Atlantic World

Már az ókorban megszületett az a felismerés, hogy az olvasás egy belső dialógus, amelynek során az olvasó valakivel beszélget, aki távol van, de mégis eljut hozzá a hangja. Teológiai kontextusban Isten a legfontosabb megszólaló, aki szavakat intézett az emberekhez, de nincs jelen kézzelfogható valóságában az olvasás során. Ezt a dialógust jellemezte így Cyprianus a 3. században: mind az ima, mind a Szentírás olvasása a hívő kötelessége, mert az imában szólhat a hívő Istenhez, Isten pedig az Írás által beszél a hívőhöz: "állhatatosan imádkozz, vagy olvass: itt te beszélsz Istenhez, ott Isten tevéled." (Cyprianus, Ad Donatum, 15, szerk. Manlio Simonetti-Claudio Moreschini, Brepols, Turnhout, 1976, 12. Ford. K. F. G.) Az olvasás és az ima mint a párbeszéd két komplementer eleme gyakran visszatérő gondolat lett az egyházatyák katekhétikus írásaiban. Aranyszájú Szt. János Kiss Farkas Gábor Az olvasás mint a dialógus tere a kora újkorban 54

During the seventeenth century, the island colony of Barbados attracted the attention of merchants and investors through the strength of its market, and many Barbadians became the wealthiest settlers in England's Atlantic empire. Contemporaries called Barbados a "Spatious and profitable Garden," one that "by all the Sweet Negotiation of Sugar" cultivation prospered. Elite Barbadians accrued vast fortunes and estates, commanded hundreds of servants and slaves, and established commercial and political connections across the Atlantic world. Vessels from Africa, Bermuda, England, the Chesapeake, New England, and other places anchored in Barbados's port of Bridgetown to exchange commodities, ferry migrants, and purchase rum, sugar, and slaves. With ships on its shores, and an increasing amount of wealth invested in its enterprise, Barbados's plantation economy flourished. Indeed, by the 1650s, a group of opportunistic Barbadian adventurers seized undeveloped frontiers with the intent to enlarge their fortunes and England's mercantile realm. Adventurers led by Sir Thomas Modyford, Francis Lord Willoughby, Sir John Colleton, and Sir John Yeamans moved in diaspora from Barbados and across the Atlantic world. Barbadians engaged in business and planting in Antigua and Surinam by the 1650s and in Jamaica, St. Lucia, and Carolina by the 1660s. Some of these adventurers leapt aboard ships themselves; others managed their affairs from Barbados by sending agents, servants, and slaves abroad; but together their actions incorporated new market frontiers into the Atlantic's commercial geography. 1 My argument advances in three stages. First, during the sugar boom era of the 1640s, 1650s, and 1660s, Barbadian merchants and planters devoted their island to sugar cultivation

A coletânea Linguística: da sintaxe ao discurso teve seu primeiro volume publicado em 2021, quando então contei com a colaboração do Prof. Dr. Tiago Aguiar, da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Naquele período, eu e outros colegas, entre os quais a Profa. Dra. Dayane Moreira Lemos, que organiza este segundo volume comigo, e o Prof. Me. Gustavo da Silva Andrade, discutíamos a importância de promover a pesquisa científica na área da linguística em outras esferas além da pós-graduação, mas não só incentivar, como também dar visibilidade a essas produções. Este segundo volume persegue o mesmo objetivo, com o diferencial que, entre os autores agora, figuram discentes do Ensino Médio do Instituto Federal do Piauí, acredito que uma feliz surpresa para mim e meus colegas que promove um “descortinar” dos diferentes movimentos de pesquisa que são realizados para além dos “muros” das pós-graduações. Portanto, este volume dá continuidade ao compromisso de explorar os fenômenos linguísticos a partir de perspectivas variadas, abrangendo desde a análise estrutural da língua até as suas manifestações em contextos sociais específicos. Neste volume, autores oriundos da Educação Básica e dos cursos de Graduação apresentam seus estudos que abordam a diversidade linguística em diferentes aspectos e contextos, desde o ensino de línguas até a análise de fenômeno sociolinguísticos em comunidades quilombolas.

