History of The Netherlands

Arts publiceerde privégegevens patiënten
Honderden inwoners Delft en Alkmaar gedupeerd

Een Alkmaarse arts heeft een vuistdikke studie gepubliceerd met een groot aantal praktijkvoorbeelden. Honderden patiënten uit Delft en Alkmaar staan hierin met naam en toenaam genoemd. Tijdens verschijning van het boek waren meerdere gedupeerden nog in leven. Niemand heeft aangifte gedaan.

Het zoveelste datalek? Alweer gegevens gehackt door criminelen? Nee hoor, dit gebeurde allemaal lang geleden in 1585. Betrokken arts was de beroemde geleerde Pieter van Foreest. Misschien noemde hij de namen van zijn patiënten om aan te tonen dat zijn praktijkvoorbeelden niet uit de duim waren gezogen. Waarschijnlijk vonden de mensen het destijds ook best hun privacy in te leveren ten bate van de wetenschap. Er volgden tenminste geen rechtszaken. Wat zijn boek vandaag voor mij zo bijzonder maakt is dat ik onverwachts op vierhonderdvijftig jaar oude medische gegevens van mijn voorouders stuit. Welke verhalen dat oplevert, lees je hier.

This article provides a critical review of S. C. Sayles' Propositional Soteriology: The Logos-Centred Salvation (Evolsiay Tulip, 2025), situating it within the wider field of Reformed theology, historical soteriology, and contemporary metaphysical approaches to doctrine. Sayles' work is distinguished by its adoption of a propositional structure modeled after Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, but with a theological rather than purely philosophical end. The book presents salvation as an eternal act of the Logos, employing an "Eight-Fold Proof Structure" that integrates scriptural, confessional, theological, logical, metaphysical, presuppositional, polemical, and refutational modes of reasoning. This review argues that Sayles' contribution represents not only a retrieval of the Reformed tradition of grace but also a constructive metaphysical system that seeks to stabilize theology in an era often characterized by narrative looseness and relativism. The tone remains critically engaged yet affirming, highlighting both the strengths and potential challenges of Sayles' project.

Count Floris V of Holland, seeking capital for his geopolitical aims, deliberately elevated wealthy urban patricians to knighthood, challenging the power of the traditional nobility. The knighting of financier Lambert de Vries in 1292 was a transactional reward for underwriting a massive debt, formalizing a noble status his family had already achieved through wealth and marriage. Although De Vries was later banished for a failed political coup, his lineage successfully integrated urban wealth into the landed aristocracy. This shift demonstrated that liquid capital was now equivalent to noble birth in the late medieval Low Countries.

OverHolland addresses the relationship and interaction between the building and the city in the context of the Dutch urban landscape. To this end, the city is understood in its material manifestation, as an artefact constructed of tangible elements such as buildings and infrastructure. In this approach it is especially the architectural conception of the city as it emerges in various designs for the city, whether implemented or not, that is the empirical object of study and analysis. Therefore, the research that we present here analyses the city primarily as an ‘architectonic construction’. The previous cahier of OverHolland focused on the link between the larger scale of the Randstad and the smaller scale of its component parts: the individual Dutch cities. As a sequel to the previous article on the genesis of the city in the Netherlands during the Middle Ages, in the present scahier of OverHolland, Reinout Rutte discusses urban development during the period from the fourteenth to ...

Het papier van deze uitgave voldoet aan ∞ iso-norm 9706 (1994) voor permanent houdbaar papier. Deze publicatie kan als volgt worden aangehaald: Van Dijck en Van Saarloos (2017). Wetenschap in Nederland: Waar een klein land groot in is en moet blijven, Amsterdam, KNAW.

Dutch overseas expansion was always a subject of particular interest to historians of Portuguese expansion. Portugal and the Netherlands were the only small European countries that developed significant colonial empires during the early modern period. Apart from this similarity in scale, the Dutch and Portuguese empires conflicted for the first two-thirds of the seventeenth century. This conflict proved decisive in the future shape of both empires. As the book under review makes clear, it was during this time that the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, or VOC) grew into the major European power in Asia, partly at the cost of several Portuguese Asian positions. From the 1630s onward, something similar seemed about to happen in the Atlantic, with the occupation of Northeastern Brazil and Luanda (Angola) by the Dutch West India Company (West-Indische Compagnie, or WIC).

Het Drents Archief beschikt over tientallen foto's van enkele plaatsen in Alkemade. Hoe zijn die foto's in Drenthe terecht gekomen? Bij onze speurtocht volgen we vanaf 1864 het spoor van Karolus Francis Immens, die in 1908 schoolhoofd werd in Rijpwetering, maar vijftien jaar later op een zijspoor belandde. Ook passeren enkele van zijn kinderen de revue, waarvan de oudste dochter onderwijzeres in Roelofarendsveen en Oud Ade werd. Haar huwelijk biedt de verklaring waarom de foto's in Drenthe gearchiveerd zijn.

