History of Piracy

In the course of the study, this paper tries to make a justification of the revolutionary zeal which is prevalent throughout two legendary lyrics "Ode to the West Wind" and "The Rebel (Bidrohi)". Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" and Kazi Nazrul Islam's "The Rebel (Bidrohi)" demonstrate the role of the poet as the voice of change and revolution. The two poems are superbly fabricated on their creators' credo "destruction" and "creation" revolting against old customs, society and authority, and vice versa ushering in the new establishments. Both poets rebelled against British rule. One did this against his own nation and another was against colonials. They are rebels and visionaries of change through the spirit of revolution, though it is not expressed in same ways. The rebel in "The Rebel (Bidrohi)", is a powerful young man and the reformer, in "Ode to the West Wind", the focus is an old man who is seeking help. Both use much imagery and metaphors from nature, religious books, myths and history to visualize the spirit of revolution which is the weapon of freedom against individual, political, economic and religious slavery. They were actually harbingers of Renaissance humanism. Hence, their voice of revolution and change have been universalized for all people of all ages who are deprived of their rights.

In the nineteenth century, English common law courts and specialized Admiralty tribunals played a central role in regulating maritime activity and combating piracy, both in Britain and across the Empire. The High Court of Admiralty, established in the fourteenth century, initially exercised jurisdiction over crimes and commercial disputes involving English ships and crews at sea. Its procedures, influenced by Roman civil law, evolved alongside the expansion of maritime trade, collisions, and salvage cases, becoming one of the most significant courts in the country by the mid-nineteenth century.

Vice-Admiralty Courts were instituted in colonial ports—including North America, the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, Africa, India, and Australia—to adjudicate maritime offenses, prize cases, and commercial disputes locally, bypassing the delays of transporting defendants to England. These courts combined judicial oversight with the expertise of nautical assessors, ensuring efficient administration of maritime law.

Piracy, classified as a capital felony, was treated with exceptional severity. In Britain, trials were conducted with full jury participation at the Old Bailey or the High Court of Admiralty. In the colonies, ad hoc Piracy Commissions, established under the Piracy Act of 1700, enabled prompt trial and execution, typically by hanging. The introduction of Grand and Petty Juries for serious maritime felonies ensured procedural legitimacy, balancing community participation with judicial authority.

Overall, nineteenth-century English maritime law combined rigor, procedural formalism, and adaptability, sending a clear message that piracy would not be tolerated, while safeguarding the efficiency and fairness of colonial justice.

Emre Koç* Öz Bu çalışma Osmanlı Devleti merkezi yönetimi ile Mısır valisi Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa arasında meydana gelen Meis adası iltizamı meselesini ele almıştır. Çalışmanın ana amacı küçük bir adanın iltizamı noktasında meydana gelen anlaşmazlığın tarafların birbirlerine yaklaşımlarını ne şekilde etkilemiş olduğunu ve tarafların bu olay karşısında nasıl bir politika ortaya koyduklarını anlamaktır. Bunun için adanın talep edilmesinin ve bu talebin reddedilmesinin görünürdeki ve altta yatan sebepleri karşılaştırmalı olarak irdelenmiştir. Buradan anlaşıldığına göre görünürde küçük bir talep olan Meis adası iltizamı konusu Osmanlı yönetiminin Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa'nın asli niyetlerini sorgulamaya açmasına sebep olmuştu. Konuyla yakından ilgilenen Sultan II. Mahmud, Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa'nın Osmanlı topraklarında yaşayanlar arasında işgal korkusu yaratmaya başladığını devlet adamları ile paylaşıma açmıştı. Dolayısıyla Meis talebi henüz 1820'lerin ortasında iki taraf ilişkilerinin bir savaş halini alabileceği veya ilişkilerin her an düşmanlığa dönüşebileceği düşüncesinin gündeme gelmesine zemin hazırlamıştı. Neticede Meis meselesinin ilişkileri çok farklı bir boyuta taşıyan süreçte merkezin Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa'ya dair olan şüphelerini açıkça ortaya koymasına sebep olan ilk ve önemli gelişmelerden birisi olduğu söylenebilmektedir. Olayın iç yüzünün bizzat Padişah'ın elinden çıkan düşüncelerle ve Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa'nın dilinden yazılan karşı yorumlarla desteklenmesi çalışmanın en değerli ve özgün katkısını oluşturmaktadır.

