IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering

There is an rapid development in technology which influencing the human life in several aspects due to rapid development in different fields, but we still need to adopt these technology to make human life easier to live. In India it is not possible to supply LPG through Pipes to each and every home as production of LPG is too short. At present we are having an system Advance LPG cylinder booking through IVRS or online which is most difficult to book the LPG cylinder for the illiterate and busy schedule people. Another Major problem LPG cylinder users facing is that "They don't know exactly the status of LPG gas completion" makes delay in booking the LPG cylinder, which is uncomfortable most of the times. Engineering, University of Greenwich (Medway Campus)Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TBUNITED KINGDOM, article in Recent Researches in Applications of Electrical and Computer Engineering.

In recent aura, navigation is one the most demanding technology. To increase coverage, gain and bandwidth are more important of any wireless communication systems India has developed its own navigational system called IRNSS which work one two frequency band one is L5 (1.176 GHz) and second one is S band (2.482-2.502 GHz) In this paper we proposed 2 different antenna one for L5 band and second for S band antenna for Navigational Application. Both the antenna has good amount of gain, more bandwidth and directional radiation Patterns which is good for navigational application

All transmitted signals are to some extent degraded by the environment through which they propagate. Signal degradation can take many forms, but generally it falls into three types: noise, distortion, and attenuation (reduction in power). In order to solve or reduce these errors generated during signal transmission, an M-QAM single-carrier baseband communication system was designed and simulations were made to determine the BER under different SNR. This method of modulation has the advantage of reducing or eliminating intermodulation interference caused by a continuous carrier near the modulation sidebands. Also it will enable data transmission at twice the rate of standard pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) without any degradation in the bit error rate (BER), thereby doubling the effective bandwidth. The numerical results obtained from the Matlab simulink were compared to the theoretical results obtained from the Matlab tool named 'bertool' when QAM orders for 0 / N E b were set at 12.0dB, the new simulated BER's for the different QAM's were obtained. The BER values obtained from both simulation systems were found to be similar.

In this paper a review is made of the History, Fundamental principle, and Architecture of Instrument Landing System (ILS) RF Circuits in the Receiver and Transmitter Antenna Array. The study was motivated by a need to cater to the increasing availability and use of aerial vehicles such as drones and that the conventional landing system is insuf􀅫icient and risks being overwhelmed, thus this study aims to explore alternative paths and particularly the option of the MLS as a possible cure. The paper describes the Localizer and Glide path of the System. This paper gives small introduction of Microwave Landing System (MLS) and Enhance ILS Category-I Category-II Category-III is used. An additional purpose served by this study is to layout the requirements that an MLS would require in regard to its implementation and what factors would need to be considered by any organization willing to implement the system. The argument is built up by 􀅫irst assessing the existing infrastructure of landing systems; their origins and effectiveness, following this, the advances system such as the MLS are introduced, their current applications and potential are discussed. A comparison is made between the two to highlight the superiority of the MLS. The study carried out in this paper 􀅫inds the limitations in the ILS method as they are only capable of carrying out landing in a straight path and further limited by geography. MLS on the other hand is more versatile and is capable of carrying out multiple landing approaches across multiple curved paths for a single installation. The study examines the advantages of implementing the MLS system in Pakistan.

A quantitative mobility spectrum analysis (QMSA) technique of characterizing mobility and concentration of individual carrier species for modern semiconductor hetero-structures by experimentally generated Hall and resistivity data as a function of magnetic field is presented. QMSA enables the conductivity contribution of bulk majority carriers to be separated from that of carriers present at the surface or at the spacer/barrier layer of GaAs-AlGaAs based HEMTs for characterizing carriers developed in '2' DEG region. Beck and Anderson mobility spectrum analysis (MSA) technique was considered as the first trial function. A variation on the iterative procedure of Dziuba and Gorska is used to obtain the mobility spectrum which shows the quantitatively accurate mobility distribution. QMSA is advantageous because in comparison to its previous counter parts such as MCF, MSA and Dziuba & Gorska; it does not take any prior assumption about the number of electron and hole species as well as their approximate mobilities. A ghost hole along with surface and bulk electron was found in the '2' DEG region developed in HEMTs. In this article, we apply QMSA to both analytical data of Hg 1-x Cd x Te and real experimental data of AlGaAs obtained from the Hall measurement system.