Immens' levensloop nam in 1923 een dramatische wending. De RK parochie van Rijpwetering verzocht de gemeente Alkemade met een beroep op de Onderwijswet van 1920  om een school op RK grondslag. De gemeente besloot daarop om de openbare lagere school van schoolhoofd Immens op te heffen. De RK parochie kocht daarop de woning van het schoolhoofd en liet de school verbouwen. De 59-jarige Immens en de overige onderwijzers kregen eervol ontslag. De voormalige OLS ging verder onder de naam Jozef en Mariaschool. Immens overleed in 1945 in Rijpwetering.

As historians of Dutch art have long maintained, Frans Hals (ca. 1582/83-1666), the celebrated Haarlem portraitist and genre painter, introduced a new manner of virtuosic brushwork to the Netherlands.2 In earlier times, most painters in Holland and elsewhere in the Low Countries had made supreme efforts to disguise the activity of their brushes by painstaking blending and glazing. Inverting this venerable aesthetic, Hals permitted concise strokes and dabs of paint to remain conspicuously legible on his panels and canvases. Indeed, his brusque marks, laid down with apparent swiftness and surety, maintain their eloquence as independent forms even as they contribute to creating convincing illusions of the whole. This exceptional handling of paint, arguably more than any other factor, endows Hals's pictures with their unique character. It both distinguishes them visually from earlier works of art, and imbues them with a level of energy and persuasive power unexcelled in their time. Hals applied his revolutionary brush technique most emphatically in genre pictures produced during the early decades of his career. The artist's Merrymakers at Shrovetide of c. 1616-17 [Fig. 1], for example, a send up of the excesses of the Dutch Lenten carnival, abounds in faces, hands, and fabrics composed largely of unblended, concise blotches of red, brown, black, and white oil paint, 18

De cartoon van Kama & Herr Seele die toont hoe een Joodse slager Palestijnse kinderen slacht, gepubliceerd door Humo met het bijschrift dat "op 7 oktober 2023 Israël Gaza is binnengevallen", vat de basislijn samen van de berichtgeving en opiniëring over de oorlog in Vlaanderen. Enerzijds: de Verneinung of weigering van de raid van Hamas en de voortdurende gijzelingen, die de ontnuchterende waarheid van de gruwelijke terreur neutraliseert, zo dat er niets uit volgt en men kan vasthouden aan wat men altijd al dacht. Anderzijds de omkering door het beschuldigen van de slachtoffers, en het activeren van één van de oudste antisemitische denkbeelden: niet Hamas maar de Joden slachten kinderen. De reden voor de algehele weigering en de eenzijdige, excessieve Israël-kritiek dient gezocht in de decennialange idealisering van progressief Vlaanderen van de Palestijnse zaak, die zich nu, door de Hamas-operatie en wat die aan het licht heeft gebracht, bedrogen weet.

Donald Trump ha aperto un nuovo fronte di guerra: la Federal Reserve. Con il suo stile assai poco diplomatico, il Presidente Usa sembra pronto a sfidare l'istituzione che, da oltre un secolo, regola la politica monetaria statunitense. È solo una divergenza di vedute sulla corretta gestione della crisi economica/finanziaria oppure è l’inizio di una lotta contro l’élite finanziaria di Wall Street?

Hoe ontwikkelde zich het raamwerk waarbinnen de katholieke en protestantse kerken zich bewogen in stad en land van Breda tussen ca. 700 en 1803 Omstreeks 700 werd dit gebied gekerstend, mogelijk door Willibrord. Tot 1559 viel dit gebied onder het bisdom Luik. Bij de grote reorganisatie van de katholieke kerk van 1559 werd het gebied ingedeeld bij het nieuwe bisdom Antwerpen. In 1800 werd dit bisdom opgeheven. De paus benoemde in 1803 voor de dekenaten Bergen op Zoom en Breda, die in de Bataafse Republiek lagen, Adriaan van Dongen tot apostolisch-vicaris. Dit werd het nog bestaande bisdom Breda.

Sponge hunting has been an important economic activity since ancient times. One of the important regions where this type of hunting is carried out is the Eastern Mediterranean. Especially the Aegean islands in the region, give many opportunities to sponge divers with numerous coastal and shallow areas. There is another important aspect of the sponge diving profession that has not been widely studied: its contribution to the discovery of underwater shipwrecks. Sponge diving has been carried out in the Eastern Mediterranean region, especially in the Aegean Sea, for thousands of years. At the same time, there have been commercial routes in this region where many ships have sunk over thousands of years. The first people to encounter the underwater artifacts formed in this way in the region were sponge divers. The presence of underwater historical artifacts was also identified during the Ottoman period thanks to sponge divers. They also enabled the retrieval of these artifacts to the surface. This situation had continued until modern underwater archaeology studies began. The records of the studies that can be considered the pioneers of Ottoman underwater archaeology in the 19 th century can primarily be identified through the reports of sponge divers and the official correspondence that followed these reports. This study, prepared using these reports, also reveals the contributions of sponge diver to Ottoman underwater archaeology.

