History of Diving

Statens maritima museer (SMM) har 2018 utfört en arkeologisk utredning i Holmsjön och Uttersjön i Nyköpings kommun, Södermanlands län. Utredningen omfattade två områden i Holmsjön och ett område i Uttersjön. Utredningen resulterade i fynd av flera lämningar, varav dock inga utgör fornlämningar.
In 2018, the Swedish National Maritime Museums (SMM) conducted an archaeological investigation in two lakes, Holmsjön and Uttersjön, in Nyköping municipality in the County of Södermanland. The investigated areas did not contain any ancient monuments.

Med anledning av att Värmdö kommun avser bygga ut sitt kommunala vatten-och avlopps-nät har Statens maritima museer, utfört en särskild arkeologisk utredning i berörda vattenområden. Den planerade ledningen uppgår till ungefär 11 kilometer. Inom de berörda vattenområdena fanns sedan tidigare ett flertal kända fartygslämningar av obestämd ålder, varav tre i nära anslutning till ledningsdragningen. Andra anläggningar och kultur-lager var inte kända inom området. Undersökningen resulterade i fynden av totalt 30 fartygslämningar, en fast fiskeanläggning och en stenkista. Av dessa bedöms fiskeanläggningen samt tre av fartygslämningarna utgöra fasta fornlämningar.

The archaeological record is a channel that leads to the understanding of ancient life and the evolution of thought, in this case through the corpus of human representations from the cities of Ebla, Mari and Urkesh. We take a look through their eyes, and see what they deemed as beautiful. The archaeological record is a channel that leads to the understanding of ancient life and the evolution of thought, in this case through the corpus of human representations from the cities of Ebla, Mari and Urkesh. We take a look through their eyes, and see what they deemed as beautiful.

(DE) Erich Wasmund kann als der erste wissenschaftliche Taucher in Deutschland bezeichnet werden. Wissenschaftliche Taucher öffnen einen neuen Erkenntniszugang in der Meeresforschung. Der Meeresboden wurde bis dahin nur mit Loten, Lotröhren, Dredschen und Bodengreifern untersucht, die Proben mit nach oben brachten. Es waren punktuelle Ansätze, die nur durch mehrmalige Wiederholungen und Interpretation  ine, wenngleich unsichere, Aussage ermöglichen.  //  (EN) Erich Wasmund can be described as the first scientific diver in Germany. Scientific divers open up a new avenue of knowledge in marine research. Until then, the seabed had only been investigated using soundings, sounding tubes, dredges and bottom grabs, which brought samples to the surface. These were selective approaches that could only provide information, albeit uncertain, through repeated repetition and interpretation.

Michael Jung: Sporttauchen in Deutschland
Die Anfänge (Teil 1) 56 (2008) 59-62
Der Durchbruch (Teil 2) 57 (2008) S. 59-62
Die Auslandstauchbasen (Teil 3) 65 (2010) 59-62
In Divemaster: Fachmagazin für Tauchtechnik, Tauchmedizin und Tauchausbildung. Stuttgart.

This study presents a historical example of systematic safety rules violations by professional sponge divers in Greece during the early 20 th century. In light of absolute unaccountability in favour of economic competition and in the absence of state oversight, the profession of sponge diving had developed into a deadly undertaking. The study is based on a report compiled by Professor of Hygiene and Microbiology Konstantinos Savvas, which was addressed to the Ministry of Marine Affairs. Savvas' report rested on data concerning hospitalised divers derived from the medical records of warship 'Kriti' (Crete), which escorted groups of Greek fishing vessels to four of their expedition in the Mediterranean over the period 1900-1903. Although the events explored herein took place at a time much different from the modern era with its numerous advancements in hyperbaric medicine, enhanced divers' professionalism and the establishment of labour rights and strict safety regulations, we should not overlook the human factor of professional exploitation that leads to the violation of safety rules. On the other hand, supervisory authorities entrusted with the responsibility of overseeing professional activities ought to be vigilant on a constant basis, especially in times of economic crisis that may lead to lax state functioning.

Kompetensutveckling för marinarkeologerna Bohusläns museum strävar efter att upprätthålla en hög säkerhet i den arkeologiska dykverksamheten. Som ett led i denna strävan, och för att möta Arbetsmiljöverkets kommande krav, har flera utbildningsinsatser genomförts under hösten.

