Historiography of Architecture

Marvin Carlson em busca da história do teatro: entre caminhos e atalhos
Marvin Carlson in search of the history of theater: between paths and shortcuts
Walter Lima Torres Neto
CARLSON, Marvin. Teatro: uma brevíssima introdução. Tradução de Miguel Youshida. São Paulo: Editora Unesp, 2023, 191 p.

This thesis addresses English-language architectural theory discourse. It is an interrogation of the intellectual history of architectural theory language. While explicitly a contribution towards understanding a discrete discursive territory in existence in 1969, the study's significance extends to the broader fields of architectural writing and design. The thesis investigates one text: Charles Jencks's "Semiology and Architecture", chapter one of Meaning in Architecture, an anthology edited by Jencks and George Baird. This single text is taken as a case study: it is used to assess the significance and functioning of the language and structure of address of so-called architectural theory. The thesis focuses in particular on the diagrammatic figures within "Semiology and Architecture". Highly formal extensions of Jencks's written body, the figures concentrate attention on the message as matter, and encourage an analysis directed towards the text's paradigmatic axis. The figures' conspicuous in-text presence helps denaturalize names and reify concepts, modifying the communicative role of each of these linguistic units. This thesis argues that the figures and names, thus understood, change the fundamental nature of "Semiology and Architecture". Under their influence, the referential function of the text -that aspect supporting the argument -is repeatedly usurped by the poetic function. This pattern acts to disrupt commonsense assumptions regarding authorship. In place of a distinct Jencks, the thesis extracts authorial constructs or personas. This thesis uses the poetic function of Jencks's text, and its authorial constructs, to characterize the underlying discursive formation. Each of the thesis's five body chapters performs the same set of operations. One or two figures are isolated; Jencks's argument as determined by referential function is traced, and the paradigmatic selections demonstrative of the poetic function analyzed; the relevant textual constructs are exposed; and the discursive functioning is characterized, significance thus articulated. Through close textual analyses, this thesis contributes novel understandings of Charles Jencks, "Semiology and Architecture", and the ongoing practice of architectural writing. It advances historical and theoretical arguments: it addresses the function of the author and the process of writing within architecture's discursive formation, and advocates for the significance of formal textuality in studies of architectural theory.

In "Urgency and Purpose," the first section of "The Spirit of Adhocism," the first chapter of Part One of *Adhocism: The Case for Improvisation* (1972), Charles Jencks includes an extended quotation from Claude Levi-Strauss’s *The Savage Mind* (1966). The 116-word block, which provides a loose definition of the "bricoleur," begins with a three-point ellipsis, and includes two further threepoint ellipses. In his *New Society* article "Bricologues a la lanterne" (1976), Reyner Banham describes this quotation as "a brilliant piece of selective editing from which the original meaning has been totally mislaid." Viewed biographically, the interaction expresses a deteriorating interpersonal relationship between former doctoral student and supervisor. Viewed formally, however, Jencks’s quotation and Banham’s critique prompt questions about the rules and impacts of quotations within architectural discourse. This paper will investigate the tex...

This thesis addresses English-language architectural theory discourse. It is an interrogation of the intellectual history of architectural theory language. While explicitly a contribution towards understanding a discrete discursive territory in existence in 1969, the study's significance extends to the broader fields of architectural writing and design. The thesis investigates one text: Charles Jencks's "Semiology and Architecture", chapter one of Meaning in Architecture, an anthology edited by Jencks and George Baird. This single text is taken as a case study: it is used to assess the significance and functioning of the language and structure of address of so-called architectural theory. The thesis focuses in particular on the diagrammatic figures within "Semiology and Architecture". Highly formal extensions of Jencks's written body, the figures concentrate attention on the message as matter, and encourage an analysis directed towards the text's paradigmatic axis. The figures' conspicuous in-text presence helps denaturalize names and reify concepts, modifying the communicative role of each of these linguistic units. This thesis argues that the figures and names, thus understood, change the fundamental nature of "Semiology and Architecture". Under their influence, the referential function of the text -that aspect supporting the argument -is repeatedly usurped by the poetic function. This pattern acts to disrupt commonsense assumptions regarding authorship. In place of a distinct Jencks, the thesis extracts authorial constructs or personas. This thesis uses the poetic function of Jencks's text, and its authorial constructs, to characterize the underlying discursive formation. Each of the thesis's five body chapters performs the same set of operations. One or two figures are isolated; Jencks's argument as determined by referential function is traced, and the paradigmatic selections demonstrative of the poetic function analyzed; the relevant textual constructs are exposed; and the discursive functioning is characterized, significance thus articulated. Through close textual analyses, this thesis contributes novel understandings of Charles Jencks, "Semiology and Architecture", and the ongoing practice of architectural writing. It advances historical and theoretical arguments: it addresses the function of the author and the process of writing within architecture's discursive formation, and advocates for the significance of formal textuality in studies of architectural theory.