Today's world is of high-tech and improved facilities. Especially in the field of medicine, advanced technologies have been implemented. One of the feature includes automatic work aiding using robotics. This system deals with reducing duty workload in clinical operations. Currently, the robots are not developed at the level where they can function like human in medical and health care professionals. Currently nursing robots are used in many countries. It only used for clinical purposes like medicine distributions. In this system, some additional features are to be included. Which means the robot is highly intelligent and efficient. One of the features is motion detection, to monitor the movements of the patient. It detects excessive bleeding of patient, and monitors the heartrate by reconfiguring the machine learning algorithm and also added special angle mapping identification of object using digital image processing.

Due to passive tracking, fire and forget capabilities and ease of operation of guided missiles have emerged as an important anti-aircraft arsenal. Detection of target in real time is a difficult task when object is dynamic and even harder when the object tends to move at speed counted in Mach numbers. Moving target detection is a key area in image processing, infusion of this technology to the purpose of tracking target and destroying as in guided missiles can be very effective as it will reduce network links, and GPS navigation in aggressive electronic warfare environments. Detecting moving objects in real-time is a challenging problem due to the computational limits and the motions of the camera. In this paper, we suggest a method for dynamic object detection and tracking on non-stationary cameras running within few milliseconds (ms) on a PC, and real-time on mobile devices. Detecting of object by background subtraction method does not give better results when object is moving very fast, object is very tiny and presence of lighting effect. In order to overcome these troubles, we propose a new method for Moving object Detection in Dynamic Background along with the development of a guided missile using the process. It achieves dynamic landscape using certain possibility of time and subsequent frame difference method and addresses the difficult scenario, where object is moving very fast and background changes frequently. The experimental results show that the proposed method can detect moving object more efficiently and completely in both cases online as well as offline video. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the majority of earlier state-of-the-art algorithms not only in terms of accuracy, but also in terms of processing speed.

In this paper, a different Double Negative (DNG) metamaterial is demonstrated to upgrade the performance of Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA). The scattering parameters are utilized to plan and corroborate the DNG structure. The proposed DNG is then employed as a superstrate of MPA which reduces the surface waves and edge diffracted waves of an antenna and therefore reduces its losses. To analyze the performance a conventional MPA without DNG is also simulated. The outcomes indicate that DNG based MPA has enhanced performance as far as directivity, gain and radiation efficiency of antenna. The directivity is improved from 6.878dBi to 7.184dBi. The effectiveness of an antenna is increased from 72% to 80.42%. Gain of antenna is also enhanced from 5.454dB to 6.237dB. The proposed circular SRR based DNG MPA could be a great competitor for application in wireless communication.

A new dispersion flattened PCF is proposed by introducing ring core and circular air holes based cladding. By tailoring the width of ring in the core of fiber, ultra-flattened dispersion is obtained for telecomm wavelength 1.5 µm while a zero dispersion is being reported at optical telecommunication wavelength of .By controlling the width of ring, endlessly single mode propagation condition is obtained with large MFD.FDTD method with perfectly matched boundary layer is used to investigate the guiding properties of the proposed PCF.

Now-a-days, fire accidents are occurring very frequently in public transport system which causes the loss of most valuable human lives and the government property. There are a number of methods to avoid fire accidents and to reduce the severity of loss in case of fire accidents in public transport system. But the damage is catastrophic as a rescue service could not reach at right time due to improper communication. So we can further reduce the loss caused by fire accidents in trains and buses if we are able to inform the respective authorities immediately after the accidents and open the emergency door automatically. The system which is proposed in this paper uses the modern technology to detect the fire accidents and also to inform the respective authorities with minimum delay. Three types of sensors fire, smoke and heat sensors are used to detect the fire accidents. The signals from these sensors will activate the microcontroller which in-turn activates the message transfer system, alarm system, water sprinkler system and the motor to automatically open the emergency door of the bogie in which the accident took place. The proposed system is designed by using GSM technology and AT89c52 microcontroller along with sensors.

In this paper we have proposed an improved miniaturization design of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna based on Minkowski fractal. The design methodology consists in considering a rectangular patch on which the conventional and modified Minkowski curve are successively applied until the second iteration. In total, three miniaturized antennae are proposed. They are structured by a fractal patch engraved on an FR-4 epoxy substrate. Design and simulation are performed by CADFEKO 7.0.1 software, better suited for small size antennae. The proposed miniaturized fractal models operate at the same frequency F= 15.53 GHz, as the conventional Rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. Moreover, each of them enables a good impedance matching, as can be confirmed by the low return loss obtained (< -15 dB) at the same resonance frequency. The proposed antennae presented a significant size reduction of 89.76 % for Minkowski model, 88.8 % and 86% for both modified Minkowskimodels when compared ...

