India Bangladesh relations

The July Revolution of 2024 in the Bengal Delta, often referred to as Bangladesh’s “second independence,” stands as a defining moment in the nation’s political history. Unlike previous power struggles dominated by traditional political parties, this revolution was led by the youth, particularly student activists, who galvanized the population into a collective movement. Emerging from the 2024 Anti-Discrimination Students’ Movement, the revolution dismantled Sheikh Hasina’s 15-year authoritarian regime and reignited Bangladesh’s legacy of resistance and independence. In the aftermath, a student-influenced interim government took charge, seeking to restore democratic legitimacy, implement institutional reforms, and rebuild public trust by organizing free, fair, and credible elections. As Bangladesh enters its post-revolutionary phase, the challenges of addressing entrenched inequalities, rebuilding democratic institutions, and navigating international dynamics remain substantial. The revolution’s legacy depends on sustained efforts to institutionalize reforms, engage youth in governance, and foster equitable international partnerships, and offers Bangladesh an opportunity to redefine its future as a regional beacon of justice and democratic progress.

The current research explored the causes of conflicts in multidisciplinary team collaboration. This study proposed to take multidisciplinary teamwork conflicts as the subject to summarize the conflicts in this field by analyzing and summarizing the content of many cases. In the study, relevant research on multidisciplinary teams was collected over the ten years and selected five papers involving the research on the cooperation process of the same. We found that each team involved at least three fields, namely engineering, management, and management design. This paper sorted out the problems arising from multidisciplinary collaboration through content analysis. It grouped them through the KJ method (also called affinity diagram method), collaborating with researchers with exact experience for further analysis and induction. According to the study, problems encountered by multidisciplinary teams can be classified into nine categories: professional background, team composition, task allocation, role positioning, relationship, communication, attitude, efficiency, and external factors. To be specifically This study is expected to clarify the problems arising in the process of multidisciplinary team collaboration, providing references for subsequent researchers.

This paper discusses the important role of social capital, networks, and community engagement in disaster recovery. This study takes the case of Nepal and analyzes the recovery and reconstruction activities done through direct initiative and active engagement of residents in Giranchaur village of Sindhupalchowk district after the devastating earthquake of 2015. Information was gathered based on primary data sources collected through field visits and analysis of secondary data. Two field visits were carried out in October 2017 and August 2018, respectively during which, direct observation and in-depth interviews were carried out with key informants and residents of Giranchaur. Available scholarly literature on the topic was reviewed, and two main policy documents were prepared in Nepal to guide the reconstruction and recovery process. The finding of this study shows that idea generated from the grassroots, lead by an able local leadership and implemented via existing social networks with active community engagement leads to sustainable recovery, as shown by the case study of Giranchaur village. Based on the evidence, the paper derives some lessons from experience in the aftermath of the Nepal Earthquake 2015 that have practical implications to policymakers when deciding future intervention strategies in disaster-affected communities.

This paper gives a general overview of the essence of negotiations itself, their styles while narrowing down focus on negotiation styles pursued by Americans and Pakistanis. The data is derived from the journals, websites, social reports of the United States, and research papers published. Meta-analysis is used to pool the results of selected studies. The papers related to negotiations in general and those focusing on the negotiation styles of Pakistanis and Americans were utilized, while papers covering the negotiation styles of other countries were excluded from the review. Results highlight that Americans have little understanding of other cultures and are impatient listeners. Being result-oriented, they prefer competing and aggressive styles while adopting the direct approach in negotiation, thereby bypassing the long-term relationship, sacrificing individual interests, and preventing emotions from influencing the negotiation process. However, Pakistani negotiators prefer collaborating and compromising styles. They employ emotions and personal relationships while negotiating. Pakistani negotiators, unlike their American counterparts, focus on the long-term relationship. They employ indirect communication channels and rely on assumption instead of realism. Provided that the world has turned into a global village and business dealings are being carried out across the borders, the findings of this research would be beneficial for traders, expatriates, and employees of multinational corporations.