“There was something magnificent about the flourish of the proprietor of the small café at the Community Centre who welcomed me with ‘This is the capital of Pakistan,’” British architect Janet Pott wrote in 1963 when visiting Islamabad, the new capital of Pakistan designed by Doxiadis Associates (DA) outside Rawalpindi. Pakistani President Ayub Khan selected DA, led by Greek architect and planner Constantinos Doxiadis, to design the master plan in 1959. Doxiadis’ philosophy of ekistics (the “science of human settlements”) and his theory of “dynapolis” (a city defined by axial growth in a single direction under a grid system) guided the plan. However, though contemporary observers praised Islamabad as built, the plan was later criticized for its lack of “urban feeling,” its failure at facilitating adequate transportation, and for the inadvertent creation of informal settlements within the city’s Class V superblocks. Through space syntax axial analysis, we aim to reconstruct the possibilities of movement flows, study the accessibility and integration of the street and pedestrian system, and evaluate the circulation of these networks. These include two superblocks of Class V (sectors G6 and F6), the administration, governmental, and diplomatic enclaves alongside the commercial zone known as the “blue area.” By juxtaposing the axial analysis with an evaluation of the planners’ intents, we aim to uncover new insights into the effectiveness of the plan in practice.

“There was something magnificent about the flourish of the proprietor of the small café at the Community Centre who welcomed me with ‘This is the capital of Pakistan,’” British architect Janet Pott wrote in 1963 when visiting Islamabad, the new capital of Pakistan designed by Doxiadis Associates (DA) outside Rawalpindi. Pakistani President Ayub Khan selected DA, led by Greek architect and planner Constantinos
Doxiadis, to design the master plan in 1959. Doxiadis’ philosophy of ekistics (the “science of human settlements”) and his theory of “dynapolis” (a city defined by axial growth in a single direction under a grid system) guided the plan. However, though contemporary observers praised Islamabad as built, the plan was later criticized for its lack of “urban feeling,” its failure at facilitating adequate transportation, and for the
inadvertent creation of informal settlements within the city’s Class V superblocks. Through space syntax axial analysis, we aim to reconstruct the possibilities of movement flows, study the accessibility and integration of the street and pedestrian system, and evaluate the circulation of these networks. These include two superblocks of Class V (sectors G6 and F6), the administration, governmental, and diplomatic enclaves alongside the commercial zone known as the “blue area.” By juxtaposing the axial analysis with an evaluation of the planners’ intents, we aim to uncover new insights into the effectiveness of the plan in practice.

Este artigo é um relato de experiência sobre a idealização, produção e
realização do espetáculo teatral Cartas de Darcy Ribeiro pelo projeto de história pública Poeira da História, entre os meses de janeiro a julho de 2023. A proposta do texto é demonstrar como um historiador pode produzir seus próprios projetos, tendo que lidar com a necessidade de financiamento não acadêmico, coordenação de uma equipe interdisciplinar de artistas, técnicos, pesquisadores e produtores. Por onde começar, como selecionar a equipe, encontrar o equilíbrio necessário para que a proposta seja realizada com sucesso e delegar funções? O historiador idealizador do projeto que será relatado atua profissionalmente como professor, ator e roteirista. O que possibilitou ter na direção de produção alguém com experiência no campo da história, mas também no campo das artes cênicas.

The first part of these field notes consists of three perspectives from Germany, Estonia, and Portugal on the meaning of 'Europe' for the historiography of architecture. The second part contains four reflections on the history and role of the EAHN in opening new and inclusive venues of inquiry vis-à-vis the fragile concept of 'Europe'.

The Delos Symposia (1963-75) were a groundbreaking series of events created by architect–planner Constantinos A. Doxiadis, dedicated to re-thinking and re-shaping the built environment to handle global demographic growth, environmental threats, and infrastructure demands. The Symposia took place yearly aboard a ship in the Aegean Sea and concluded at the ancient island-city of Delos, where influential figures – including Buckminster Fuller, Margaret Mead, Arnold Toynbee, Barbara Ward, and Doxiadis’ key collaborator Jaqueline Tyrwhitt – would convene in the theatre to deliberate on world issues.

The Delos Symposia and Doxiadis offers the first comprehensive appraisal of the history and legacy of these meetings. It explores their ideals, how they fed into Doxiadis’s urban planning projects, as well as their relevance for contemporary debates on ecology and design. Staying true to the multidisciplinary nature of the Symposia, the book bridges archaeology, classics, architecture, sociology, geography, psychology, anthropology, as well as postcolonial and environmental studies.

Um exame acurado da história ocidental da arquitetura teatral no período moderno e contemporâneo comprova a quase completa ausência de obras críticas, demandando urgentes estudos historiográficos que ampliem as pesquisas nessa área. Os historiadores da arquitetura nos séculos XX e XXI quase não se dedicam ao estudo do edifício teatral ― um objeto recorrente de tratados canônicos no Renascimento e no século XVII. Fundamentado nos conceitos historiográficos de Michel de Certeau, este artigo objetiva analisar processos metodológicos e ideológicos aplicados por três historiadores da arquitetura e três teóricos do teatro, que abordaram o tema de alguma maneira e sob diferentes aportes teóricos, no sentido de argumentar que a historiografia da arquitetura para as artes performáticas modernas e contemporâneas é praticada na contemporaneidade por teóricos do teatro com maior intensidade do que pelos historiadores da arquitetura.

