Household Food Security

The availability of high-quality and affordable rice seeds plays a critical role in improving rice productivity in Kano State. This study assessed the technical, allocative, and economic efficiency of rice seed multipliers involved in the Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA)/Kano State Agro-pastoral Development Project (KSADP) in Kano State, Nigeria. Data from 221 community-based rice seed producers were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and stochastic frontier analysis. The analysis revealed that the average age of respondents was 46.4 years, with an average household size of 10 persons and an average farming experience of 14.3 years. The majority of participants were male (94.57%) and married (96.83%). Age and household size were identified as crucial factors influencing technical efficiency, while marital status and years of experience significantly affected allocative efficiency. The mean efficiency scores were high: technical efficiency (0.975), allocative efficiency (1.48), and economic efficiency (1.19). These findings indicate that community-based rice seed multipliers operate efficiently. To further enhance their production capabilities and meet the increasing demand for quality and affordable rice seeds, it is recommended that these multipliers receive improved access to credit services.

This research study focused on estimating the return to scale (RTS) and elasticity of production (EP) among smallscale tomato producers in Kano and Kaduna States of Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling plan was utilized to select 200 small-scale tomato producers. Primary data of cross-sectional sources were utilized based on a well-planned questionnaire. The data were evaluated using descriptive statistics, RTS, EP, and stochastic frontier production model. The results show that the mean age of tomato producers was 44 years (SD = 6.12). The tomato producers were small-scale growers with a mean farm size of 1.41 hectares. The coefficient of agrochemicals, fertilizer usage, seeds, farm size, and labour were positively and considerably different from zero in affecting the output of tomato growers. The coefficients of elasticity of production were estimated as follows, agrochemicals (0.1674), fertilizer usage (0.2316), farm size (0.1635), seeds (0.1206), and labour (0.1526) respectively. The input elasticities were inelastic for tomato farming; this means a 1% rise in each factor, while keeping all other stimulus constant will result to less than 1% rise in tomato output. The RTS was evaluated at 0.8357, this connotes deceasing RTS, the tomato producers are operating in stage 1 of the production surfaces which is the output of tomato can still be raised by using more of the factors. An increase in all the inputs by 1% raises tomato output by 0.8357 percent. The improved varieties of tomato seeds should be given to producers to increase output. Also, farm technologies such as machines, tractors, new equipment's should be given to farmers for farm mechanization and to increase the tomato output.

En Guatemala, la inseguridad alimentaria afecta a 3.4 millones, agravada por cambio climático en zonas como Alta Verapaz, Franja Transversal del Norte y Polochic y donde la mortalidad por desnutrición aumento en 2023-2024
Recomendamos protección social, autonomía resiliente, seguros paramétricos y bioeconomía.
Texto elaborado en colaboración con Dr. Wener Ochoa.

People move out of their areas of domicile for various reasons, including work, study, relaxation and reuniting with their families. Northern Ghana has witnessed a paradigm shift in its migration history, as an increasing number of women and young girls engage in rural-urban migration, either independently or by family decision, due to widespread poverty emanating from limited arable land and high female unemployment rates. The rise in female migration (feminization) results in a considerable number of left-behind population in the rural areas, including children, elderly parents, spouses (husbands) and other household members. Despite the gravity of the number of left-behind, the numerous scholarly kinds of literature on female migration have tended to favor the vulnerabilities of migrants in urban destinations at the expense of the socioeconomic effects on those left behind. Hence, the implications of out-migration cannot be glossed over. The primary objective of the study was to explore the impact of female rural-urban migration on migrants' left-behind family members in the East Mamprusi District in Northern Ghana. The study adopted a qualitative research design. The methods of data collection included in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, participant observation, key informant interviews and document review. The field research tools included the interview guide, a semi-structured questionnaire, a voice recorder and a field notebook. Data analysis was through thematic and content analysis. Descriptive tools such as frequency distribution, tables and diagrams (bar charts, pie charts) were used to ensure clearer and comprehensive interpretation and discussions.

Food insecurity is a persistent challenge in Namibia, especially in the northern communal areas where climate shocks, low productivity, and import dependence undermine rural livelihoods. Food Security Pack (FSP) programs aim to address these gaps by providing vulnerable but viable households with seeds, fertilizer, small livestock, and training to improve production and resilience. Evidence shows that FSPs enhance household yields, nutrition, and income, while also empowering women and strengthening community livelihoods. However, challenges such as dependency risks, targeting errors, resource constraints, and weak market access limit long-term sustainability. This position paper argues that while FSP programs are an important intervention, they are not sufficient on their own to secure sustainable food systems. Policy recommendations highlight the need for stronger extension services, market linkages, livelihood diversification, and innovative approaches such as digital agriculture, climate insurance, and irrigation. FSPs should therefore be seen as part of a broader resilience-focused strategy for national food security.

In developing countries poultry rearing has been practiced for many years. The study focused on revealing the level of empowerment of rural women and food assurance through poultry farming especially chicken. Data was collected from one hundred and one respondents through semi structured interview form Chakwal city. The research was conducted over a period of six weeks. The data was entered and then analyzed by correlating it through SPSS. Scope of the study was to observe the effects of poultry rearing on the life of rural women and the way it has contributed to her empowerment and food security at household level. It was observed that poultry rearing at household level has not much enhanced the overall household income yet plays role in contributing to sustain household economy. Besides being healthy and nutritious source of food, it somehow contributes in securing dietary needs especially of the young ones. It has made the women self-employed, more confident, socially empowered a...

The research aimed to evaluate the extent of women's participation in cassava farming within rural communities of Rivers State. To accomplish this, specific objectives were established to outline the socioeconomic characteristics of the participants, assess the level of involvement of rural women in cassava cultivation, and identify the challenges hindering effective participation in this agricultural activity. The study was conducted in the Orashi region of Rivers State using a multi-stage sampling method. Initially, four local government areas within the Orashi region were purposefully selected. Subsequently, five communities were randomly chosen from each of these areas, resulting in a total of twenty communities. From each community, six cassava farmers were selected, culminating in a sample size of one hundred and twenty respondents who were interviewed. Data collection involved structured questionnaires and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), alongside secondary sources such as journals, online resources, and other printed materials to gather relevant information. Descriptive statistical methods, including frequency counts, percentages, means, and analysis of variance (ANOVA), were employed for data analysis. The findings indicated that 90% of the respondents were aged between 50 and 60 years, with 60% lacking formal education and 25% holding a senior school certificate as their highest educational qualification. Additionally, 60% of respondents were solely engaged in farming, while 40% combined farming with other entrepreneurial activities for their livelihood. High levels of participation among rural women were noted in various cultivation tasks, with weeding having a mean score of 2.80, followed by planting (2.70), sourcing planting materials (2.6), soil tillage (2.50), and harvesting (2.45). The null hypothesis tested was accepted, as the p-value of 0.974 exceeded the alpha level of 0.05. Furthermore, the study identified several constraints faced by rural women, including limited access to credit facilities, use of marginal land, lack of land ownership rights for women, and insufficient collaboration between government entities and rural populations. Consequently, the study recommended promoting group formation among rural women to enhance their influence in decision-making regarding land ownership and improve access to credit facilities.