Bohusläns museum är en del av Västarvet Vrak och varvsplats vid Getterön Mitt emot Varbergs fästning ligger Getteröns småbåtshamn. När hamnföreningen i våras skulle fördjupa en del av hamnen fick man vrakrester och kulturlager i grävskopan. Uppdraget att undersöka fyndplatsen gick till Bohusläns museum.

Humans have been diving with and without technological aid since prehistory; some recent evidence seems to push the limits even beyond our species, suggesting that also Neanderthals would not see the surface of the sea as a limit to their action. Freediving for pearls, corals and sponges is well attested in the Persian Gulf as early as the third millennium BCE, and the practice was also known in the Mediterranean, the Americas, and Asia. Engaging with the underwater realm was not exclusive to pearl divers. Fishermen and coastal inhabitants may have experienced diving more often than we think, harbour builders may have required underwater expertise, and painters and poets borrowed underwater imagery for their art. But what evidence do we have for these ancient activities? How, as archaeologists, can we approach the subject of underwater engagement? A long and tiresome argument for not approaching the issue has been the lack of evidence-especially the material evidence-and that the marine engagement was probably limited to its surface. We disagree. We believe the evidence is there and needs to be put into the right context, reframed, or simply looked at from an aquatic perspective. This workshop brings together experts from a wide range of disciplines and diverse competences that share one very distinctive element: their interest in the sea and the complex ways humans have engaged and continue to engage with its depths. By addressing the evidence from an interdisciplinary perspective-ranging from human physiology to ethnography and zooarchaeology-we hope to establish a baseline for current and future research on the underwater space as a place of past human action.

Nachdem Hans Hass die Kosten seiner ersten Expedition 1953/54 durch die Produktion des Spielfilms „Unternehmen Xarifa“ selbst finanzieren musste, war ihm klar geworden, dass für eine weitere Expedition eine andere Form der Finanzierung gefunden werden musste, wollte er nicht als Filmproduzent seine weiteren Jahre verbringen. Um auch selbst wissenschaftliche Arbeiten während der Fahrt durchführen, sowie eine größere Anzahl von Wissenschaftler einladen zu können, sollte idealerweise die Xarifa - nach dem Muster der 1873 von Anton Dohrn gegründeten Zoologischen Station in Neapel - in eine, von öffentlichen Stellen geförderte, schwimmende und dauernd in tropischen Meeren tätige Forschungsstation verwandelt werden. Im Flachwasserbereich sollten hier tauchende Wissenschaftler in situ ihren Forschungsinteressen nachgehen können. Dieses Methode des freischwimmenden Wissenschaftstauchens mit autonomen Tauchgeräten hatte Hans Hass 1942 in der Ägäis begründet.
Zur Unterstützung entsprechender Anträge an die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) und anderen öffentlichen Stellen in Deutschland und Österreich, bildeten Hans Hass und Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt im Herbst 1956 ein beratendes Komitee, das aus maßgebenden Wissenschaftlern und Universitätsprofessoren bestand. Es sollte befürwortende Gutachten erstellen und bei der Planung und Durchführung der Expeditionen beratend wirken. Diese Verhandlungen mit den öffentlichen Stellen, die aus verschiedenen Gründen nicht zu dem gewünschten Ergebnis führten, werden an anderer Stelle ausführlicher dargestellt und kritisch bewertet.

Sponge hunting was undertaken in the Mediterranean and of the Aegean Sea (the Sea of Islands), Anatolia, Benghazi, Crete, Isporat Islands, Kalymnosis, Cyprus, Lesbos, Egypt, Meis, Tripoli, Symi, Chios, Samos, on the Syrian coasts. The first records of the Ottoman Empire about sponge diving show that sponge fishermen were mostly non-Muslims. The original homeland of the sponge in these lands was the shallow waters surrounding Crete, Rhodes, Cyprus and the western shores of Anatolia. In this study we mainly focus on, the use and problem of the machine, which was called “Skafender- Denayrouze-Supiray”, a new technique for sponge diving on the island of Symi, where sponge diving was widespread in Ottoman territorial waters, and the sponge tax and the surroundings of the Dodecanese, which the Ottomans stated as sponge diving areas, and the economic structure of sponge collecting in the wide Mediterranean waters extending to Africa. Due to the mountainous nature of the island, the working...