Recently, within the field of smart cities, the notion of urban scale digital twin has acquired a central place. The term ‘digital twin’ refers to the digital representation enabling comprehensive data exchange and can contain models, simulations and algorithms describing their counterpart and its features and behavior in the real world. A ‘digital twin’ is a digital representation of a physical process, person, place, system or device. The term ‘digital twin’ firstly emerged in the field of manufacturing sector to refer to digital simulation models that run alongside real-time processes. Digital twins are digital replicas of physical entities. Their creation is based on the use of advanced technological applications, such as sensing, processing, and data transmission. Within the current debates, urban scale digital twins play a key role in the so-called smart and sustainable tourism. The paper aims to shed light on the concept of sustainable tourism, which is related to the intention of considering the environmental and social dimensions of a destination. Moreover, the paper analyses how mart tourism aims to integrate intelligence in various aspects, such as mobility, living, people, governance, economy, and environment. At the core of the paper is the objective to relate the role of sustainability in the ongoing debates concerning smart tourism to the concepts of ‘ekistic grid’ and ‘entopia’ in the approach of Greek urban planner Constantinos A. Doxiadis, on the one hand, and to the concept of ‘concrete utopia’ in the approach of Italian industrialist Adriano Olivetti. Particular emphasis is placed on exploring why Doxiadis was particularly interested in the environmental issues concerning architecture and urban planning. An important book for understanding the role of sustainability in Doxiadis’s thought is his book entitled Ecology and Ekistics. Doxiadis completed the first draft of Ecology and Ekistics in the summer of 1975, shortly before his death. Gerald Dix became its editor and the final version was published in 1977.  At the core of the book entitled Ecology and Ekistics is the argument that a condition of global ecologic balance is of pivotal importance for providing environments that can offer to man or anthropos satisfactory conditions. The paper examines the role of care and recreation in re-thinking heritage and city branding and the ways in which urban scale digital twins and other artificial intelligence applications can contribute to such endeavors. It pays special attention to how “city branding” can serve in establishing urban regeneration strategies, relating the ideas of Constantinos A. Doxiadis and Adriano Olivetti regarding urban planning strategies to the current debates around smart cities, smart tourism, resilient planning, and regenerative urban design. One of the main objectives of the paper is to shed light on how urban scale digital twins can contribute to the combination of “city branding” and sustainable development.

The present issue is the second of a three-part special issue of Ekistics and the New Habitat addressing 'Ekistics Related Research in Greece'. Drawing on a growing community of researchers, academics, and scholars, regularly involved with the problems and solutions in the field of human settlements, the present issue explores the planning principles at issue in current discussions about ekistics theory and ekistics related work in Greece and abroad. It includes scholarly articles by scholars and researchers operating locally in Greece and transnationally around the world. Contributors are academics, researchers, practitioners or government officials with previous academic experience. They are writing from positions in the US, Colombia, UAE, China, and Greece. As mentioned in the first part of this triple issue, Ekistics-related research in Greece-A Critical Approach to the Ekistics Legacy (Part 1 or 3), this collection of research essays and papers are dedicated to my dear godfather Panayis Psomopoulos, an architect and planner who collaborated closely with C. A. Doxiadis. Panayis' continuous efforts and total commitment to the continuation of the ekistics legacy kept the ekistics flame alive and growing worldwide for almost 35 years. It is to him that we owe the current journal's predecessor, Ekistics: the science of the problems of human settlements, a longstanding journal which reflected the preservation and further development of his lifelong work and that of C. A. Doxiadis' legacy; the details of which are outlined in the Editorial to the first part of the issue (Exacoustou, 2022).

On July 31, 1829, the participants of the Fourth National Assembly voted to construct the Church of the Savior to express gratitude for Greek liberation from the Ottoman Empire. Research to date suggests that this initiative was revisited in the 1960s by church officials who engaged in an imaginative reading of the historical record to present this phantasmatic edifice as an unfulfilled national vow. Despite the project's long and complicated history, the endeavor is largely remembered as a kitsch project of the military regime of 21 April 1967. Why is this the case? How are the stories of our past produced, and what kinds of analytics are utilized to create public narratives? Taking a story of spatial absence as a point of departure, I combine archival material and ethnographic research to consider how silence and the encounter with the unthinkable have shaped public history in Greece.

Megalopolis in Ancient Greek Arcadia, in Constantinos Doxiadis and in Francis Ford Coppola. A Blissful Ecumene?