121 This study assessed the effects of the adoption of climate change adaptation strategies (CCAS) on household food security among smallholder poultry farmers (SPFs). Using a multistage sampling approach, 360 smallholder poultry farmers were surveyed through a questionnaire. Percentages, mean score, and endogenous switching probit model (ESPM) were employed for analysis. The result revealed a significant negative influence for sex, age, infrastructure and access to credits, on the adoption decisions of CCAS for food security among SPFs. It further showed that SPFs could increase their food security by 1.923 if they adopted CCAS, whereas those in the adopter group would have 1.556 times more food security than if they did not adopt CCAS. Therefore, it is advised that policies be put in place to help SPFs make better choices regarding the use of CCAS, and these strategies should be included in policies and investment plans.

The mental health of the United States' Latino population significantly deteriorated during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, and Latino immigrants living in rural areas faced unique vulnerabilities. However, few studies have specifically examined the mental health burden and experiences of rural Latino immigrants during the COVID pandemic. To understand the mental health experiences of firstand second-generation Latinos in rural areas, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 35 Latino residents of rural California counties during July 2020-February 2021 and screened all respondents for major depression and generalized anxiety symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ]-2 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder [GAD]-2 screeners. We explored the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in our sample, iteratively analyzed participants' narratives regarding the mental health impact of the pandemic, and used their mental health screener status to contextualize these narratives. Results indicated that nearly all respondents viewed mental health as a major concern, and 34% (n ¼ 12) of respondents screened positive for major depression or generalized anxiety disorder. Respondents connected their mental health concerns to experiences of financial precarity, fear of contracting COVID-19, social isolation, and the challenges of remote schooling. Additional themes emerged around problems accessing the mental health care system, the utility of pre-pandemic mental health services, and using healthy coping mechanisms to alleviate psychological problems. Respondents' narratives tended to focus on the mental health challenges facing their family members, particularly their children. Our findings suggest that mental health intervention models that engage with multiple family members, policies that support infrastructure for encouraging exercise and outdoor activity, and ensuring access to culturally and linguistically appropriate mental health care for Latino communities may be important for protecting population mental health.

U.S. food insecurity rates rapidly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, with disproportionate impacts on Latino immigrant households. We conducted a qualitative study to investigate how household food environments of rural Latino immigrants were affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thirty-one respondents (42% from low food security households) completed interviews (July 2020-April 2021) across four rural counties in California. A rural household food security conceptual framework was used to analyze the data. Early in the pandemic, food availability was impacted by school closures and the increased consumption of meals/snacks at home; food access was impacted by reduced incomes. Barriers to access included limited transportation, excess distance, and lack of convenience. Key resources for mitigating food insecurity were the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), the Pandemic Electronic Benefits Transfer (P-EBT), school meals, charitable food programs, and social capital, although the adequacy and acceptability of charitable food distributions were noted issues. Respondents expressed concern about legal status, stigma, and the public charge rule when discussing barriers to government nutrition assistance programs. They reported that food pantries and P-EBT had fewer access barriers. Positive coping strategies included health-promoting food substitutions and the reduced consumption of meals outside the home. Results can inform the development of policy and systems interventions to decrease food insecurity and nutrition-related health disparities among rural Latino immigrants.

Rural Latinx immigrants experienced disproportionately negative health and economic impacts during the COVID-19 pandemic. They contended with the pandemic at the intersection of legal status exclusions from the safety net and long-standing barriers to health care in rural regions. Yet, little is known about how rural Latinx immigrants navigated such exclusions. In this qualitative study, we examined how legal status stratification in rural contexts influenced Latinx immigrant families' access to the safety net. We conducted interviews with firstand second-generation Latinx immigrants (n = 39) and service providers (n = 20) in four rural California communities between July 2020 and April 2021. We examined personal and organizational strategies used to obtain economic, health, and other forms of support. We found that Latinx families navigated a limited safety net with significant exclusions. In response, they enacted short-term strategies and practicesworkaroundsthat met immediate, short-term needs. Workarounds, however, were enacted through individual efforts, allowing little recourse beyond immediate personal agency. Some took the form of strategic practices within the safety net, such as leveraging resources that did not require legal status verification; in other cases, they took the form of families opting to avoid the safety net altogether.

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 2 appreciates that sustainable agriculture is significant in empowering small-scale farmers, promoting gender equality, ending rural poverty, ensuring healthy lifestyles, and tackling climate change. Regrettably, the global issue of hunger and food insecurity has increased since the inception of the SDGs, not sparing Nyando sub-County. This study employed a quasi-longitudinal research design to investigate the influence of rainfall magnitude on maize, beans and African Nightshade production in Nyando sub-County of Kisumu County, Kenya. Primary data was collected using questionnaire, key informant interview, focus group discussion, and observation and photography. Secondary data was obtained from Kenya Meteorological Department and sub-County and County Agricultural Offices. Qualitative data was analyzed using themes. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and linear regression analysis. Findings of the study showed a significant effect between rainfall magnitude and maize, beans, and African Nightshade yields, overall, and during both long and short rain seasons. About 44 percent, 38 percent, and 34 percent of the variation in maize, beans, and African Nightshade yields, respectively, could be explained by change in rainfall magnitude. This implied that rainfall magnitude affected the production of the three crops: maize, beans, and African Nightshade. There is need to engage precision agriculture, adopt climate-smart farming, minimize absolute reliance on rain-fed farming, and use hybrid seeds for early crop maturity.