Hoe reageren autochtone Nederlanders op de komst en aanwezigheid van etnische minderheden? Wat is daarin de afgelopen jaren veranderd? En hoe steekt Nederland in dit opzicht af tegen de rest van Europa? Dat zijn de drie vragen die dr. Marcel Coenders, dr. Marcel Lubbers en prof. dr. Peer Scheepers, sociologen en methodologen verbonden aan het Institute for Social Cultural Research van de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, onderzochten. Ze analyseerden data die zijn verzameld eind 2002 en begin 2003, een jaar na de opkomst en dood van Pim Fortuyn. Die data vergeleken ze met eerdere data én met gegevens uit andere Europese landen. Samengevat komen hun conclusies hierop neer: Nederland was eind jaren zeventig lang niet zo tolerant als velen dachten en is na Fortuyn niet minder tolerant geworden. In een Europese vergelijking staat Nederland in de middenmoot. Foto: Media-advies Remmelt Etnische distantie, etnische dreiging De gegevens waar de Nijmeegse sociologen zich op baseerden, komen uit een groot Europees onderzoek waarin Europese inwoners tal van vragen over immigranten en etnische minderheden beantwoordden. Er waren vragen over vragen over bezwaren tegen een immigrant als baas of een interetnisch huwelijk van een familielid (etnische distantie). Ook werd er gevraagd of men meent dat door de komst van minderheden de economische positie of de culturele eigenheid wordt aangetast (etnische dreiging). De reacties lopen flink uiteen: 17,7 procent van de Nederlanders heeft problemen met de baas of het huwelijk; 55,1 procent van de ondervraagde Nederlanders ervaart etnische dreiging. Wat zeggen deze getallen? Coenders, Lubbers en Scheepers plaatsen de Nederlandse gegevens uit 2002 in hun artikel allereerst in de geschiedenis. Hun conclusie: In het roerige jaar 2002 gebeurde van alles, met name rondom Pim Fortuyn, van wie gezegd Meer

“The assault of the impregnable Bergen op Zoom by the French (September 1747)”

This subject of course calls for an evocation of the tragic consequences of the assault on the population of the town of Bergen op Zoom, because this is what marked public opinion the most at the time. However, the capture of that fortified town of the Dutch Republic also appeared as a claim to fame for the army of King Louis XV, and for the Count of Löwendal, who led the siege; because the town was reputed to be impregnable - so impregnable that it was nicknamed "the virgin". And the capture of this town corresponded to the main way of waging war at that time, namely a methodical conquest of the terrain by siege warfare; a practice that was in direct contact with the urban network of the territory. To determine whether the capture of this place has been an honour, or not, to the French army, it is necessary to consider not only the way of waging war at the time (through the codification of siege warfare), but also the standards of violence accepted at that time, and finally the effects that this siege may have had on the continuation, and maybe even on the conclusion, of the War of the Austrian Succession.

Summary
This paper analyses the social and historical function of the Dutch asylum of passers
(passantenhuis) during the early modern times. This asylum was a separate shelter of the
guesthouses, and is rarely mentioned in the historiography of the poor-relief system. Therefore,
the historiography needs to follow a different path, to find the strayed ‘passantenhuis’. As the
founder of the Whig- interpretation of history, Herbert Butterfield, already suggested; 'The
present state has come about not in spite of, but as the result of vicissitudes’ The
‘passantenhuis’ is such a 'vicissitude'.
It has become apparent that the relationship between the municipalities, rationalization
and centralization, was substantial in the emergence and development of the asylum. It could
be argued that this relationship has been a so-called dynamic process within the world of the
‘passantenhuizen’, and in the long run has reflected and affected, the developments in society.
The asylum had a 'fluctuating' composition of clientèle, which distinguished it from the other
charitable institutions of the Dutch Republic. The poor-relief system developed during a time
of reforms, in which charitable institutions were similar to a power display of a city. In which
extend did the asylum affected the transfer of a traditional society, to a more rationalized
society? What was the effect of centralization on the ‘passantenhuis’, and vice versa?
The institutions were in a way similar to semi-legal institutions, because they had the
opportunity of promulgating trails. In some way, there was a certain ‘sovereignty’ within the
‘absolute sovereignty’ of the city governments. So, can it be determined that the
‘passantenhuizen’ could be considered as a result of absolutist politics in the Republic,
proficient to teach citizens discipline, to monitor and check on them? Although the disciplinary
society, as outlined by Foucault, does not acknowledge the possibility of a resistance, the
asylum should certainly be seen as an unexpected resistance within the sovereignty of the city
administrations.
At the end of the late Middle Ages, the poor-relief system developed gradually into a
management system for socio-economic crises. It transformed into a customized facility within
society. It seems that the city governments and charitable institutions, such as the
‘passantenhuizen’ and guesthouses, were only concerned with austerity measures. The
‘passantenhuis’ appears to be a necessary, but also a problematic expensive facility. Thus, the
regents of the guesthouses asked the city council frequently to abolish the asylum. Although the
sixteenth century meant an end to the late medieval ideas about charity, and the beginning of
rationalization, there was a collaborative effort between church and city authorities.
The organization of the poor- relief system, regarding the financial management,
contained both elements of a modernized and institutionalized system of a centralized authority
and government control. However, it also retained the late medieval structure and parochial
organization. The city councils were influential because they had to enact the legislation,
attributed grants, and appoint the leading officials. The care for the poor was locally organized,
therefore, there was a difference between the provision of care in the various cities. The cities
differed mainly in their degree of autonomy and the 'categorization' of the poor wretches. The
asylums contributed to the desire of the city authorities to centralize, but basically there was no
centralization within the ‘passantenhuizen’ themselves. The guesthouses centralized, and the
‘passantenhuizen’ remained an asylum for the remaining poor wretches.