La Rochelle, the fourth largest slaving port in France in the eighteenthcentury, is used as a case study in the application of agency theory to long-distance trade. This analysis explores an area not accounted for in the literature on French commercial practices. Being broadly couched in a New Institutionalist framework, this study explores the formal and informal institutions designed to curb agency problems, and emphasizes the expost strategies such as social rewarding, to which little attention is usually paid. It also finds reputation-effect strategies were efficiently combined with a well-operating legal system. It subsequently challenges the traditional dichotomy between societies where personal links dominated the economy and modern societies where business links are predominantly impersonal. As a result, this empirical analysis leads to a reappraisal of private ordering as opposed to legal centralism and calls for more theoretical research.

were particularly generous with their knowledge, time and constJUctive criticism. I would like to thank the staff of the History Department at the Universily of Cape Town for their invaluable assistance to me during the writing of this project, and Clver the years, particularly: Janet De Waal, Maureen Gallon and Sheila Neumann. I would also like to thank Mandy Findeis (Postgraduate Students) and Paula Foley (Postgraduate Scholarships) for their personable assistance albeit in an administrative capacity. I would like to thank the personnel of of the State Archives (Cape Town), the South African Library (Cape Town), the Gubbins Library (Johannesburg), the Brenthurst Library (Johannesburg) and the African Studies Centre at the University of Cape Town.

La tradición pictórica poblana es un tema de estudio fundamental para entender la complejidad de la pintura novohispana. En este artículo se da cuenta de cómo el pintor José Rodríguez Carnero fue pieza clave para su consolidación, pues desde su llegada a Puebla logró establecer una serie de estrategias que le permitieron ser el líder de la pintura en dicha ciudad, al crear un gremio de artistas y un estilo que definirían la pintura poblana durante el siglo xviii.

Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719) has been celebrated as one of the earliest English novels, but its influence extends far beyond literature. For centuries, economists have used the "Robinson Crusoe economy" as a simplified model of scarcity, production, opportunity cost, and comparative advantage. Yet the novel also raises profound existential questions about solitude, freedom, and the search for meaning, which resonate with existentialist thought developed by philosophers such as Kierkegaard, Sartre, and Camus. This paper explores Robinson Crusoe through both economic and existentialist lenses. It argues that Crusoe is not only a rational economic actor but also an isolated individual forced to confront existential freedom, despair, and the possibility of self-definition. By integrating economic theory with existential philosophy, this analysis highlights the dual nature of Crusoe's narrative as both a parable of resource allocation and a meditation on the human condition.

Die Leiter der über Ost-und Südostasien verstreuten Handelsstationen der niederländischen Verenigden Oostindischen Compagnie (VOC) machten im 17. Jahrhundert wenig Aufhebens von dem ihnen unterstellten medizinischen Personal. In ihren dienstlichen Tagebüchern schrieben sie meist nur vom 'heelmeester', 'chirurgyn' oder 'barbier', selten ließen sie sich zu einer namentlichen Nennung hinreißen. Auch in der japanischen Niederlassung auf dem Inselchen Deshima (Nagasaki) 1 war das üblich. Auf der Suche nach biographischen verwertbaren Daten ist man daher auf andere Dokumente verwiesen, doch die Unterschriften unter den Beschlüssen und Briefen des Rates dieser Faktorei stammen ausschließlich vom kaufmännischen Personal, dem merkantilen 'Adel' der Compagnie. Zahlreiche Unterlagen aus jenem ersten Jahrhundert der VOC sind zudem verschwunden, dem feuchtheißen Klima, Schiffbrüchen, Bränden zum Opfer gefallen oder durch unachtsame Verwalter vernichtet. So ist es wenig verwunderlich, daß die bisherigen Tabellen der in Japan tätigen Faktoreichirurgen für das 17. Jahrhundert noch viele Lücken zeigten. Einige, in der nachfolgenden Übersicht durch ein Sternchen gekennzeichnet, konnten in jüngster Zeit geschlossen werden. Die Namen lassen erkennen. daß erstaunlich viele Deutsche darunter waren. Hier und dort wurde sogar der Geburtsort klar. 2