Robust evidence underpinning the role of beekeeping in poverty alleviation is currently lacking. This study estimated the production potential for beekeepers in Northern Uganda by quantifying current production assets (equipment and knowledge) and impact on rural income streams range of proposed interventions. Intervention scenarios evaluated the economic benefits to be derived from different hive types combined with year-round provision of a nectar source (Calliandra calothyrsus) planted at varying density. Findings show that the type and number of beehive combinations used influenced the amount of revenue streams generated by the beekeepers. Addition of 20 log hives increased incomes 10 times, 20 KTBs increased revenues 16 times and Langstroth 18 times. Adding Calliandra trees as a forage source to the baseline scenario yielded revenues up to 17.6 times higher than the baseline. Implying that good management plus the introduction of a reliable nectar source, to off-set dry season challenges (absconding), could improve beekeeping productivity in Northern Uganda. Further research is required to validate in situ the impact of modelled scenarios on both honey yield and other ecosystem service benefits.

The objective of this research was to examine the cold chain temperature maintenance for the supply of vaccines and other biological products by pharmaceutical wholesaler. In this study, six configurations using cold vaccine boxes or bags made with different materials, with and without insulation, of different sizes, and number of coolant-packs were used to simulate the configuration used by the pharmaceutical wholesalers for transportation of vaccine. Model vaccines (vial, n=10) were packed using these six configurations which then stored in an incubator at 38ºC and monitored for 24 hours. Each configuration was tested repeatedly for 5 times. In term of compliance to 2°C-8°C, four out of six tested configurations are effective in cold chain transportation. The effectiveness is highly dependent on the type of passive containers used, size of cold boxes, insulation, and number of coolant-packs. The configuration with a larger polystyrene foam box with five coolant-packs maintained the required temperature up to 23 hours. In contrast, configurations using a polystyrene foam box with four coolantpacks and a large vaccine cold box with two coolant-packs failed to reach below 8ºC throughout the 24 hours. Packaging method, the material and size of the container could have a direct impact on the effectiveness of cold chain temperature maintenance. Polystyrene foam box, cold box with polyethylene interior lining and polypropylene insulation, a cooler bag with proper number of ice packs could be effectively used for transportation of vaccines within their respective transportation duration allowance.

Social vulnerability refers to the attributes of society that make people and places susceptible to natural disasters, adverse health outcomes, and social inequalities. Using a social vulnerability index (SVI), we investigated social vulnerability prevalence and its relationship with food insecurity in South Africa (SA). In this nationally representative cross-sectional survey, we calculated SVI scores from 3402 respondents (median age, 35 (26-46) years) using an SVI developed by the United States (US) Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) adapted for a South African context. We measured food insecurity using a modified Community Childhood Hunger Identification Project. Findings classified 20.6% and 20.4% of adults as socially vulnerable and food insecure, respectively. The risk of food insecurity was almost threefold higher in the social vulnerability group (OR 2.76, 95% CI 2.76-2.77, p < 0.001) compared to their counterparts. The SVI could be a useful tool to guide government and policymakers in the facilitation of social relief initiatives for those most vulnerable. • South Africa's socially vulnerable groups (those with fewer resources, unemployed, and without high school certificate) are at a greater risk of experiencing food insecurity.

Policies fronting commercialization of agriculture in Kenya assumed that realization of increased household incomes, through cultivation of cash crops, would guarantee improved food security and subsequent reduction of poverty. However, most communities in Kenya growing cash crops are currently struggling to put food on the table. Nandi South is a maize deficit zone despite being 68% arable and having good climate (GoK, 2005). Population pressure has led to competition for limited land resource, coupled with unfavourable poverty indicators; they have impacted negatively on food access in the district. Specifically significant is smallholder tea population in Nandi Hills division. The study focused the population of smallholder tea farmers in Nandi South who supply their tea leaves to the Multinational tea estates. The main objective was to investigate the factors influencing households&#39; food security among smallholder tea farmers in Nandi South. A modified Almost Ideal Demand Sy...

This study focused on the production efficiency among soy bean Local Government Area of Benue State data were collected from 100 respondents (50 male and 50 female) soybean farmers; through multi sampling techniques; with the aid of questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistic result shows that majority (48%) and (52%) of male and female were between the ages of 41-50 years. and (64%) of male and female were married. Primary education was attained by majority (32%) of male majority (50%) of the female had no formal education. household size of majority (48%) and (42%) ranged between 11-14 and 5-10 among male and female farmers. The farm size of majority (48%) and (50%) of the male and female farmers ranged between 3-4.99 and 0-2.99 their annual income ranged between respectively. Further analysis shows that majority (62%) and (50%) male and female farmers were full whose farming experience ranged between 11 26 % and 36 % of male and female farmers. Most of the respondents 50 % of the male farmers inherited land while 40% of the female farmers used family land. Labour exchange was used by majority 40% male whereas 40% female hired labour. Inorganic fertilize majority 40% of the respondents. Majority 90% and 98% and 60% and 70% of the male and female farmers adopted manual tilling and weeding respectively. While harvesting and fertilizer applications were done manually by 100 % and 90% and 96% of male and female respondents whose output in kg ranged between 11,000-15,000kg and 100 for the male and female soybean farmers respectively. result of regressions analysis shows that male s farmers were more efficient in the use of resources than female counterparts with R 2 of 0.851 ((66.6%). All independent variables in the were found to be statistically significant. Factors such as high cost of inputs, pests and diseases among other constitute major constraints to soybean production hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance us Chi-square were rejected showing that there was significant difference between inputs and outputs obtained by male and female soya bean farmers. The study revealed that there was gender differential in soya bean production. It was recommended that soybean production could be increased by improving farmers' access to basic inputs and through effective extension service delivery and as well as enhancing female farmers' access to farm productive resources.

This study examines the scale and technical efficiency of Boro rice and maize cultivation in northern Bangladesh, focusing on the Dinajpur and Lalmonirhat districts. Utilizing stochastic production frontier analysis, the research assesses the key factors affecting production efficiency and resource utilization among smallholder farmers. The findings indicate that maize producers demonstrate higher technical efficiency compared to Boro rice farmers, with efficiency levels for maize often surpassing 90%. Fertilizer use is crucial in enhancing maize productivity, while labor plays a significant role in the cultivation of both crops. Additionally, younger and more experienced farmers exhibit higher efficiency, highlighting the importance of human capital in agricultural productivity. Despite these improvements, challenges remain, such as limited access to extension services, credit facilities, and quality inputs, which hinder the potential of both maize and Boro rice farmers. The study also identifies inefficiencies among Boro rice farmers, attributed to suboptimal resource utilization and a lack of adoption of productivity-boosting practices. For maize, the complementarity between labor and fertilizer use suggests opportunities for integrated resource management strategies to boost output. The findings align with previous research, emphasizing that efficiency gains can be achieved through targeted interventions, including improved access to timely services, training programs, and financial support. The insights provided are valuable for policymakers, extension agents, and stakeholders working to promote sustainable agricultural practices and improve productivity in Bangladesh's smallholder farming systems.