Im Jahr 1580 wurde in der heutigen Provinz Friesland, die damals Teil der Republik der Sieben Vereinigten Niederlande war, die Reformation eingeführt. Das bedeutete auch, dass die Klöster aufgelöst wurden, darunter auch die Niederlassungen des Deutschen Ordens, die in dieser Region einen klösterlichen Charakter hatten. Zu Beginn des Aufstands gegen Spanien sahen die Ordensvertreter diese Entwicklung bereits kommen. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand der Briefe, die Komtur Melchior de grote von der Einmannkommende in Schoten an die Balieleitung in Utrecht sandte, untersucht, wie sowohl die Komture von Nes als auch die von Schoten vergeblich versuchten, die Entwicklung umzukehren.

In veel alle plaatsen in Nederland heeft de Tweede Wereldoorlog sporen achter gelaten. Zo ook in Ze-venaar. Soms zijn die nog duidelijk zichtbaar, soms kan alleen ter plekke nog maar een verhaal worden verteld. Aan de hand van tien locaties wordt in dit boekje verteld wat zich op en rond die locaties af-speelde. Een wandelroute van ongeveer twee kilometer gaat langs deze locaties.

The sampling of several series of whetstones from medieval sites in the northern quarter of France and Belgium has revealed the (omni-)presence of specimens originating from Norway. This origin, assumed by macroscopic observation of the rocks, has been verified by previously unpublished EDS analyses acquired using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The rock is a fine ash-grey to green-grey micaceous quartz schist, rich in flakes of muscovite, chlorite and biotite, sometimes extending as far as the green-tinted quartz mica schist. The phyllosilicates bear a signature that ascertains their identification.
The first Norwegian whetstones appeared in Western Europe with the arrival of the Vikings in the late 8th − 9th centuries, and the same supply seems to have lasted throughout the Middle Ages and the modern era. The production area of these whetstones is well known in the county of Telemark in Norway, where the exploitation of multiple quarries began in the Iron Age and ended around 1950.
This study distinguishes Eidsborg stone from the macroscopically similar Mostadmarka stone, which crops out in the Caledonides region of western Norway and supplied whetstones from the 8th to the 11th century. The latter material appears to be absent from our collections, whereas the Eidsborg quarries supplied the French-Belgian region. These observations are in line with those made over the last decades around the North Sea basin, and illustrate that its southern part was connected to the same trading system. These discoveries shed light on an underestimated part of the medieval economy and reveal an exceptionally long-lived trading circuit.

Non siamo più nel capitalismo come lo conoscevamo. Il processo storico che stiamo vivendo rappresenta una trasformazione radicale: il passaggio dall'economia capitalista tradizionale al "capitalismo finanziario sistemico", che nella sua forma più evoluta si manifesta come necrocapitalismo. Intendiamoci: non è finito lo sfruttamento, né la disparità o la produzione. Nella storia queste dinamiche ci sono sempre state. Tuttavia, è necessario chiarire la categoria "capitalismo" come la intendeva Marx e non solo, per comprendere la trasformazione epocale che stiamo vivendo. Nota: Come Occidente questa analisi è più aderente e chiara, non si prende in considerazione India e Cina più complessi, e con le variabili dazi, i conflitti USA-CINA e le contraddizioni dentro il sistema finanziario globale che possono rallentare o accelerare il fenomeno, che tuttavia a oggi, resta la tendenza inarrestabile.

Over the past few decades, economic and maritime historians have shown growing interest in the wages earned by regular seamen in merchant shipping. Due to a lack of sources, however, the composition and size of these earnings remain an elusive topic, as are the economic, demographic, and political processes that shaped them. In this article, I conduct a micro-history of seamen’s earnings in Ostend’s merchant marine during the early 1780s, a period of commercial uptick in the principal port town of the Austrian Netherlands. I show how a confluence of wartime circumstances and  domestic  economic  policies  led  to  extraordinary  wage  levels.  From  a  micro  point  of  view,  I  show  how  individual  seamen  reaped  the  returns  of  this  runaway  port  economy  by  successfully  wrangling  over  wages  and  harnessing  the  mobility  of their profession, both between and within ports. As such, this article provides a perspective on wage-formation from a neutral and small maritime power, as well as a novel history from below of Ostend’s boom years.