he port of Ribadeo located in Lugo, Spain, has been considered a center of a long occupation which still holds remnants of its past maritime activity. The site recently became relevant thanks to the discovery of the San Giacomo di Galizia, a late-16th century galleon that took part of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604), but the estuary of the river in which the galleon was found presents even more archaeological evidence from different periods. In the 2022 season, the research team found the remains of a possible Medieval watercraft that, if it is indeed a vessel, is so far the oldest shipwreck found in the area. In June 2022, the team of archaeological divers led by Dr. Miguel San Claudio found the remains of a wooden plank in the depths of the Eo River. The piece made from a single timber presented an L-shaped design with a length of 7.28 m, a width of 0.22 m on average, and height of 0.20 m on average. A triangular bulwark was also found at approximately the middle of the piece that seems to have worked as a structural element to hold the sides of the ship. Due to the clear man-made characteristics of the plank, a sample of the proposed fore end of the piece was taken for dendrochronological and radiocarbon analysis. The results indicated a date between the 11th and the 12th centuries C.E. (870 ± 30 B.P.) with a 95.4% probability. The date situated in the medieval period coincides with historical sources of pilgrimage in the area along the Camino de Santiago. The Eo River, until this date, serves as a natural boundary that divides the provinces of Galicia and Asturias in northern Spain. In the Middle Ages, the river was a mandatory crossing point for the pilgrims on the route to the shrine of James the Great, located in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia. This Christian tradition implied constant maritime traffic in the river that continued on page 2 >> ACU A STUDENT

One of the most difficult professions in history, sponge diving/fishing was widely practiced in the Mediterranean World in 19th and 20th century by Turkish, Greek, Italian and North African divers. Natural sea sponges are the main materials of the profession which extends from here to the North America in mid-20th century. Our earliest data indicate that the sponge, which is well known by many ancient texts used in ancient times, especially in cleaning, medicine, carpentry, mining, chemical industry, and military equipment, was provided by mankind to 4500 BC. The ancient texts are rich in terms of information about the usage of sponges as well as information about sponge-divers. There is a consistent similarity between the centers of the Modern Age and the centers in these ancient texts which convey information about how and where the profession is practiced. The main reason for this situation should be related to the distribution map of the valuable sponge species that human beings...

Sponge hunting was undertaken in the Mediterranean and of the Aegean Sea (the Sea of Islands), Anatolia, Benghazi, Crete, Isporat Islands, Kalymnosis, Cyprus, Lesbos, Egypt, Meis, Tripoli, Symi, Chios, Samos, on the Syrian coasts. The first records of the Ottoman Empire about sponge diving show that sponge fishermen were mostly non-Muslims. The original homeland of the sponge in these lands was the shallow waters surrounding Crete, Rhodes, Cyprus and the western shores of Anatolia. In this study we mainly focus on, the use and problem of the machine, which was called “Skafender- Denayrouze-Supiray”, a new technique for sponge diving on the island of Symi, where sponge diving was widespread in Ottoman territorial waters, and the sponge tax and the surroundings of the Dodecanese, which the Ottomans stated as sponge diving areas, and the economic structure of sponge collecting in the wide Mediterranean waters extending to Africa. Due to the mountainous nature of the island, the working population moved away from agriculture and animal husbandry and turned to sponge diving, which was an economic activity that was carried out in a certain seasonal cycle between the arrival of spring and the onset of winter. With the necessity of a missive applied on the coasts, it was a problem that sponge divers were forced to take permits from every port they went to, and that they were hunted if without a permit with; the steamboat-gunboats, which was initiated by the Greek Government to ensure security in its own waters and to prevent violations, was also put into practice by the Ottoman government, first on the coast of Tripoli, and later, from Symi Island. The data and information used in this study were mainly obtained from the documents in the Presidential Ottoman Archive, official statistics of the period and other publications.