This article argues that Bangladesh's post-crisis transition following Sheikh Hasina's 2024 exit as prime minister marks a pivotal moment for democratization with implications for South Asia's stability and the Indo-Pacific strategic framework. Using Stanley J. Wiechnik's democratization framework, the study examines the phases of liberalization, transition, and consolidation in Bangladesh's polarized and factionalized society. Drawing on news reports and policy documents, it examines domestic instability and pressures of geopolitical competition between China and India. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and military practitioners, emphasizing the need for strategic engagement to support democratic consolidation and manage regional security interests.

With the evolving integration of conventional, irregular and cyber capabilities, the contemporary landscape of warfare is undergoing with a substantial transformation. This trend has been generally identified as a hybrid or multi-domain warfare that produces both opportunities and challenges for any military organisations worldwide. In this backdrop, traditional approaches to warfare are no longer sufficient and due to that armed forces need to develop adaptable and innovative strategies to maintain its effectiveness. Concerning the Sri Lanka military, Sri Lanka Army as one of the most recognized armies in the world with its notable history of successful campaign against terrorism, these developments demand a paradigm shift of all aspects. Similar to any militaries, Sri Lanka Army must now face with non-traditional security challenges in various forms including cyber threats, information warfare and irregular tactics employed by state and non-state actors. These complexities demand a unified approach to integrate diverse capabilities, fostering interoperability between other services and enhancing operational readiness. This study aims to research into the challenges connected with this evolving nature of warfare, particularly as they relate to the Sri Lanka Army's unique operational context. It will analyse the implications of integrating conventional, irregular and cyber warfare capabilities and offer evidence-based recommendations to ensure the Army's continued effectiveness in safeguarding national security. By addressing these issues, the research seeks to contribute to the strategic development of the Sri Lanka Army, focusing contemporary and future security demands with resilience and adaptability. After the World War I mainly during Cold War era, the rapid advancements in technology have transformed traditional warfare to the rise of hybrid challenges. other nations' militaries to identify relevant lessons. During the process, the researcher may undergo restraints in accessing classified information and limitations in the availability of comprehensive details on cyber warfare capabilities. This study consists of six chapters as follows: a. Provides an overview of the research topic, including the problem statement, objectives, significance, scope, and structure. b. Reviews literature on hybrid warfare, military integration, and case studies from other nations. c. Chapter Three. Details the research methodology, data collection methods, and analytical techniques. d. Chapter Four. Presents findings based on qualitative data and comparative studies. e. Discusses key findings and their implications for the SLA. f. Chapter Six. Concludes the study and offers recommendations for hybrid warfare capability integration. 17. This structured approach ensures a comprehensive analysis of hybrid warfare integration within the SLA, providing actionable recommendations for military modernization. including interview transcripts and recordings are stored securely on passwordprotected devices and accessible only to the researcher, ensuring compliance with data protection principles.

This paper attempts to examine the current profiles of socioeconomic indicators of the inhabitants of the Benapole port surrounding areas in Bangladesh. This study was based on a face-to-face interview of 150 survey participants selected from local leaders and residents. The study was conducted in July 2016. Findings of our baseline survey suggested that Benapole port had contributed to the growth of the local agro-based industry through the supply chain management process from 2000 to 2016. The thriving agro-based industry generated significant employment opportunities and wage income for the local population. In turn, employment generation and income promoted educational attainment, increased the number of concrete houses and provided greater access to safe drinking water and electricity for residents. In addition, residents had access to better communication and internet facility. However, widespread drug abuse in the surrounding areas of Benapole port, especially among the youth, was identified as one of the unwarranted social impacts. Drugs accounted for the largest share of smuggled goods through the port.

