. Summer monsoon. Boundary condition. CORDEX Key Points 1. Assessment of sensitivity of RegCM's Mix99 (Grell-> Land & Emanuel-> Ocean) Convective Parameterization Scheme (CPS) in simulating Intraseasonal variability of Indian summer monsoon (ISM). 2. Evaluation of mixed CPS and its dependencies on boundary conditions. 3. Low efficiency of in situ lateral boundary conditions over the particular region causes a disturbed rainfall characteristic in RegCM simulation. 4. Low efficiency in EIN15 zonal wind circulation over Indian region during the phases of monsoon.

The aim of the present study is to find out the possible linkage between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), a major ocean-atmosphere coupled phenomena believed to be responsible for the variability of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) and its relation with Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) using 60 years (1953-2012) period. Spring North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI) has been found to be inversely correlated with the ISMR, which has been highly enhanced during the east years when the NAOI data have been stratified according to the phases of QBO. The effect of NAOI on the ISMR is shown to be strengthening significant in the later years of the study as compared to that of the initial years of the study. This interesting result provides an input to use it as a predictor of the ISMR.

31 32 This study investigates a new possible process linking the quasi-stationary Rossby 33 wave propagation (SWP) over Eurasia along the Asian jet and the Pacific-Japan (PJ) 34 pattern through the Rossby wave breaking (RWB) near the jet exit region during boreal 35 summer using a reanalysis dataset. To assess the statistical significance of the process, 36 we conduct a lag composite analysis of the past 44 RWB events east of Japan. The 37 result of the lag composite analysis shows that the SWP along the Asian jet induces the 38 RWB accompanied by an amplified anomalous anticyclone east of Japan. The 39 associated “inverse-S” shaped overturning of the upper-level potential vorticity (PV) 40 distribution causes the southwestward intrusion of the high PV toward the subtropical 41 western North Pacific (WNP). The Q-vector diagnosis and vorticity budget analysis 42 indicate that the upper-level positive vorticity advection associated with the RWB is an 43 important factor dynamically in...

ABSTRACTMarine high-productivity zones along the continents are of great economic importance, and they account for most organic carbon burial. The carbon cycle in many coastal zones is infl u-enced by the sediments and dissolved nutrients introduced by rivers. However, there is little direct evidence for a regional marine response to changes in river dynamics. Here we present a suite of high-resolution records of organic and inorganic paleoceanographic proxies, which together demonstrate that past changes in Indus River discharge have strongly affected pro-ductivity patterns in the coastal northeastern Arabian Sea. Anthropogenic activity, including the building of dams and irrigation facilities during the past century, has drastically decreased the discharge rate of the Indus River. Between A.D. 1890 and 1998, the period over which this reduction occurred, primary productivity off the Pakistan coast seems to have decreased by more than one-third. Over the same period, the regional ox...