Lotte Hass fu la prima donna a rompere il tabù per cui le immersioni erano esclusivamente cosa da uomini. Si impose dapprima come modella subacquea, scontrandosi contro innumerevoli resistenze, e poi come fotografa subacquea. Fu una dei più grandi pionieri della subacquea, una delle prime donne a immergersi con un'attrezzatura autonoma e un'intrepida esploratrice del secolo scorso. Un modello che diede il coraggio ad altre donne di fare lo stesso, ignorando i confini virtuali fissati dalla società. Aprì la strada al mondo femminile in un settore dominato esclusivamente da uomini. Le spettacolari scene che la ritraggono mentre s'immerge impavida in mezzo agli squali, tra le mante e con tutti gli altri abitanti del mare solo con un autorespiratore a ossigeno, una lancia e un costume da bagno alla moda hanno reso memorabili e campioni d'incassi i film di Hass. Lotte fu la vera star di quelle pellicole e rubò la scena anche allo squalo più feroce. Hass, con i suoi trentadue libri pubblicati, i settantatré film girati e le innumerevoli conferenze, avvicinò il grande pubblico subito dopo la guerra al mondo sottomarino, un universo sconosciuto, e si è guadagnato un posto nella leggenda. Al suo fianco ci fu sempre Lotte, che apportò un contributo fondamentale al suo successo. Insieme erano la squadra: Hans e Lotte una meravigliosa simbiosi. È stata la prima donna europea a essere accolta tra le Woman Divers Hall of Fame, oltre ad aver ricevuto numerosi altri riconoscimenti nel corso della sua vita.

Immergersi nel Medioevo.
Il primo disegno conosciuto di strumenti per respirare sott'acqua è contenuto nel Bellifortis di Konrad Kyeser del 1405 (Göttingen, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, Cod. Ms. philos. 63 Cim). Dal quel momento in avanti quei disegni, modificati e arricchiti ogni volta di un nuovo dettaglio, appaiono in oltre cento manoscritti illuminati... fino ad arrivare a Leonardo da Vinci con il suo schizzo del palombaro con un sistema di respirazione a due vie. Il Fiorentino è interprete della sua contemporaneità, piuttosto che genio assoloto.
L'immagine che propongo nella copertina del mio libro sintetizza gli argomenti che sviluppo in oltre 300 pagine e 220 meravigliose figure: un sistema di galleggiamento per attraversare i corsi d'acqua, un sistema che consente al sommozzatore di portare con sé una riserva d'aria e un sistema collegato alla superficie (il moderno palombaro).

This study presents a historical example of systematic safety rules violations by professional sponge divers in Greece during the early 20 th century. In light of absolute unaccountability in favour of economic competition and in the absence of state oversight, the profession of sponge diving had developed into a deadly undertaking. The study is based on a report compiled by Professor of Hygiene and Microbiology Konstantinos Savvas, which was addressed to the Ministry of Marine Affairs. Savvas' report rested on data concerning hospitalised divers derived from the medical records of warship 'Kriti' (Crete), which escorted groups of Greek fishing vessels to four of their expedition in the Mediterranean over the period 1900-1903. Although the events explored herein took place at a time much different from the modern era with its numerous advancements in hyperbaric medicine, enhanced divers' professionalism and the establishment of labour rights and strict safety regulations, we should not overlook the human factor of professional exploitation that leads to the violation of safety rules. On the other hand, supervisory authorities entrusted with the responsibility of overseeing professional activities ought to be vigilant on a constant basis, especially in times of economic crisis that may lead to lax state functioning.

Bu kitapta, Prehistorya'dan Bizans Dönemi'ne kadar geçen süreçteki nehirler, denizler ve göllerin insanoğlunun sosyoekonomik ve kültürel hayatına etkileri ile ilgili 29 makale yer almaktadır. Bu kitaba Arkeoloji, Tarih, Sanat Tarihi, Coğrafya gibi bilim dallarında, alanında uzman, 5 farklı ülkeden ve 21 farklı üniversiteden bilim insanı çalışmalarıyla katkı sunmuştur. İçeriğinde yer alan birbirinden kıymetli çalışmalar ile "Çağlar Boyunca"ana başlığı altındaki kitap serisinin ikincisini siz değerli okuyuculularımıza sunmanın mutluluğunu yaşıyoruz.