Polska historiografi a poświęcona powstaniu żydowskiemu z lat 66-74 nie jest obfi ta, pomimo wagi pism Józefa dla zrozumienia kontekstu związanego z Nowym Testamentem i przekładów jego dzieł na język polski 1 . W konsekwencji książka Mateusza Byry jawi się jako pionierska, ponieważ wypełnia tyleż dojmującą, co zaskakującą lukę w polskim piśmiennictwie. Zapewne spełnia też oczekiwania czytelników, skoro pojawiło się zapotrzebowanie na drugie wydanie. Jest ono znacznie obszerniejsze (417 stron) niż to, które ukazało się ponad 10 lat wcześniej (277 stron) 2 . Autor usunął dostrzeżone w książce błędy, uzupełnił ją o źródła rabiniczne oraz, co jest zupełnie naturalne, o nowsze ustalenia badaczy zajmujących się różnymi aspektami powstania żydowskiego (do roku 2019) 3 . Z drugiej jednak strony zabrakło w obecnym wydaniu ilustracji i mapek. We "Wstępie" (s. 9-14) autor prezentuje źródła opisujące żydowskie powstanie. Są to przede wszystkim przekazy literackie, na czele z Wojną żydowską Józefa Flawiusza. Wykorzystane zostały również źródła archeologiczne, numizmatyczne i rabiniczne. Co ciekawe, autor nie wspomina o tym, że uwzględnił w swej pracy również teksty epigrafi czne, użyteczne do ustalenia losów i karier rzymskich dowódców. Te ostatnie (głównie z Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum) znacząco uzupełniają dyskurs o ofi cerach zaangażowanych w omawiane wydarzenia. Szczególnie wzbogacające narrację Józefa Flawiusza są ustalenia archeologów, które w istotny sposób uzupełniają niedostatek wiedzy o powstaniu żydowskim, a nawet w kilku miejscach korygują go, ponieważ ten nie miał szczegółowej wiedzy 1

Our recent research has used historical accounts of piracy to briefly examine pirate leadership, pirate culture and social organization, feasting activities, and studies of pirate geography to propose an interpretive framework for understanding the migration of the Sea Peoples as, inter alia, pirate tribes who plundered some of the great centers of the Mediterranean at the end of the Bronze Age. We suggest that as Mycenaean control over trade routes collapsed with the destruction and/or eventual abandonment of the Mycenaean palaces, Crete became particularly vulnerable to piracy, because of certain geographical and topographical features that characterized its coastlines. Unless defended, rocky coastlines, natural harbors, promontories, and river valleys were susceptible to piratical activity, as we shall discuss. Historical records indicate that piracy resulted in a desolation of coastlines, as coastal settlements and coastal plains might be attacked at night, with villages burnt a...

Merkezî Asya'nın uçsuz-bucaksız bozkırlarındaki büyük nehirlerin ve göllerin ekonomik imkanları bazı su ulaşım araçları ihtiyacı doğurmuştur. Bu coğrafyada Türkler tarafından kullanılan sallar, kısaca şu şekilde yapılırdı: Önce hayvan derisinden tulumlar hazırlanır, bunların üzerlerine sırıktan sağlı sollu kirişler yerleştirilir, üzerlerine ince tahtalar dizilerek dört köşeli ızgara şekli verilir ve deri tulumlara sıkıca bağlanırdı. Bu şekilde kullanıma hazır hâle getirilen sal yapımı, bir kültür ögesi olarak Türk topluluklarında nesilden nesile aktarılmış ve bu sallar nehirlerde ve göllerde en çok kullanılan ulaşım araçları olmuşlardır. Araştırmacılar, ilk su araçlarını icat edenlerin Kuzey Denizi kavimleri ve Mısırlılar olduğunu ileri sürseler de Türkler de en azından onlar kadar erken dönemlerden itibaren bu konuyla ilgilenmişler ve birtakım ulaşım araçları geliştirmişlerdir. Bu bağlamda Türk coğrafyalarına gelen yabancı tüccarlar ve sefirler tarafından kaleme alınan eserlerde, Türk ülkelerinde çeşitli su araçlarının varlığına ve bunların ne tür görevler yaptıklarına dair bilgiler verilir. Dolayısıyla en ilkel salın el sanatı olarak geçmişten günümüze Türkler tarafından geliştirilerek ekonomik ve siyasi amaçlarla, daha çok büyük nehirlerde kullanılmak üzere bat ve barka olarak bilinen güvertesiz ve ahşap gemiler ile kayıkların icat edildiği bilinmektedir. Bunlar arasında en eskisi olarak bilinen sal sanatı ile ilgili kültürel değerler, sadece yazılı kaynaklarda değil, Köktürk yazıtları başta olmak üzere destanlarda, masallarda, atasözlerinde, şiirlerde ve türkülerde de kendisine yer bulmuştur. Türkler, sal sanatıyla ilgili olarak kendilerine özgü bir yöntem kullanarak târ, büyük kemi veya gemi ve uçan adıyla bilinen çift kanatlı gemiler üretmişlerdir. Bu çerçevede Türkler, Merkezî Asya'nın nehirlerini ve göllerini aşarak büyük bozkırın hâkim milleti olmuşlardır. Sal yapımıyla ilgili olarak seyyah hâtıralarında ve halkbilimi sözlü kaynaklarında bilgiler bulunduğu gibi, günümüzde Kırgızistan sınırları içinde kalan Çoŋ-Alay bölgesinde Kızıl-Suu nehri çevresindeki ve Cerge-Tal yerleşkesindeki Kırgız-Türkleri arasında da geçmişten günümüze aktarılaın bir el sanatı olarak salın yapımı, kullanımı ve korunmasıyla ilgili bilgiler bulunmaktadır. Bu bölgelerdeki sal sanatıyla ilgili bilgi ve beceriler, kuşaktan kuşağa aktarılarak saf ve otantik biçimlerini korumuşlardır. Bu bakımdan günümüzde dağlık bölgelerde yaşayan Kırgızlar arasında olduğu gibi, aynı coğrafî şartlarda yaşayan diğer Türk toplulukları arasında da hâlâ varlığını koruyan geleneksel sal sanatının nesilden nesile aktarılması, gözardı edilmemesi gereken bir kültürel değerdir. Ayrıca bu bilgileri ve kalıntıları, günümüzün güncel konusu olan somut olmayan kültürel miras kategorisinde değerlendirmek ve muhafaza etmek de gerekmektedir. Çünkü sözünü ettiğimiz bu kültürel miras unsurları, günümüzde küreselleşmesinin sonuçlarından hızlıca etkilenerek yavaş yavaş kendine has özelliklerini yitirmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada Türklerde sal, kayık ve gemi sanatının eski dönemlerde nasıl yapılıp, yaşatılıp geliştirildiğiyle ilgili veriler sunulurken, bu mirasın, geçmişten günümüze ne kadar çok dikkat çekici izler taşıyorsa o kadar çok lüzumlu bir miras olarak görülmesi gerektiği sonucuna da varılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler Türkler, Kırgızlar, sal, gemi, yelken.