Gate All Around (GAA) FET stands out as one of the most promising FET designs to replace the currently planar MOSFETs due to its ability to provide better gate control and better immunity to short channel effects. .This paper reports the electrical characteristics of GAA Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistor obtained using Extended Huckel Theory based Semi Empirical Method. The physics behind the Semi Empirical method has been presented in brief. The nanowire transistor has been simulated with two different gate dielectrics (SiO 2 & ZrO 2 ) and the electrical characteristics resulting from the two structures have been compared for power efficiency. A comparison of off-state current and off-state channel conductance between the two nanowire transistor structures has been presented towards the end of the paper that demonstrates that ZrO 2 gate dielectric based silicon nanowire transistor is power efficient than its counterpart with SiO 2 gate dielectric..

As wireless communication devices are taking a significant part in our daily life, research steps toward making these devices even faster and smarter are accelerating rapidly. The main limiting factors are energy and power consumption. Many techniques are utilized to increase the battery’s capacity (Ampere per Hour), but that comes with a cost of raising the safety concerns. The other way to increase the battery’s life is to decrease the energy consumption of the devices. In this work, we analyze energyefficient communications for wireless devices based on an advanced energy consumption model that takes into account a broad range of parameters. The developed model captures relationships between transmission power, transceiver distance, modulation order, channel fading, power amplifier (PA) effects, power control, multiple antennas, as well as other circuit components in the radio frequency (RF) transceiver. Based on the developed model, we are able to identify the optimal modulation...

A Microstrip loop resonator sensor designed to determine the dielectric constant of a liquid is proposed. The resonator sensor designed for 1GHZ for different structure of loop is described. The sensor is implemented using planar microstrip technology. A dielectric material is placed above microstrip ring resonator. As a consequence the near field of the resonator interacts with the material under test (MUT) and the electrical characteristics of the resonator change in relation to the permittivity of the material. The proposed models are extremely compact and experimentally verified by the measurements for liquid sample. A vector network analyzer is used to measure the shift in resonant frequency and the corresponding amplitude of the transmission parameter for the fundamental mode. The design procedure is described and experimental results are reported validating the sensor performance.

Contrast stretching is a method to enhance the image details. Histogram equalization is one of the most common spatial domain technique used for contrast enhancement. While stretching the contrast of an image , it results in the degradation of brightness of the image. To overcome this hurdle a method known as Bi-Histogram equalization was introduced to preserve the brightness level of the output image. As the contrast enhancement enhances the image , it also enhances the noise in the signal that causes the blurrness in the output image. The proposed BHEGF method reduces this drawback and provides more accurate and realistic results. In this paper we use four different types of filters i.e. median filter , gaussian filter , average filter & motion filter and various parameters such as processing time , MSE, brightness count and PSNR are used for performance evaluation.

In recent years, evolutionary optimization (EO) techniques have attracted considerable attention in the design of electromagnetic systems of increasing complexity. This paper presents a comparison between two optimization algorithms for the synthesis of uniform linear and planar antennas arrays, the first one is an adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) where the inertia weight and acceleration coefficient are adjusted dynamically according to feedback taken from particle's best memories to overcome the limitations of the standard PSO which are: premature convergence, low searching accuracy and iterative inefficiency. The second method is the genetic algorithms (GA) inspired from the processes of the evolution of the species and the natural genetics. The results show that the design of uniform linear and planar antennas arrays using APSO method provides a low side lobe level and achieve faster convergence speed to the optimum solution than those obtained by a GA.

The whole globe is covered universally by water with a majority space. In view of extraction of minerals as well as national security reasons, underwater communication has become quite important for all the mankind. Researchers, around the world are working for optimizing the multiple scheme in acoustic channel. Recently, the researchers have reported valuable employability of IDMA scheme in acoustic communication. In IDMA Scheme, the users are distinguished with userspecific interleaving sequences based on chip-level interleaving mechanism instead of user-specific signature sequences as engaged in CDMA scheme. However the role regarding formation of interleavers plays vital notch for performance of IDMA scheme in underwater communication. In this paper, the performance of user-specific rotational interleaver has been observed in acoustic environment for BPSK signaling scheme on MATLAB platform. Simulation results demonstrate that the rotational interleaver performs better in terms of bit error rate (BER) for underwater channel employing iterative IDMA system.

This paper provides a review on the diversity techniques of IDMA (Interleave Division Multiple Access) technology in underwater wireless IDMA employs interleavers as the only means in order to distinguish the users. This paper provides a comprehensive study of diversity techniques in IDMA scheme to mitigate the fading issue. In this paper, we compare the different generation diversity techniques in IDMA scheme on computational complexity, bit error rate and memory requirement. Recent advancement in underwater communication is modulation techniques, multiplexing techniques and multiple access techniques. Underwater communication channel is characterized.

