History of Industrialization

Donde antes se satisfacían las viejas necesidades con productos na cionales, surgen ahora necesidades nuevas que reclaman para su satis facción los frutos de tierras y climas remotos. Donde antes había mercados locales y nacionales autosuficientes, tenemos hoy relaciones comerciales en todas direcciones, una interdependencia universal de las naciones.

El text presenta les primeres fases d'una recerca feta sobre fonts demogràfiques (dos padrons d'habitants i un cens) conservades a l'arxiu de l'antic municipi independent de Sarrià. L'objectiu és identificar les realitats sociolaborals del sector de la construcció i els canvis que s'hi van donar a partir de les dedicacions declarades pels sarrianencs entre 1850 i 1901. Després de justificar l'àmbit d'estudi i l'interès de la temàtica, s'exposa l'ús de les fonts i les principals problemàtiques metodològiques, per acabar amb la presentació d'uns breus resultats preliminars sobre les transformacions del treball al món de la construcció durant la segona meitat del segle XIX.

E ntendemos por globalización, de forma pragmática, el proceso de construcción de un amplio entramado de relaciones de diversa índole, las que en su conjunto cubren el globo e impactan el desarrollo de sus partes. 1 los mecanismos de conexión han sido varios, como las ciencias, la expansión imperial, la misión, la movilidad humana y el flujo de información y de bienes. los vínculos largos, globales o globalizadores se establecen, por lo general, en un contexto de competencia y conflicto. Muchas conexiones tienen un alto grado de institucionalización, reglas establecidas para promover intereses particulares y excluir posibles competidores. Al mismo tiempo, la

Los autores del presente ensayo inician su exposición sobre las rutas comerciales existentes antes del descubrimiento de América hecho ocurrido en 1492. Llevan a cabo una descripción de los ejes geohistóricos en el planeta y la navegación comercial internacional que utilizaba varios puertos dispersos en los continentes conocidos. A partir del hallazgo de un nuevo continente la dinámica comercial se expande a nuevos territorios utilizando como medio de pago el metal de la plata que se extraía en grandes cantidades en los Virreinatos de la Nueva España y del Perú formando una incipiente globalización. Y finalmente realizan un análisis del impacto financiero que tuvo en Europa la aparición de este metal precioso.

The article analyzes the labour market situation for immigrant workers in the domestic service industry, the construction industry and the hotel industry in Catalonia, emphasizing their qualification levels and the training needs that have arisen. From the mid 1990s to the end of 2007, the expansive cycle of the Catalan economy required foreign workers with the intention of sustaining intensive occupational growth. The difficulties of the educative system in providing the skilled work force that the productive system required, and the low qualification demands of businesses in the most intensive sectors of work, have generated a slowdown in the merging process of a qualified management model of the work force. This situation could be overcome by an important social and economic agreement that stimulates training among the working population and a large demand for skills on the part of the productive system.