Grenzen inspirieren die menschliche Imagination. Ihr Reiz liegt in der Ambivalenz von Anziehung und Abstoßung. Sie stehen sowohl für das Unbehagen am Anderen als auch für das Versprechen des Unbekannten. In den Kulturwissenschaften hat sich das Konzept von Grenzenanalog zu jenem von Räumen -spätestens seit dem spatial turn 1 verändert. Grenzen werden nicht länger als absolut, sondern als relativ wahrgenommen. Der Blick richtet sich entsprechend vermehrt auf die Durchlässigkeit und Veränderlichkeit von Grenzen, auf Prozesse und Diskurse, auf Konstruktion und Wahrnehmung. Die Verwendung des Begriffes Grenze schließt meist auch soziale, mentale, rechtliche und religiöse Grenzziehungen mit ein. Wenn wir uns Grenzen auch häufig als geografische Trennungslinien vorstellen, so sind sie doch in der Regel weder geografisch eindeutig, noch haben sie ausschließlich die Aufgabe zu trennen, sie sind ebenso Übergang wie Berührungspunkt. Da wir Grenzen als Nahtstellen zwischen verschiedenen Entitäten begreifen, ist es deshalb immer notwendig, sowohl auf ihr trennendes als auch auf ihr verbindendes Potenzial hinzuweisen. Eine Aktualität politischer Grenzen wird uns zur Zeit in erschreckendem Maß vor Augen geführt: die andauernden Gebietsstreitigkeiten im Südchinesischen Meer, die Besetzung der Krim und die globalen Migrationsbewegungen, verursacht unter anderem von den grenzüberschreitenden Militäroperationen des sogenannten Islamischen Staates im Nahen Osten. Als Folge wurde an der gesamten ungarisch-serbischen Grenze ein hoher Maschendrahtzaun errichtet ebenso wie auch an der österreichisch-slowenischen Grenze -ein "Türl mit Seitenteilen". 2 Im Jahr 2016 werden in Europa einst geöffnete Grenzübergänge wieder geschlossen, Zäune werden -wieder -hochgezogen. Die Entwicklungen der letzten Jahre zeigen deutlich die Historizität von Grenzen. Zur Jahrtausendwende herrschte zumindest in Europa (aber nicht nur dort) 1