Dutch overseas expansion was always a subject of particular interest to historians of Portuguese expansion. Portugal and the Netherlands were the only small European countries that developed significant colonial empires during the early modern period. Apart from this similarity in scale, the Dutch and Portuguese empires conflicted for the first two-thirds of the seventeenth century. This conflict proved decisive in the future shape of both empires. As the book under review makes clear, it was during this time that the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, or VOC) grew into the major European power in Asia, partly at the cost of several Portuguese Asian positions. From the 1630s onward, something similar seemed about to happen in the Atlantic, with the occupation of Northeastern Brazil and Luanda (Angola) by the Dutch West India Company (West-Indische Compagnie, or WIC).

In the eighteenth century, the Pietist Institutum Judaicum et Muhammedicum of Halle dispatched emissaries to Jewish communities throughout Europe to evangelize the Jews. To attract the Jews' attention and establish afriendly rapport with them, these missionaries showcased both their own Christian piety and familiarity with Jewish religion and culture. The missionary reports concerning these encounters entail as econdary performative aspect. Indeed, the missionaries portrayed themselves and their Jewish interlocutors in aspecific manner for their target readers: Christian supporters of the Institutum Judaicum. This article will analyze both levels of performativity and the inherent role of cultural translation in such interreligious interactions.

Or le-‘et ‘erev was the most popular missionary pamphlet printed by the Pietist Institutum Judaicum et Muhammedicum in Halle (Saale). This Yiddish booklet garnered much attention among Jews and Christians alike, and it was translated into several languages, including Dutch. One Dutch translation was penned by a Jewish convert who later reverted to Judaism and faced various accusations relating to his translation. This article focuses on that Dutch translation and the largely unknown personality of its author. The translation and its accompanying paratexts are compared with another eighteenth-century Dutch translation of the same pamphlet, thus shedding light on the translation techniques used, as well as the nature of the work and its intended audience. The translator’s multiple identities appear in a diverse corpus of documents under several aliases. In his largely unknown Hebrew apologia, Or le-‘et boker, which demonstrates a profound knowledge of Judaism as well as remarkable literary skills, he rewrote the story of his reconversion as a tale of repentance and redemption. Despite the idiosyncrasy of this fascinating life story, which transitions between Christianity and Judaism, the translator should be viewed as belonging to a larger group of less-known eighteenth-century Jewish authors and reformers. The members of this group sought to improve piety and religious education among their coreligionists and shared eighteenth-century Christian pietist notions of religiosity.

En las últimas décadas, el análisis de las músicas iberoamericanas ha experimentado una profunda transformación impulsada por el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias, métodos y teorías, así como por la creciente interdisciplinariedad y la acelerada incorporación de herramientas computacionales. Estos nuevos marcos conviven con perspectivas (auto)etnográficas, semióticas y decoloniales, dando lugar a renovadas formas de análisis que trascienden los límites formalistas y permiten repensar los procesos de significación musical en las músicas iberoamericanas desde perspectivas más plurales. El V Congreso MUSAM de la SEdeM invita a los investigadores a reflexionar sobre estos enfoques emergentes desde una perspectiva trasatlántica, abordando tanto el análisis del discurso sonoro a partir de herramientas analíticas actualizadas, como el estudio de los discursos sobre la música, que incluyen su creación, interpretación, recepción y circulación entre las dos orillas. El congreso aspira así a generar un espacio de diálogo científico que amplíe las posibilidades y estrategias analíticas del universo sonoro iberoamericano, promoviendo un marco más dinámico e inclusivo que refleje la variedad y complejidad de las prácticas de la región en el contexto atlántico y global.

L’article examine ce que l’on pourrait appeler l’avènement de trois moments dans l’histoire de la cartographie du monde ibérique à partir de la critique de l’historiographie anglo-saxonne dédiée à l’histoire des sciences et la revendication de la science ibérique au début du XXIe siècle. En même temps, il interroge la portée et les limites de la notion de « mondes ibériques » dans l’écriture d’une histoire de la cartographie de la première modernité. Finalement, il avance des propositions méthodologiques et des approches théoriques alternatives pour aborder son étude.