This paper in preparation explores and compares three modes of creating urban imagery as well as real urban space as a promise of human bliss. It focuses on Megalopolis of Ancient Arcadia in the Peloponnese as constant reference of ancient urbanism plus as a vision of pastoralism and harmony with nature throughout early modernity. Thereafter, it moves on to the grandiose visions of urban planner Constantinos Doxiadis, and the decades-long-standing imaginary of Francis Ford Coppola, a self-described “builder” of cities, as seen in his forthcoming film of the same title.

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معماری لفظی مختلف‌المعانی است. از سوی دیگر بحث‌های پرشوری در باب چیستی معماری در میان اهل معماری و دیگران متفکران حوزه‌های همجوار با معماری در جریان است. برخی از متفکران بر این باورند که پرسش از چیستی هر چیز مرادف و ملازم با پرسش از چیستی مدلول، معنا، یا مفهوم لفظ آن است. از این رو در این مقاله به بررسی معانی لفظ معماری پرداخته‌ایم. یکی از دشواری‌های پرداختن به معانی لفظ معماری در زبان فارسی، و البته بیشتر دیگر زبان‌های امروز، این است که در زبان فارسی امروز این لفظ را به معانی مختلفی به کار می‌بریم؛ اما بر ما معلوم نیست که کدام معانی این لفظ حقیقی و کدام مجازی است؛ یعنی نمی‌دانیم لفظ معماری با کدام موجودات در عالم واقع پیوندی اصیل و با کدامشان پیوندی ناشی از تسامح زبانی و تداول و مجاز دارد. در این تحقیق با طرح پرسش از معنای لفظ معماری ضمن بررسی این لفظ می‌کوشیم معانی حقیقی لفظ معماری را بیابیم و آنها را از معانی مجازی آن تمیز دهیم. برای پاسخ دادن به این پرسش از آموزه‌های مبحث الفاظ علم اصول فقه و روش‌هایی بهره می‌بریم که این مبحث برای تشخیص معانی حقیقی و مجازی الفاظ در اختیارمان قرار می‌دهد.
این تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که لفظ معماری بر سه حوزۀ معنایی دلالت می‌کند: ۱. قسمی از علم انسان یا ویژگی‌‌های این قسم از علم انسان یا جزئی از آن؛ ۲. قسمی از اعمال انسان یا ویژگی‌های این قسم از اعمال انسان یا جزئی از آن؛ ۳. بنا یا مجموعه‌ای از بناها یا مجموع ویژگی‌های محسوسشان. از این میان دلالت لفظ معماری بر معانی اول و دوم به‌حقیقت و دلالت آن بر معنای سوم مجاز است. همچنین در این تحقیق روشن می‌شود که دلالت لفظ معماری بر بنا یا مجموعۀ بناها و مجموع ویژگی‌های محسوسشان به طریق التزام است.

The Belgian architect Victor Horta (1861-1947) spent most of the First World War in the United States. Over the course of three years, from December 1915 to January 1919, he explored how the American skyscrapers, standardized dwellings and ingenious urban planning might serve as a model for a modern, post-war Belgium. Yet Horta’s memoirs had very little to say about his discussion of American architecture or any influence his travels might have had on his post-war work. This article consequently breaks new ground in examining the various talks on the subject that Horta gave in the 1920s. Horta’s lectures actually provide a good picture of how he started to see American architecture as a model for the future. In American architectural practice, serial production, standardization and economies of scale facilitated a simplification of the design – a solution Horta also proposed for war-torn Belgium. By way of illustration, the article describes the affinity between Horta’s more classic...

The first part of these field notes consists of three perspectives from Germany, Estonia, and Portugal on the meaning of 'Europe' for the historiography of architecture. The second part contains four reflections on the history and role of the EAHN in opening new and inclusive venues of inquiry vis-à-vis the fragile concept of 'Europe'.

Ons land geldt, zoals iedereen weet, als fietsland bij uitstek. Voor buitenlanders zijn de vele fietsen net zo karakteristiek voor Nederland als tulpen, coffeeshops en windmolens. Tegelijkertijd loopt de beoefening van de geschiedenis van de fiets en het fietsen hier achter bij landen als het Verenigd Koninkrijk, Frankrijk, Duitsland, de Verenigde Staten en zelfs Canada. 1 In deze landen zijn in de afgelopen decennia tal van wetenschappelijke publicaties op dit terrein verschenen en zijn nieuwe perspectieven ontwikkeld-een trend die zich in Nederland niet heeft voorgedaan. De alomtegenwoordige fiets wordt over het hoofd gezien door Nederlandse historici. Hoe is deze paradox te verklaren? Dat is de vraag die in deze bijdrage centraal staat. Allereerst schetsen wij kort de betekenis van de fiets voor de Nederlandse mobiliteit en cultuur, om vervolgens de aandacht voor de fiets te bespreken in zowel de populaire als de wetenschappelijke geschiedschrijving. Uiteindelijk blijkt het gebrek aan belangstelling voor de fietsgeschiedenis in Nederland een exponent van diezelfde, typisch nationale, fietsgeschiedenis.