This article aims to understand better how deeply Bangladesh and India are maintaining good relations between them in recent times. Furthermore, this study has investigated and identified the factors that motivated India and Bangladesh to revive their sound relations. In the South Asian region, India is the dominant power in terms of population, economy, military strengths, geographical size, location, etc. Bangladesh shares 78.86% of its total border with India. Both countries' history, languages, culture, and economic nature are more or less similar manner. During the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971, it got much support from India. After getting independence, both countries experience a sound relationship until 1975, which we can call the 'Honeymoon' period. After that, Bangladesh faces some difficulties maintaining its relationship with India due to border killings, a sense of distrust, security concerns, trade deficits, transit issues, water-sharing issues, etc. Recently, through Modi and Hasina's government's diplomatic efforts, both countries' relations have reached a new height, which the researcher labels as the 'Honeymoon period' has returned. This study is based on the review of the secondary data and content analysis in nature. This paper finds that the strategic geographical location of Bangladesh and China's strategic engagement with Dhaka motivates India to maintain more close relationship with Dhaka to get it into its grip. In addition, this study suggested that if India wants to be a regional power, and Bangladesh wants to maintain its development, to fulfill its ambitions, both countries need to maintain a good relationship.

A Contemporary Chronicle with Observations on Global Hegemony and the Rise of Populism, Fascism, Authoritarianism and Autocracy around the World, the Beginning and End of the Covid Pandemic Onslaught, the Ravages of Climate Change in the Early 21st Century, the Advent of Artificial Generative Intelligence and Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine and Israel’s Genocidal war on Gaza and their Effects on the Global Rules Based Order

Based on my own visit to Bangladesh in 2013 and the academic and official conversations I encountered, it is evident that all sections of Bangladeshi society remain acutely sensitive about 1971. Whether one supports the Awami League or the BNP, the tragic memories of that period unite public sentiment. It is, therefore, in Pakistan’s larger national interest to extend an immediate formal apology and ensure it is accepted by the state and people of Bangladesh. Dhaka, in turn, should disseminate Pakistan’s apology positively through official channels, media and curricula. Such reciprocal gestures would not erase history but would allow both nations to move forward with dignity, mutual respect and a renewed spirit of co-operation.

Gen SA Munir's position in the hierarchy of Pakistan was not very comfortable. The
state of economy, insurgency in Pakhtoonistan and Balochistan, attack on the Jaffar
Express, constant protests by supporters of Imran Khan's supporters inside and
outside of parliament, the Cholistan Canal project to provide water supplies to large
areas of Punjab's Cholistan Desert linked to the allocation of land to the Army
threatening Sindh's water security, rumblings within Army hierarchy etc were difficult
to handle for an Army Chief who rules the country.

Gen SA Munir's position in the hierarchy of Pakistan was not very comfortable. The state of economy, insurgency in Pakhtoonistan and Balochistan, attack on the Jaffar Express, constant protests by supporters of Imran Khan's supporters inside and outside of parliament, the Cholistan Canal project to provide water supplies to large areas of Punjab's Cholistan Desert linked to the allocation of land to the Army threatening Sindh's water security, rumblings within Army hierarchy etc were difficult to handle for an Army Chief who rules the country.

This paper introduces a comprehensive evaluative blueprint for how a Home Minister can reorganize and oversee the Home Ministry to render the Police, Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB), Coast Guard, and Department of Narcotics Control (DNC) more authoritative, lucid, and efficacious. It investigates essential structural, functional, digital, and personnel enhancements; underlines moral stewardship; and recommends data-informed and society-oriented methodologies to augment civil protection, responsibility, and domestic defense.

This study analyzes the significance of leadership loyalty and organizational cohesion in the endurance and resilience of political movements, specifically focusing on the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) under Acting Chairman Tarique Rahman. In the past sixteen years, BNP has encountered systemic repression, political marginalization, and internal difficulties. Nonetheless, the party has persisted and maintained its organizational strength primarily due to the discipline, dedication, and vision of its leadership. This paper contends that Tarique Rahman's leadership has not only preserved the BNP but has also prompted the July Revolution, representing a new democratic resurgence. The document finishes with comments and directives for BNP activists, emphasizing the continued importance of loyalty, discipline, and sacrifice. 2. Introduction: Movements for democracy and justice have historically prevailed not due to financial might but rather to solidarity and devotion to leadership. 2 One of the driving forces in Bangladesh's fight for political stability, democracy, and independence is the BNP. Beginning in 2007, the party has experienced political isolation longer than any other in the country's history. Nevertheless, BNP has persisted as a structured entity under the leadership of its Acting Chairman, Tarique Rahman, in spite of these challenges. The purpose of this article is to examine how BNP has managed to stay relevant through the promotion of organizational unity and adherence to leadership. In addition, it explains the meaning behind the so-called "July Revolution," a movement that could transform Bangladesh's political environment, both symbolically and practically.