Grenzen inspirieren die menschliche Imagination. Ihr Reiz liegt in der Ambivalenz von Anziehung und Abstoßung. Sie stehen sowohl für das Unbehagen am Anderen als auch für das Versprechen des Unbekannten. In den Kulturwissenschaften hat sich das Konzept von Grenzenanalog zu jenem von Räumen -spätestens seit dem spatial turn 1 verändert. Grenzen werden nicht länger als absolut, sondern als relativ wahrgenommen. Der Blick richtet sich entsprechend vermehrt auf die Durchlässigkeit und Veränderlichkeit von Grenzen, auf Prozesse und Diskurse, auf Konstruktion und Wahrnehmung. Die Verwendung des Begriffes Grenze schließt meist auch soziale, mentale, rechtliche und religiöse Grenzziehungen mit ein. Wenn wir uns Grenzen auch häufig als geografische Trennungslinien vorstellen, so sind sie doch in der Regel weder geografisch eindeutig, noch haben sie ausschließlich die Aufgabe zu trennen, sie sind ebenso Übergang wie Berührungspunkt. Da wir Grenzen als Nahtstellen zwischen verschiedenen Entitäten begreifen, ist es deshalb immer notwendig, sowohl auf ihr trennendes als auch auf ihr verbindendes Potenzial hinzuweisen. Eine Aktualität politischer Grenzen wird uns zur Zeit in erschreckendem Maß vor Augen geführt: die andauernden Gebietsstreitigkeiten im Südchinesischen Meer, die Besetzung der Krim und die globalen Migrationsbewegungen, verursacht unter anderem von den grenzüberschreitenden Militäroperationen des sogenannten Islamischen Staates im Nahen Osten. Als Folge wurde an der gesamten ungarisch-serbischen Grenze ein hoher Maschendrahtzaun errichtet ebenso wie auch an der österreichisch-slowenischen Grenze -ein "Türl mit Seitenteilen". 2 Im Jahr 2016 werden in Europa einst geöffnete Grenzübergänge wieder geschlossen, Zäune werden -wieder -hochgezogen. Die Entwicklungen der letzten Jahre zeigen deutlich die Historizität von Grenzen. Zur Jahrtausendwende herrschte zumindest in Europa (aber nicht nur dort) 1

The present article aims to study of the relatively unknown rock–cut cave structure at Beed (Bid) khurd village in Raigad District. When the author went on a trek to Gambhirnāth Cave in Borghāt with his friends, he and his team visited these caves after being informed by locals. It cannot be ruled out that some trekkers while wandering in this area may have visited this cave. Local people who call these as pāndav ghalai i.e. the cave of pāndavās. These rock cut caves are not known to the scholarly world except for the local people.

This brief article discusses the first three prize ships condemned at Sydney in 1799. All three ships were Spanish colonial vessels that had been captured on the Pacific coast of Spanish America. This activity was legitimate as Britain and Spain had been at war since the end of 1796.
Also covered is a summary of the only known act of piracy in early Australia - the vessel Harrington seizing two Spanish ships while Britain and Spain were in a state of peace during 1802-04.

Corps d'Armée) (1878-1952) Une aventure imprudente qui ne laisse pas de trace dans une brillante carrière d'officier colonial Maurice-Pierre-Auguste Martin naît le 29 juillet 1878, à Lille, de Pierre Martin et dame Mathilde Savaëte. Bachelier ès lettres (rhétorique), il est admis le 28 octobre 1898 (l48 ème sur 160) à l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr. Le l" mars 1902, il est envoyé au Tonkin, au lO ème régiment d'Infanterie coloniale, puis le 10 décembre 1907, lieutenant de première classe, au 4 ème R.I.e. En 1908, il rejoint le bataillon d'Oubangui-Chari, et devient Résident de France à Bangassou, dans l'est de ce Territoire. En juillet 1908, il est blessé à Fouroumbala, lors d'un passage en force de la rivière Kotto contre des indigènes révoltés. Son supérieur, le capitaine Jacquier a relaté cette révolte du chef Baram Bakié dans le secteur Haute-Kotto -Kouango.

Une statuette en ivoire a été retrouvée en mai 2025 lors de la fouille d’une épave dans la baie d’Ambodifotatra, sur l’île Sainte-Marie à Madagascar. Le navire a été découvert par une équipe américaine en 2000. En 2022, le
programme de recherche Archéologie de la Piraterie a repris l’étude du site et mené deux campagnes de fouille sous-marine. Entre la fin du XVIIe siècle et le début du XVIIIe siècle, l’île Sainte-Marie constituait l’un des plus
importants repaires de pirates dans l’océan Indien. Les bateaux capturés y étaient rapatriés afin que les marchandises soient déchargées et revendues. Le navire découvert est ainsi interprété comme une probable
prise de piraterie du début des années 1720. L’étude de l’épave et l’assemblage de son mobilier portent à croire qu’il s’agissait d’un vaisseau de la compagnie portugaise des Indes orientales fabriqué en Inde, peut-être à Goa. Si nous ne connaissons pas encore les causes du naufrage ni le nom du navire, la statuette en ivoire représentant Saint-Jean et les nombreux autres objets découverts, permettent aujourd’hui de tenter une reconstitution du parcours de ce navire.