Découvrir c’est laisser de côté les formules et les simplifications pour se confronter directement aux textes.
Sur une autrice, sur un auteur, sur une question, la collection Découvrir présente douze textes, commentés et mis dans leur contexte, proposant au lecteur des pistes pour aller plus loin.
Les textes de G. W. F. Hegel (1770-1831) rassemblés ici explorent de façon pédagogique les principaux apports de son projet philosophique : la phénoménologie de l’esprit, la dialectique, la philosophie du droit, etc.
On y découvre une pensée des processus qui donne à comprendre le changement, et notamment le changement historique, comme le produit des contradictions qui travaillent toutes choses.

This document is a translation of my booklet "Tamboers en Pijpersschool", a document on military music from the Netherlands during the Napoleonic period. It contains marches and signals from the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom Holland, the French Empire and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Added to this is information of the development of military music, the drill for musicians and their commanders, plaus suggestions for use of the music during re-enactment events.

דויד, ח. (2001). שיתוף נשים בטקסים בבית הכנסת האשכנזי, הספרדי, התימני, הקונסרבטיבי והרפורמי בישראל. הכנס השנתי התשיעי ללימודי נשים ומגדר ולתיאוריות פמיניסטיות: ההבדל הנשי – ייצור זהויות נשיות בתרבויות המזרח התיכון ואפריקה. אוניברסיטת תל-אביב, 1-3 באפריל

Women in the Israeli Ashkenazi (Orthodox), Sephardi, Yemenite, Conservative, and Reform Synagogues Participation of women in the rituals taking place in the Israeli synagogue depends not only on the stream-Ashkenazi, Sephardi, or Yemeniteand on the denomination-Orthodox, Conservative, or Reformof the synagogue. The importance of the congregation in which the synagogue is located should not be underestimated. Mostly, the social and economic circumstances, the level of joviality, and the financial level of the congregation, in addition to its location, are the leading causes that determine the level of female participation in the synagogue's activities.

Chapter 12 of ‘Laudate Dominum’ discusses the foundation of primary churches in the Bailiwick of ‘s-Hertogenbosch between 700 and 1225. Primary churches were by definition founded in locations that did not yet belong to any parish.

First, for each church in the study area, it was determined whether it was a primary or secondary church. The conclusion is that there were 81 primary churches in the Bailiwick of 's-Hertogenbosch, including the parish church of Alphen, whose jurisdiction partially extended over this region, and including the two primary daughter churches in Diessen and Lommel. To put it more precisely: there are 81 churches for which there is no convincing evidence that they were founded within the jurisdiction of an existing parish church. A secondary church usually leaves traces that reveal its origins (designation as a daughter church or appendix in the sources - although not all daughter churches were secondary churches - , rights to tithes, the patronage, the right of collation, and certain obligations towards the mother church). After the distinction between primary and secondary churches was made, the periods in which the primary churches were founded were delineated using the methods described in chapter 8 and additional considerations. This never yielded a precise date, but rather periods rounded to the nearest fifty years. The length of these periods, or timelines, ranges from fifty years to 550 years. The results are presented in Appendix 1 at the end of this book.

For more than half of the parish churches dating from before approximately 1225, the founding date can be estimated within a period of no more than three centuries. This was sufficient to allow for some statistical analysis.

The analysis tentatively reveals the contours of an interesting development: a gradual increase in the number of founded primary churches until around 850, followed by a dip between approximately 850 and 950. After this, the number of newly founded primary churches increased again, peaking in the second half of the eleventh and the first half of the twelfth century. After that, it declined rapidly. The first primary churches may have been founded shortly before 700, but there is no hard evidence that any had been founded long before 721.

How does this development relate to the literature? In 1999, Bijsterveld proposed that churches were founded on several estates in Texandria as early as the eighth or ninth century, such as in Waalre, Ruimel, Bakel, and Reppel. Subsequently, a comprehensive parish organization was established in the diocese of Liège in the twelfth century, with the church of Ruimel being subordinated as a chapel to the parish church of Sint-Michielsgestel. My analysis suggests that the model proposed by Bijsterveld does not accurately reflect reality.

Verbesselt concludes that few churches were founded in the Kempen region in the eighth century. He bases this on socalled ‘Polyptica’ of the Benedictine Abbey of Lobbes. In these records only the church of Oudenburg is mentioned, and in the descriptions of the numerous 'villae' listed in Flanders and Brabant, no church is mentioned anywhere else. The 'Liber Traditionum' of St. Peter's Abbey in Ghent, which contains charters from the late seventh and early eighth centuries, also doesn't mention any churches. My analysis suggests this trend also to some extend applies to the Bailiwick region. Approximately only 13 primary churches in the Bailiwick were founded in the eigth century,

The dip in the number of newly built primary churches between approximately 850 and 950 aligns well with a hypothesis by Frans Theuws from 2011, based on archaeological research in Dommelen and Nederweert, among other places. Theuws states that the excavations, which allow us to form a picture of population development, show that the settlements still located on the site of the clustered settlements from around 650, shrank sharply to one or two farms. The scattered farms from the Carolingian period seem to have disappeared entirely. Few people seem to have lived in the Kempen region in the period 850-950. Possibly, habitation remained in large property complexes. From around 950, the population began to grow again. Building styles were different than before, which may indicate newcomers from elsewhere. Because of the assumptions and uncertainties in the data, further archaeological research is needed to confirm or not the dip in the number of new primary churches between 850 and 950.