The production of Mediterranean bath sponges collapsed during the past century, as is shown by Tunisian catches, which fell from 108 tons in 1920 to 9 tons in 1988. A further illustration is provided by the well-known sponge-fishing island of Kalymnos, which lost about 90% of its active sponge-fisher population over the century between 1858 and 1967. What are the reasons for this dramatic decline of a once prosperous Mediterranean traditional fishery? What part of the decline can be attributed to the progressive reduction of the bath sponge stock, and what to a decreasing number of fishermen? How might this sponge fishery collapse be related to changes in uses, overfishing, and disease outbreaks triggered by climate events? How did sponge fishermen adapt to Regional Changes in the past? What is the future of such a fishery? What kind of guidelines can we provide for this fishery facing ongoing Regional Change? To answer these questions, the SACOLEVE programme looks through ecologica...

The actual date is known of only a few events in the diving history of the early modern period. The fact that Francesco De Marchi (1504-1576) (Fig. 1) recorded in his notes 1 the day of his two dives in Lake Nemi not far from Rome suggests that he was well aware of their significance. However, one central question remained unanswered over the centuries until today: how the diver had been supplied with fresh air. Here, based on the analysis of the original source, this technical aspect, in particular, will be questioned and evaluated. As will be shown, the sources used so far are not very reliable and the current state of research is rather insufficient. Contrary to current accounts in the literature dealing with this question of fresh air supply, a new perspective-the possibility of supplying the diver using a bellows/hose system-is presented here as a hypothesis concerning the methodological-technical instruments used by De Marchi at the time and substantiated by means of various argumental steps. First, however, the author and his publication, which will play a special role in the further course of the study, will be examined in more detail. 2

On July 15, 1535, two important dives for the history of diving took place in Lake Nemi near Rome. In Lake Nemi, there were two sunken wrecks from the Roman period. The Italian military architect Francesco De Marchi dived there to a depth of 12 meters with an open diving helmet. The designer of this helmed was a person called "Maestro Gulielmo da Lorena".  As Michael Jung's research shows, it is very likely that this person was Etienne Guillery from Lunéville near Toul in the district of Lorraine (France).

Water and underwater activity was not always a fascinating aquatic experience. There have been cases where people suffered, were tortured, and ended their lives below the sea. Beyond accidental drowning cases, the sea became a grave for murderers, mutineers, impious, and piracy victims as well.
The aim of the present paper is firstly to shed light on cases where drowning was also used as an act of violence and execution in ancient Greece, and secondly to open space for the further study and research of data which have remained obscure.

Dykarkniven PARAS från franska Espadon Tarzan är en klassisk dykarkniv med blad av stål och handtag av guleloxerad aluminium. Kniven började troligen tillverkas omkring 1955, och den verkar ha varit i produktion i varje fall en bit in på 1970-talet.

Tidningen Sportdykaren går i graven efter 62 år TEXT: STAFFAN VON ARBIN Redaktionen har nåtts av det tråkiga beskedet att Svenska Sportdykarförbundets medlemstidning Sportdykaren läggs ned. Nummer 5/2020 som skickades ut till föreningens medlemmar i slutet av november blir därmed det sista numret av denna gamla ärevördiga tidning som kom ut med sitt allra första nummer redan 1958.

Sommaren 2015 kom jag över en stor bunt gamla Teknik för Alla från 1940-talet som jag bläddrade igenom på jakt efter artiklar med dykerihistoriskt innehåll. Bland mycket annat fann jag en intressant artikel i nummer 10/1949, vilken var författad av en viss Ulf Bottne -ett för mig helt okänt namn i dykerihistoriska sammanhang.

The subject of this study is a Late Classical Period copper mine discovered during the underwater survey conducted in Çamlimanı Bay in Heybeliada in 2018 within the scope of the North East Marmara Underwater Surveys. The most important feature of the mine here is that Aristotle’s book “de Mirabilibus Auscultationibus 834.58.” states that divers have extracted copper here under two fathoms of water. At the same time, it is understood from the verses of Aristotle that copper is called diver’s copper / khalkon kolymbeten / χαλκόν κολυμβητήν and was used to make statues at the Temple of Apollo in Sikyon. Thus, it is clear that there is a copper trade extending from Heybeliada to Sicyon. The fact that this copper, which was extracted from underwater, is preferred in sculpture making makes it valuable. Aristotle, who spent much of his life in the Classical Period, was also the mentor of Alexander the Great. His contemporary Lysippos of Sicyon is a famous sculptor in the palace of Alexander the Great. This study will also focus on the commercial relationship between the sculpture school in Sicyon where Lysippos grew up, and the Heybeliada underwater mine and the diver’s copper, which appears to have found its place in the niche market.