Resumo: Este artigo analisa a presença comercial norte-americana no Rio da Prata, especificamente em Montevidéu entre 1790 e 1822. Nas primeiras décadas do século XIX, a presença comercial dos E.U.A. cresceu nos territórios americanos sob controle das monarquias ibéricas no Atlântico Sul. Comerciantes norte-americanos utilizaram diferentes estratégias comerciais para penetrar nos mercados espanhóis do Rio da Prata utilizando redes de comércio construídas no contexto do colonialismo ibérico. Durante a década de 1810, os comerciantes norte-americanos mantiveram as suas ligações com as monarquias espanhola e portuguesa, obtendo acesso legal aos portos ibero-americanos.

The Salem witchcraft crisis in 1692 was a historical event with remarkable social, political, and religious repercussions which affected the future and the formation of what would be the new American postcolonial society. There are many documents and manuscripts of this episode which are preserved in the archives thanks to official and personal accounts written by the very participants involved —judges, accusers, accused, and witnesses.
Hence, the Salem witchcraft delusion is one of the best recorded events of Colonial America. Some 19th Century American authors relied on these historical records to create their fictions with the intention to give their literature a genuine “American” topic. Meanwhile, in Great Britain, Victorian authors like Elizabeth Gaskell engaged with Gothic themes also based on historical events so as to put into context their present social and religious conflicts. This dissertation aims at demonstrating how the Salem trials of the 17th century supplied Anglo-American writers of the 19th century with an appropriate subject-matter for their fictions, which in turn
allowed them to understand their contemporary historical, social, and religious background.
To carry out this study, the fictions chosen will be John Neal’s Rachel Dyer (1828), Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The House of the Seven Gables (1851), Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s Giles Corey of the Salem Farms (1868), and Elizabeth Gaskell’s Lois the Witch (1859). Each of these authors follows his/her own approach to shape their stories which will be deeply analyzed with the conventions of historical fiction in mind. Characters and events, both fictional and real, will also be explored through a gender perspective, taking into consideration the concept of “otherness,” and how they were historically discriminated and/or used as scapegoats, and subsequently, how they are portrayed in those terms in the fictions studied. The conclusions achieved in this dissertation will prove that, for these authors, it is a must to learn from history to avoid repeating past mistakes in the present and in the future.
Palabras clave
Salem trials, witch-hunts, Rachel Dyer, The House of the Seven Gables, Giles Corey of the Salem Farms, Lois the Witch

El Quaderno de las obligaciones que deben cumplir los Músicos de voz, Ministriles y demás Instrumentistas, publicado en 1770, constituye una fuente inestimable para estudiar el papel de la música durante la liturgia practicada en la Catedral de Málaga en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. Este libro de ceremonial es particularmente interesante ya que –en una fecha tan tardía como 1770– describe el uso de diferentes tipologías de polifonías improvisadas como el «contrapunto» o las «varetas» cuyas prácticas en las catedrales españolas son abundantemente documentadas a los largo de los siglos XVI y XVII. Además, gracias a los contenidos de algunas actas capitulares conservadas en el Archivo de la Catedral de Málaga, que describen una querella surgida entre el maestro de capilla Jaime Torrens (1641-1803) y algunos cantores, ha sido posible estudiar otra praxis de improvisación escuetamente descrita en el Quaderno, utilizada para interpretar el segundo salmo de Vísperas y que era conocida bajo diferentes nombres, como «versos de segundillo», «versos ad libitum», «salmo de alternativa» o «versos solos». En esta contribución se estudiarán las dos praxis de improvisación sobre los tonos salmódicos mencionadas en el Quaderno –varetas y salmos de segundillo– con la finalidad de establecer sus características y principales diferencias, así como su lugar dentro del ceremonial de la Catedral de Málaga.