This study examines the scale and technical efficiency of Boro rice and maize cultivation in northern Bangladesh, focusing on the Dinajpur and Lalmonirhat districts. Utilizing stochastic production frontier analysis, the research assesses the key factors affecting production efficiency and resource utilization among smallholder farmers. The findings indicate that maize producers demonstrate higher technical efficiency compared to Boro rice farmers, with efficiency levels for maize often surpassing 90%. Fertilizer use is crucial in enhancing maize productivity, while labor plays a significant role in the cultivation of both crops. Additionally, younger and more experienced farmers exhibit higher efficiency, highlighting the importance of human capital in agricultural productivity. Despite these improvements, challenges remain, such as limited access to extension services, credit facilities, and quality inputs, which hinder the potential of both maize and Boro rice farmers. The study also identifies inefficiencies among Boro rice farmers, attributed to suboptimal resource utilization and a lack of adoption of productivity-boosting practices. For maize, the complementarity between labor and fertilizer use suggests opportunities for integrated resource management strategies to boost output. The findings align with previous research, emphasizing that efficiency gains can be achieved through targeted interventions, including improved access to timely services, training programs, and financial support. The insights provided are valuable for policymakers, extension agents, and stakeholders working to promote sustainable agricultural practices and improve productivity in Bangladesh's smallholder farming systems.

This chapter explores the rich and complex history of Djibouti, tracing its evolution from the ancient Land of Punt through the Islamic sultanates of Adal and Ifat, to French colonial rule and eventual independence. It examines archaeological evidence of early habitation, the spread of Islam, and the rise of powerful Muslim states in the Horn of Africa. The chapter details the colonial period under French control, highlighting key events such as the Franco-Ethiopian railway’s construction, border disputes, and the strategic importance of Djibouti during World War II. Special focus is given to the referendums of 1958 and 1967, where issues of ethnic identity, political manipulation, and colonial interests shaped the path to independence. The chapter further analyzes Djibouti’s post-independence political developments, including the establishment of a one-party state, the civil war with Afar rebels, and subsequent peace agreements. It also addresses Djibouti’s modern role as a hub for international military bases, emphasizing its strategic significance at the crossroads of Africa and the Middle East. By weaving together archaeological, political, and socio-economic threads, this chapter offers a comprehensive understanding of Djibouti’s historical trajectory and its enduring influence in regional and global geopolitics.

Food waste measurement has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its critical role in devising interventions to mitigate the environmental, social, and economic impacts of food waste. However, the absence of a standardized protocol for Food Waste (FdW) quantification remains a key obstacle in formulating and evaluating effective minimization strategies. This study utilizes Bland-Altman plots and regression analysis to evaluate the agreement between Self-Reported Food Waste (SR FW) and Direct Weighing Food Waste (DW FW) in a sample of 402 randomly selected households in Chamwino District, Tanzania. It also investigates the socioeconomic factors influencing disparities between these measurement methods, providing valuable insights into the drivers of these discrepancies. The findings reveal a bias of 0.100067 Kilogram (kg), indicating that SR FW measurements significantly underestimate household FdW. On average, respondents report edible FdW of 0.032703 kg through SR FW , while DW FW measures 0.132769 kg. Furthermore, gender, age, marital status, house ownership, awareness, and price and cost sensitivity are identified as significant factors influencing the bias between the two methods. The study concludes by advocating for increased awareness creation, the combined use of SR FW and DW FW methods, and measures to foster household accountability. These recommendations aim to enhance the accuracy of FdW quantification and support the development of effective waste reduction strategies.

The Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) has been working with the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) for more than two decades on the development of beta-carotene (pre-curser for vitamin A), or golden rice (GR), as an added choice for addressing Vitamin A deficiency. Biosafety approval is yet to be given, but the pre-planning for deployment has been developed.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of multiannual, seasonal unconditional cash transfers (UCT) provided within the Moderate Acute Malnutrition Out (MAM’Out) research project on households’ food security and children’s and caregivers’ dietary diversity.DesignA two-arm cluster-randomized controlled trial with sixteen villages in the intervention group and sixteen others in the control group. A monthly allowance of 10 000 XOF was transferred to caregivers of eligible children via a personal mobile phone account from July to November 2013 and 2014.SettingTapoa province in the eastern region of Burkina Faso.ParticipantsData on household food access (monthly adequate household food provisioning (MAHFP); household food insecurity access scale (HFIAS)) and maternal and child dietary diversity were analysed for 1143 households, 1219 caregivers of reproductive age (15–49 years) and 1247 under-5 children from both intervention and control groups.ResultsThe mean women dietary diversity score in in...

Traditional crops play an important role in household food security and livelihood needs of mountain communities, while at the same time safeguarding crop biodiversity for future generations. This study aims to analyse socioeconomic, farm-specific agro-ecological and market factors influencing cultivation and maintenance of crop diversity in Nepal. It used sample surveys of 328 households from mountains of Humla, Jumla, Lamjung and Dolakha districts in 2015. The sample survey was supplemented with participatory rural appraisals, field monitoring visits and local stakeholder consultations. Tobit regression model was used to assess factors driving household decisions to allocate area for production and maintenance ofon-farm diversity. Farm maintenance of crop diversity was related to household food sufficiency level of traditional crops. Factors influencing on-farm crop diversity and household food security varied with the crops, and mainly related with farmers’ age, family size, farm...

The main issue in Malaysia concerning its environmental protection measures practised in hydropower activities is that the effectiveness and standard are being doubted due to environmental and social implications regardless of the measures taken. Hence, this comparative study aims to analyse some environmental protection measures executed in Malaysia, including EIA regulations and the impacts of hydropower activities. This study will extensively examine the efficiency of environmental protection measures in hydropower activities in Malaysia and China to determine whether these measures protect the environmental, geographical, and demographic areas. Some recommendations to reinforce a proper structure of environmental protection measures regarding hydropower development in Malaysia are also being suggested in this study, namely, to institute a key stakeholder to push, lead and manoeuvre the correct execution of EIA as one of the primary environmental protection measures. Next is to include embedding EIAs in a more comprehensive planning and assessment framework. It is also vital to have a proper evaluation to determine the sustainability of hydropower development. The potential of small hydropower plants in a country shall also be explored to minimise the negative impacts of massive hydropower development towards the environment and the people. The paper suggested that countries adhere to a structured regulation that closely reflects, follows and adopts international guidelines.