Food is a treacherous topic to write about. It lures you in with what appears
to be accessibility: food is an indispensable part of everyday life;
it speaks to everyone. As a subject of contemplation, it is almost irresistible:
it entices and appeals to all human senses. But what seems to be the great
advantage of food writing is also its downside: as most people are preoccupied with what they eat, many have strong opinions about it. !e chance of an argument over a dish getting you a black eye is just as high as one over football or politics.
When the Bulgarian-language version of this book was published atthe end of 2014, I was invited to the Sofia studio of a weekly political program
on Bulgarian national television. I found myself unexpectedly in a
noisy dispute with a veteran member of the parliament. Undeterred by his
scarce knowledge of the history of Bulgarian food, the politician from the
Socialist Party—the successor party of the former Communist one—angrily
shouted random assertions, which soon turned from food (had we
ever really been talking about food at all?) to the former regime.
Here is the other treacherous thing about food: writing about it means
writing about nearly everything. As the Bulgarian philosopher Raycho
Pozharliev puts it, food “is eloquent about many things, in contrast to
other aspects of life, which mutter rudimentarily.”
Historians have long looked down on food as a lowly manifestation of
everyday life, but it is a dream subject to research, for it takes you to the very
heart of any given époque. It is about the actual taste of times, in both a literal and abstract sense. Food is very much an individual
experience, endlessly varying. But it is also like a fabric in which the threads of every aspect of social life show through. By studying a single menu,
one can read the entire context around it: the economy and society, technological development, material and emotional culture. Each dish can become a well with glass walls, o)ering a panoramic view of an entire
world of the past—all seen from the kitchen.
When I started writing this book in 2012, I had not yet realized this. I had the intention to write a hundred pages of short, humorous essays, which would introduce strangers to the peculiarities of contemporary Bulgarian foodways. By then I had worked for &ve years as the editor in chief of Bacchus, Bulgaria’s wine and food magazine, and in that time many entertaining stories had passed through my hands, which I intended to develop
and bring together in a small volume. I had planned to label some of these essays as “the small mischiefs of Communism,” as I saw the Communist
period of my childhood clearly responsible for some oddities of local food culture. I quickly discovered how delusional I was about the slightness of the topic. I found that people love to talk about food, that they daydream about food, that food opens up their memories and their desire to share them; but what they shared was their lives, and their life stories could not be taken lightly.
The more I heard from them, the more I realized the complexity of what I was researching and most of all the diversity of the ways in which people
remembered and reinterpreted the past that we shared. My slightly arrogant journalistic excursion was transformed into an epic quest, in which every
encounter made me feel smaller and smaller. My own interpretation of events, which at the beginning seemed quite de&nitive to me, became contested  by one, two, many, others, and at the end, it was just a grain of sand in a sea of experiences.
I talked to nearly a hundred people: professionals who worked in the food industry or related fields, or just people who had signi&cant everyday
life experience in Communist times. Many of the conversations led me back repeatedly to the state archives, where I researched the patchy records
of di)erent relevant organizations, the pages of state-published cookbooks, the most important women’s magazine, and any other sources I could
get hold of. What came together as a result had little to do with my free will, let alone with my early  plans. As many other books, I suspect, this one as
well just happened.
My writing became an in-depth account of how the Communist regime determined Bulgarians’ everyday experience with food from $*%% to $*+*.
!is book examines the daily routines of procuring food, cooking, and eating out through the memories of those who lived during the period. It also considers how food was produced. It turned out tobe reflecting more the perspectives of urban dwellers than rural people.
The narrative voices vary and are uneven in their reflexivity. I believe such is the usual texture of any society jointly created by some individuals who tend
to re,ect upon the ways and meanings of the social order they inhabit and by others who just live their lives. !e early post-Communist history was dominated by the former, and then my research started to focus more on the latter. !is book shows, I believe, that both perspectives worked together
to mold Communist societies into what they were.
After the book was published, it quickly became a bestseller in Bulgaria, and most of the conversations I had in my country since then became like
a continuation of my research interviews—people kept reaching out to share their food experiences.
The English edition is not a verbatim translation of the Bulgarian one. Material was added, removed, and adapted for an international audience.
What I did preserve is my journalistic voice. You will hear it through the book, wondering, doubting, being ironic, perhaps more emotional and assertive
than you would expect in an academic publication.
I thought that it would be right to keep it when rewriting the book, since it was the voice in my head when I had carried out the research.

Kuinka ulkomainen teknologia vaikuttaa maan teollistumiseen? Tätä kysymystä lähestytään ”teknologisen geopolitiikan” kautta tarkastelemalla näkemyksiä ja tulkintoja, joita suomalaiset tekniikan alan toimijat esittivät koskien Itä-Aasian suurvallan, Kiinan teknologiaa ja teollistumista. Artikkeli tutkii, kuinka keisarillista Kiinaa kuvattiin vuosina 1880–1912 Suomen ”teknisteollisen julkisuuden” keskeisellä foorumilla, suomalaisissa tekniikan alan aikakauslehdissä. Tämä artikkeli tuo uuden näkökulman Suomen tekniikan historian tutkimuskentälle kartoittamalla Suomen ja Kiinan suhdetta teknologian ja teollistumisen kautta. Se tarjoaa myös uuden tutkimusotteen digitaaliseen historiaan hyödyntämällä laadullista ja määrällistä haku- ja luentatapaa (”readsearch”) suomalaiseen tekniikan alan lehtiaineistoon. Tutkimus tuo esiin, kuinka kiinalainen teknologia ja teollisuus esiintyi lehdissä pääosin kahdella tavalla. Ensinnäkin teksteissä kuvattiin Kiinan varhaishistoriallista kehitystä ja per...