As mentioned, the date of the founding of the primary churches could usually not be determined exactly. The dates were approximated using 50-year periods. The length of the periods in which the churches were founded ranges from fifty to 550 years. For the analysis in Laudate Dominum, the middle of these "timelines" was used. To further investigate the robustness of the result, the analysis was repeated after the publication of Laudate Dominum using a different method. This time, instead of using the middle of the timelines, each 50-year period was given an equal probability that the church was founded in that period.

According to this second analysis, 27 primary churches were founded in the period 700-950. According to the method described in Laudate Dominum, there were 25. These two results correspond well, and this appears to be a robust result. This provides a somewhat firmer basis for the reconstruction of the Woensel deanery, as described in Chapter 10.

The dip in church construction between 850 and 950 is not reflected in the second analytical method. This does not mean that this dip did not exist. The reality likely lay somewhere between method 1 (center of the timelines) and method 2 (equal probability for each 50-year period). Consider, for example, a normal distribution with a peak in the center of the timelines, with gradually decreasing probabilities further from the center. This still yields a dip between 850 and 950, but less pronounced than described in Laudate Dominum.

Demographic developments can explain the sharp increase in the construction of new primary churches in the period 1050-1150. Around 1050, strong population growth began, and with it, an increase in the amount of cultivated land. This development has been meticulously mapped for Veghel. There, the amount of private land increased sharply in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. The estimates for this growth are: an average of 0.2 bunder per year between 725 and 1050; 5.3 bunder per year between 1050 and 1190; and 3.0 bunder per year between 1190 and 1314.

Before 1225, areas, which previously did not belong under any parish, were gradually filled in, until shortly after 1200, all houses and lands in the Bailiwick region fell under the jurisdiction of one or another parish church. On the sand ridge that stretched from Waalwijk and Drunen, and from Orthen to Oss, churches were not founded until the tenth or eleventh century. The fact that Chris de Bont does not indicate any ‘old forest floors' (‘moderpodzol bodems’) on this sand ridge is probably not a coincidence. Many areas with fertile 'old forest floors' were already inhabited from the seventh or eighth century onwards. Another area that provides insight into the process of ‘ecclesiastical colonization’ of a previously parish-less area is the region of the later parishes of Diessen, Hilvarenbeek, and Moergestel.

While the amount of cultivated land and the population in the Bailiwick region continued to increase steadily around 1200 or 1225, the establishment of new primary churches came to a rather abrupt end. There is only one good explanation for this: the parish network was completed. De last primary church build in this region was the church of Moergestel probably between 1200 and 1225. After around 1225 still new churches were founded, but these were secondary churches. This aligns well with Karel Leenders's finding that in western North Brabant and the adjacent part of Belgium, the parish network was completed between 1225 and 1275.

The Black Death from the mid-14th century initiated a long series of recurrences of the disease with significant effects on the affected human societies. The current article explores the awareness of the plague epidemics and the experiences made by the Habsburg diplomatic representatives in Istanbul from the mid-1560s to the early 1590s. In the early modern Ottoman empire plague was a persistent and disturbing part of life, recurring at unpredictable intervals and affecting all levels of society. The studied correspondences demonstrate the common measures the diplomats took to protect themselves and their servants in times of plague outbreaks. The letters contain sporadic descriptions of various diseases. Besides the recurring plague epidemics, the diplomats mention and describe other illnesses which also caused fevers and were recognized as highly contagious but seem to be distinguished from the plague. The epidemiological experience of the residents in Istanbul is worthy of scholarly attention since the disease descriptions preserved in diplomatic letters could play a supplementary role in the establishment of a detailed plague chronology of the Ottoman capital.