medievales y temprano-modernas, que se conservan sobre este monasterio en el Archivo Histórico Nacional de Madrid. El "Libro de escrituras" enumera y recoge de manera sintética una serie de bulas, privilegios, sentencias y cartas que se conservaban en el cenobio al momento de la redacción del documento. Si bien este aspecto permitiría equipararlo con los registros de escrituras 1 , las diferencias entre uno y otros son igualmente notables: mientras los registros poseían un carácter meramente administrativo y estaban destinados a dar cuenta de los documentos expedidos por la propia institución productora, el libro de escrituras enumera los documentos conservados en el cenobio y de los cuales el monasterio era el beneficiario, convirtiéndose, por tanto, en una herramienta destinada a resguardar los derechos y posesiones del cenobio en el caso de usurpaciones o juicios, aspecto que lo asimila a los cartularios. Si bien carece de datación, algunos de los datos contenidos en las escrituras extractadas permiten ubicar su redacción a mediados del año 1500 2 , fecha que coincide con la reorganización del dominio llevada a cabo por el prior Sancho de Oña 3 . La datación propuesta parece confirmarse, asimismo, por la omisión de los 85 actos de compraventa que realiza el cenobio entre los años 1500-1510 4 . En cuanto a su estructura interna el libro se encuentra dividido en cinco apartados diferenciados con las letras A,B,C, [D] y E, respectivamente. En el primero, se señalan las bulas papales; en el segundo, los derechos señoriales y eclesiásticos que posee el cenobio, expresados a través de algunos privilegios reales, sentencias judiciales o mandas piadosas; en el tercero, se hace referencia a los derechos derivados de la posesión de tierras en el valle de Valdebaró, en donde se recogen las escrituras correspondientes a Turieno,

Sur l'île Sainte-Marie de Madagascar, un authentique repaire de pirates de l'océan Indien est en cours de fouille.
Dans la baie d'Ambodifotatra, sur l'îlot Madame, deux sites archéologiques sont mis au jour : une épave de navire pirate coulé vers 1720 et un habitat occupé au début du XVIIIe siècle par les forbans, l'un et l'autre distants de seulement 70 m. Depuis 2022, ces recherches permettent d'en apprendre plus sur l'organisation et la gestion d'un comptoir de contrebande entre la fin du XVIIe et le début du XVIIIe siècle.
La poursuite des fouilles est fondamentale pour une meilleure compréhension de ce site unique au monde.

On Madagascar's Sainte-Marie Island, an authentic Indian Ocean pirate hideout is currently being excavated. In Ambodifotatra Bay, on Madame Islet, two archaeological sites have been unearthed: a pirate shipwreck sunk around 1720 and a settlement occupied by pirates in the early 18th century, both located only 70 meters apart. Since 2022, this research has shed light on the organization and management of a smuggling post between the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Continued excavations are essential for a better understanding of this unique site.

Jack Sparrow, Long John Silver ou encore Luffy sont des personnages emblématiques de notre culture populaire. Livres, films, jeux vidéo : les forbans sont partout et nous captivent ! Directement inspirés des flibustiers de l'âge d'or de la piraterie des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, ces pirates imaginaires incarnent encore aujourd'hui le héros intrépide par excellence, l'aventure haletante, le souffle grisant de la liberté, l'attrait du danger... Pourtant, la réalité historique est souvent bien différente des fictions qui ont bercé notre enfance. Récits exagérés ou erronés, clichés, captures et butins amplifiés... Quelle est la véritable histoire derrière la légende ?
L'Île au trésor, Tintin, Pirates des Caraïbes, Astérix, One Piece... À travers les plus grandes oeuvres de la pop culture, ce livre richement illustré décrypte 25 mythes pirates. Chasses au trésor, balafres, vaisseaux, abordage ou encore animaux exotiques, vous saurez tout sur la vie de ces mercenaires qui ont dompté les mers du globe.

Sans foi ni loi, dépravé, meurtrier sanguinaire prêt à tout pour s’emparer de galions remplis d’or, telle est l’image populaire du pirate qui hante nos imaginaires. La fiction a pris le pas sur la réalité et passe sous silence une autre vérité : une existence dangereuse, souvent courte où l’objectif n’est pas d’abattre le premier adversaire venu mais de rester en vie.
L’archéologue Jean Soulat raconte pour la première fois la véritable histoire des pirates, derrière la légende. Grâce à ses expéditions archéologiques menées dans l’océan Indien, il dresse un portrait inédit de ces forbans, du fameux Barbe Noire à Jack Rackham, en plein âge d’or de la piraterie aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles.
Vous découvrirez leur quotidien, les conditions de vie à bord des navires, le fonctionnement de leurs bases dans les îles des Caraïbes et de l’océan Indien, et le rôle central qu’ils ont joué dans la mondialisation.