In the real world of DSP(Digital Signal Processing), the MAC unit ie Multiply-Accumulate Computation holds a pivotal position within the critical processing path. Among its components, the multiplier stands out as a fundamental building block. The altogether performance of the multiply accumulate computation unit is intricately linked to the resources allocated to the multiplier. Hence, this paper proposes low complexity reversible multiplier, specifically engineered to enhance the power efficiency, delay and area of the multiplier. The Multiply-Accumulate Computation(MAC) unit, equipped with a multiplier employing this novel partial product reduction technique, yields significant improvements: a 46% reduction in delay, a 39% decrease in power consumption, and a 17% reduction in area requirements when collate to a MAC unit employing an architecture of a conventional multiplier.

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a network consisting of a set of wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without centralized control or established infrastructure. Every node in MANET moves arbitrarily making the multi-hop network topology to change randomly at unpredictable times. There are several familiar routing protocols like reactive, proactive, hybrid routing protocols which have been proposed for providing communication among all the nodes in the network. This paper presents Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Reactive Routing Protocol Performance Evaluation in Mobile Ad Hoc Network for protocols such as DYMO, LAR, ABR, TORA, AODV and DSR based on metrics such as security, multicasting, scalability, Packet delivery ratio and average end-to-end delay, Routing load and network life time by using the NS-2 simulator. The results shows that there is no routing protocol in the current stage without modifications that can provide efficient routing to any size of network, regardless of the number of nodes and the network load and mobility. AODV shows better performance than TORA and DSR.

Radio propagation inside building is governed by mechanisms such as reflection, diffraction, and scattering from different objects. The field distribution inside building is therefore dependent on specific features of its internal structures. This research work investigated GSM signal variation in mud building/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof materials and compared the result obtained with other buildings built with different building materials. Handheld AAronia HF2025E spectrum analyzer was used to carry out the measurements. The frequency bands of five service providers; Airtel, MTN, Globacom, Etisalat, and Starcomm were used as the operating frequencies and handheld portable spectrum analyzer served as receiver which recorded the average signal strength level at each point of the measurement. Results obtained showed among the various combination of materials considered, mud building/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof presents higher signal losses of -59.08dBm, followed by mud building/ unrusted corrugated iron sheet roof had an average signal losses of -53.63dBm, the sandcrete building/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof presents signal losses of -50.32dBm, while sandcrete building/unrusted corrugated iron sheet roof had lower average signal losses of -45.37dBm.

In this paper, proposed a joint estimation of Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) and Channel Distortion for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system using training sequences. Since the main objective of maximizing the sum of rates of all the nodes in the network can lead to a severe bias in rate allocation among the nodes. An important technique for an OFDM system is IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) and FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) which is used for modulation and demodulation of OFDM systems. Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) acquisition algorithm and Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) tracking algorithm are proposed to improve the estimation accuracy of MIMO OFDM system. The proposed estimation method requires at least one OFDM training block for estimation and training symbols should be random Joint Estimation of Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) and Channel Distortion Using Two Repeated Training Sequences m. If the OFDM training block consists of two repeated sequences, a low complexity two step approach used to solve any one of the two problems and important insights can be obtained by Inferring duality results for the other problem.

Ever since wireless broadband communication services were introduced, its demand has been growing constantly. Over the last twenty years, wireless communications have become popular all across the world. It provides an attractive option for many private as well as administrative communication requirements due to various attributes including cost, effectiveness, and agility. The new generation mobile communication systems i.e. fourth generation (4G) are required to support multiple services in various types of environments. 4G is being developed to accommodate the quality of service and essential data rate like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV. This paper throws light on numerous multiple access techniques anticipated in 4G communication systems. Among all the multiple access (MA) techniques, it is tried to demonstrate that IDMA (Interleave Division Multiple Access) technology can competently alleviate the interference among users and provision high data rates without compromising the quality of service that is required.

Instrument Landing Systems (ILS) are among the most crucial components of modern air navigation and air traffic management, enabling safe aircraft landings in conditions of low visibility and poor weather. This paper explores the technical structure, operating principles, classifications, and evolving technologies of ILS. It also examines the challenges in implementation and future directions, including the shift toward satellite-based augmentation systems. With the growing demand for safety and efficiency in global air traffic, ILS remains a cornerstone of airport infrastructure and aviation reliability.