As a small island nation situated in the heart of the Indian Ocean, maritime security constitutes a fundamental component of Sri Lanka's overall national security architecture. Despite this strategic importance, Sri Lanka has yet to articulate its maritime security interests in any official government policy document or to develop a comprehensive maritime security strategy. Although various state institutions have independently attempted to address maritime security concerns, the absence of a coordinated and integrated approach highlights the urgent need for a structured national maritime security framework. Developing such a strategy requires a systematic assessment of current and emerging maritime threats, an evaluation of existing capacities, and the identification of additional resources and capabilities necessary to counter these challenges effectively.

Mohaiemen, Naeem. "A Looking Glass War: Bangladesh’s Pendulum-swing Liberation War Cinema." BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies 16, no. 1 (2025): 48-77.

The 1971 war that imploded Pakistan's 'two-wing' geography and created Bangladesh out of the former East Pakistan wing is a foundational event within Bangladesh's national narrative. Anniversaries, monuments and cultural productions codify the war's milestones and protagonists. South Asian cinema has attempted a 'national imagination' in various forms since 1947-sometimes loyal to boundaries created by partition, at other times trying to create subnational (e.g., 'Bengali' within 'Indian') identities. Bangladeshi cinema has also attempted to build up a national identity through an initial centring, a later decentring and then a return to narratives around the 1971 Liberation War as the singular event that created the basis for territorial Bangladesh. It has done this by erasing both 1947 partition trauma, and the experiences of the East Pakistan years (1948-1970), as a subject for cinema. Against this backdrop, I propose reading two Bangladeshi theatrical films, made 40 years apart, to signpost some narrative foci shifts regarding religion as a proxy for political alliance, and women's besieged honour within the war. The two films I discuss are Ora Egaro Jon/They Are Eleven (Islam, 1972, Ora Egaro Jon (They Are Eleven) [Film]), completed a year after the war, and Meherjaan (Hossain, 2011, Meherjaan [Film]), released in the 40th year of Bangladesh's independence. These two films illustrate a shift in religiosity as a suspect element and the reification of women's role as one of unwilling body sacrifice. This points to the unsettled fluidity of a Bangladeshi identity formed through war, despite the state, civil society and cultural production efforts to inscribe the idea of an inevitable teleology and narrative closure in postwar identity.

Climatic conditions have historically influenced political structures and migration patterns. The Great Migration of 1947 in the Indian subcontinent dramatically disrupted lives and reshaped the political landscape. As borders changed, rivers and land gained new identities and rights along with myriad experiences of the displaced and people in general, given the shifts in the entire ecosystem. This paper explores how partition affected various attributes in post-colonial India, particularly in relation to climatic changes.

Now a day"s everybody wishes to remain connected in this digital world. Whether they are at their homes, their offices, their college, or whether they are at public places such as railway station, bus stops, and airport or at any mall, coffee shop, library or a hotel, lots of people just find a way to get connected with the worldwide via Wi-Fi hotspots on their mobile device. Soon after taking the power in 2014, NDA Government launched a champion named "Digital India" with the aim of bringing a systematic change in the bureaucratic apparatus and speed up work. Also NDA government came up with some innovative ideas like "Swachh Bharat Mission", "Make in India"," Skill India", etc. Digitalization in India was already initiated in early 90s, especially in communication and technology but GOI was not able to implement it in proper manner due to political instability. The main objective of this paper is to highlight and analyze the collaboration between Internet giant Google and a Public sector unit "Railtel" for provision of free Wi-Fi service at 100 key railway stations in the country by the end of the year 2016. Indian Railway also targets to cover all 8500 railways stations with Wi-Fi facility by March 2019. It also includes the highlights of future projects from partnership with various private sectors in India.