Ons land geldt als fietsland bij uitstek. Tegelijkertijd loopt de beoefening van de geschiedenis van de fiets en het fietsen hier achter bij enkele andere Westerse landen waar in de afgelopen decennia tal van wetenschappelijke publicaties op dit terrein verschenen en nieuwe perspectieven zijn ontwikkeld – een trend die zich in Nederland niet heeft voorgedaan. De alomtegenwoordige fiets wordt over het hoofd gezien door Nederlandse historici. Hoe is deze paradox te verklaren?

This paper starts by introducing the ekistics model of human settlements in terms of its interdisciplinary approach to thinking on the city, and its advocating research as the link between the academic and practitioner divide. By means of a literature review of scientific journals, the ekistics model is shown to be weakly positioned in the development of planning theory and practice. The paper goes on to address the extent to which the broader field of urban studies has drawn on a number of the underlying principles of the ekistics model. It is argued that while land use planning practice has been restricted in its ability to adopt the progressive aspects of the ekistic model, the integrated approach advocated by Doxiadis’ science of human settlements resonates with the work of scholars in the diverse disciplines comprising the field of urban studies, and finds echos in approaches used in a sample of current urban development projects.

The Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) was founded in 1948 with the aim of connecting European countries to the United States through the economic project of the Marshall Plan. Since 1958, the OECD has worked with Greek governments to modernize and develop the country. Part of the investigations undertaken by the OECD in order to achieve successful globalization in cooperation with European governments has provided expertise to the member countries which has affected the development trends of the nations and states. Even though the decisions and suggestions of these two organizations seem to have had an impact on urban planning, there is little research in the international literature that has examined their participation in the evolution of spatial data in the post-WWII period. In this paper, my aim is to examine the dynamics between the different actors involved in the process of creating the University of Patras and to question the role of international experts in that process. Τhe research is based on material in the OECD in Paris,

A comparison of the tourist resorts chosen by visitors to Portugal with the places described in accounts of journeys and in travel guides since the 18th century reveals a high degree of continuity as regards preferences for certain spaces, including monasteries, convents and palaces, as well as the respective surroundings. They form what might be termed a “classic itinerary”, which includes the sites in Portugal which were regarded, and still are, as most worth visiting for their great historical and artistic interest and importance. Times have changed and new forms of tourism are now the fashion: tourist attractions are seen from a different perspective and travellers seek out new places and refuges, rural paradises, exotic shores and regional gastronomic delights. The preferred itinerary of those who visit Portugal today, just like that of 18th-century travellers, still takes in the monasteries of Alcobaça, Batalha and the Hieronymites, the convent of Mafra, and Sintra palace and ...

Problem statement: With respect to the multidisciplinary nature of architectural conservationbeing underlined in the international charters, a proper roleof an architect, one of the specialists contributing to this profession, has a positive impact on the success of conservation measures. However, after the introduction of the scientific conservation concepts in Iran, the performance of the architect in this profession became relatively weak compared to what was expected from this expertise in architectural conservation. It seems that determinants in contemporary conservation paradigms have weakened this performance. Research objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of paradigm changes in architectural conservation in Iran on the performance of the architectafter the introduction of scientific conservation. Research method: This research employshistorical and causal methods, which are among the subcategories of qualitative research. Conclusion: In the traditional conservation period in Iran, the prevailing paradigm prioritizing social ideals required cultural performance from the architects that is their main task in conservation. However, withthe introduction of scientific conservation and the superiority of other ideals in the dominant paradigm, social values were neglected, and the need for the architect's cultural performance was eliminated.The long persistence of this paradigm weakened this ability of the architect. Despitethe introduction of the culturalist paradigm since the beginning of the last decade of the 20th century, the majority of the architectural scientific community has not yet been able to perform their cultural role, and this paradigm has not been established. However, due to the efforts of a small group of architects in approachingthe culturalist paradigm, the present era can be considered a period of transition. In the current conditions, a more serious definition of the architect's position in the field of conservation, training of architects for cultural performance, and proper use of these abilities will play an effective role in the coordination of the majority of architects with the few pioneer architects and establishment of the culturalist paradigm.

O trabalho aborda a produção arquitetural do arquiteto Luís Saia (1911-1975) e a relaciona com o espectro mais amplo de suas atividades nos campos da historiografia da arquitetura brasileira, da preservação e do restauro do patrimônio nacional, como busca obstinada de parâmetros conceituais para fundamentar o projeto de uma arquitetura moderna e brasileira.

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The foreign relations of the historiography of architecture in both the Netherlands and other countries make up an interesting field of gradually changing contacts. During the nineteenth century, the scientific discipline of art history, which included the history of architecture, emerged in Germany. And although serious interest in ‘antiquities’ and architectural monuments emerged in the Netherlands as well in that same period, it wasn’t until 1907 that the academic study programme Art History was launched. It included the history of architecture. Historiography by and for architects will be left aside here. During both the nineteenth century and a large part of the twentieth century, those interested in the history of architecture focused primarily on Dutch architecture. They concerned themselves with issues related to efforts to preserve the historical heritage – which meant paying attention to legal aspects – but this also meant that research was required in order to determine w...