In multimedia system, first the message will encrypt and then it will hide into an image file. So that we can use Cryptography because this can converts the message into an unreadable text. These both provide the security over the unsecured communication channel. Cryptography technologies are high secured system. These features of cryptography and stenography of data hiding are combined to visual cryptographic steganography technology. The visual cryptography (VC), is a (t,n) secret stacking of t-1any transparencies which reveals the sharing scheme where a secret image is encoded into transparencies, and the image is obtained. The stacking technology is used to extract any form of information secret. This can be used two transparent images. Among these images, one image can use for random pixels and the second contains secret information. It is unfeasible to get the secret information with the images. To get the secret information, both images are used. In this proposed scheme allow...

An antenna array on the transmit side provides the system with an extra spatial dimension that can be utilized for coding both in the spatial as well as the temporal domain. The recent development of such space time codes shows that there are ways of exploiting multiple transmit antennas while completely avoiding traditional beam-forming techniques need of accurate channel state information. In this project, we generate a framework for training based channel estimation under different channel and interference statistics. The minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator for channel matrix estimation in Rician fading multi-antenna systems is analyzed, and exclusively the proposal of mean square error (MSE) minimizing training structures. By considering Kronecker-structured systems with a grouping of noise and interference and random training sequence length, we gather and simplify numerous earlier results in the framework. We simplify the circumstances for attaining the optimal training sequence structure and show when the spatial training power distribution can be explained unambiguously. We also prove that spatial correlation improves the estimation performance and establish how it determines the optimal training sequence length. The analytic results for Kronecker-structured systems are used to derive a heuristic training sequence under general unstructured statistics. The MMSE estimator of the squared Frobenius norm of the channel matrix is also derived and shown to provide far better gain estimates than other approaches. It is shown under which conditions training sequences that minimize the non-convex MSE can be derived explicitly or with low complexity. Numerical examples are used to evaluate the performance of the two estimators for different training classifications and system statistics. We also elucidate how the finest length of the training sequence often can be shorter than the number of transmit antennas.

In this paper, a different Double Negative (DNG) metamaterial is demonstrated to upgrade the performance of Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA). The scattering parameters are utilized to plan and corroborate the DNG structure. The proposed DNG is then employed as a superstrate of MPA which reduces the surface waves and edge diffracted waves of an antenna and therefore reduces its losses. To analyze the performance a conventional MPA without DNG is also simulated. The outcomes indicate that DNG based MPA has enhanced performance as far as directivity, gain and radiation efficiency of antenna. The directivity is improved from 6.878dBi to 7.184dBi. The effectiveness of an antenna is increased from 72% to 80.42%. Gain of antenna is also enhanced from 5.454dB to 6.237dB. The proposed circular SRR based DNG MPA could be a great competitor for application in wireless communication.

In this paper, we investigate the optimum received power for spectral amplitude coding optical code division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) at different transmission distances using modified-AND subtraction detection technique and single photodiode (SPD) detection technique. We also investigate the effect of avalanche photodiode (APD) gain on the received power. Simulation results show that: 1) the received power decreases while the bit error rate (BER) increases with the transmission distance, and 2) both the received power and the BER increase with the APD gain for the same transmission distance.

The paper presents an area and speed efficient CMOS layout design of shift register on 180 nanometer (nm) technology. The proposed shift register is designed using Serial In Serial Out (SISO) and Serial In Parallel Out (SIPO) techniques. Shift registers are commonly used in large number of sequential circuits and processors for temporary storage of data. The area and speed of developed layout designs are improved by optimized placement and routing for layout. The schematic and layout of both designs are simulated and analyzed using Cadence software. It can be observed from simulated results that the delay of SISO register is 0.97 ns and the delay of SIPO register is 0.71 ns. The SISO register shows 78.6% improvement in delay and SIPO register shows 27.46 % improvement in delay. The silicon area consumption of SISO register is 140.6 nm x 129.49 nm and SIPO register is 130.98 nm x 85.91 nm to provide cost effective solution for Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) applications.

The world's most popular GNSS system is Global Positioning System (GPS). This was developed by the U.S Department of Defense (DOD) to know the accurate position coordinates of a location. However, GPS also failed to find the position coordinates especially in dense areas and urban canyon. This situation was eliminated by using ground based satellites called as Pseudolites (PLs) which provide GPS like signals where the obstruction of satellites signals from the GPS constellation take place. Thus, by augmenting the GNSS with Pseudolites the continuity, accuracy and availability were improved. Even though the Pseudolites are useful, still the performance of Pseudolite is limited by the"Near-Far Effect". The various techniques used to overcome near-far Effect are spreading PRN codes, frequency offset, frequency hopping, signal pulsing and Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC). The best way to reduce near-far effect is to use signal pulsing.However, when multiple PLs are employed, multiple access interference limits the system performance. In this paper, the analysis of near-far problem using pulsing scheme has be done while taking GPS constellation into account. Also, the performance evaluation of the PL system with Reference based Successive Interference Cancellation (RSIC) receiver, which is the best optimal method of Multiuser detector (MUD) has been presented.

In this paper a novel design of a hybrid semi-circular coupled H-slot loaded monopole antenna for triple band operation. The proposed antenna is constructed by a combination of both circular and rectangular patches are superimposed together and formed as hybrid H-slot shape antenna. The proposed antenna has a size of 40 × 60 × 1.6 mm 3 including partial truncated ground plane on bottom of the substrate. This antenna resonates for three resonating frequencies which covers 1.82, 3.5 and 4.826GHz for GPS, WLAN,C-band applications respectively. The proposed antenna is printed on low cost modified glass epoxy substrate material. The antenna is excited through 50Ωmicrostrip line. The simulated and experimental results are demonstrates that the proposed antenna satisfied the -10dB impedance bandwidth. And also provides a broadside radiation patterns at respective triple frequencies.

Broadcasting is a fundamental and effective broadcasting technique in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). Simple flooding technique is used in conventional ad hoc protocols for route discovery in which the mobile node blindly rebroadcast the packets until route to destination is established. But this causes redundant transmission of control packets leading to collision and contention in network. This problem is referred as broadcasting storm problem. To overcome this problem, neighbor coverage based probabilistic rebroadcasting protocol is used which combines the merits of neighbor coverage knowledge and probabilistic method. In order to effectively exploit the neighbor coverage knowledge, rebroadcast delay is used to determine the forwarding order and then we calculate rebroadcast probability by combining additional coverage ratio and connectivity factor. This approach can significantly reduce the end-to-end delay by reducing the routing overhead and increasing packet delivery ratio to...

The objective of this paper is to design of fixed-fixed MEMS Resonator. The beam of resonator is made up of poly-silicon. This paper also presents the electrostatic and Eigen frequency analysis of MEMS resonator. The resonator used in oscillator which can be fabricated on chip. It can also be used as Switch. The size of crystal oscillator is in order of centimeter but the size of MEMS Resonator is in order of microns, so by replace a crystal oscillator by MEMS Resonator, we can reduce the size of the system. The dc voltage is given to the beam of resonator for electrostatic analysis & Eigen frequency analysis in different modes.

A novel triple-band Defected Ground Structured (DGS) meandered monopole antenna is presented in this paper. In the proposed antenna, three vertical and one horizontal protrudent strips are employed onto ground plane to increase the bandwidth. High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software based on Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to attain the performance parameters of proposed antenna. The simulated results of triple-band proposed antenna cover the required bandwidths of the PCS-1900/UMTS-2100 and the 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN standards.

Every year, we find more and more road accidents due to increased traffic on the roads, and if you see the statistics, you will find that the causalities are more every year than that of 1970 Indo -Pak war. Experts say, increased motorist population, long working hours and stressful life are the major reasons for the rise in road accidents. The factors are beyond one's control, but if we could alert the driver on the highway, could save many precious lives. We haven't presented a very complex solution for this; neither claimed to be expert traffic controllers. Usually fixing some sort of transmitter system on the highways which can detect the speed of the vehicle and convey to the driver that he is not in the permitted speed limit in a particular area is quite common and expensive. As a simple solution, we have pre installed low cost transmitters on required locations to convey the speed limit information, even further, if the automatic breaking system could be actuated on over speed is a decent approach. We have designed and developed a prototype system of a transmitter and receiver modules. Receiver(s) is (are) kept in the vehicle(s) and transmitter(s) are set up on the road side. As it is a prototype, we have not used any speed sensing devices, instead four switches are used as alternative. The four switches represents or assumes various speed limits say limit 80 switch, limit40 switch, limit20 switch and no horn area. Whenever these switches are pressed, they will transmit the corresponding alert message to the driver so that the driver can handle the situation sensibly. Receiver section has a 2x16 LCD, which will display the alert message, and there exists microcontroller to receive the data and activate the relay circuitry to give a buzzer and to control the speed of the dc motor which acts as a prototype for automatic braking and vehicle speed reduction mechanism.

Clock regeneration in synchronized data communication system has a very important role to extract the transmitted data correctly. According to very low bit rate with long zero and high signal distortion due to underwater propagation, the recovery would be very difficult, so that a certain technique must be applied to regenerate the clock easily. In this paper will be discussed a simply technical method to regenerate the clock. At the transmitter, amplitude modulator uses carrier frequency coherent with the data rate in the system. It is done by generating clock pulses as a fraction of the carrier wave. In addition to the coherency, modulation index of generated AM to supply underwater acoustic transducer is adjusted to be less than hundred percent. At the receiver, the weak signal is amplified by a frequency selective amplifier for carrier wave signal only. The output contains other weak signal and noise. To find the clear clock pulses, the signal is used as a frequency reference. A Voltage Controlled Oscillator, where its phase and frequency automatically controlled by frequency reference will generate a phase locked wave with the frequency as same as frequency clock at the transmitter side.