Small ruminants, such as goats, have significant income potential if marketed effectively. However, the market participation of smallholder farmers in most Sub-Saharan African countries remains very low, despite the potential benefits. In developing countries, particularly in rural communities, poverty and poor living standards are prevalent, indicating low income and limited income sources. Therefore, enhancing market participation is crucial. This study analyses the determinants of market participation among smallholder goat farmers in Gwanda District, Zimbabwe, using primary data. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select a sample of 100 smallholder goat farmers in Gwanda District, and data were collected using questionnaires. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors influencing goat market participation. The results revealed that most smallholder farmers producing goats were market participants. Significant factors affecting market participation included gender, marital status, household size, the number of goats owned at the beginning of the year, price, marketing experience, and the number of available markets. To enhance market participation, the study recommends that rural development projects targeting smallholder farmers should consider focusing on improving the productivity of goat enterprises so as to increase goat herd sizes, advocate for lucrative supply prices of goats, train farmers on marketing to enrich their experience, as well as linking farmers to buyers both local and in the diaspora. Future research should investigate the factors affecting the frequency of marketing and the constraints faced by smallholder goat farmers in market participation.

Goat production plays a significant role in improving the welfare of farmers. In Zimbabwe, goats are widely valued as important domestic livestock for their economic value, contribution to food production, and significance in traditional beliefs, especially among smallholder farmers. However, these smallholder farmers, who own 97% of the goats, face numerous challenges that significantly impact their productivity and viability. Market participation offers potential welfare gains from sales that could alleviate these challenges. The purpose of this study was to assess the viability of goat production and determine whether market participation is a viable venture for smallholder goat farmers in Gwanda District, Zimbabwe. Data was collected through questionnaires in a survey of 100 respondents, selected using the multistage sampling technique. The gross margin analysis method was employed to analyse the data. Results showed that goat production is a viable enterprise amongst farmers in Gwanda District. Moreover, market participants demonstrated a higher gross margin compared to non-market participants. The study concluded that goat production is viable, and market participation further enhances this viability. Based on these findings, it is recommended that smallholder farmers consider adopting goat production and participate in goat marketing. Future research is suggested to explore other factors affecting the viability of goat production among smallholder farmers.

This study assessed the productivity of small-scale maize-cowpea farmers in SouthWestern Nigeria. One hundred and eighty respondents were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Primary data were collected through the administration of a well-structured questionnaire and analysed using a combination of descriptive statistics, budgeting analysis, stochastic frontier translog cost and production function Analysis and multiple regression model. Maximum Likelihood Estimates of the Stochastic Frontier Translog Production Function results showed that the coefficients of labour, agrochemicals, farm size and seed had significant effect on the technical efficiency of maize-cowpea farmers in the study area. Most of the interaction terms among the second order coefficients significantly influenced the technical efficiency. Maximum Likelihood Estimates of the Stochastic Frontier Translog Cost showed that the price of agrochemicals, price of implements, and price of labour had significant effect on the total cost of production. The return to scale was 0.86 indicating that the maize-cowpea farmers were operating Original Research Article

Rural tourism is a significant form of tourism which plays an important role and gives many benefits to rural areas community. In Mara Triangle Rural tourism has been in existence since the establishment of the Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR) in 1961 although limited studies have been done on its contribution to the local community livelihoods. Hence, this study was conducted in the Mara Triangle to establish community perspectives on the contribution of rural tourism initiatives to the local community's financial capital assets. Both descriptive and explanatory research designs were used. Questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to collect the primary data. The target population comprised of Mara conservancy staff, the staff of the tented camps i.e. Kichwa Tembo, Mara West and Little Governors and the local people living adjacent to the park up to 3 km away from the reserve boundary. 100 respondents were randomly selected for the survey and 18 respondents were purposively selected for focus group discussions. Three (3) focus group discussions, each comprising of 6 respondents were held while quantitative data was analyzed using both descriptive statistics and multiple regression and qualitative data was analyzed by the use of content analysis. The study findings revealed that rural tourism initiatives have significant positive contribution to financial capital asset (P= 0.0000). The findings further showed that rural tourism initiatives contributes to direct employment of the local community (Mean= 3.80 ), provision of school bursaries (Mean= 3.65 ), provision of training programs (Mean= 3.50 ); community based projects (Mean= 3.45 ) and support for local sport activities (Mean= 3.43 . The study concludes that rural tourism initiatives contribute significantly to financial capital assets of the local community. However, to sustain the contribution of rural tourism initiatives to the local community financial capital assets, there is need to promote community-based projects and enhanced more support on local sport activities.

A study was conducted in seven villages of Peddanayakenpalayam block of Salem district in Tamil Nadu to understand the impact of remittances of migrants on the Agricultural Well being of their families. The sample size consisted of 100 migrant farm families and the respondents were selected using proportionate random sampling method. A vast majority (87%) of respondents of this study replied that using the remittances of their migrant family members they could able to purchase cows, goats and chicks. Another conspicuous impact on agriculture due to remittances of migrant family members were purchase of new agriculture field/ land and laying of irrigation channels/pipe lines. Nearly three – fifth (59%) of respondents told that they brought un cultivated land to in cultivation using the remittances of their migrated family members. Type of family duration of migration and average pay per month had shown a positive significant contribution for impact of remittances of migrant family me...

Animal husbandry plays a crucial role in the Indian economy but the production potential of indigenous animals is less as compared to their population. For improvement in the productivity of dairy animals, it is very crucial to deliver the relevant and timely information to the livestock owners. So, it is of immense importance to utilize the potential of mobile and its application in the dissemination of credible information to farmers to maximise production with minimum cost. With this background, the present study was planned to study the adoption pattern of livestock-oriented mobile applications among livestock owners of Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh. Information was collected from 15 randomly selected respondents from each village, thus comprising a total of 150 respondents for the study. Data was collected through a predesigned structured interview schedule and the results were analyzed using suitable statistical tools. The study revealed that YouTube was the most preferred mobile application adopted by dairy farmers for information seeking on livestock rearing followed by searching in the Google. The majority of the respondents adopted feeding, management and disease control practices etc. 55.34 per cent of the dairy farmers had adopted market-oriented mobile applications followed by breeding applications (46.00%). Breeding and marketing applications oriented on livestock are adopted higher in number whereas feeding; management, disease control and health care practices were more adopted from YouTube.