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Problem statement: Architectural historiography in Iran, like other fields of theoretical foundations of architecture, has not achieved a proper position, and on the other hand, existing historiographical works have been less studied to determine the asset and lack of asset in this field through this achievement and to more clarify the path of Iranian architectural historiography. Therefore, it seems necessary to study the works of architectural historiography. Thus, in the present study, the following questions are addressed: Which attitudes and methods has Arthur Pope used to study Iranian architecture? What are the fields and contexts in which these methods and attitudes have been formed? What has been the result of applying these methods and attitudes for understanding Iranian architecture? Research objectives: This study was conducted to review the written works by Arthur Pope to identify his attitudes and methods as well as his achievement in using them for understanding Iranian architecture. Research method: For this purpose, grounded theory was used as the research method. Conclusion: The result showed that Arthur Pope, influenced by the requirements of the time and the needs of Iranian architectural historiography in that period, has used attitudes and methods to understand Iranian architecture through which, he has presented a history of Iranian architecture. Although, it is more focused on the physical aspects of Iranian architecture; but apart from the physical aspects, he has also paid some attention to other aspects of Iranian architecture, such as space and backgrounds of formation. His architectural historiography has more architectural color and sense than other historians of his time. He has also tried further than them to present his view closer to that of an Iranian person. Therefore, he can be considered a historian who has made acceptable efforts in writing a history book about Iranian architecture, taking into account the requirements of his time.

The work carried out by researchers in the urbanismo.br research network encompasses objects and the creation of frameworks, hypotheses and documents and is based on three premises: urbanization and development, urbanization and planning, and institutions. The theme related to planning (this panel) has been conducted by three researchers : Maria Cristina da Silva Leme , Fabio Jose Martins de Lima and Vera F. Rezende. The use of nucleation as a resource does not mean entirely discrete approaches, but rather a strategy to improve our understanding of changes in the field of urbanism and urban planning during a period of profound political transformation. The period chosen for the research is the 1960s, and we have taken into consideration the period’s setbacks and advances in accordance with the object of each piece of research. We have identified inflections, continuity and ruptures in the concepts and tendencies of the urbanism adopted in plans for different government spheres and d...

ازمسائل بنیادین در تفسیر متون دینی به‌ویژه تفسیر قرآن، مسئله فهم است. تقریرهای گوناگونی در حوزه فهم بیان‌شده است. برخی از این تقریرها، مبتنی بر رویکرد مؤلف محوری است برخی دیگر متن محورند و برخی نیز مفسر محورند . مفسر محوری، جایگاه مفسر را فراتر از فهم کننده دانسته و مفسر را در ساخت معنای متن دخیل می‌دانند.هدف این نوشتار تبیین آسیب‌های مولفه های مفسر محوری درمقوله فهم وتفسیر قرآن است. پژوهش حاضر به روش توصیفی تحلیلی رهاوردهای کاربست مبانی اندیشه مفسرمحوری درفهم قرآن را بررسی کرده و به بیان آسیب‌های آن پرداخته است.یافته‌های تحقیق بیانگر آن است که دیدگاه مفسرمحوری باعث آسیب‌هایی چون: نفی حقیقی بودن معنا، انکار حکایت‌گری آن، استقلال متن و نادیده گرفتن نقش مؤلف و عدم باور بر عینیت معنا است. این آسیب ها نیز از مبانی نادرست انسان‌شناسی و پدیدارشناسی گرفته‌شده که واقع‌نما نبوده و اکثراً انسان را در فضای زندگی مادی و غیرواقعی محصور می‌نمایند.

ازمسائل بنیادین در تفسیر متون دینی به‌ویژه تفسیر قرآن، مسئله فهم است. تقریرهای گوناگونی در حوزه فهم بیان‌شده است. برخی از این تقریرها، مبتنی بر رویکرد مؤلف محوری است برخی دیگر متن محورند و برخی نیز مفسر محورند . مفسر محوری، جایگاه مفسر را فراتر از فهم کننده دانسته و مفسر را در ساخت معنای متن دخیل می‌دانند.هدف این نوشتار تبیین آسیب‌های مولفه های مفسر محوری درمقوله فهم وتفسیر قرآن است. پژوهش حاضر به روش توصیفی تحلیلی رهاوردهای کاربست مبانی اندیشه مفسرمحوری درفهم قرآن را بررسی کرده و به بیان آسیب‌های آن پرداخته است.یافته‌های تحقیق بیانگر آن است که دیدگاه مفسرمحوری باعث آسیب‌هایی چون: نفی حقیقی بودن معنا، انکار حکایت‌گری آن، استقلال متن و نادیده گرفتن نقش مؤلف و عدم باور بر عینیت معنا است.