Perhaps not as much appreciated or understood at their true value compared to paintings,
the engravings played a significant role in art through the reproduction and dissemination of
paintings by famous artists, but also through their manifestation as an independent artistic branch. In
the 16th - 17th centuries, and even later, it was customary for the large painting workshops to have
nearby a skilled engraver or a publishing house, to reproduce and print the compositions with the
most interesting themes of those centuries. A less known detail is the fact that sometimes the notoriety
of the artists depended, not only on the talent or the theme addressed, but also on the skill of the
engravers to engrave into the copper plates the image painted or sketched by the artist down to the
smallest details. A similar co-operation existed between the painting studio of the Bassano family and
the publishing house of the brothers Jan and Raphael Sadeler, which printed and distributed, in many
series, works created in the Bassano studio. From the collaboration of the two families, in addition to
other important compositions, the series of engravings, entitled after Jacopo Bassano’s painting,
“The Adoration of the Magi” was “born,” its importance being currently enhanced by the fact that
the reproduced painting no longer exists. A copy of the series printed by Raphael Sadeler “Adoration
of the Magi,” in Venice, at the beginning of the 16th century, was donated to the Brukenthal National
Museum by the Senior Center (Azilul de Bătrâni) in Sibiu, in 1958. In the museum's heritage, there is
also a painting entitled “The Adoration of the Magi,” by a painter whose identity is unknown,
compositionally similar to Sadeler’s engraving, most likely reproducing a reinterpretation of
Bassano’s painting. Both Raphael Sadeler’s print and the painting in the Brukenthal National
Museum are two important references in the approach of the comparative study between the works
from the heritage of the museum in Sibiu, the paintings attributed to Jacopo Bassano or his workshop
in the Galleria Borghese (Rome), the Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna) and the print in the
Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) reproducing the work of the aforementioned painter, all
depicting the biblical theme of the “Adoration of the Magi.”

Tien portretten van Galenus Abrahamsz worden uitvoerig besproken. De makers zijn onder anderen Michiel van Musscher (een schilderij op doek: p. 179, en een prent in zwarte kunst: p. 180), Nicolaas Verkolje (een aquarel met Chinese inkt, p. 104), en Joanna Koerten (een schaarknipsel, p. 177; in 2024 verworven door het Rijksmuseum)

After receiving his doctorate in medicine from Leiden University, Galenus Abrahamsz worked as a physician in Amsterdam. There he also served as a teacher (unpaid minister) for the Mennonite congregation in the still existing Singel church. His interest in alchemy, which he shared with his fellow townsman Johann Rudolph Glauber, brought him into contact with renowned scholars such as Johann Joachim Becher and Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont. Becher kept a diary of his contacts in Amsterdam, which shows that his interactions with Galenus Abrahamsz were very intensive. Galenus had spiritual motives for practicing alchemy, which he shared with chemists who were part of the Hartlib circle.

Van 2017 tot 2020 wordt gebouwd aan een splinternieuw station Driebergen-Zeist. De hele omgeving gaat op de schop waarbij het streven naar bereikbaarheid, veiligheid en duurzaamheid belangrijke drijfveren zijn. De bouwput gunde archeologen een kijkje in het verleden. Een verleden dat teruggaat tot 17 juli 1846. Op die dag werd station Driebergen feestelijk geopend.

Van 2017 tot 2020 wordt gebouwd aan een splinternieuw station Driebergen-Zeist. De hele omgeving gaat op de schop waarbij het streven naar bereikbaarheid, veiligheid en duurzaamheid belangrijke drijfveren zijn.  Te midden van de indrukwekkende bouwwerkzaamheden kre
gen archeologen de kans om de bodem te onderzoeken en letterlijk een kijkje te nemen in het verleden.

Het Westen is door het systematisch minimaliseren en vergoelijken van de raid van 7 oktober 2023 en de durende gijzelingen door Hamas zijn morele geloofwaardigheid geheel kwijtgespeeld, en Europa claimt voor zijn eenzijdige kritiek op Israël een morele autoriteit waarover het niet beschikt. Dat maakt dat alle protest, ook waar het gerechtvaardigd is, contraproductief werkt. Talrijke aanwijzingen doen vermoeden dat de felle, massale Israël-kritiek, ook in Vlaanderen, gepaard gaat met en gevoed wordt door een opstoot van (oud) antisemitisme.

Once he has established the separation of the two substances, Descartes seems to be no longer interested in the location of spiritual substances, unless he has to localize the human mind in the pineal gland or discuss the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. It is only in his correspondence with Henry More that he is forced to address this problem, in a debate that links the question of the infinity of the universe and the omnipresence of God. Even if they received little attention in Descartes's published output, however, both questions became the central theme of the Dutch controversies over Cartesian philosophy: this was one of the issues, in fact, over which the followers of Voetius and Cocceius were opposed. This intra-confessional controversy is underpinned not only by a different evaluation of Cartesian philosophy and the relationship between philosophy and theology, but also by the need to refute Socinian theses about the presence of God in the world. Our case study can also help to show how the appropriation and transformation of a philosophy can be extremely creative when taking place in a cultural context other than the original environment.