The Quaderno de las obligaciones que deben cumplir los Músicos de voz, Ministriles y demás Instrumentistas, published in 1770, constitutes an invaluable source for studying the role of music during the liturgy practiced in the cathedral of Málaga in the second half of the 18th century. This ceremonial book is particularly interesting because—as late as 1770—it describes the use of different types of improvised polyphonies, such as «contrapunto» or «varetas» whose practices in Spanish cathedrals are abundantly documented throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. Furthermore, only thanks to the contents of certain capitular acts preserved in the Archive of the cathedral of Málaga, which describe a dispute between the maestro de capilla Jaime Torrens (1641–1803) and some singers, has it been possible to identify another improvisational praxis briefly described in the Quaderno. This practice was used to perform the second psalm of Vespers and was known by different names, such as «salmo de segundillo», «versos ad libitum», «salmo de alternativa», or «versos a solo». This contribution will examine the two improvisational practices on psalm tones mentioned in the Quaderno—varetas and salmos de segundillo—to establish their characteristics and main differences, as well as their place within the ceremonial practices of the Cathedral of Málaga.

This article examines the efforts made by three most important organizations: The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the European Union (EU) and the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) in the establishment of electronic criminal databases for Law Enforcement Agencies and the consolidation of regional security integration in West Africa. The paper provides a brief background to each of the above-mentioned organizations. In addition, outlined how they have worked in collaboration over the years to make the ECOWAS region a safer place to live. Its further describes the situation of criminal data management in the region prior to the establishment of the WAPIS programme. Moreover, the paper analyzes the importance of WAPIS to the law enforcement agencies in West Africa and beyond. The article stresses on the advantages of the WAPIS Programme and concludes with some recommendations.

What was the legal status of women in early colonial Maryland? This is the central question answered by this dissertation. Women, as exemplified through a series of case studies, understood the law and interacted with the nascent Maryland legal system. Each of the cases in the following chapters is slightly different. Each case examined in this dissertation illustrates how much independent legal agency women in the colony demonstrated. Throughout the seventeenth century, Maryland women appeared before the colony's Provincial and county courts as witnesses, plaintiffs, defendants, and attorneys in criminal and civil trials. Women further entered their personal cattle marks, claimed land, and sued other colonists. This study asserts that they improved their social standing through these interactions with the courts. By exerting this much legal knowledge, they created an important place for themselves in Maryland society. Historians have begun to question the interpretation that Southern women were restricted to the home as housewives and mothers. The research in this dissertation illustrates that the female role in Maryland's legal system refutes this assumption specifically about Maryland women. Studies of Maryland, whether of society, women, or the law, are numerically fewer than studies of other colonies. This includes the other southern colonies. Nevertheless, in the past twenty years, there has been a historiographical shift toward rehabilitating the role women had in society. This dissertation contributes to that trend by illustrating women's agency outside of the household. Maryland was unique. As the first British colony to allow all Christians freedom of conscience, Maryland had a society that allowed rights for a variety of people. Extending from this point, the Maryland legal structure in the early colonial period allowed women many rights. As the system developed, women learned to understand how to use and abuse the legal system. This is evident in the four categories of crimes in this dissertation. Witchcraft, violent crimes, sexual offenses, and property offenses all involved females in different capacities. It was this experience with these varied cases that helped women from 1648 through 1715 carve out a place for themselves in society. Only think on't! A province, an entire people -all unsung! What deeds forgot, what gallant men and women lost to time! -John Barth, The Sot-Weed Factor iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

This document contains the historiographical contributions and main interventions in my old dissertation (since changed), written for a Fulbright DDRA proposal. The country-wide cancellation of funding offered by Fulbright  greatly affected the direction of my dissertation, living this proposal and its research dead in the water. The project would have been the first book-length study on Denkyira, and the first academic work fully dedicated to examining the intersections of militarization and slavery within this Akan state. It would have drawn extensively on oral histories and archival sources, situating Denkyira’s oral traditions within the broader history of 17th-century West Africa and highlighting the socio-political impacts of Atlantic trade on the region.
I am publishing this on Academia for educational purposes and to underline the impacts of the academic fund-cutting. As always, democracy dies in darkness.