Bangladesh and India, two of the closest neighbors in South Asia, have a variety of similarities, such as historical, geographical, cultural, and civilizational. India shares its longest land border around three sides of Bangladesh. Both neighbors depend on each other for their respective national interests. This study deals with the unresolved political and economic issues between them for the epoch between 2001 and 2006, which have significantly impacted Bangladesh-India relations. Bangladesh's positive stance towards India started with her birth in 1971. It is evident that India and Bangladesh relations have not been as straightforward as we imagine; rather, they have some fluctuations due to the changes in governments and their foreign and internal politics in both countries. Bangladesh-India relations have never been euphoric because of some crucial factors during the proposed study period. A few bilateral issues like border disputes, smuggling, intrusion, unilateral fencing of the border by India, dominating trade policy, disputes over water sharing, and so forth have been dealt with in this study. The objectives of the research are to shed light on the changing political and economic issues between these two countries. This qualitative study also suggests some ways and means to effectively deal with the unresolved issues that bedeviled the relationship between the two neighbors.

The Eastern South Asia subregionconstituted by Bangladesh, Bhutan, the North East Region of India and Nepaldespite having the potential of transforming into a prolific growth quadrangle, has recorded several connectivity challenges that hinder cross-border trade and other economic exchanges and service sector linkages. Based on extensive field research, this paper examines some of the major connectivity issues faced by the subregion, and ways to address them for unlocking its immense potential for trade and other exchanges led sustainable development. It also highlights the varieties of transit routes that are emerging and triggering a new genre of inter-dependence in this subregion and its inter-connectedness with the South East Asian countries. The paper presents a case for removal of land port-wise restrictions imposed on products with high trade potential, transition to full-fledged paperless trade systems, measures including implementation of mutual recognition agreements for ease of product testing and coordinated development of land ports for one-stop clearance to avoid dual inspections. These measures should be complemented by infrastructural upgradation for nonintrusive scanning and smooth transshipment of cargo to reduce dwell time of carriers and ease congestion at border crossing points. Other important service improvements include facilitation of transactions in local currencies, ease of payment systems, improvement in basic amenities for transporters, provision of adequate parking, warehousing and cold storage infrastructure, and introduction of advanced trade facilitation technologies. The paper also recommends deployment of trained human resources at land border posts, with proposals for creating a multidisciplinary border management team to coordinate with various line ministries/departments within and among the partner countries. Such measures can help to transform underdeveloped border areas of the subregion into Frontier Economic Zones.

Cultural switching, or cultural shift, is a prevalent phenomenon observed among politicians. This study examines the cultural shift in Benazir Bhutto's life through the application of Charles Sanders Peirce's Triadic Model on the selected images. Generally, people perceive images tongueless that is a misperception. Images do have language that carries and conveys meaning either explicitly or implicitly. The study analyzes various phases of Bhutto's life, specifically her student life and her tenure as a politician, including her role as prime minister, offering semiotic meaning of the selected images to understand cultural dimensions of her life. Three images for analysis have been selected using purposive (judgmental) sampling. The data are organized chronologically to enhance clarity and assist the reader. A meticulous examination of the selected images has been performed regarding setting, background, dressing, colour, and props for image analysis. Images are analyzed qualitatively using a triadic model of semiotics. Semiotics, the study of signs, facilitated the decoding of hidden messages within the images. This paper clearly identifies the intensity of cultural shifts across various contexts. The research indicates that cultural shifts were driven by either political motivations or the pursuit of national integrity. The study presents several characteristics associated with Benazir Bhutto's personality, including her leadership qualities such as vocality, political acumen, and savviness.

This paper aims to investigate the economics of Nepalese telecom industry with special reference to Nepal Telecom. The study is undertaken with the objectives to analyze Nepal Telecom as the market leader, drive an aggressive pricing model and to explore reliable telecommunication service in Nepal and become the lowest cost provider. Telecommunication at present, is the transmission of information, voice or data per time and space through electronic device. Efficiency gains and cheaper phone calls are possible from telecommunications aggressive pricing and effective customer care. The telecommunications revolution has arrived to 21 st century wireless communication with fiber to the home (FTTH), 4G and 5G. The overall telecommunication market is huge. Majority of market share is needed to become a market leader. Telecom management need to formulate effective plan to achieve the target within the period of five years. Fiber to the home (FTTH) service, which includes three in one as voice, internet and IPTV has been expanded within 62 districts. Nepal Telecom has been able to expand 4G network in all 77 districts of the country with the wide coverage of 654 local bodies and 85% of the total population. FTTH is an important project as it supports the fifth generation mobile internet (5G) which is coming to Nepal in the near future.

