Historical Semantics

Durante más de cuarenta años, la Corte Suprema y la Fiscalía de la Nación han incumplido su deber legal de alertar al Congreso sobre vacíos y defectos normativos, debilitando así la justicia y la seguridad jurídica. Este estudio revela las causas de esta omisión crónica y propone medidas concretas para activar un sistema efectivo de detección, reporte y corrección legislativa, con enfoque en transparencia, rendición de cuentas y fortalecimiento institucional.

Diese Studie untersucht Max Webers Analyse des Zusammenhangs zwischen protestantischer Ethik, insbesondere der calvinistischen Askese, und der Entstehung des modernen Kapitalismus. Weber identifiziert die Rationalisierung der Arbeit und die ethische Heiligung des Berufs als zentrale Faktoren für die Herausbildung disziplinierter, zielorientierter wirtschaftlicher Handlungen, die im starken Kontrast zur mystischen und kontemplativen Askese der orthodoxen Traditionen stehen. Es wird betont, dass die protestantische Ethik den Kapitalismus nicht direkt verursacht, sondern einen ethischen und kulturellen Rahmen bietet, der rationales wirtschaftliches Handeln erleichtert. Zu den Schlüsselfaktoren zählen technologische Fortschritte, Säkularisierung und Kapitalakkumulation, die gemeinsam zur Institutionalisierung von Bürokratie und zur Ausbreitung rationalisierter sozialer Strukturen führten. Webers Analyse stellt den marxistischen Determinismus in Frage, indem sie die Rolle kultureller und religiöser Werte in der Gestaltung wirtschaftlicher Handlungen hervorhebt, gleichzeitig aber das „Eiserne Käfig“-Phänomen der rationalisierten sozialen Ordnung aufzeigt, in dem individuelle Freiheit trotz formaler Autonomie eingeschränkt ist. Die Studie schließt, dass die protestantische Ethik durch ihre Betonung der Arbeit als Ausdruck göttlicher Gnade sowohl individuelle Disziplin als auch die rationalen Strukturen förderte, die für die kapitalistische Entwicklung notwendig sind, und somit das komplexe Zusammenspiel von Religion, Kultur und wirtschaftlichem Leben in der westlichen Moderne veranschaulicht

This paper is dedicated to analyzing basic verbs of olfactory perception in
the Bačka-Srem Ruthenian language, with particular attention to their etymology and semantic organization. From the perspective of Slavic etymology, as with other contemporary Slavic languages, this language also possesses verbs of olfactory perception inherited from Proto-Slavic verbs which directly or indirectly relate to the olfactory perception. However, in each language, their distribution and lexical systems are organized to varying degrees in different ways. The paper examines
the lexical system of basic olfactory perception verbs in the mentioned language and confirms the following conclusions: (1) The language in question has verbs for denoting olfactory situations that have originated from the Proto-Slavic verbs, such as njuxac ‘sniff’, njuxcic ‘sniff’ (< njuxati), paxac ‘smell at’ (< *paxati), paxnuc ‘smell’ (< *paxnǫti), buc čuc ‘be olfactible’, čuc še ‘smell’ (< *čuti), and šmerdzic ‘stink’ (< *smьrděti); (2) In the examined language, an opposition is observed between five main semantic zones of perception and their differentiation using lexical and grammatical means; (3) The lexical system of the examined language shows the greatest similarities with the languages that are genetically and areally related.

The semantic analysis of Qur’ānic vocabulary has emerged as a significant area of study in recent years. In the Holy Qur’ān, God specifically uses the phrase mītẖāqā gẖalīẓā (a firm covenant) to describe the marriage agreement, warranting a semantic investigation to understand the reasoning behind this choice. This study adopts a qualitative approach to explore why this phrase was selected for the marriage covenant. It employs historical, descriptive, and cognitive analyses of the phrase. The term mītