IC Engine

Piston & Connecting rod, important part for IC engine. Piston compressed the fluid and gave the required output. Connecting rod holds the piston and helps to move the cylinder during varying pressure condition. Piston & connecting rod connected by use of simple pin. This pin is also known as "Piston Pin" or "Wrist Pin" or "Gudgeon Pin". Piston & Pin both undergoes stress, temperature, frequent pressure changes, & thermal and mechanical fatigue occurs. Hence failure of both components may possible. Here in this paper, review of causes of piston and pin failure observed during experiment and/or research.

Engine noise is one of the most critical noises in urban noises. NVH improvement is essential in order to fulfill various noise emission regulations such as ISO 362. Reducing this noise it has been a necessity for engine developers. Measurement plays an important role beside the simulations to improve the NVH behavior, because the engine is a rather complicated mechanical system with many components. ISO 3745 is an ideal method for sound power measurement for internal combustion engines since it provides a fast measurement through many different engine speeds. However room as well as the measurement method, should comply with this standard. Because of the size and installation situation for a running engine there is limited space for measurement; and it is difficult to reach standards requirements especially for such a directive sound source. The difficulty to meet these requirements is also applied to Scania's anechoic room. Here engine noise characteristics and the uncertainties in sound power measurement have been discussed based on both measurement and simulation. Recommendation has been made to decrease the uncertainty of sound power measurement.

Engine noise is one of the most critical noises in urban noises. NVH improvement is essential in order to fulfill various noise emission regulations such as ISO 362. Reducing this noise it has been a necessity for engine developers. Measurement plays an important role beside the simulations to improve the NVH behavior, because the engine is a rather complicated mechanical system with many components. ISO 3745 is an ideal method for sound power measurement for internal combustion engines since it provides a fast measurement through many different engine speeds. However room as well as the measurement method, should comply with this standard. Because of the size and installation situation for a running engine there is limited space for measurement; and it is difficult to reach standards requirements especially for such a directive sound source. The difficulty to meet these requirements is also applied to Scania's anechoic room. Here engine noise characteristics and the uncertainties in sound power measurement have been discussed based on both measurement and simulation. Recommendation has been made to decrease the uncertainty of sound power measurement.

Fuel sloshing occurs in vehicle when it accelerates or decelerates. It generates high kinetic energy with unpleasant noise. This fuel sloshing leads to vehicle imbalance. This vehicle instability may occur when the fuel to weight ratio is high. In automobiles, the fuel sloshing generates unpleasant noise which is not expected from the present ones. So, this work presents the use of baffles at different positions in the fuel tank to suppress the fuel sloshing. Generally this phenomenon is seen in High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) tanks which are strong and light in weight. Introduction of baffles in the HDPE tanks is an onerous process through blow moulding. So the present work mainly focuses on the simulation of the slosh experiments to analyse the baffle design. The result depends upon the number of baffles, location of the baffle and its shape. The highest noise is generated only when the fuel hits the top of the tank. The baffle is designed in such a way that these noises are redu...

The global focus on sustainable transportation has led to the emergence of retrofitting existing conventional bikes as a
practical strategy to transition from traditional combustion engine vehicles to environmentally friendly alternatives. This
research delves into the conceptualization, design, and implementation of retrofitting technologies aimed at enhancing the
performance, efficiency, and environmental impact of conventional bikes. In the age of Technological Advancement,
Innovations, and Development, the Electric Mobility trend has captured the attention of all industries. Electric vehicles are
poised to revolutionize the automotive sector

Structural analysis is the process of studying the effects of loads on physical structure and their components. Single Stroke engine consists of a piston, a connecting rod, a crankshaft and one cylinder. This paper contains static structural analysis of a Single Stroke Engine and its components i.e., Piston, crankshaft and connecting rod. Single Stroke engine is mostly used in motorcycles, motor scooters, go-karts, all-terrain vehicles, radio-controlled vehicles, portable tools and garden machinery (such as lawnmowers, cultivators, and string trimmers). Single Cylinder engines are simpler and more compact when compared to multi cylinder engines. Effects of loads and different boundary conditions are observed on the single stroke engine using ANSYS software. Ansys Mechanical APDL suite is used for static structural analysis. The material used in this analysis for the Single Stroke Engine is a Structural steel. The aim of this paper is to determine the total deformation, Equivalent st...

There are increasing pressures upon the automotive industry to reduce harmful emissions as well as meeting the key objective of enhanced fuel efficiency, whilst improving or retaining the engine output power. The losses in an internal combustion engine can be divided into thermal and parasitic as well as due to gas leakage because of untoward compression ring motions. Frictional losses are particularly of concern at low engine speeds, assuming a greater share of the overall losses. Piston-cylinder system accounts for nearly half of all the frictional losses. Loss of sealing functionality of the ring pack can also contribute significantly to power losses as well as exacerbating harmful emissions. The dynamics of compression ring is inexorably linked to its tribological performance, a link which has not been made in many reported analyses. A fundamental understanding of the interplay between the top compression ring three-dimensional elastodynamic behaviour, its sealing function and contribution to the overall frictional losses is long overdue. This paper provides a comprehensive integrated transient elasto-tribodynamic analysis of the compression ring to cylinder liner and its retaining piston groove lands' conjunctions, an GTP-16-1220 S. Theodossiades

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of different methods for improving the temperature gradient of a specified gasoline engine piston. With a robust finite element (FE) based software, 3D thermal analyses have been carried out for the piston model. Unlike previous studies, the effects of both fully and locally ceramic layers on the crown top surface were considered. It was found that a fully ceramic layer provides just 10-15% more thermal protection. The effects of thermal dam and lubricating oil temperature on crown and skirt surfaces were then separately investigated. Using these methods, the maximum surface temperature of the piston was greatly improved and the temperature distribution of piston skirt was effectively controlled.

To produce faster vehicle acceleration and avoid wheelspin on slippery roads, the wheel slip must be controlled to achieve maximum traction. Recent researches in slip control always had to compromise between speed of time response and overshooting. This research studies the application of Composite Nonlinear Feedback (CNF) controller for vehicle wheel slip control, particularly for in-wheel electric vehicle. A strategy for applying the CNF controller which involves feedback linearization is proposed. The CNF is a combination of a linear feedback law and a nonlinear feedback law without any switching element. The CNF control focuses on improving the transient performance. The proposed control strategy is validated by simulation.

Air pollution poses a significant risk to public health, contributing to a substantial portion of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD). As urban populations grow, air quality issues become more critical, especially in developing countries like India. This review paper explores the latest methodologies and technologies used in air quality analysis and modelling, focusing on Geographic Information Systems (GIS), computational tools like MATLAB, and multi-criteria decisionmaking frameworks. The paper emphasizes the role of these tools in understanding, predicting, and addressing air pollution challenges. By examining case studies and recent research, we identify best practices and propose strategies for effective air quality management.

Air pollution poses a significant risk to public health, contributing to a substantial portion of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD). As urban populations grow, air quality issues become more critical, especially in developing countries like India. This review paper explores the latest methodologies and technologies used in air quality analysis and modelling, focusing on Geographic Information Systems (GIS), computational tools like MATLAB, and multi-criteria decisionmaking frameworks. The paper emphasizes the role of these tools in understanding, predicting, and addressing air pollution challenges. By examining case studies and recent research, we identify best practices and propose strategies for effective air quality management.

h i g h l i g h t s ANNs are used to predict instant torque and BSFC of farm tractor diesel engines. ANNs were trained with exhaust gas (EG) temperature and motor oil temperature data. Different ANNs (with 1/2 hidden layers, Sigmoidal/Gaussian algorithms) were compared. Lubricant temperature resulted to be unsuitable (very low and diversified R 2). ANNs using EG temp. give reliable predictions (R 2 > 0.993 for torque estimations).

The performance of a 118-kW tractor fuelled by pure biodiesel was monitored during a long-term field experiment with approximately 800 h of engine function. The objective was to demonstrate that B100, a pure biodiesel fuel, is a viable alternative to traditional diesel oil in terms of long-term mechanical reliability. A bench test on the new engine, performed by attaching a test stand to the power takeoff of the tractor, showed an expected reduction in power (-9%) and torque (-7%) and an increase in specific consumption (+13%) when biodiesel was used as a complete substitute to diesel oil. Furthermore, with the same setup, the exhaust gas had a Bosch smoke index equal to 50% of the value for the same engine fuelled with diesel oil. After these initial tests, the tractor was set up for normal field operations, in which both the engine curves and lubricant quality were periodically monitored. These surveys indicated no significant reduction in engine performance; however, the lubricant was consequently diluted and contaminated by biodiesel, which caused the lubricant properties to considerably worsen. However, on the basis of the chemical-physical analysis, reducing the oil change interval from 200 h (manufacturer's indications for the engine when operating with diesel oil) to 100 h would compensate for this progressive quality decline. At the end of the trials, the engine was disassembled to check the condition of its components; wear and lacquer-like coating phenomena were observed, and their levels were acceptable. The obtained results demonstrated that B100 can effectively substitute for diesel oil in a standard compression-ignition engine: the power change is not perceptible during normal operation of a tractor, and no particular problem will arise in the engine during its life if the lubricant is changed every 100 h.

This paper presents the simulation study of voltage clamp technique that enables to analyse current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of ion currents based on Luo-Rudy Phase-I (LR-I) model by using a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Here, the I-V relationship presents the characterization of each ion channel by a relation between membrane voltage, Vm and resulting channel current. In addition, the voltage clamp technique also allows the detection of single channel currents in biological membranes and is known to be applicable in identifying variety of electrophysiological problems in the cellular level. As computational simulations devote a vast amount of time to run due to the increasing complexity of cardiac models, a real-time hardware implementation using FPGA could be the solution as it provides high configurability and performance, and able to executes in parallel mode operation for high-performance real-time systems. For shorter time development while retaining high confiden...

Zinc oxide nanoparticle is the second most abundant metal oxide after iron and it is inexpensive, safe, and as well as it can be prepared easily. Physical and chemical behaviour of zinc oxide nanoparticle can be easily turned by changing the morphology by using different synthesis routes. Zinc is an indispensable inorganic element universally used in medicine, biology, and industry. Its daily intake in an adult is 8-15 mg/day, of which approximately 5-6 mg/day is lost through urine and sweat. The Zn Nanoparticles obtained from ZnO are less toxic and are showing good characteristics in UV and IR regions.

Bio-gas is a form of energy produced when organic materials such as animal excrement or products that are left over from agriculture are fermented easily and at low cost. The advantage of bio-gas is that it replaces other energy sources like charcoal, firewood, electricity, liquid petroleum gas and oil. In our present study an attempt has been made to produce Biogas from Bio Methanation of water hyacinths and cow dung and testing the performance of gas and diesel using high speed diesel engine.

The Engine Cylinder block is the structure that contains the cylinders, and connecting rods of pistons of an internal combustion engine. The engine block consisted of just the cylinder block, to which a separate crankcase was attached. Engine blocks often also include elements such as coolant passages and oil galleries. Many names such as "cylinder block" or simply "Engine Block" are also known by the engine block. Any modern engine block (which has multiple cylinders in a single component block) would be classified as a monobloc. A cylinder block contains the cylinder, cylinder sleeves, coolant passages and some space. At the starting of internal combustion engine development, cylinders were cast individually, so cylinder blocks were produced individually for each cylinder. With an increase in mass-production and technology, engine manufacturers combined two or three cylinders into a single-cylinder block, with an engine combining several of these cylinder blocks. The cylinder block being the heart of the engine receives too much heat. This paper aims to evaluate the performed static thermal analysis of the block under severe thermal conditions. The block model and analysis are performed using SOLIDWORKS and ANSYS Workbench. Thermal analysis is performed on the Cylinder block with structural steel to validate thermal properties and working.

When studying the acoustic wave propagation in a duct, the frequency range can be divided into the low frequency plane wave range and the high frequency range with non-plane waves. In the low frequency range, the wave propagation is one-dimensional and the governing equations are rather simple. The larger the duct, the lower the frequency limit of the non-plane waves. Therefore, also taking into account the three-dimensional acoustic wave propagation is important, especially when considering the duct systems used in large machines. In practice often a harsh environment and immobile structures restrict the use of standardized noise measuring methods. For instance to characterize the exhaust noise of medium speed internal combustion engines (IC-engines) in situ, the induct sound pressures are measured using wall-mounted microphones. Then the low frequency range source sound power can be estimated by wave decomposition (''two-microphone method''). Often a three-microphone array is used to cover a sufficiently large frequency range. One way to formulate the sound pressure and sound power relationship in the high frequency range is to weight the sound pressures at the duct wall in one-third octave bands. The aim of this study is to extend the classical plane wave formulation by determining these weighting factors, so that a three-microphone array also can be used beyond the plane wave range. The results from numerical approach are compared to experimental data.

Today, many technical products need high-precision cylindrical bores which are used, e.g. as a fit or as guidance elements for pistons and shafts. They often need geometric and form accuracy with tolerances less than 1 μm, surface qualities with a roughness less than 1 μm and a high wear resistance. To reach higher production accuracy and better process stability in shorter cycle times, new approaches for the regulation of an automated honing process have to be developed. Due to the great demands regarding the surface roughness which has a great influence on the service life and reliability of parts and the researches of the technical and economical performances of finishing processes were made to optimize the process parameters and constructive parameters of the abrasive tools

In this study, butanol was examined mixing with gasoline at different ratios (Bu0, Bu5, Bu10, Bu20, and Bu30) in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, PFI SI engine for monitoring engine characteristics at various loads to perform thermodynamic analyses. It can be reported that the maximum efficiencies were calculated at the highest load for tested fuels. Accordingly, the maximum thermal efficiencies were computed to be between 35.85%-40.60% meanwhile corresponding exergetic efficiency results were found to be between 33.33%-37.85% for tested fuel samples. In addition, the maximum SIN values were achieved between 1.500-1.609.

Laser cutting is a popular process, which finds wide application in various manufacturing industries because of its precision of operation and low cost. Laser cutting, being a non-contact process, does not involve any mechanical cutting forces and tool wear. To maintain a high production rate and an acceptable level of quality for the cut parts, there is need to select the optimum combination of process parameters. This paper presents method of optimization for multi performance characteristics of LBC process for mild steel. Surface roughness (SR) and material removal rate (MRR) are multi performance characteristics and nozzle dia., gas pressure, cutting speed and cutting power are taken as input process parameters. Grey relational analysis (GRA) technique is used for optimization. ANOVA technique is also used to find significant and sub significant parameter. This experimental work will be helpful in deciding optimum parameters and to improve LBC process.

The development of motorized vehicle technology is growing over the time. The Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) still dominates motorized vehicles. ICE is a machine that produces work using the combustion products of a mixture of fuel and oxygen. In this case, the piston becomes the heart of the ICE. The piston has a very important function in carrying out the engine work cycle and in generating combustion power. In this paper, a comprehensive review of pistons from the natural study is presented. This is to be able to enrich the knowledge of natural science content that is applicable in technology in everyday life such as motor vehicles.

The Indonesian government has mandated to utilize biodiesel at the Indonesian market with blend ratio of 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel fuel (B20). This policy bring car manufacturers concerning in using B20 effect on the engine life time. To evaluate the effect of using B20 on engine components, vehicles road test has been done along 40,000 KM. The test was using three brands of vehicles, in which each brand was composed of two identical vehicles fuelled by B20 FAME fuel and pure diesel fuel (B0) (solar). During the road test at certain intervals in accordance with the manufacturer's maintenance recommendations, the vehicles lubricating oil replacement and other routine maintenance were required. At the completion of the test all test vehicles to be dismantled and the engine components inspected. The test results show that the most parameter of used oil lubricants still in the limits. Likewise, the condition of the vehicles engine components did not show significant difference be...

Manufacturing processes play requisite role in the market and industries. Stipulation of manufacturing processes has increased now days. Optimization is very essential thing in manufacturing processes. Due to optimization accuracy, productivity can be increased. Honing is a super finishing manufacturing process. Honing provides proficient surface finishing of the cylinder liner. Main purpose of honing is to give prevention against the leakage of oil. So, it can be stated that honing is used for the purpose of oil retention in cylinder liner. Hence utilization of oil is decreased. By optimization of honing process by optimization technique, parameters will be optimized and production rate of GG25 cylinder liner will be increased. Cite this Article Joshi Vatsal K, Hardik Chauhan N, Sadatiya Akash R. A Review on “Optimization of Process Parameters for Honing Process of GG25 Cylinder Liner”. Trends in Machine Design. 2017; 4(3): 5–7p.

S u m m a r y. The paper presents the results of the in-use investigations of a U912 tractor operating in the conditions of an average farm in the Province of Lubuskie. In-use investigations of tractor engines under actual operating conditions allow an obtainment of a great deal of important information from the point of view of the end-user and the manufacturer. They determine the scale of mechanical loads on the engine and characterize the engine speed ranges at which they occur. An exact exploration of the load conditions and the characteristics of operation lead to an improvement of the engine design and optimize its durability and reliability of its individual elements. K e y w o r d s : farm tractor, combustion engine, in-use investigations.

Pipe bends are most important necessary for all kind of industries in terms of pipelining materials. Pipe bend is very difficult to avoid thickening on the inner side of the pipe bend and thinning of the outer side of the pipe bend. The cross-section also becomes non-circular due to bending process; this tends to cause ovality and thinning in pipe bends. ovality is the main cause to fail the pipe. This study is an attempt to analyze the stainless steel tube.We are going to apply both internal load an external load on the pipe. The internal load we are applying as pressure and external load we are going to applying by using spring balance The stainless steel tube with Diameter 42.2mm and thickness 3mm and bend radius of 250 mm for the percentage of ovality varied from 0 to 20 is considered for doing the analysis. The pipe bend geometry is imported into ANSYS as IGES file and the convergence study was performed. Workbench option is invoked in the analysis for better results. The resul...

Combustion process in internal combustion engines involve significant temperature and pressure, carbon deposit, turbulence flame, swirling and tumbling flows which are considered necessary for operating these engines. This study examines the in-cylinder effects of swirling and tumbling motion along with the in-cylinder temperature during combustion process of air-fuel mixture. A detailed port flow analysis was carried out using ANSYS R-16 software and a valve lift of 8 mm. The velocity magnitude and mass flow rate were monitored using swirl motion simulated profiles and cut planes. Motion analysis was carried out to determine the angular velocity of the cycle using SOLIDWORKS 2017. The average angular velocity of the crankshaft was found to be 1315 rpm, with percentage deviation of less than 20%. It was also found that the area-weighted average velocity of charge was 11 m/s with corresponding mass flow rate measured as-0.055479 kg/s. The maximum flow rate was calculated at 8 mm as 0.005417 kg/s. The ICE swirl plane 1, 2 and 3 were characterized by different contours of velocity magnitude, indicating that the swirl intensity increased as the charge moved further down the cylinder while the charge volume of swirl increased along the cylinder length. For the ICE cut plane, the velocity increased as the swirl increased while the mass flow rate decreased as the fluid went further away from the poppet valve. Therefore, the intensity of swirl increased along the stroke length of the engine cylinder. In addition, increase in the swirl number led to uniform radial temperature distribution as well as reduction in the in-cylinder flame temperature which can mitigate against the formation of toxic pollutants.

The gas expansion process that takes place in a piston cylinder assembly have been used in numerous applications. However, the time-dependent process of heat transfer is still not fully apprehended as the expansion processes are complex and difficult due to the unsteady property of the turbulent flow process. Internal combustion Engines(ICE) designs are conducted with the aim of achieving higher efficiency in the thermal characteristics. To optimize these designs, numerical simulations are conducted. However, modelling of the process in terms of heat transfer and combustion is complex and challenging. For a designer to understand, calculate and quantify the thermal stresses and heat losses at different sections of the structure, understanding the piston-cylinder wall is needed. This study carried out a numerical simulations based on Finite Element Method (FEM) to investigatethe stresses in the piston, and temperature after loading. Appropriate boundary conditions were set on differe...

Temporary hydraulic fluid flow regimes, using the characteristic method, are applied based on the simplified theory of water hammer theory for a simple pipe system. Based on the model as a simple pipeline system, the tank-tube valve, a water hammer program was developed the WH program (water hammer) whose results are compared to current programs from the literature used. Numerical analysis in the transition process of the selected model is made by changing the spatial and temporal steps of integration, such as the time change of the pipe in the system and the closing time of the valve, respectively depending on the time for the shut-off valve: a number of hydraulic shocks water hammer are analyzed. The frontal movement of the fluid pressure was also analyzed, depending on the speed of interruption, pressure and time. The obtained results are presented in tabular form and in diagrams.

The focus of the study is to review the modern changes and technologies on waste heat recovery of exhaust gas from internal combustion engine. These include the thermoelectric generator, turbocharger, exhaust gas through I.C engine. Due to the total heat supplied to the engine in the form of fuel around 30-40%, heat is converting in to the use full mechanical work and residual parts of the wastage heat 60-70% as friction, exhaust gas and engine cooling system. Waste heat release in the form of fumes in environment through I.C engine, which also includes the exhaust gases. The side effects are global warming, greenhouse effects and entropy increases etc. Therefore, it is required to use the waste heat in to useful work. The recovery of waste heat not only conserves fossil fuel but also control the environment pollution. Therefore, main objective of this paper is to evaluate (waste heat recovery system) technology based on the total waste heat converted into the useful mechanical work and possible methods to recovery of the waste heat from I.C engine. As a result, waste heat recovery from the I.C engines and utilization shall be remain best technique in future automobile application save the fuel and protect the environment.

This paper introduces an analytical study on the thermal effects on the diesel engine piston and its compresion rings during the contact between the piston and its compression rings .A three dimensional finite element model is built for the piston and its compression rings using the ANSYS v. 8 Finite Element Analysis Code that serves all engineering problems . The thermal analysis is made using contact case between the piston and its compression rings .The work in this paper did not include a convergence study. The study includes the effects on the piston and piston compression rings of the thermal conductivity of piston material , and the contact area .The conclusions of this study are that the material type of high thermal conductivity is considered better than the material type of low thermal conductivity. This means that the aluminum alloy is considered better than the cast-iron alloy, and tapering the compression rings from the inner side by 1 mm , leads to a reduction in the t...

The gas expansion process that takes place in a piston cylinder assembly have been used in numerous applications. However, the time-dependent process of heat transfer is still not fully apprehended as the expansion processes are complex and difficult due to the unsteady property of the turbulent flow process. Internal combustion Engines(ICE) designs are conducted with the aim of achieving higher efficiency in the thermal characteristics. To optimize these designs, numerical simulations are conducted. However, modelling of the process in terms of heat transfer and combustion is complex and challenging. For a designer to understand, calculate and quantify the thermal stresses and heat losses at different sections of the structure, understanding the piston-cylinder wall is needed. This study carried out a numerical simulations based on Finite Element Method (FEM) to investigatethe stresses in the piston, and temperature after loading. Appropriate boundary conditions were set on differe...

This paper studies an ATEG system which works on the temperature difference between the exhaust gases (hot side) and circulating engine coolant liquid (cold side) of an Internal Combustion (IC) engine. The approach taken in this paper is theoretical analysis by understanding the basic physics (mathematical equations) of the ATEG system. These mathematical equations are modeled in MATLAB/Simulink environment for computer simulation. The inputs to this model, for simulation, are given from the IC engine test bench data. The results indicate that the ATEG system is suitable to drive all the electrical loads in a small (< 1.4 liter engine) and midsized (between 1.4 liter and 2 liter engine) IC engine driven Automobiles. Therefore, ATEG system forms a great candidate to replace the alternator for small and midsized Automobiles. Replacing the alternator by the ATEG eliminates the load of the alternator on the IC engine and increases the overall fuel efficiency of the automobile greatly...

A common strategy to reduce engine parasitic power losses is to decrease pumping and viscous friction losses through use of a low viscosity engine oil. However, reducing lubricant viscosity can also decrease the contact load carrying capacity, thus exacerbating direct interaction of contacting surfaces. This leads to boundary frictional losses in contacts prone to mixed regime lubrication. As a result, detailed experimental and modelling studies of engine component frictional behaviour is required to ensure the engine level trade-offs. This paper presents a combined experimental and numerical investigation of frictional behaviour of three-piece piston oil control rings. A bespoke tribometer replicates kinematics of the contact between a full oil control ring and the cylinder liner. The three-piece oil control ring is composed of two segments, separated by a waveform type expander. The experimental results indicate the dominance of mixed regime of lubrication throughout the stroke. This is particularly the case when the experiments are conducted at 80 °C; a typical engine sump temperature, when compared with the case of 20 °C (a typical engine start-up temperature in the UK in the Spring). A mixed hydrodynamic numerical model of the oil control ring-cylinder liner tribological interface is employed to apportion frictional contributions with their physical underlying mechanisms. The combined experimental-predictive approach provides key information for engine designers when considering the efficiency trade-offs.

The development of motorized vehicle technology is growing over the time. The Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) still dominates motorized vehicles. ICE is a machine that produces work using the combustion products of a mixture of fuel and oxygen. In this case, the piston becomes the heart of the ICE. The piston has a very important function in carrying out the engine work cycle and in generating combustion power. In this paper, a comprehensive review of pistons from the natural study is presented. This is to be able to enrich the knowledge of natural science content that is applicable in technology in everyday life such as motor vehicles.

This document is the author's post-print version, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer-review process. Some differences between the published version and this version may remain and you are advised to consult the published version if you wish to cite from it.

The present paper describes the application of statistical signal processing methods for the detection and identification of engine misfire in a high performance engine. The new environmental regulation in the Unites States requires the misftre detection because of its potential effect to decrease the effectiveness of the three way catalyst, at least resulting the irreversible destruction of the catalyst itself if the misfire presence is systematic. The method is based on compression and clustering of a data vector consisting of twelve Fourier components of the engine angular velocity signal. The paper describes the theory of the method and experimental results, illustrating the applicability of the method and its potential ability to solve a heretofore very challenging problem.

This study presents comparative energy and exergy analyses of a four-cylinder, four-stroke spark-ignition engine using gasoline fuels of three different research octane numbers (RONs), namely 91, 93 and 95.3. Each fuel test was performed by varying the engine speed between 1200 and 2400 rpm while keeping the engine torque at 20 and 40 Nm. Then, using the steady-state data along with energy and exergy rate balance equations, various performance parameters of the engine were evaluated for each fuel case. It was found that the gasoline of 91-RON, the design octane rating of the test engine, yielded better energetic and exergetic performance, while the exergetic performance parameters were slightly lower than the corresponding energetic ones. Furthermore, this study revealed that the combustion was the most important contributor to the system inefficiency, and almost all performance parameters increased with increasing engine speed.

: Piston is the main alternating mass of a single cylinder 4 stroke engine and hence contain most of the inertial forces, also modern advancement in the automotive industry for the sake of pollution control and fuel economy many of the techniques such as Downsizing of engine (turbo charging), advance spark ignition, port injection, VVA and many more are adapted and hence results in high specific loading, including thermal and mechanical loads on the several parts of engine. This paper presents the re-designing of the piston, the topology optimization techniques have been used for increasing strength and decreasing mass of the piston which is our main objective. Traditionally pistons were manufactured by casting of aluminum and grey cast iron, aluminum was used in performance oriented vehicles as it was light in weight and have addition thermal properties and also it was easy to manage the inertial forces, whereas cast iron pistons were used in industrial purpose engine (heavy duty engine) today methods are replaced with 3-D printing, as a topology optimized piston cant be manufactured with traditional methods. The procedures in the paper are done for a generalized case and not for a particular so that the same methodology can be implemented in specific cases. Also it will cover a lot about the Material selection and additive manufacturing process used for this specific application.

Among all automotive and other industrial area components, engine pistons and combustion chambers are the most complicated. The development of an IC Engine with greater power capacity has been discovered to be appealing by the present trend. The goal of lightening the structure's weight and, by extension, reducing fuel consumption, is one of the design criteria. A better engine design has made this possible. The "Heart" of the engine is the piston and combustion chamber, and their operating conditions are the worst of all the major engine components. Therefore, it is crucial for the combustion chamber and piston's design and structural analysis. Thermal analysis and structural analysis are performed in this research. Operating gas pressure, temperature, and the material characteristics of the piston and combustion chamber are the parameters considered for the analysis. Boundary conditions employed in the analysis of pistons include pressure on the piston head under...

The effects of the above-mentioned parameters on exergy destruction, and CO 2 emission of the power plant are determined for circulating fluidized bed power plant co-firing. The aim of this study is to perform thermodynamic analysis on Çan Circulating Fluidized Bed Power Plant (CFBPP) co-fired with olive pits. The results of this study also show that the total exergy damage of the plant is about 295 MW and the net exergy yield is 31.26%. The majority (252.40 MW) of exergy destruction occurs in the main boiler and accounts for 86.05% of the total exergy breakdown of CFBPP through exergy analysis. The results show that CFBPP has an effective feature of biomass supplement for exergetic performance and CO 2 emissions.

Trigeneration or Combined Cooling, Heat and Power (CCHP) which is based upon combined heat and power (CHP) systems coupled to an absorption chiller can be recognized as one of the best technologies recovering biomass effectively to heat, cooling and power. Co-gasification of the lignite and biomass can provide the possibility for safe and effective disposal of different waste types as well as for sustainable and environmentally-friendly production of energy. In this article, a trigeneration system based on an IC engine and gasifier reactor has been simulated and realized using Thermoflex simulation software. Performance results suggest that utilization of sustainably-grown biomass in a Tri-Generation Power Plant (TGPP) can be a possibility for providing cooling, heat and power demands with local renewable sources and reducing the environmental impacts of the energy conversion systems.

Exhaust gases remaining inside the engine cylinder after the exhaust stroke premix with fresh air-fuel combustible mixture and affect combustion process in the engine cylinder. Due to significantly higher temperature of these exhaust residuals (ExR) compared to the external exhaust gases recirculation (EGR), their impact on the incylinder combustion process is also different from impact of EGR. To control amounts of ExR independent of engine working parameters, the variable valve timing was introduced. It is known that variable valve timing affects not only volumetric efficiency and performance of the internal combustion reciprocating engine but also influences the amount of exhaust residuals remaining in the engine cylinder. These exhaust residuals impact combustion rates, combustion stability, knock and also play crucial role on exhaust toxic emissions. In this manuscript, the effect of variable valve overlap was studied on A. exhaust toxic emission (NOx, CO and THC), and B. combustion phasing and engine performance on a spark ignited natural gas fueled engine. The investigation was carried out in a single cylinder research engine at constant load. The engine was equipped with high authority dual independent cam phasors for both intake and exhaust values, but for the purpose of this study, the exhaust valve timing was fixed and intake valve timing was changed to vary the amount of exhaust residuals remaining in the engine cylinder. The correlation between valve overlap and exhaust residuals were determined. It was observed that correlation in the positive overlap range between 55 and 85 deg was almost positive linear. Regarding toxic exhaust emission, increase in exhaust residuals from 9.6 to 12.3% (change by 28%) caused reduction in NOx by 67% and increase in both CO and THC by approximately 75%. Additionally, it did not significantly affect the engine's specific fuel consumption. Summarizing, strong correlation between in-cylinder exhaust residuals and toxic emissions, and combustion phases exists in the methane fueled spark ignited engine equipped with VVT.

In windmill induction generator wound rotor shaft is very crucial to make power production from the wind. so design and material selection of wound rotor is very challenging one. This work deals with In 2.1 MW wind mill the replacement of conventional two-piece steel rotor shaft with a single-piece wound rotor STEEL (SM45C) material in 50 HZ and 60 HZ various frequency at various speed like Rated speed (1512 rpm), over speed (2150 rpm), critical speed (2580 rpm) conditions structural analysis and its performance to select proper material and make the perfect design to avoid the defects and better efficiency of power production.

Improving thermal efficiency of internal combustion engines has been a priority in the automotive industry. It is necessary to model the heat transfer phenomenon at the intake system and precisely predict intake air's mass flow rate into the engine cylinder. In the previous studies, the heat transfer at the intake system was modeled as quasi-steady state phenomenon, based on Colburn analogy. Authors developed two empirical equations with the introduction of Graetz and Strouhal numbers. In the present study, further improvements were done by the addition of pressure ratio between the intake manifold and atmospheric pressure, along with Reynolds number in order to characterize the backflow gas effect on intake air temperature. Compared with the experimental results, maximum and average errors of intake air temperature estimations inside the manifold found to be 2.9 % and 0.9 %, respectively.

Overall efficiency of internal combustion engines are heavily depended on intake air temperature which is directly related to the heat transfer inside an intake system. Previously, authors developed an equation by using port model setup to calculate Nusselt number with introduction of Graetz and Strouhal numbers. This study modified the port model equation to improve its accuracy in a real engine experimental setup. Predicted intake air temperature was compared to the measured data with a maximum error of 5.6%. Additionally, 100 K of temperature difference was found between the boost pressure values of 944hPa and 678hPa from 1-D engine simulation results.

Biodiesel was extracted from three different individual sources: waste frying oil, palm oil, and castor oil to find out if significant differences exist among biodiesel fuels within their thermo-physical properties and engine performance characteristics and the resulted exhaust emissions. The study investigated the effect of these biodiesels properties on engine performance characteristics, to determine the appropriate biodiesel source for best engine performance. The tested properties were: kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, heat value, and pour point. The tested exhaust emissions elements were: Oxygen, Sulfur dioxide, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, and Nitrogen oxides. Engine performance characteristics under evaluation were Brake power, Brake specific fuel consumption, and the Air fuel ratio.