Agriculture is the principal source of income for the majority of Nigerian rural households, but it has suffered significant setbacks in recent years, resulting in lower productivity and returns on investment. The study looked at the econometric analysis of household farmers' agricultural intensification strategies in Imo State, Nigeria. With the help of standardized questionnaires, 198 household farmers were selected using a multi-stage sample technique. The Beta regression model and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data collected. Cassava, maize, and pumpkin leaves had the highest average outputs of 88.712kg, 87.901kg, and 85.990kg, respectively, which dominated the entire production cycle. Planting materials, soil nutrients, and land improvement activities cost the most, at N81.637. 75, N74, 402.82, and N71, 906.80, respectively. At 1% and 5% levels, the coefficients of age, sex, education, net farm income, farm size, extension contacts, and farming experience were statistically significant and influenced the intensification of sustainable agricultural techniques (SAT) in the area. The study recommends farmers to embrace effective and long-term agricultural technologies in order to boost farm production and output. Extension personnel should also meet with household farmers on a regular basis to communicate important information about new technologies.

Developing countries with agrarian economy have been facing challenges arising from climate change events and its consequences.
Climate knowledge influences the adaptation and mitigation measures shielding farm households in climatically
vulnerable regions. Indian states with climatically vulnerable coastal and non-coastal agro-ecosystems have dominantly an
agrarian economy; and small and marginal farmers’ livelihoods are under focus through implementation of National Innovations
in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. The present study was
undertaken in one such state, Odisha. Climate knowledge test was developed following appropriate methods and administered
to 200 farmers, 100 each in coastal and non-coastal NICRA districts to assess the knowledge level of dominant livelihood
groups. Farmers’ climate knowledge was higher in coastal district as compared to non-coastal district with overall climate
knowledge index values of 53.10 and 43.95, respectively. Farmers who engaged in crop + livestock farming have better climate
knowledge as compared to crop farmers and livestock farmers. Multiple regression and path analyses revealed social,
economic, communication and psychological attributes of the farmers determining their climate knowledge level. Education
level, social participation, participation in community initiatives, annual family income and personal cosmopolite information
sources use are few such important determinants of climate knowledge. These dimensions require attention for the policy
advocacies to improve climate knowledge so as to shield climatically vulnerable farm households.

Αυτό το σύντομο δοκίμιο χρησιμοποιεί παραδείγματα από τον φιλελεύθερο ιμπεριαλισμό των ΗΠΑ για να αναδείξει τη μεταποικιακή κριτική στον φιλελευθερισμό και την οπτική της. Πρώτον, η σκέψη γύρω από τη μεταποικιακή κριτική αναφέρεται σε μια κριτική που βλέπει το φιλελεύθερο σενάριο ως ένα συγκροτητικό, οριοθετικό εγχείρημα. Ο φιλελευθερισμός είναι οικουμενικό εγχείρημα όχι παρά τις ιδιαιτεριστικές του κινήσεις, αλλά εξαιτίας αυτών. Δεύτερον, το μικρό αυτό δοκίμιο υποστηρίζει ότι η μεταποικιακή κριτική δεν εμφανίζεται από το πουθενά. Προέρχεται από τον χώρο του «αποικιακού»: έναν κοινωνικοπολιτικό τόπο διαφοράς, τόσο υλικής (ή «πραγματικής») όσο και εννοιολογικής, έναν τόπο τον οποίο τα φιλελεύθερα εγχειρήματα επιδιώκουν να οργανώσουν ιεραρχικά και, καθώς το κάνουν, δημιουργούν και τον χώρο της κριτικής. Για να φωτίσει αυτά τα σημεία, το δοκίμιο αναφέρεται στη νέα αυτοκρατορία της Αμερικής των αρχών του 20ού αιώ-ν-α, η οποία συμπεριλάμβανε το Πουέρτο Ρίκο και τις Φιλιππίνες, όπως και την αντιαποικιακή κριτική της αυτοκρατορίας από τα ίδια τα αποικιοποιημένα υποκείμενα.

This paper seeks to evaluate the key players involved in securing a healthy staple food security status in a country using Zambia as a case study, and what should be done to effectively, and collectively guarantee a healthy food security status. This was a qualitative study, and the desk research approach was used to collect data. The principles of content analysis (NVivo) were applied to analyse secondary data, which was obtained through google scholar, materials from E-library of University of Zambia and various publications from Zambia´s Ministry of Agriculture, Finance, Green Economy, and Lands respectively. According to the findings, the players include Small-scale farmers, Large-scale farmers, and the Government of the Republic of Zambia. The study also revealed that, the country may have a staple food shortage due to the drought situation in most parts of the country.

Analysing the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of area, production, and yield over the course of the last few decades, this study explores the impact that climate change has had on the trends of maize production in India. There are substantial links between rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and maize production, according to the research, which makes use of data from the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare on the subject. According to the findings, some places have been able to reduce their yields as a result of increasing sensitivity to drought and flooding, while other regions have faced a decline in output as a result of improved agricultural techniques related to climate change adaptation. In order to reduce the negative effects of climate change on maize production in India and provide food security for the country's rising population, this research highlights the necessity of focused governmental interventions and adaptive methods. Keywords: Climate Change, Agricultural Trends, Climate Resilience, Food Security and Adaptation Strategies

ABSTRACT This paper explores the dual role of humanitarian assistance in responding to immediate crises and laying the ground for long-term sustainable development. It brings out how relief efforts stabilize communities in crisis through provision of essential services like food, shelter, and medical care and prevent further impoverishment. Nevertheless, such short-term objectives have to be combined with sustainable community resilience by way of capacity building, economic empowerment, and disaster preparedness strategies. This paper, through case studies and theoretical analysis, has tried to establish the integrated framework as a means to turn vulnerable populations into self-sufficient communities. The paper has also reiterated the role of stakeholder coordination, local agency, and adaptive programming in bridging the divide between immediate relief and longer-term socio-economic transformation. While undertaking a more nuanced understanding of humanitarian assistance, the study underscores its possible dual role in poverty alleviation and building resilience to support sustainable development.