This introduction to the special issue “Resistance to Slavery in Africa: Past and Present” offers a pan-African perspective on the diverse forms of resistance to slavery across time and space. In addition to the pioneer scholarship on Atlantic transformations in African societies, it examines resistance in West, Central, West Central, East and Southern Africa, including responses to the trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean slave trades, local slavery systems and their post-abolition legacies. A central contribution is its integration of Anglophone, Francophone, Lusophone, Arabic and Ottoman scholarships, bridging historiographical divides. Furthermore, the issue foregrounds the role of resistance within customary, Islamic and colonial legal frameworks, showing how enslaved people asserted rights, claimed freedoms or mitigated exploitation. Gendered resistance is also a key focus, highlighting how women fled sexual violence, defended kinship ties and built new communities. Methodologically, the collection employs an interdisciplinary approach, from oral history, microhistory, social history to digital humanities, to recover subaltern voices and reinterpret archival silences. It challenges linear narratives of abolition by revealing resistance as a struggle not only for formal emancipation but also for reshaping social relations and asserting relative autonomy within oppressive systems. Finally, a distinctive feature is the inclusion of contemporary resistance, such as grassroots anti-slavery activism using digital platforms like WhatsApp mobilize marginalized communities. Overall, by linking historical and present-day struggles, the volume underscores that resistance to slavery is a continuous and evolving process. Together the contributions reframe African resistance as locally grounded, historically sustained and globally relevant.

El ensayo analiza un momento de ruptura del régimen institucional de la representación corporativa del comercio provincial novohispano, en el contexto de la transición al régimen republicano. Nos interesa mostrar una coyuntura crítica para entender la desarticulación política de una clase comercial que declinó en su capacidad de negociar, ejercer autoridad jurisdiccional sobre una territorialidad de mercado y la fractura de sus capacidades judiciales para resolver disputas comerciales. Se trata de una micro-observación de actores, procesos políticos y cambios en la trama institucional que cerraron el ciclo de la vida corporativa del comercio tardocolonial en la nueva república mexicana.

The essay analyzes a moment of rupture in the institutional regime of the corporate representation of provincial trade in New Spain, in the context of the transition to the republican regime. We are interested in showing a critical juncture for understanding the political disarticulation of a commercial class that declined in its capacity to negotiate, to exercise jurisdictional authority over a market territoriality, and the fracture of its judicial capacities to resolve commercial disputes. This is a micro-observation of actors, political processes and changes in the institutional framework that closed the cycle of corporate life in late-colonial trade in the new Mexican republic.

El estudio de las relaciones de sucesos ha incorporado al panorama investigativo histórico aportes que, desde hace unos años, han aumentado los caudales del conocimiento científico humano desde enfoques de diversidad amplia. Concretamente, al análisis de las relaciones de sucesos prodigiosas y los acercamientos metodológicos desde líneas de estudio sobre la cotidianeidad y la cultura remanente han arrojado luz sobre las sociedades modernas desde enfoques hasta ahora no contemplados. El siguiente aporte investigativo se aproxima, desde estas mismas premisas, al análisis de textos referidos a la aparición de un monstruo pescado en las orillas de un rio polaco, un evento que más allá de su evidente fantasía, aporta lecturas cuanto menos importantes a la hora de considerar la composición mental y cultural de la sociedad moderna.

Breve presentación del gran historiador  Albert Soboul escrita con motivo de la traducción de su artículo «Aspects politiques de la démocratie populaire en l'an II»,  publicado originalmente en el nº 17 de la revista «La Pensée» de enero-febrero de 1957.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo central analisar o processo de constituição política e territorial da ampla zona de fronteira norte e noroeste da América do Sul, entre 1750 e 1820, a partir de sucessivas reformas políticas, administrativas e fiscais demandadas pelo Império português, para dilatar os seus espaços de controle sobre os sertões do Estado do Grão-Pará e Maranhão, depois Estado do Grão-Pará e Rio Negro. O desenvolvimento dessas políticas imperiais, profundamente relacionadas à concorrência comercial e territorial entre os Impérios europeus no mundo Atlântico, produziu um quadro de tensão e disputa nos espaços de fronteira da região do rio Amazonas e seus principais tributários, nos quais os dirigentes do Império português procuravam manter a soberania monárquica e imperial, principalmente em relação aos domínios hispano-americanos. A proposta analítica deste trabalho também procura privilegiar as múltiplas relações sociais, rotas e circuitos transfronteiriços, que foram constituídas nos sertões do rio Amazonas, durante o processo de formação do referido espaço.