In this paper a rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) has been designed with coaxial feeding for 5.9GHz resonant frequency. This frequency spectrum is known as Wave Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) or IEEE 802.11p. Performance of the RMPA has been analysed by the simulation tool CST Microwave Studio v.2012. Several performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), directivity, gain and radiation efficiency have been obtained by simulation. This antenna has shown desirable results after a few optimization of design specifications. Designed RMPA resonates at 5.93 GHz and bandwidth has been found as 0.1417 GHz which has fractional bandwidth of 2.39% and that covers IEEE 802.11p band. Directivity and gain obtained at resonant frequency are 5.52 dBi and-0.174 dB respectively. The proposed RMPA radiation efficiency was found as 26.93% and VSWR as 1.05. As an overall evaluation, this antenna's performance was found to beat a satisfactory level.

In present scenario every process should be efficient and simple. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is an efficient algorithm to compute the N point DFT. The main focus of this paper is to design FFT using ALU which is used in receiver blocks of OFDM system. It has greater applications in signal and image processing, communication and instrumentation. But the design of FFT requires large number of additions and complex multiplications. To make this process rapid and simple, the FFT operation should be faster and power efficient. Hence, the 64-point FFT is designed using Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).It requires less power compared to the FFT designed using Decimation in Time (DIT) butterfly structure. The design is done in HDL and the synthesized results are analyzed using Xilinx ISE tool. KeywordsALU,DIT, FFT,IFFT,OFDM.

The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2 and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR less than 2. So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating software used is IE3D.

Reversible logic is one of the most important issues at present time and it has different areas for its application. The main purposes of designing reversible logic are to decrease quantum cost, depth of the circuits and the number of garbage outputs. A power efficient design of reversible gate is implemented in this paper. One of the major goals of VLSI circuit design is to reduce the power dissipation which is demonstrated by R.Landauer in the early 1960s that states the loss of each one bit of information that dissipates at least KT ln2 joules of energy (heat) ,hence reversible logic based circuit design is an emerging research area which aims at reducing the information loss which causes the energy dissipation This paper illustrates the VlSI design of reversible logic gates as a building blocks of arithmetic and logical unit. A power efficient GDI logic based standard reversible gates are designed .The schematics are designed in Tanner 14.1 s edit tool in 180 nm submicron techno...

Children under Juvenile Justice Act." Juvenile Justice System is most dynamic and illuminated framework embraced by the world citizenry with all round development of children. The prime center is to change the degenerates and give consideration to the unprotected children. To the extent practicable, a child to be rehabilitee and reestablished to the family. The article assessed the Juvenile Justice System in India in the light of protected reasoning and International parameters. Various adults today have this thoroughly Aristotelian beginning of pre-adulthood without having truly examined any of Aristotle. It instructs their understanding of their own relationship toward the adolescents around them. In this way they consider the fundamental commitment they bear toward their youths to be the dedication to give the kind of enduring environment those children need to frame into regular adults, with the common and mental structures set up anticipated that would play out the limits we acknowledge that normal, standard adults can perform.[2] John Locke, by separation, keeps up that the human identity begins as a "white paper, depleted of all characters, without any contemplation. On this view each one of the "materials of reason and learning" starts in actuality. According to what we have called the "Aristotelian start", youth is a fundamentally up and coming state. On such a point of view, the estimation of what a child produces can't be required to be extraordinary in it, however, valuable for helping the child to shape into a fair adult. Possibly some child craftsmanship is a counterexample to this yearning. Clearly, one could battle that adults, who, as children, were encouraged to convey workmanship, and what's more make music and surpass desires at redirections, will most likely be succeeding adults than the people who are not asked to give such "outlets" to their imperativeness and imaginativeness. Regardless, the instance of child craftsmanship should in any occasion make one suspicious of Michael Slote's case that "essentially as dreams are discounted except for as they impact (the waking parts of) our lives, what happens in youth predominantly impacts our point of view of total lives through the effects that puberty accomplishment or frustration ought to have on adults individuals" [4]

During Nigerian 2015 general elections, in an attempt to exercise their civic rights in voting for the candidates of their choices, many electorates exercised the limitations of their patience by tiredly waiting on queue for their turn at the poll centers. In order to study the aforementioned scenario, this paper carried out a simulation based analysis of a Hierarchical Timed Coloured Petri Net (HTCPN) model, which abstracted the Re-Modified Open-Secret Ballot System (REMOBS) adopted in the 2015 Nigerian general elections. Using CPN Tools, ten simulation runs were carried out on the HTCPN model to experiment the effect 300 and 750 voters on service time, queue length and average waiting time while dedicating Assistant Polling Officers I, II and III (APOI, APOII and APOIII) or four polling officers (two APOI and two APOII) to each polling unit. The validation of the HTCPN model was determined by carrying out a statistical analysis (T-Test) between the simulated and observed voters’ a...