During the Renaissance, the printed image was an important medium in the circulation of architectural forms throughout Europe. In this process, these disseminated forms gradually changed into ‘local dialects’. Modern research on these forms evolved from a purely stylistic approach to an increased focus on architects and patrons (actors) and, more recently, on art geography. Over time, less attention has been paid to the actual buildings themselves and their meaning. This article focuses on the mannerist period (1575-1625) and the work of Erik Forssman (1915-2011) in a historiographical context. Forssman has made an important contribution to the understanding of the use and reception of architectural treatises. While his dissertation Saule und Ornament (1956) was predominantly theoretical, in his second book Dorisch, Jonisch, Korintisch (1961) he applied his findings to real buildings, coining the term ‘Vitruvianism’ for the reception of classical forms whereby strict application of ...

During the Renaissance, the printed image was an important medium in the circulation of architectural forms throughout Europe. In this process, these disseminated forms gradually changed into ‘local dialects’. Modern research on these forms evolved from a purely stylistic approach to an increased focus on architects and patrons (actors) and, more recently, on art geography. Over time, less attention has been paid to the actual buildings themselves and their meaning. This article focuses on the mannerist period (1575-1625) and the work of Erik Forssman (1915-2011) in a historiographical context. Forssman has made an important contribution to the understanding of the use and reception of architectural treatises. While his dissertation Saule und Ornament (1956) was predominantly theoretical, in his second book Dorisch, Jonisch, Korintisch (1961) he applied his findings to real buildings, coining the term ‘Vitruvianism’ for the reception of classical forms whereby strict application of ...

Gedreven door de wens om de naam van de oudgermanist en volkskundige Jan de Vries (1890-1964) van zijn 'foute' imago te ontdoen, heeft de emeritus hoogleraar oud-germanistiek en finoegristiek A. D. Kylstra een interessant boekje samengesteld. Interessant is vooral hoe hij laat zien dat het vooroorlogse werk van De Vries een duidelijke continuïteit venoont met het werk dat de Leidse hoogleraar tijdens en na de Duitse bezetting heeft gepubliceerd. Deze continuileit ziet Kylstra als bewijs voor de integriteit van De Vries en zijn werk, dat immers ruim voor de Duitse inval in brede kring werd gewaardeerd. Niet De Vries werd 'fout'. maar zijn omgeving c.q. de Duitse bezetters die zijn publicaties goed konden gebruiken voor hun nationaal-socialistische cultuurpolitiek. Sindsdien zouden de man en zijn publicaties in een negatief licht zijn geplaatst. Ten onrechte, aldus Kylstra. omdat het werk onverminderd van de genialiteit van een groot geleerde zou getuigen. De auteur toont zich verontwaardigd over het feit dat eenzelfde soon benaderingen van het Germaanse verleden in de vooroorlogse context anders gelezen wordt dan wanneer het tijdens de bezetting bij een nazi-uitgeverij verscheen. Helaas leidt deze constatering er niet toe dat Kylstra zich realiseen dat wetenschap zich niet in het luchtledige afspeelt en dat teksten betekenis krijgen binnen de context waarin zij gepubliceerd en gelezen worden. Ook leidt het er niet toe dat Kylstra zich afvraagt hoe bepaalde ideeën over volk en vaderland, zoals die tijdens het Interbellum tot ontwikkeling kwamen, aansluiting konden vinden bij de

The object of this text is to discuss the repertoire of works, emblematic examples, and supposedly representative cultural developments through which various western schools of architecture defined their history programs from pre-Classical civilizations to the Renaissance.
These operations, both theoretical and ideological, are susceptible of being dismantled in their original formulations and in their reproduction routes. Through this brief essay we seek to reconstruct some of the gridiron of the intercultural relations and translations that defined
what can be considered, at least in modern terms, the first complete text in Spanish on the history of universal architecture and on Spanish architecture in particular. Its resonances and its diffusion exposed, for the Spanish-speaking world, a first canon of works and cultures from antiquity to the 16th century, which was installed programmatically in several American architecture faculties, especially during the second half of the 20th century.

The present paper has notified that the evaluation of architecture knowledge for industrial complexes helps identifying its development challenges. Thinking about the components of architecture knowledge development caused the evaluation to be occured in three sections of theoretical knowledge (or theoretical productions), knowledge transition (or training programs), and practical knowledge. Since the nature of the mentioned triad was different, the evaluation method of each was chosen in relation to their substantial features. As a result, evaluation of theoretical areas, due to its written nature, is accompanied by content analysis method. In this section, scientific research-based articles (published in fifteen authentic architecture journals, until winter 2014), 2500 selected books, M. A. theses (conducted from 2001 to 2010 in University of Shahid Beheshti), and Ph. D. dissertations (completed in domestic universities until 2012) were studied to estimate the quantity of production knowledge in terms of the architecture of industrial complexes. It is noteworthy that this evaluation took place compared to six selected functions i.e. landscape, residential, religious, healthcare, educational, and administrative. In transitive knowledge section, the mentioned evaluation was dedicated to the analysis of programs' contents, orientations, fields of study, and courses, presented in three levels of BA, M. A., and Ph. D.. Furthermore, in order to know about the status of practical knowledge, the orientation of architecture competitions (including periodical competitions and those, taken part from 2007 to 2009) were evaluated. Also selected samples of the existing industrial units (i.e. 63 industrial units in Caspian Industrial Park, Qazvin) were studied. Results showed that architecture knowledge of industrial complexes, compared to other functions, had the least theoretical production as well as transitive training (quantitative challenge). Despite such circumstances, in the practical area it enjoyed some quantitative growth and requires qualitative attention (qualitative challenge). What is more, the development of architecture knowledge in terms of industrial complexes lacks any coherent structure, chiefly growing in a local and discrete manner. Results showed that the mentioned challenges are dealt with by integrating the mentioned triad and adopting practice-to-theory strategies (as reverse engineering). The research has emphasized that developing architecture knowledge for industrial complexes can be done by programming as a matrix of supplementary and evolutionary components, comprising the triple areas.