Es bien sabido que, por Gran Colombia, se entendió al territorio incluido en aquel fabuloso sueño del Precursor, Francisco de Miranda, según el cual, la franja occidental del Continente Americano, desde la Alta California hasta el Cabo de Hornos, podría constituir una sola nación o federación de naciones absolutamente independiente de la Madre Patria, bajo el imperio de un civilizado Inca y con el propio Francisco de Miranda como primer ministro. Habría de llamarse Columbus o Colombia en recuerdo y homenaje a Cristóbal Colón, su Descubridor. * El federalismo adoptado por la constitución venezolana; * La mala administración de las rentas públicas; * El terremoto de 1812; * Los desacuerdos entre las clases sociales (ya que los mantuanos querían emanciparse, pero no querían quedarse sin esclavos);

e a fronteira da mercadoria: em defesa da dialética, contra a aritmética verde (Prólogo) WEBB, Walter Prescott, The Great Plains. 2nd. ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2022 [1931]. p. 12. 20 WEBB, The Great Plains, op. cit, p. 19. Alguma confusão geralmente emerge em torno do termo "modo de produção". Marx usou o termo em ao menos três formas distintas. Cada uma opera em um nível distinto de abstração: 1) para se referir "aos métodos e técnicas efetivamente usados na produção de um valor de uso específico"; 2) para se referir "à forma característica do processo de trabalho sob as relações do capitalismo", qm eu a relação capital-trabalho constitui "uma representação abstrata de um conjunto razoavelmente definido de relações"; e 3) para se referir "holisticamente e com fins comparativos… à toda a gama de relações de produção, troca, distribuição e consumo, bem como aos arranjos institucionais, jurídicos e administrativos, a organização política e o aparato estal, a ideologia e as formas características de reprodução social (classe). Esse conceito abrangente, mas altamente abstrato, é de várias formas o mais interessante, mas também cria as maiores dificuldades".

On May 26, 1833, seventeen African men and women died in Matanzas, Cuba, victims of the intersecting plagues of cholera and chattel slavery. Though they died in diaspora, far from their homelands, their adopted kinsmen ensured the return their souls with elaborate funerary rites, rituals that when documented by plantation doctors, cast an acoustic archival echo that we might read against the grain. On the face of such records are debates over policy, hygiene, and epidemiology. Yet embedded within are also glimpses of grief and the everyday struggle on the part of the living to making sense of death and disease. We can glean from these a soundscape of mourning to examine the relationship between music and medicine and to meditate on methods for “sounding” archives that otherwise obscure the health experiences of colonized subjects who endured disease, disability, and death.

In this text, my main purpose is to advance a problematization of precarization and precarity. The first section proposes the notion of “colonial fracture” as a way to put into relief the dynamics through which centers and peripheries have been historically articulated to each other. The following section reorients the problematization, and seeks to interpret precarity from an onto-political perspective. Then, with the concept of the “Red Atlantic”, I suggest that one of the onto-political perspectives cultivated across the Atlantic can be identified in the way Brazilian Black thinkers/movements resignify the historical formation of quilombos into quilombism. Finally, through the theoretical and conceptual route previously tracked, the last section engages with Itamar Vieira Junior’s novel "Torto Arado", in order to address further dimensions of the colonial fracture, identifying certain situated complexities and subtleties of precarity and precarization. From the onto-political perspective of quilombism, I argue, one is able to move away from dualist and unidirectional framings of modernity and, therefore, to advance a more complex problematization of precarization and precarity, attentive to globally-articulated practices taking place within centers, within peripheries, and entangling them.