This paper discuss about new AM-FM methods for image reconstruction. This approach is based on 2 basic ideas: i) AM-FM Demodulation using new gabor filterbank ii) New accurate methods for instantaneous frequency (IF) estimation. This project includes quasi-eigen function approximation(QEA), quasi local method(QLM) and variable-spacing local linear phase (VS-LLP) methods for improved accuracy. The new VS-LLP method is a generalization of QEA method where we choose the best integer spacing between the samples to adapt as a function of frequency. We also introduce QLM method for IF and IA estimation. We present different noises (salt&pepper, speckle, poisson, Gaussian) decompositions to show that the proposed methods can be used to reconstruct and analyze general images. However each technique has different properties, making it more suited for specific applications and this technique is implemented by using MATLAB.

The design a low cost circuit diagram of heart-rate counting system based on the AT89C51 microcontroller for monitoring heart health, we seek monitor a patient's blood-oxygen level using a pulse oximeter. The pulse oximeter is designed using infrared and red light transmitter/receiver pair (LED) placed in close contact with the fingertip and detection from light that passes through a patient's finger. The absorption will tell when blood is moving through the finger and how much of this is oxygen-rich. The output of this analog circuit will be fed into microcontroller which will compute the oxygen level from these numbers. When the heart beats, the volume of blood cells under the sensor increases and this reflects more IR waves to sensor and when there is no beat the intensity of the reflected beam decreases. The pulsating reflection is converted to a suitable current or voltage pulse by the sensor. The sensor output is processed by suitable electronic circuits to obtain a visible indication of digital display. The heart pulse was acquired by using IR fingertip sensor, based on this biomedical signal a conditioning circuit was designed for filtering these signal and processing it. As well, the processed signal was countered using a microcontroller and displayed on LCD display. The resultant pulsing of blood volume inside the fingertip is directly proportional to the heart rate and if you could somehow count the number of pulses in one minute, that's the heart rate in beats per minute.

Wireless sensor network have recently come into prominence because they hold the potential to revolutionize segment of our economy and life with its wide applications. Unlike a centralized system, a sensor network is formed by large numbers of networked sensing nodes. They are having unique set of resource constraints such as finite onboard battery power and limited network communication bandwidth. Since running real experiments is costly and time consuming, simulation is essential to study Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). It is rather complex, or even unfeasible, to model analytically a WSN and it usually leads to oversimplified analysis with limited confidence. Therefore, simulation is essential to study WSN. The word "wise" in the title indicate the meaning most appropriate according to their usage and testing

Nowadays the home safety detection system plays an important role for the security of people and basically in home appliances the security must be cured. So the security of the home appliances must be the LPG gas cylinder available at home must be checked regularly whether it has some leakage somewhere. This Project is about creating a prototype of automatic quad copter for examining the gas leakage in home or any industrial area with collecting data and other parameters to sustain and complete the exploration with maximum efficiency.

The motivation is a need for a more systematic examination of the use of Automatic Number Plate Recognition technology particularly with regards to crime investigations and intelligence development, in order to tackle crime and disorder more efficiently.This paper presents a systematic toll deduction system that utilizes number plate localization algorithm. It extracts license plate candidates using morphological operations. We have formed a rather complete database of all characters and numbers templates in different format. Once the number is extracted from license plate it deducts the toll amount from the account which can be recharged with RFID card, and using GSM module sends message to the account holder's registered mobile number from database about recharging and toll deduction.

In this paper a new design of Microstrip antenna has been proposed. An E-shaped Microstrip Antenna has been designed and designed structure is simulated using Ansoft HFSS TM 11.1 software. Low volume and low profile configuration, easily mounted, light weight, low fabrication cost are the advantages of this antenna. Designed antenna can be operated in dual frequencies such as 5.1GHz and 7.5GHz with return loss of -22db and -12db respectively. Maximum achieved gain of the designed antenna is 11.5.

This paper presents the investigation of a new square patch antenna. In the designed antenna a U-shaped square patch has been constructed, and nelco material substrate is used in the designed antenna for multiple resonances. It is a light weight, low ...