Food insecurity is affecting an increasing number of urban poor in the developing world. Yet seasonal characteristics of food intakes have rarely been studied in West African cities. The objective of the present study was to assess the seasonality of the dietary dimension of household food security in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). In 2007, two sets of data were collected during the lean and post-harvest seasons, respectively, on a representative sample of 1056 households. At each season, two non-consecutive 24 h recalls were performed at the household level. Food prices were also recorded. Household food security was assessed by the household&#39;s mean adequacy ratio (MAR) for energy and eleven micronutrients. Changes in the MAR according to the season were analysed by mixed multivariate linear regression. Results showed that intakes of energy and of ten micronutrients were significantly lower during the lean season than during the post-harvest season, leading to a lower MAR in the l...

South Asia remains the region with the highest prevalence of undernourishment with India accounting for 255 million food insecure people. A worsening of child nutritional outcomes has been observed in many Indian states recently and children in rural areas have poorer nutrition compared to those in urban areas. This paper investigates the relationship between land ownership, non-farm livelihoods, food security, and child nutrition in rural India, using the Young Lives Survey. The survey covers the same rural households and children over the period 2002-2013 in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Our empirical analysis uses a sample of 1209 children (and their households) who were aged around 1 year in 2002. Our results show that large agricultural land ownership is significantly associated with better child nutrition (measured using height-for-age and stunting) and household food security. A transition from farm to non-farm work improves child nutrition, but only among landless households. While access to land is still critical for improving household food and nutrition security among rural households, there is a trend towards greater non-farm livelihoods, and a decline in reliance on farming, particularly among landless and marginal farmers.

One aspect that poses a threat to the health and wellbeing of human race today is climate change. The impacts
of climate change can never be over emphasized, climate change and health are fundamental elements that are
surrounded by countless indicators. Climates change without doubt or fear of contradictions remain one of the
determinants of health. The human body as a machine must be kept within a narrow physiological limit so also
climate are indices that must be observed within an atmospherically friendly manner. This study on Evaluating
the influence of climate change on food security and nutritional status among people in Monguno Local
Government Area of Borno State, northeast Nigeria is a step to provide durable solutions to the ever-increasing
negative influence of climate change on the continual survival of the people in Monguno local government
area of Borno state northeast Nigeria. This study is explored to investigate the food security indicators of the
people in Monguno local government, nutritional status of children under-five, climate change perceptions of
the people in Monguno LGA and determination of regression analysis of predicting food insecurity
respectively. The research was a mixed method research design. It was conducted in Monguno local
government area of Borno state northeast Nigeria. The targeted population for the study is 125,000, emanating
the population of people in Monguno LGA according to the United Nations office of humanitarian
coordination (UNOCHA). A stratified random sampling method was used to determine the sample size.
Sample size was obtained using Cochran’s formula of sample size determination. And a total of 384 samples
was arrived at. By defining the strata, the population (125,000) was divided into 2 distinct groups based on the
key features they possessed. The first group being the farmers/Fishermen and the second group being the
vulnerable groups largely residing within internally displaced person camps which includes women, children
and elderly persons. About 25,000 farmers and fishermen while 100,000 is for the vulnerable group. The
sample size for each group was obtained as 77 for farmers/fishermen while 307 for vulnerable group
respectively. Random sampling within each stratum was done by creating a list of individuals and household in
each stratum or sampling frame. Simple random sampling was employed to select participants, numbers were
assigned to the individuals in the sampling frame and excel was utilized to select participants. An adjustment
for non-response was put into account by increasing the sample size proportionally for 10% non-response rate
predicted. The adjusted sample size is 427 and divided proportionally to the 2 strata as 85 sample size to the
farmers/fishermen and 342 to the vulnerable groups accordingly. This approach clears out that non-response
rates have been put into account while maintaining proportional representation across the strata. For clear data
analysis, food security, household hunger scale (HHS) food consumption score (FCS), and coping strategies
index (CSI) will be calculated. These will aid in having baseline data to determine frequency of hunger, the
diversity and frequency of food groups and strategies used to manage food shortages. a discussion of the anthropometric measurements emanating prevalence of malnutrition vis a vis stunting, wasting, underweight.
This data will be presented in tables histograms respectively. Comparative analysis between farmers/fishermen
and Vulnerable groups will be don’t thoroughly via T-test i.e. comparing food consumption scores between
strata. Chi-Square Tests examine categorical variables such as food insecurity levels across groups. And
comparatively, analyze subgroup i.e. women, children and elderly. Also, with regards to regression analysis,
linear regression will be used to predict food security scores based on the factors like income, access to food
and climate variabilities. Findings related to the household size. Based on this study Farmers/Fishermen have a
higher mean age (39.2 ± 9.8 years) compared to the vulnerable groups (34.1 ± 10.6 years), with an overall
mean age of 35.6 ± 10.3 years. Findings on the gender/sex distributions revealed that among
farmers/fishermen, the majority are male (82%), with only 18% female. In comparison to the vulnerable
groups are predominantly female (71%), with 29% male. On the household size findings, Farmers/Fishermen
have smaller households on average (6.2 ± 2.1 members) compared to the vulnerable groups (7.5 ± 3.0
members), with an overall mean household size of 7.2 ± 2.8 members. The findings on household hunger
scale, Farmers/Fishermen: 59% experience little to no hunger, Vulnerable Groups: Only 23% experience little
to no hunger. The p-value < 0.01. A much higher 33% face severe hunger. The findings postulate FCS assess
dietary diversity and frequency, categorizing households into poor, borderline, or acceptable consumption
levels. The mean FCS for the Farmers/Fishermen is 48.2 ± 12.5, and for the Vulnerable Groups is 36.7 ± 11.2.
Additionally, the p-value < 0.001: Indicates a significant difference between the groups. The findings postulate
FCS assess dietary diversity and frequency, categorizing households into poor, borderline, or acceptable
consumption levels. The mean FCS for the Farmers/Fishermen is 48.2 ± 12.5, and for the Vulnerable Groups is
36.7 ± 11.2. Additionally, the p-value < 0.001: Indicates a significant difference between the groups.
Borderline food consumption findings shows that 35% of the farmers/fishermen are within borderline food
consumption. Vulnerable groups fell between 44% to the borderline food consumptions. On acceptable food
consumption, 53% for fishermen/farmers, and 27% for the vulnerable groups. Farmers/Fishermen 30% of
children are stunted. While Vulnerable Groups 40% of children are stunted. The p-value = 0.05 Indicates a
statistically significant difference at a borderline level. On the level of wasting of children under-five,
Farmers/Fishermen 15% of children are wasted. Vulnerable Groups 25% of children are wasted. And the pvalue < 0.05 Indicates a statistically significant difference. The findings on underweight composite of
malnutrition suggest that Farmers/Fishermen 20% of children are underweight. Vulnerable Groups 30% of
children are underweight. The p-value = 0.05 Indicates a statistically significant difference at a borderline
level. Farmers/Fishermen 82% reported changes in rainfall patterns. Vulnerable Groups 80% reported changes
in rainfall patterns. vast majority of both groups perceive altered rainfall patterns, which align with climate
variability in the region. Findings on the reported brought in the last 5 year shows that Farmers/Fishermen 71%
reported experiencing droughts. Vulnerable Groups 64% reported droughts. Farmers/fishermen report higher
drought awareness (71%) due to the direct impact of water scarcity on crop and fish production. On attributed
reduced food access to climate, Farmers/Fishermen 76% attribute reduced food access to climate change.
Vulnerable Groups 85% attribute reduced food access to climate change.  The regression analysis explores the
relationship between various factors and food insecurity. Based on the findings on climate variability,
coefficient (β) 0.45 indicates that as climate variability increases, food insecurity also tends to increase.
Standard Error 0.1 shows relatively small standard error suggests a precise estimate of the coefficient. The pvalue: < 0.01 indicates that this relationship is statistically significant at the 1% level, meaning there is strong
evidence that climate variability influences food insecurity. Findings on household income suggest that
Coefficient (β) -0.3 means negative coefficient implies that higher household income is associated with lower
food insecurity. Standard Error 0.08 connotes small standard error suggests a precise estimate of the
coefficient. And p-value < 0.05 shows that the relationship is statistically significant at the 5% level,
supporting the conclusion that income plays an important role in mitigating food insecurity. The study dive in
to provide conclusions and offer recommendations on the basis of immediate or short-term, medium-term, and
long-term including policy and structural recommendations.
Keywords: Climate Change, Food Security, Malnutrition, Vulnerable Populations, Monguno, Borno State,