In this survey of the (De)Industrialization Debate in the Economic History of South Asia, I bring out the chief arguments of the various participants in the debate in a Historiographical manner. The critical comments and observations after a thorough study of the debated positions are the following.

(1) I point out the weakness of the deductive framework used by Morris D. Morris.

(2) Reveal the internal contradictions and anachronistic approach (bordering ahistorical) in Tirthankar Roy's arguments against de-industrialization in colonial South Asia.

(3) Propose that bringing the well-being and skill level of the labour force to the center of discussion can be a new way of qualitative and quantitative analysis of de-industrialization. 

(4) Taking a hint from Prasannan Parthasarathy's value-based approach, I suggest how a labor-centric approach can and should be developed.

(5) Point out the limitations imposed by the statistical torturing that characterized/es the debate regardless of the positions of the participants.

(6) Suggest that the approach of Historical Political Economy could be valuable for achieving the aforementioned aims.

This paper shows that the Société d’encouragement originally saw itself as the continuation of a French organization, the Société libre d’émulation pour l’encouragement des arts, métiers, et Inventions. The Société libre d'émulation and the Société d’encouragement both aspired to improve industry and agriculture as well as to promote humanitarian goals by addressing the material needs of the poor.
I also will show how the Société d’encouragement achieved these humanitarian goals by incorporating the membership and aims of the Société Philanthropique—known for its soup kitchens—within its Comité des arts économiques—and of the Conseil de Salubrité—an agency of the Prefect of Police concerned with health and safety issues—largely within its Comité des arts chimiques (among others). The officers of the Société d’encouragement were also officers in the Société philanthropique and members of the Conseil de Salubrité.
The paper also discusses several of the notable humanitarian efforts of the Société d’encouragement aimed at helping the poor and the unfortunate in general during the first half of the nineteenth century. It also points out that these efforts also benefited industry and the arts by introducing new technologies and practices. In a few cases, these efforts resolved questions that had been the subject of prize competitions run by the Société libre d'émulation during the 1770s and 1780s, thus reinforcing the links between the Société libre d'émulation and the Société d’encouragement.

How does foreign technology influence a country’s industrialization? Here this classical question within the history of technology is – inspired by recent cultural and transnational turns within historical research – approached through a national technological community’s representations of the techno­ logy and industrialization of a foreign great power and how they can be mined for larger underlying cul­ tural and political strata. More specifically, we analyze how Imperial China’s technology and industry was represented in the central journals of the Finnish community of technologists during Finland’s nascent industrial take­off. Furthermore, this is done by using quali­quantitative digital methods cur­ rently being developed within the field of digital humanities.

Offers an introduction to the history of computing during the ‘first’ (of steam) and the ‘second’ (of electricity) industrial revolution

Suggests that the computing revolution and the industrial revolution were the same, with the one making the other possible and vice versa

Proposes that analog and digital computing technology is inseparable, with their alleged difference actually resulting from either full or restricted view of the computing process

"In this fascinating, original work, Tympas indispensably intertwines the histories of analog and digital computing, showing them to be inseparable from the evolution of social and economic conditions. "
Prof. David Mindell, MIT

Aquest treball s’emmarca en les recents aportacions que ha realitzat la
historiografia feminista, des d’una perspectiva de gènere, sobre el paper de la dona en la industrialització a Espanya. Es presentaran els principals sectors on s’ha detectat la seva presència, destacant les característiques i condicions del seu treball, i de com el canvi tecnològic al llarg del segle XIX va afectar les seves funcions a la fàbrica. A més, s’explicaran de forma breu els estudis que s’han realitzat a partir de fonts secundàries, amb l’objectiu de construir una taxa d’activitat femenina en clau local. Finalment, es realitzarà un recorregut pel procés legislador de la primera llei sobre el treball de la dona, a més d’abordar el tema de la seva contribució econòmica a la família obrera.

