Table I. Rainfall in mm for Godavari from 2004-2008 Table II. Temperature in °C from 2004-2008 1.3 Vegetation Types The Badikhel area harbors luxurious and diversified vegetation. The forest area covers 532 ha of the total area with 356 ha of mixed hardwood forest and 176 hectares of broad leaf: conifers. About 252.09 hectares of the total forest area is occupied by the community fores while the rest is the national forest. The major source of water for the area is monsoon rainfal and Kodku River located at the lap of the Badikhel hill. The majority of the household in the community are dependent on firewood fuel. The major vegetation encountered in 4 of the community forest includes Khote Salla (Pinus roxburghii) and two of them include Castonopsis Schima wallichii and Alnus nepalensis. The area also harbors some important medicinal plant: like Dhasingare, Timur, Chutro (Berberis asiatica), different species of lichen, Tejpat Kukurdaino, Nundhiki, Ghodtapre (Centella asiatica, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides), Thacke (Cirsium spp), etc (DFO Lalitpur, Annual Report,2009). Table IV. VDC-wise Forest Resource Income Flow The observation was taken inside the Badikhel VDC, Lalitpur, ward no. 1, 3 and 4; th primary data has been collected by visiting the study site. The study area was first divided int three microhabitat- “edge” area, riverside, cultivated land and forest. Specimens were collectec by taking a long transect walk along each of these regions. The specimens were collected anc enumerated in the habitat in three seasons- Pre-Monsoon, Monsoon and Post-Monsoon. Th species which were high flying and out of reach were identified and noted in the field. The dat: was collected from May 17-28 to April 12-18, 2008 in Pre-Monsoon period; second visit durin; monsoon i.e. June 15-28, July 18 and Aug 28 during Monsoon and third visit during Post Monsoon i.e. Sep. 28 and Oct. 11-18, 2008/09. The primary data was collected in the field usin: the following data sheet: The net bag was prepared from soft light weight, non tear material such as Terylene, o1 even mosquito net offering low air resistance, and capable of drying rapidly as it become weight. While many nets are made from white material, green or black nets allow the content or the butterfly being captured relatively non-visible and were thus avoided. For a frame 460mm in diameter, the net bag of about 810mm in depth was used, to allow ample room for the enclosed insect to be trapped in the lower half of the bag when it was folded over. The bag, when folded. was able to taper slightly and turned rounded at the bottom. The mouth was machined to it by a doubled over band of muslin or fine-mesh bolting cloth 40 mm in width through which wire ot can frame was passed. A strong gusset was also provided to prevent tearing the mouth of the net nearest the handle (Borror et al, 1989; Braby, 2000). Fig. IV. Killing Bottle Fig. III. Method of attaching net frames to handle Paper envelopes were made from semi transparent, rigid, grease-proof paper and might be rectangular or triangular in shape. Rectangular envelopes was either purchased from most post offices or philatelic shop; otherwise triangular envelopes were made from rectangles of light weight paper, such as high quality tracing paper (90-95gsm), one and a half times longer than wide; they were cut into various size of the specimens to be papered. A supply of these were cut and folded in preparation for the day’s collection (Borror et al, 1989; Braby, 2000). Fig. VI. Method of Spreading of wings of butterfly Before enclosing the specimen in the envelope, the locality, date and other information were written on the opened flap. Alternately, if several specimens were being collected from the same locality the details were entered on a separate sheet of paper that was placed in the container of papered specimen. The specimen was placed in the envelope with its wings folded back-to-back with the antennae lying parallel to the costa of the forewing, preferably along the diagonal fold of the paper triangle. In this way the antennae was less likely to break when the dry specimen was later removed from the envelope. The two triangular flaps were then folded down. Before enclosing the specimen in the envelope, the locality, date and other information Source: An Introduction to the study of insects (Borror, Triplehorn and Johnson) Table IX. Seasonal Distribution of Butterfly species Fig IX Distribution of Family Pieridae in three seasons Fig VIII Distribution of Family Papilionidae in three seasons Distribution of Different Families of Butterfly in Pre-monsoon, monsoon and Post-Monsoon Plate 1 and 2. A glimpse of the Tree canopy at the top of Badikhel Hill Plate 3 and 4. Badikhel Village as seen from the Top Plate 5. Valley as seen from the Top Plate 6.The Variation in Ecosystem Plate 7 and 8. Herpetofauna of the Badikhel area Plate 9. Crab Plate 10. Red Billed Blue Magpie Plate 11. Asian Koel Plate 14 and 15 Ground Vegetation and Trees Destroyed by the Fire Plate 18. Noctuid Moth Plate 16 and 17. Larval stages of Lepidoptera Plate 20 and 21. Wet- and Dry- Season forms of Dark Judy Abisara fylla Plate 19. Zygaenid Moth Plate 22. Graphium cloanthus Plate 24. Blue Pansy Precis orithya Plate 26. Vanessa indica Plate 25. Chocolate Pansy Precis iphita Plate 23. Bluebottles on Mud puddles of Godavari Plate 27. Phalanta phalantha Plate 28 and 29 Common Map (Cyrestis thyodanus) Plate 32 Argyreus hyperbius Plate 31 Papilio protenor Plate 33 Papilio paris Melanitis leda Plate 34 1) Upper Side and ii) Under Side of wings Plate 35 i) Upper Side and ii) Under Side of wings Plate 36 i) Upper Side and ii) Under Side of wings Plate 41 Cethosia bibilis Plate 37 and 38 Male and Female of Euploea mulciber Plate 40 Cabbage White Plate 42 Delias belladonna Plate 45 and 46 Male and Female of Pareba issoria Plate 47 Aulocera saraswatti Plate 43 Precis almana Plate 44 Precis lemonias Plate 48 Pseudergolis wedah Plate 51 Athyma opalina Plate 49 Terias hecabe Plate 52 Study Area at riverside