This paper aims to assess the current status and trend of food security and hunger in Nepal. Methodologically, the paper uses a descriptive research design; for this, secondary sources of data were intensively reviewed, and it draws an insightful conclusion from a variety of literature. Collected data were presented and interpreted using descriptive statistical tools such as tables, figures, percentages, and trend lines. The paper's scope is limited to the Nepalese context. Professional ethics, a minimum similarity index, and authenticity in data have been taken as ethical considerations. Around half of the households (48.2 percent) have access to food security over the course of the year in Nepal. The urban area is more secure than the rural, and the position of the Terai region is better than that of the hill and mountain regions in terms of food security status. In terms of food security and severe food insecurity, Gandaki Province performed well, while Karnali Province performed poorly. The fight against hunger has mostly stagnated internationally in recent years. The GHI score for 2022 is moderate, although at 19.1, it only slightly deviates from the 16.4 score in 2014, the 20.8 score in 2019, and the 19.5 score in 2020. Nepal's global hunger index trend is shifting from a serious to a moderate position. This paper suggests exploring future food security strategies and reducing the intensity of hunger through further research. This study would stimulate public interest in policy advocacy, which might result in widespread favorable policy initiatives for more in-depth discussions and the implementation of development strategies in developing countries like Nepal.

The study was conducted in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha and Arsi Negele districts of Oromia regional state of Ethiopia with the objective of enhancing the production and productivity of beekeeping in the area through demonstration of transitional locally made beehive around protected areas. Beekeepers around protected areas were purposively selected based on their interest in beekeeping, experience in traditional beekeeping, proximity of residence to protected areas and non-addressed areas with technology dissemination activity and two farmers research groups (FRG) consisting a total of 20 members were established to conduct the demonstration of beekeeping technology. Theoretical and practical training sessions about seasonal bee management practices, intermediate beekeeping construction, implementation and honey harvesting techniques integrated to natural resources rehabilitation was given to a total of 50 beekeepers,4 district honey experts and 6 development agents. After training, twenty four transitional locally made beehives were constructed and honeybee colonies were transferred and inspected regularly undertaken to follow up the progress of the bee colonies in partnership with FRG members, experts and development agents. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected, systematically analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statics such as percentage, mean and presented in table. Accordingly, an average of 15.4kg and 12.1kg of honey was harvested per harvesting season from transitional beehive at Adami Tulu and Arsi Negele, respectively. Therefore integration of intermediate beekeeping technology with protected areas can enhance the income of household and encourages planting of bee forages which directly contributes for sustainable forest managements. Thus government and other stakeholders at all levels should provide technical services for beekeeping to align improved beekeeping to protected areas and all best practices should be scaled up so that honey production is increased and sustained.

Soya bean is an important economic crop for smallholder farming systems in Upper West Region of Ghana. In spite of the introduction of modern and improved soya bean production technologies in Ghana, the productivity of the crop in the region is still low. Given that inefficient use of resources is a potential course of low yields, this study analyses the resource use efficiency of soya bean production. Using cross-sectional data collected from 271 soya bean farmers from the Upper West Region of Ghana, the study employed the Stochastic Frontier Translog Production Function as well as the ratio of Marginal Value Product to Marginal Factor Cost to understand the resource use efficiency of soya bean farmers in the region. The empirical results showed that the estimated coefficients of soya bean seeds, labor and farm size were significant and positively related to soya bean output even though fertilizer input was surprisingly significantly and negatively related to the output of soya bea...

It is projected that the demand for food will surge by 70%, which aligns with rapid population growth. Research findings from a UN study indicates that about 9.9% of global population still goes hungry, so the thought of feeding almost 10 billion persons is still anticipated as daunting. With environmental changes hard to predict, we must turn to innovation in agriculture technology. Their importance in tackling this issue cannot be over emphasized. Hence, the concept of brain re-engineering and reimagination which underscores it as a prospective strategy for enhancing nations through women empowerment, youth engagement, among other areas on food chain security initiatives when practiced ethically, valuably and inclusively, in order to unlock transformation in an economy. It emphasizes on harnessing the potential of the women and youths by redirecting their energy and innovative capabilities towards modernized food chain practices which much have some touch of inclusivity, ethics and value. Through this, it aims to foster a generation of leaders in food chains to drive the needed transformation as it were.

This work is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group (WBG) and with external contributions. The opinions, findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or the official policy or position of the WBG, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments it represents. The WBG does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work and do not make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any liability or responsibility for any consequence of their use. This publication follows the WBG's practice in references to member designations, borders, and maps. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work, or the use of the term "country" do not imply any judgment on the part of the WBG, its Boards, or the governments it represents, concerning the legal status of any territory or geographic area or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The mention of any specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the WBG in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.