The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own work and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I would like to thank the School of Geography at the University of Leeds for funding this research project and for its academic support. In particular, I would like to thank my supervisors Robin Butlin and Martin Purvis for their advise, encouragement and critical discussions over the last four years. It has truly been a wonderful experience working with such an amazing team. Thanks also to the many people who have helped me with gathering information. The estate owners in Utrecht and Twente for allowing me to visit their homes and go through their personal archives. The archivists and librarians for making the search for documentary evidence easier, particular the people at Kadaster Overijssel. The scholars of various disciplines for our interesting discussions on historical geography and landscape aesthetics, especially Hans Renes (my former supervisor at the University of Utrecht) and Adriaan Haartsen (my boss and colleague at Bureau Lantschap). I would like to thank my fellow students Alison and Hazel for the cups of tea and the talks about geography, PhD's, and life in general. Thanks for being such good friends. To my family and friends, thank you for your friendship, encouragement and interest. Special thanks to my parents Jos and Gerdie for always supporting me and believing in me. It is in my childhood, travelling with you, Alexandra and Mervyn through the hills and valleys that I first discovered my love for landscape and history. I want to dedicate this work to my best friend and husband, Martijn. Thank you for always being there for me, for keeping me calm in hectic times and most of all for your love.

Tjaerd Lous was de zevende secretaris  van de stad Harlingen. Maar daarvóór was hij al secretaris van de Grietenij Barradeel, ten noorden van Harlingen. Hoe zag het bestuur van Barradeel en Harlingen eruit rond 1600? En welk werk deed Tjaerd Lous precies in zijn functie?

Deze publicatie probeert Tjaerd Lous te plaatsen binnen het kader van zijn familie. Wat is de betekenis van zijn vader Lou Ripperts? Zijn vader en zijn broers Rippert en Jacob Lous, waren steenhouwer. Hoe kon Tjaerd een academische opleiding volgen?

De broer van Tjaerd, Jacob Lous, maakte ook een heel mooie en grote plattegrond van Harlingen. Hoe is het Jacob Lous gelukt een zeer maatvaste kaart te maken? Tjaerd Lous was de initiator en drijvende kracht achter de grote plattegrond van Harlingen, die hij door Jacob Lous en en graveur Robbertus Baudoux liet maken.

My editorial for the latest issue of BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review, which contains, among others, a Forum devoted to the contentious legacies of, and memory politics surrounding the Indonesian Revolution (1945-1949), in both the Netherlands and Indonesia. NB: the English version starts on p3.

Between December 2022 and July 2025, the Dutch state performed a carefully choreographed pantomime of remorse over its central role in the transatlantic slave trade. Public apologies were delivered, first by Prime Minister Mark Rutte, then by King Willem-Alexander, yet what followed was not justice, but deliberate obfuscation. This paper exposes how the Netherlands has used symbolic gestures to evade its legal and moral obligations under international law. It also names key collaborators in this whitewashed charade. Lucia Beck is the program manager of the Slavery Commission in Curaçao. She is the go-to person on behalf of the Directorate-General of Internal Affairs and Kingdom Relations. She is supposed to "assist" in implementing the Dutch apology programs on the six islands and for resident descendants of slavery. She also "supports" the Dutch representation on the islands of Aruba, Curaçao, and Saint Martin, since these three islands are "equal partners" in the Dutch kingdom.

Vrijheidsstraffen worden uitgevoerd in de gevangenis door penitentiair personeel in interactie met gedetineerden, binnen een bepaald regelgevend kader en organisatorische context. Penitentiaire beambten nemen constant beslissingen die het leven in de gevangenis vormgeven. Brants wijst erop dat overheidspersoneel traditioneel een aanzienlijke bevoegdheid heeft om naar eigen inzicht invulling te geven aan officiële procedures en regels. 1 Ambtenaren die in direct contact met de burger staan -door Lipsky street-level bureaucrats genoemd 2 -kunnen hun eigen interpretatie aan het officiële beleid geven en keuzes maken binnen de discretionaire ruimte die hun toebedeeld wordt. Penitentiaire beambten worden omwille van hun eerstelijnsfunctie en discretionaire bevoegdheid beschouwd als street-level bureaucrats. 3 Situaties waarin zij moeten beslissen kunnen echter complex en gevoelig zijn Gelsthorpe en Padfield definiëren discretionaire ruimte als: 'the freedom, power, authority, decision or leeway of an official, organisation or individual to decide, discern or determine to make a judgment, choice or decision, about alternative courses of action or inaction.' 4 Discretionaire ruimte impliceert een zekere mate van keuzevrijheid evenals de macht om keuzes te maken binnen een bepaald kader. 5 Dworkin heeft de discretionaire ruimte eerder omschreven als het 'gat in de donut', waar het omringende deeg de regels en de organisatorische context zijn. 6 Regel-of wetgeving zijn echter slechts één onderdeel van een geheel van bronnen dat gemobiliseerd kan worden in beslissingen op de werkvloer. Daarnaast spelen professionele cultuur en codes, tradities en gewoontes een belangrijke rol. Beslissingen van street-level bureaucrats spelen zich dus af binnen deze set van factoren. In België is de beslissingscontext van penitentiaire beambten de laatste jaren gewijzigd door twee ingrijpende veranderingen. Ten eerste introduceerde de Basiswet betreffende het gevangeniswezen en de rechtspositie van gedetineerden van 2005 7 (hierna: Basiswet) rechten voor gedetineerden. Ten tweede, en meer recent, stellen we vast dat de (langzame) digitalisering van het gevangenisregime een bij-