Ice Mass Change

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Ice mass change refers to the variations in the volume and mass of ice bodies, such as glaciers and ice sheets, due to processes like melting, calving, and accumulation. It is a critical indicator of climate change, influencing sea level rise and global climate systems.

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On the correlation between Earth's orbital perturbations and oscillations of sea level and concentration of greenhouse gases

by Ramy Mawad

2015, Journal of. Modern Trends in Physics Research

During the studied period 1996-2007 I noticed that, the rising and oscillations of the sea level, global temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, ice mass of Antarctica, and melting of Greenland ice are highly correlated with Earth's orbital perturbations. Monthly variations of those parameters have two periodicities. Stronger one called “long-periodic cycle”, it is strongly related to solar activity. It appears as a rising trend during my studied period. Observation data of iceberg mass and its melting, global sea level, and concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide is recent and does not cover a millennium or Wolf-Gleissberg solar cycle. So, it does not indicate a global warming. Second cycle is called “short-periodic cycle”. it is a weaker force but still stronger than human activities forcing. It appears as oscillations around the rising trend. The short periodic cycle of all mentioned parameters is found correlated to Earth's orbital perturbations which are indicating a global warming and global warming is a natural phenomenon. Global warming is strongly corelated to Sun, Earth’s orbit, and our space. I conclude that the productivity of natural greenhouse gases is greater than that produced by human activity. The current proposed global warming is not a result of human activities, rather just temporary epoch and natural phenomena. The Earth's orbital perturbations are in an excellent positive coherence with the Greenland ice mass but in a negative coherence with the Antarctic ice mass. My results are in good agreement with Yousef (2000) and Akasofu (2010). I propose that the natural source of rising in concentration of greenhouse gases can be attributed to two causes: 1) Comets and asteroids, which are still carrying water molecules and some of greenhouse gas’ molecules to the Earth’s atmosphere; 2) Solar wind, which is composed greenhouse gases in ionization state. It may react and recombined though upper atmosphere before arriving to atmospheric lower levels at poles by unknown process. The global temperature is found to be correlated to Earth’s orbital perturbation too. This is because the declination angle is varying through the year. Output solar energy that arrives to the Earth depends on Sun-Earth distance too.

Fig. 2. Coherence between orbital perturbation and the concentration of mid-tropospheric carbon dioxide in parts per million. Fig. 1. Time series of Sea level variations. All global warming elements have a variation behavior such as sea level variation. Global temperature is correlated to Earth’s orbital perturbation too as shown in figure 6. The both time series hav positive coherence. The curve of global temperature is moving with peaks of Earth’s orbital perturbation. I als suggested that, the sudden rise in solar irradiance induced perturbation in Earth's orbital.

Fig. 3: The variation of Earth’s orbital perturbation and short-periodic cycle of sea level. This means that the square of the Sun-Earth distance is related to Earth's mass variability, i.e. The Earth’s mass variation causes orbital perturbation according to Newton’s law. The Earth's mass enclosed within the top of the atmosphere (magnetosphere) is equal to the summation of Earth's components (land, water and atmosphere) Consequently, the change of the mass of any portion of the Earth leads to a change in the total Earth’s mass. The Earth mass correlation with orbital perturbation points to mass variability according to Newton’s law.

Fig. 5: The Coherence between Earth’s orbital perturbation and short-periodic cycle of ice mass of Antarctica. Fig. 4: The Coherence between Earth’s orbital perturbation and short-periodic cycle of ice mass of Greenland (Distance x10).

Fig. 6: The Coherence between Earth’s orbital perturbation and short-periodic cycle of global temperature.

Table 1: list of a and b values. 2.2. Estimating the Earth’s orbital perturbation I have determined the both values during the selected period of study for all parameters as shown in table 1. In the global temperature, I used the anomaly value of the annual mean. The Sun-Earth distance is obtained from the Geocentric ephemeris data by the Astronomical Ephemeris Data from NASA data center. It includes Earth orbital perturbation. Naturally without n-body effect, The Earth travels around the Sun in an ellipse. The distance in order to elliptical orbit can be determined by the following formula: YD . .. ee fo) KOT NV JO l OECD «ke STR ANY f9\ Where, T is the year (time) with its fraction. P is obtained parameter in the short periodic cycle deducted from long periodic cycles such as carbon dioxide (COz), sea level (L), ice mass (M). Po is obtained value from data source (include short and long periodic cycle). a and b are the parameters of linear regression between the two variables P and T. a is the “noise” around linear fit between the dependent variable. b is the inner product.

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Humpback whales extend their stay in a breeding ground in the Tropical Eastern Pacific

by Isabel C . Avila

2020, ICES Journal of Marine Science

During the austral winter, G-stock humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, migrate to the Tropical Eastern Pacific to breed. To analyse if the whale migration times have changed over time, we analysed 31 years (1988-2018) of arrival and... more

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Ice Mass Change

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