Keeping in mind the question 'Quota or merit?', the seemingly innocent student movement gradually evolved into a national movement in July 2024. The impact of the movement reached such a level that then Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina left Bangladesh in early August. Since then, much has changed in Bangladesh. The world has heard from the current ruler of Bangladesh that this movement was very consciously planned. Many conspiracy theories have also circulated. The nature of the spontaneous struggle at that time has also changed. On one hand, the interim government formed under the leadership of Muhammad Yunus claims that urgent reforms are still underway in Bangladesh. The interim government asserts that they are facing significant challenges in implementing democratic systems. The common people do not understand what is about to happen. Therefore, if internal solidarity is not directed toward correcting the path, there is a real danger of Bangladesh sinking into an authoritarian state under the guise of reforms.

To break with the past, Bangladesh must create institutions-not pursue vendetta.
In view of the speed with which the interim government is proceeding to try Bangladesh’s ousted leader, it may be worth reflecting on the question of time and the pursuit of justice.

As a small island nation situated in the heart of the Indian Ocean, maritime security constitutes a fundamental component of Sri Lanka's overall national security architecture. Despite this strategic importance, Sri Lanka has yet to articulate its maritime security interests in any official government policy document or to develop a comprehensive maritime security strategy. Although various state institutions have independently attempted to address maritime security concerns, the absence of a coordinated and integrated approach highlights the urgent need for a structured national maritime security framework. Developing such a strategy requires a systematic assessment of current and emerging maritime threats, an evaluation of existing capacities, and the identification of additional resources and capabilities necessary to counter these challenges effectively.

Proscribing the Awami League could further erode democratic values and practices in Bangladesh. Former PM Sheikh Hasina. Bangladesh has not witnessed free and fair elections for nearly a decade. Far from a transitional administration that was expected to guide the country toward free and fair elections, the interim authority appears to be centralising power. Unless this trend is checked, Bangladesh risks sinking deeper into autocracy. https://360info.org/resurrecting-democracy-in-bangladesh.../

2014 opened in Bangladesh with the elections, held on 5 th January amidst unprecedented political violence which led to the killing of 29 people. The 2014 elections were recorded as the most violent in Bangladesh's history. 1 Throughout 2014, the government of the re-elected Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina faced several challenges. Firstly, the political crisis, fuelled by an alliance of 18 political parties led by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), threatened to trigger a wave of protests similar to those of 2013. In turn, political instability brought to the fore the risk of adverse fallout on the economic situation. Secondly, the trials for the 1971 war crimes started in 2010, reaching their highest momentum in 2013 and continuing in 2014, with varied reactions from national and international public opinion. Thirdly, Sheikh Hasina's government was charged with corruption and human rights abuses. In 2013, for the first time in Bangladesh's history, the incumbent prime minister gained a second mandate. 2 The large majority obtained by the Awami League allowed Sheikh Hasina to lead the country with a steadiness never experienced before, not even by Hasina's main rival, Khaleda Zia. A multifaceted and ambitious foreign policy has been a new factor, with stronger ties to India and promising relations with several countries, especially China, Japan and Russia. The 2014 elections represented a watershed in Bangladesh's politics. One year is not enough to evaluate the long-term effects of the elec-1 'Bangladesh has little to celebrate after the most violent election day in its history',

Bangladeshi media played a pivotal role during the 1971 Liberation War, framing India as a liberator and Pakistan as an oppressor. However, during the 2025 India-Pakistan war, a surprising trend emerged: segments of Bangladeshi media expressed indirect support or sympathy toward Pakistan. This article investigates this shift, exploring historical, ideological, political, and mediaevolution factors that explain the transformation. Using comparative content analysis and critical discourse methods, the study illustrates how national memory, political polarization, religious identity, and external influence reshaped the media's geopolitical narratives.