Prior to 589, the Jewish population of Spain was tolerated by the Visigoths. A period of tolerance dawned for the Jews of the Iberian Peninsula. In the wake of the Muslim conquest, immigrants from North Africa and the Middle East bolstered the Jewish population and made Muslim Spain the largest center of contemporary Jews. Especially after 912, during the reign of Abd al-Rahman III and his son, Al-Hakam II, the Jews prospered culturally, and some notable figures held high posts in the Caliphate of Córdoba. Jewish philosophers, mathematicians, astronomers, poets, and rabbinical scholars composed highly rich cultural and scientific work. Many devoted themselves to the study of the sciences and philosophy, writing many of the most valuable texts of Jewish philosophy. Jews took part in the overall prosperity of Muslim Al-Andalus. Jewish economic expansion was unparalleled. In Toledo, after the Christian reconquest in 1085, Jews participated in translating Arabic texts into the Romance languages in the so-called Toledo

This  scientific work traces the history of Barbados, from British colonization to its status as an independent republic. Initially populated by the Amerindians Kalinas and Kawaks, the island was named ‘‘A Ilha dos Barbudos’’ by the Portuguese Pedro Campos in 1536, which would later be the origin of its current official name ‘‘Barbados’’ or its translations into other languages. Conquered by the British in 1627, it became a plantation colony, nicknamed ‘‘Little England’’ due to the strong assimilation of British culture. The economy, first based on tobacco and cotton - for which poor British citizens (mostly Irish) and local Amerindians were the servile workforce, which ended up decimating the Amerindians due to this grueling work-, shifted to sugar cultivation, requiring the massive importation of enslaved Africans. The majority of these enslaved Africans came mainly from Central Africa, notably from the Kongo Kingdom and its vassals (Kingdoms of Ndongo, Matamba, Loango, and Téké), and secondarily from West Africa (Gold Coast, Badagary, etc.).
This research also highlights the slave revolt of 1816, the first in the British West Indies, led by individuals such as Bussa and Joseph Pitt Washington Franklyn. Although often called ‘‘Bussa’s Revolt’’ the author SAMBA TOMBA notes that Franklyn is more frequently cited as the main leader in primary sources. The insurgents, despite an apparent loyalty to the British Crown, sought freedom and emancipation, frustrated by the delay in these reforms. The repression was brutal, but the revolt had a major consequence by accelerating the official abolition of the slave trade in 1833 throughout the British Empire. After abolition, the formerly enslaved continued to work for meager wages on sugar cane plantations. Social and economic tensions led to political reforms, including the adoption of universal suffrage in 1951 and independence in 1966. In 2021, Barbados became a republic, thus cutting the last colonial ties with the British constitutional monarchy, a very symbolic event for a country that has always been a pioneer in the region. Barbados is known today for its diversified economy, tourism, and is the home country of the talented and international singer, Rihanna.

Prior to 589, the Jewish population of Spain was tolerated by the Visigoths. A period of tolerance dawned for the Jews of the Iberian Peninsula. In the wake of the Muslim conquest, immigrants from North Africa and the Middle East bolstered the Jewish population and made Muslim Spain the largest center of contemporary Jews. Especially after 912, during the reign of Abd al-Rahman III and his son, Al-Hakam II, the Jews prospered culturally, and some notable figures held high posts in the Caliphate of Córdoba. Jewish philosophers, mathematicians, astronomers, poets, and rabbinical scholars composed highly rich cultural and scientific work. Many devoted themselves to the study of the sciences and philosophy, writing many of the most valuable texts of Jewish philosophy. Jews took part in the overall prosperity of Muslim Al-Andalus. Jewish economic expansion was unparalleled. In Toledo, after the Christian reconquest in 1085, Jews participated in translating Arabic texts into the Romance languages in the so-called Toledo

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This chapter discusses the utilization of the term ‘sacrifice’ and its variations in European texts that describe ritual killings in Tupinambá societies during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The texts of missionaries, colonists and chroniclers generally coincide in their descriptions of Tupinambá execution methods. Warriors captured in battle would be held captive for periods of time that could vary between mere days and several months. Then they would be killed with a quick head blow, dismembered, disemboweled, and eaten by the community. Were the ritual killings of enemies amongst the Tupinambá really meant as sacrifices though? Would it be possible to suppose that Europeans, at the moment of the occupation of the region that would become Brazil, were particularly sensitive to the topic of sacrifice and all its derivative discussions — anthropophagy included — and, for this reason, they interpreted the war rituals they were seeing in Brazil as sacrificial? This chapter will focus on uses and misuses of sacrificial rhetoric in the description of Tupinamba ritual killings, as well as in their visual representations, against the background of religious, political and ideological conflicts happening in early modern Europe.