Technology is ubiquitous in the history of US foreign relations. Throughout US history, technology has played an essential role in how a wide array of Americans have traveled to and from, learned about, understood, recorded and conveyed information about, and attempted to influence, benefit from, and exert power over other lands and peoples. The challenge for the historian is not to find where technology intersects with the history of US foreign relations, but how to place a focus on technology without falling prey to deterministic assumptions about the inevitability of the global power and influence-or lack thereof-the United States has exerted through the technology it has wielded. "Foreign relations" and "technology" are, in fact, two terms with extraordinarily broad connotations.

"Foreign relations" is not synonymous with "diplomacy," but encompasses all aspects and arenas of American engagement with the world. "Technology" is itself "an unusually slippery term," notes prominent technology historian David Nye, and can refer to simple tools, more complex machines, and even more complicated and expansive systems on which the functionality of many other innovations depends. Furthermore, processes of technological innovation, proliferation, and patterns of use are shaped by a dizzying array of influences

"Machines are destroying us" : Luddites in a crossfire of interpretations.

A special type of workers' protests dates back to London of 1675 where weavers rioted against weaving machines that were considered to diminish their employment. As a concept , luddism is attributed to an 18th-century Leicester worker, Nedd Ludd, who broke on purpose a couple of stocking-frames.The economic depression during the Napoleonic wars led to an organised movement agaisnt textile machinery in the Midlands of England  in 1811-1816.... (The complete abstract at the end of the article).

Un dels reptes d'aquesta jornada d'estudi es situar-nos en el llarg termini (segles XV-XX), per tractar la constitució del treball com a activitat específica, buscant diferenciar-la de la vida familiar per llocs distintius. La diversitat de les estructures familiars, de les formes d'organització política i de les activitats productives a Espanya, França i Itàlia, porten a interrogar-les en relació amb la dinàmica de modernització econòmica. Aquesta diversitat pot donar lloc a l'existència d'entorns més o menys favorables a la difusió d'una cultura tècnica, en relació amb un desen-volupament econòmic potencial, per exemple, en el quadre de districtes industrials o proto-industrials. Es tracta també d'analitzar el funciona-ment dels mercats de treball urbans com a element de la dinàmica del treball i com a factor de la mobilitat de la població rural-urbana. Aquesta mobilitat espacial, que inscriu els individus en el mercat de treball, obre a la possibilitat de mobilitats socials, aspecte que podria ésser observat des d'una perspectiva demogràfica i sociològica. Un des enjeux est de cette journée d'études de se placer sur la longue durée (XV e-XX e siècle), pour saisir la constitution du travail comme acti-vité spécifique, tendant à se distinguer de la vie familiale par des lieux distinctifs. La diversité des structures familiales, des modes d'organisation poli-tique et des activités productives en Espagne, en France et en Italie, est à interroger dans ses relations avec une dynamique de modernisation économique. Cette diversité peut se traduire par l'existence de milieux plus ou moins favorables à la diffusion d'une culture technique, en affinité avec un développement économique potentiel par exemple dans le cadre de districts industriels ou proto-industriels. Il s'agit également d'analyser le fonctionnement des marchés du travail urbain comme élément de la dynamique du travail et comme facteur de la mobilité de la population rurale-urbaine. Cette mobilité spatiale inscrivant les individus dans le marché du travail, ouvre à la possibilité de mobilités sociales, aspect qui pourrait être observé d'un point de vue démogra-phique et sociologique. Introduction du programme. Mondes et marchés du travail en longue durée