The Farakka Barrage, constructed by India in 1975 near the Bangladesh border, was designed to divert water from the Ganges River into the Bhagirathi-Hooghly River, primarily to enhance navigation at Kolkata port. However, this project has drastically reduced water flow into Bangladesh, causing severe ecological, economic, and social impacts. This paper examines India's legal violations under international river law, highlights historical movements such as Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani's 1976 Farakka Long March, analyzes similar global cases, and recommends strategic legal action by Bangladesh to seek compensation and barrage decommissioning. The rising internal demands within India for the barrage's removal bolster Bangladesh's legal and diplomatic stance.

Bangladeshis do not have any obsessive liking for Pakistanis or pathological hatred for Indians. Their impression about and relationship with Indians and Pakistanis are determined by their experiences. The 1971 war aside, Bangladeshis’ eyes are wide open to the happenings in the international arena; after all, they observe which country – India or Pakistan – is more ready to stand by Bangladesh. If India/Pakistan is friendly to Bangladesh, people of Bangladesh are grown-up enough to understand it; conversely, if India/Pakistan is hostile to their country, Bangladeshis will know this too. Therefore, it will be an affront to all Bangladeshis to suggest that they are wrong or ill-advised in their (positive or negative) attitude to the people of a particular country.

Abstract: Reserve and auxiliary forces are integral to national security, providing essential support to regular military units during times of peace and war. This comparative analysis examines the roles, structures, and contributions of these forces in the United States, South Korea, and the United Kingdom. Reserve forces, such as the U.S. National Guard and South Korea's Republic of Korea Reserve Forces, are trained for combat and disaster response, ensuring rapid mobilization in emergencies. Auxiliary forces, like the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary and South Korea's Auxiliary Police, offer non-combat support, enhancing civil defense and law enforcement capabilities. The paper explores their historical evolution, organizational differences, training methods, legal frameworks, and economic impacts. It also addresses challenges such as recruitment, retention, and funding, offering recommendations for future development. Through this analysis, the paper highlights the complementary nature of reserve and auxiliary forces in maintaining national security and resilience against diverse threats.

Bangladesh is critically shaping its foreign policy to address contemporary global dynamics, particularly in South Asia. This paper examines the key factors that influence future geopolitical shifts and analyses their implications for Bangladesh. It employs a qualitative approach, allowing for in-depth analysis and interpretation of the complex dynamics surrounding Bangladesh's foreign policy in anticipation of geopolitical shifts. By exploring emerging trends in international relations, regional dynamics, and technological advancements, this study identifies potential challenges such as increased competition for resources, shifts in alliances, and the rise of nontraditional security threats. Additionally, it highlights opportunities for Bangladesh to leverage its strategic location, economic potential and diplomatic initiatives to enhance its position on the global stage. Through a comprehensive assessment of these factors, this paper aims to provide insights for policymakers to navigate the complexities of the evolving geopolitical landscape and effectively advance Bangladesh's national interests in the coming years.

Background: The government of India launched e-NAM in 2016 with the concept to unify nationwide agricultural markets by creating a central online platform. More than six years have passed since the inception of the scheme, yet the studies claim the unawareness among stakeholders regarding e-NAM. Thus, the present study is an attempt to assess the level of awareness about e-NAM in the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal among Jute farmers. Methods: The study was conducted with the help of primary data collected from 80 farmers of Cooch Behar district, selected through a multistage sampling technique. Awareness level is operationalised on a percentage basis and logistic regression is used to examine the factors affecting awareness about e-NAM. Result: The findings revealed that 56.25 per cent of sample farmers were found unaware, 23.75 per cent were moderately aware and 20 per cent were aware of the e-NAM. The farmers were unaware of the basic facilities and technologies available under e-NAM. The significant factors affecting awareness are access to market information, education level, distance to the nearest mandi and participation at training/awareness camps. The concerned APMCs should put extra effort into raising awareness of e-marketing.

global warming problems (Rich), water negotiations in two different regional settings (Carlisle and Williams), and issues of oceanic fisheries (Potter) all receive close, detailed attention. The volume concludes with an evaluation of their work from the perspective of a World Bank professional on the policy-making process. The result shows how the interaction of theory and empirical material can generate results helpful to policy makers. We hope that such close work between theoretically grounded, empirically rich policy analysts and professional decision-makers will become increasingly frequent in the years ahead. The University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation is committed to promoting such interactions.