Co-author Petra Brouwer. Published in The Journal of Architecture 2020, vol. 25, issue 8 (special issue European Peripheries of Architectural Historiography, eds. Petra Brouwer, Kristina Jõekalda), pp. 963–977.

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Informed by postcolonial theory and more recent attempts to write alternative global histories of art and architecture, scholars have increasingly criticised the persistence of the canon and its Eurocentric perspective, questioning related categories, narratives, and terminology. The aim of this special issue is to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of historiography by analysing Eurocentrism in the writing of architectural histories from the inside; that is, from the less researched perspective of Europe’s own ‘margins’. We argue that it was the very method of nineteenth- and twentieth-century architectural history writing that conceptualised a binary world of exemplary and marginal architecture. The idea of a small core of historically and aesthetically representative monuments, and a large periphery of insignificant buildings was inextricably bound up with architectural history’s grand narrative of progress and modernisation. With accounts from Finland, Greece, Portugal, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, this special issue breaks up the trope of Europe in a heterogeneous geopolitical and architectural landscape to address the troublesome relationship between the local, the national, and the general. In particular, we are concerned with looking anew at two recurrent historiographical debates that continue to shape the architectural image of the edges of Europe: (1) the paradigm of centre–periphery relations and its effect on architectural histories; and (2) critical regionalism’s claim of rewriting the history of modern architecture from the point of view of local and national cultural identities.

A book review of Cor Passchier’s publication titled Bruno Nobile de Vistarini (1891-1971) / Wijnand Lemei (1892-1945). Ontwerpen en bouwen in de koloniale nadagen, Java-Indonesië. The book is part of a series initiated by BONAS (Stichting Bibliografieën en Oeuvrelijsten van Nederlandse Architecten en Stedenbouwkundigen) and published by Uitgeverij Verloren in Hilversum in 2020.

En 1818 Alexander Robert Charles Dallas publicó Felix Alvarez, or Manners in Spain, containing descriptive accounts of some of the prominent events of the late peninsular war, and authentic anecdotes illustrative of the Spanish character, interspersed with poetry, original and from the Spanish. Este veterano de la Peninsular War fue uno de los muchos que a partir de esos años van a ir dando cuenta de sus recuerdos, pero él opta por un marco literario más complejo y una gama temática más diversa: su experiencia de la guerra aparece mezclada con extensas observaciones sobre las costumbres nacionales españolas, envuelta en una leve ficción novelesca. En ese sentido, es uno de los testimonios que expresan el cambio producido en la imagen de España en Gran Bretaña a principios del XIX, en buena medida como efecto de la guerra común contra Napoleón. El libro de Dallas es una muestra perfecta de cómo esta experiencia bélica se extiende a un imaginario mucho más complejo y da lugar a una nueva comprensión de las costumbres y modo de ser de los españoles, marcada por la nota del exotismo.

Problem statement: The beauty of Iranian ancient architecture is still an essential question, which has invited numerous investigations. This requires even further contemplation in the milieu of present esthetic crisis in contemporary architecture and the associated vacancy of theory, particularly when our contemporary architecture is lacking any relevance to categorical beauty from the viewpoint of Iranian thought and architecture. Many studies inherent in the religious literature and the textual works by Islamic thinkers have attempted to deal with and explain this question. However, the only authentic sources to elicit and reveal the hidden layers of beauty are undoubtedly the remaining artistic works.
Research objectives: This study of Khaju Bridge, an authentic work remaining from the Safavid era, attempts to elicit the ontological foundations of beauty in this artwork and reveal how beauty has found its embodiment and form in the architecture of this building.
Research method: The phenomenological approach was adopted to disclose the nature of beauty and the lived experiences of four groups attending the bridge were studied under the influence of Max van Manen.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that contemporary architecture is no longer able to create beautiful and exhilarating spaces due to its lateralization towards form, function, or meaning. Indeed, architecture is beautiful when it can properly respond to the triad of form, function, and meaning. Moreover, seven components, i.e. vividness, selflessness, originality-authenticity, artistic richness, logicality, poetry, and thought-wonder, were identified as the ontological constructs of beauty in Khaju Bridge, to be used to create beautiful spaces in the process of their transformations into various structures.