By the time most European polities started looking overseas in earnest in the late fifteenth century, the Iberian powers had already been able to secure papal sanction for what amounted to a global duopoly. 1 The Treaty of Tordesillas gave Spain and Portugal exclusive rights to half of the world each. A century later, both the duopoly and the religious order of Europe had been upended. A key practice in this upending was that of privateering. Privateering played a crucial part both in the survival of Protestantism in Europe and in the spread of the European-dominated state system, accounting largely for how polities beyond the Iberian ones went overseas and how they came to settle around the world. By continuously pushing boundaries, privateering proved to be a perfectly suited practice for challenging the Iberian imperial duopoly and successfully transforming it into a wider European imperial venture. Understanding privateering, then, opens the door to making sense of the challenge posed by the sea to different European polities, how they managed to overcome the obstacles posed by the sea, and how the sea became a political fibre, structuring the reach of their political authority. By challenging traditional dichotomies of public and private, sea and land, state and empire, trade and war, privateering is a clear-cut example of that rethinking we called for in the introduction, a rethinking of international relations with the sea. In this chapter we explore the early practice of privateering along two axes. First, Protestant privateering was central to the survival of Protestantism in northwestern Europe, in particular in a first phase from around 1560 to the late 1580s; second, and just as importantly, Protestant privateering had global repercussions by breaking the Iberian imperial duopoly, establishing new polities

By addressing the sea, IR could stress the political dimension of maritime orders often taken for granted. We stress this political dimension in particular as an antidote to the long- standing depoliticising tradition of seeing the sea as a global commons. While this approach has provided interesting insights and important ways of thinking about policy, it has served to elide how the notion of the sea as commons has rested on naval hegemony, and an active forgetting of the endemic oceanic violence of the centuries before the nineteenth century.

Endülüs’ün fethinin ardından Müslümanlar yarımadada kalıcı olmak için giriştikleri yoğun çabalardan ve iç karışıklıkların neden olduğu siyasî istikrarsızlıklardan dolayı erken dönemde donanma hususuna önem verememişlerdir. Aynı zamanda bir ada ülkesi olması, Abbasîlerle meydana gelebilecek bir mücadelenin önüne geçmiştir. Diğer yandan, Akdeniz’de milâdi 7. yüzyıldan itibaren başlayan siyasi çekişmelerin de Endülüs’ün denizden ciddi bir tehditle karşı karşıya kalmasının önüne geçtiği ifade edilebilir. Bu süreçte Endülüs’teki yerli halk ve Müslümanlardan oluşan denizci gruplar, Batı Akdeniz’deki ticarî ve askerî faaliyetlerini sürdürmüşlerdir. 229/844 yılındaki Viking saldırısının ardından Endülüs donanmasının kurulma çalışmaları hız kazanmış ve Akdeniz’de Endülüs’ün resmi denizcilik faaliyetleri başlamıştır. II. Abdurrahman idaresine kadar olan dönemde devletin resmî bir donanmaya sahip olmaması ve bu durumun İslam tarihi eserlerinde yer almaması birçok tartışmayı beraberinde getirmiştir. Batılı kaynaklarda, ilk dönem Endülüslü denizcilerin faaliyetleri gayr-ı resmî olarak değerlendirilmiş ve Endülüs yönetimi ile herhangi bir bağının olmadığı ifade edilmiştir. Denizciler, genellikle “korsan”, faaliyetleri ise “korsanlık” olarak nitelendirilmiştir.

Ναυάγια και αδέσποτα πράγματα από τον 8ο-12ο αι (26.9.2025. 18:45-19:00. Διδακτήρια Φιλοσοφικής Σχολής Π. Κ.)

Η αρπαγή και η οικειοποίηση πραγμάτων που προέρχονταν από ναυάγιο ή πλοίο, που κινδύνευε εντός της θάλασσας ή κοντά στην ακτή, είχε ως επακόλουθο τόσο αστικές όσο και ποινικές ευθύνες. Η παρούσα ανακοίνωση στοχεύει στη συστηματική διερεύνηση της νομοθεσίας (8ος-12ος αι.) περί αρπαγής και λεηλασίας πραγμάτων προερχομένων από ναυάγια σε συνδυασμό με την εξέταση των ιστορικών μαρτυριών
της μέσης βυζαντινής περιόδου. Επιπλέον, διερευνά τα αδέσποτα πράγματα που καταλήγουν στις ακτές ή τον βυθό της θάλασσας και συσχετίζονται με τα ναυάγια. Εξ όσων γνωρίζουμε, δεν έχει εκπονηθεί έως σήμερα κάποια μελέτη που να διασταυρώνει τις νομικές με τις αφηγηματικές πηγές σε σχέση με τα ανωτέρω ζητήματα.