Borders are often described as "sensitive" areas-exceptional and dangerous spaces at once central to national imaginaries and at the limits of state control. Yet what does sensitivity mean for those who live in, and those who are in charge of regulating, such spaces? Why do these areas persist as spaces of conflict and confusion? This dissertation explores these questions in relation to a series of enclaves-sovereign pieces of India inside of Bangladesh and vice versa-clustered along the Northern India-Bangladesh border. In it, I develop the notion of "sensitivity" as an analytic for understanding spaces like the enclaves, showing how they are zones within which postcolonial fears about sovereignty, security, identity, and national survival become mapped onto territory. Jason Cons was raised in Maine and completed a BA with honors in English Literature and American Studies at Wesleyan University. Before entering graduate school, he worked as a freelance writer and reviewer for a number of publications,

Borders are often described as "sensitive" areas-exceptional and dangerous spaces at once central to national imaginaries and at the limits of state control. Yet what does sensitivity mean for those who live in, and those who are in charge of regulating, such spaces? Why do these areas persist as spaces of conflict and confusion? This dissertation explores these questions in relation to a series of enclaves-sovereign pieces of India inside of Bangladesh and vice versa-clustered along the Northern India-Bangladesh border. In it, I develop the notion of "sensitivity" as an analytic for understanding spaces like the enclaves, showing how they are zones within which postcolonial fears about sovereignty, security, identity, and national survival become mapped onto territory. Jason Cons was raised in Maine and completed a BA with honors in English Literature and American Studies at Wesleyan University. Before entering graduate school, he worked as a freelance writer and reviewer for a number of publications,

For decades Indian forces have been killing Bangladeshis at the borders on a regular basis while the relations between the two countries were being described as "golden" during Hasina's rule. Considering these and other examples, Bangladesh was having a relationship with India that was heavily slanted in favour of the latter. Bangladeshis simply wanted this "lopsided" relationship to end. Does this make them anti-Indian?

Research suggests that India's Border Security Force (BSF) has been involved in significant human rights violations against Bangladeshi civilians from 2009 to 2024, with 593 killings and 774 injuries reported. • It seems likely that these incidents, often involving unarmed civilians, have strained India-Bangladesh relations, with Bangladesh raising concerns, while accountability for BSF actions remains limited. • The evidence leans toward a pattern of extrajudicial killings, despite bilateral agreements promoting non-lethal force, with recent cases like the 2024 killing of Swarna Das highlighting ongoing issues.

A  key instrument for combating  climate  change,  preserving  the  environment  and  promoting  sustainable  development  is water  diplomacy.  For  this  reason,  in  this  article,  the  authors  look  at  the  various  aspects  of  water  diplomacy,  including international  collaboration,  cross-border  water  protection,  data  exchange,  ecological  protection,  flood  management  and global  food  security.  Given  that  water  transcends  borders,  the  authors  address  various  agreements  concluded  between countries to manage rivers, lakes and basins of groundwater common to several nations, requiring international cooperation and  diplomacy  that  are  of  particular  value  to  this  study.  Water  diplomacy  promotes  comprehensive  conversations  and solutions.  Diplomacy  is  used  to  bring  together  stakeholdersto  create  comprehensive  water  resource  management  plans. This article employs a descriptive, interpretative, qualitative-quantitative methodology based on the use of primary sources, international  and  national  instruments,  as  well  as  the  conduct  of  documentary  and  bibliographic  research.  The  results obtained  allow  the  authors  to  conclude  that  it  is  impossible  to  underestimate  the  importance  of  water  diplomacy  for international relations and society. Water diplomacy promotes social justice by putting the needs of all parties first, including historically marginalized groups. Water diplomacy can prevent social inequality in water management and allocation by using inclusive decision-making procedures increasing social equity.