Purpose: Small business failure has been a persistent problem in Somalia in general, and in Garowe, Puntland in particular, for many years. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify both internal and external factors contributing to small business failure in Garowe, Puntland. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study employed a survey research design, using questionnaires to collect data from 120 respondents who were owners of failed small businesses. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools with the help of SPSS version 21. In addition, the Relative Importance Index (RII) was applied to identify the eight most significant internal and external factors contributing to small business failure in Garowe, Puntland. Findings: With regard to the factors that caused small business failure, the study found that the most significant internal and external causes were bad debt repayment and poor business location. Other major contributing factors included the lack of a business plan, limited business innovation, high operating expenses such as wages and rent, high taxation, political instability, and elevated interest rates. Practical Implications: The findings highlight the importance of preparing business plans, adopting innovation, and carefully selecting business locations before starting operations. Owners should strengthen their financial management skills to reduce risks related to bad debts and high operating expenses. Originality/Value: The study provides a practical guide for aspiring entrepreneurs on the key pitfalls to avoid, particularly regarding poor planning, site selection, and inadequate innovation.

Este trabalho, realizado no âmbito do Curso de Formação de Aquaviários – Marinheiro Fluvial de Convés (CFAQ-MFC), apresenta um resumo analítico do filme Capitão Phillips (2013), baseado em fatos reais. A obra retrata o sequestro do cargueiro Maersk Alabama por piratas somalis em 2009 e evidencia os desafios enfrentados em situações de risco no mar. O estudo destaca as principais decisões do capitão e da tripulação, os erros cometidos em termos de segurança e comunicação, bem como o despreparo dos piratas diante da resposta militar norte-americana. O objetivo é refletir sobre a importância de protocolos de segurança, planejamento de rota e medidas preventivas para a navegação, trazendo aprendizados relevantes para a formação de profissionais aquaviários.

Hernando Colón, the second son of Christopher Columbus, mentions a letter of Colombus to the Catholic Kings and copies it exactly in his biography of his father called "Historie". In this letter Columbus admits that he was a ship captain of the navy of René d'Anjou and that he lived in Marseille (1471-1473). This article exposes several documents that we have found in the archives of Provence and Marseille.

Exploring the formation of networks across late medieval Central Europe, this book examines the complex interaction of merchants, students, artists, and diplomats in a web of connections that linked the region. These individuals were friends in business ventures, occasionally families, and not infrequently foes. No single activity linked them, but rather their interconnectivity through matrices based in diverse modalities was key. Partnerships were not always friendship networks, art was sometimes passed between enemies, and families were created for fnancial gain. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the chapters focus on inclusion and exclusion within intercultural networks, both interpersonal and artistic, using a wide spectrum of source materials and methodological approaches. The concept of friends is considered broadly, not only as connections of mutual affection but also simply through business relationships. Families are considered in terms of how they helped or hindered local integration for foreigners and the matrimonial strategies they pursued. Networks were also deeply impacted by rivalry and hostility.

While piracy has always plagued humanity, terrorism at sea has only recently an emerging perception, with the Achille Lauro event in 1985 acting as a wakeup call.  Since then, the international community has attempted to apply new measures to combat maritime terrorism, such as raising awareness among governments and adopting new treaties. Despite the fact that the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA) or Sua Convention was approved in 1988, it appears to be struggling to mitigate terrorism on a wide scale, as the 9/11 occurrence brought a new pattern in terrorism. Moreover, international laws include piracy under the jurisdiction of the Universal principle and it is established principle that violation of universal principle is amount to violation of Jus Cogens norm .

When you think of Ancient Greece and Rome, what do you see? The Acropolis and the Colosseum? Perhaps the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle, and the rule of the Caesars? Or the birth of democracy and the vast reach of an empire? This well-trodden history of great thinkers, military leaders, and early state formation in the classical world enthralls us still, but it tells only half the story…

How democratic was Athenian democracy? How much power did states actually wield beyond their city walls? And who looked upon the systems of domination that prevailed and sought to create something different?

Radical Antiquity takes you on a unique journey in search of anarchy, statelessness, and social experimentation in the Graeco-Roman world. Sweeping across the Mediterranean from the time of the first Olympic Games in 776 BCE until the emergence of Islam in 610 CE, Christopher B. Zeichmann introduces the reader to communities of escaped slaves, pirates, and religious sects—all of whom sought a more egalitarian way of life that avoided the coercion, hierarchy, and exploitation of the state.

This history from below brings the experiences of common and marginal people out of obscurity, and radically expands our understanding of social and political life in the classical world.

The obligation to keep an object safe is probably one of the most disputed problems of Roman law 1 . It seems that after the studies of * I would like to express my deepest gratitude to dr Jakub Urbanik and dr Agnieszka Kacprzak for their constant inspiration, encouragement and support in my studies on custodiam praestare. Needless to say, the responsibility for all errors, omissions and unclear passages is mine. 1 For a detailed discussion on earlier literature see the fundamental work of C.A.CANNATA, Ricerche sulla responsabilità contrattuale nel diritto romano I,

Este trabajo analiza el papel del corsarismo durante las guerras de independencia hispanoamericanas, con especial énfasis en el Río de la Plata. Algunos de los objetivos de este estudio era desmentir la idea de que el corsarismo era una práctica caótica o marginal, si no que fue una estrategia clave utilizada tanto por la monarquía española como por los patriotas hispanoamericanos para compensar la debilidad de sus armadas. Para ello, el trabajo analiza exhaustivamente la Ordenanza de Corso de 1801, apoyándose además de documentación primaria del Archivo Histórico de la Armada Española.

La metodología combina el análisis documental, la catalogación de fuentes manuscritas y el estudio de normativa naval. Se transcriben documentos clave y se contextualizan personajes con ayuda del Diccionario Biográfico de la Real Academia de la Historia.

El estudio demuestra la existencia de corsarios operando bajo múltiples banderas, revelando la complejidad diplomática del período. Asimismo, destaca el impacto del corsarismo en el comercio, la guerra naval y la política del proceso emancipador, planteando una visión más rica y completa de la lucha por la independencia. El trabajo contribuye a rescatar una dimensión olvidada pero central de la historia marítima y militar del siglo XIX hispanoamericano.

Commissioned by Victor Ostapchuk (University of Toronto) Eric R. Dursteler's work, which examines Venetian-Ottoman coexistence in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, is an interesting and significant contribution to the growing scholarship on cross-cultural interaction in the early modern Mediterranean. By emphasizing the coexistence in Venetian-Ottoman relations, Dursteler challenges the traditional historiography that has until recently approached the early modern Mediterranean almost solely as a battleground of mutually exclusive categories, such as "East/West," "Muslim/Christian," "Ottoman/European," or "Venetian/Turk." Building on recent studies that question the historical validity of these dichotomous categories as well as the structuralist and essentialist definitions of identity,

Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın temelleri Sultan I. Murad döneminde (1362-1389) Gelibolu’da Çandarlı Halil Paşa ve Molla Rüstem’in teşvikleriyle Acemioğlanlar Ocağı’nın kurulması sonrasında atılmıştır. Başlangıçta az sayıda kişiden oluşan ve Gelibolu’daki askerî nakliyat gemilerinde görev alan bu askerî teşkilat, zamanla hem sayı olarak artmış hem de yapılan düzenlemelerle kurumsal olarak farklı bir kimliğe bürünmüştür. Nizamî kuvvet olarak savaş meydanlarında boy göstermelerinin yanında, iç güvenlik harekâtlarında da kullanılan bir unsur haline gelmişlerdir. Yeniçeri Ocağı’na ait birçok husûsu 1606 yılında telif edilen ve on nüshası tespit edilerek tarafımızca doktora çalışmamıza konu olan Kavânîn-i Yeniçeriyân adlı yazma eserden öğrenmekteyiz. Bu eserden tespit ettiğimiz bilgilerin içinde yeniçeri teminine ait husûslar da bulunmaktadır. Bu makalede Kavânîn-i Yeniçeriyân adlı eserin Uzunçarşılı nüshasından hareketle yeniçeri temini için başvurulan devşirme uygulamasının ilk örneklerinin nasıl ortaya çıktığına, yeniçeri temininde görev alan devlet görevlilerinin kimler olduğuna ve bu yetkililerin ifâ ettikleri görevlerin ayrıntılarına değinilerek Yeniçeri Ocağı’ndaki teşkilatlanma süreci incelenmiştir.

Copyright © Bu kitabın Türkiye'deki her türlü yayın hakkı Eğitim Yayınevi'ne aittir. Bütün hakları saklıdır. Kitabın tamamı veya bir kısmı 5846 sayılı yasanın hükümlerine göre kitabı yayımlayan firmanın ve yazarlarının önceden izni olmadan elektronik/mekanik yolla, fotokopi yoluyla ya da herhangi bir kayıt sistemi ile çoğaltılamaz, yayımlanamaz.

The life of the physician and explorer Giuseppe Ferlini (1797-1870), who is mainly known for the discovery of the Kushite treasure of queen Amanishakheto at Meroe, is still largely shrouded in shadow, and the information preserved about him is often patchy, disordered and occasionally inaccurate. The article aims at describing the main stages of the life of Ferlini, from the first experiences in the military camps in the Balkans to his last adventures in Sudan, where he envisaged "archaeological research" as possible source of knowledge and income.

Απόσπασμα ευρύτερης μελέτης για τη μεταβυζαντινή Μήλο στο οποίο αναλύεται η δράση Δυτικοευρωπαίων πειρατών στον χώρο του Αιγαίου, με βάση τη Μήλο, στη διάρκεια του 17ου αιώνα και ιδιαίτερα κατά τον Κρητικό Πόλεμο (1645-1669), μεταξύ της Βενετίας και της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας. Το κείμενο αναρτήθηκε στην ιστοσελίδα "Περί Αλός".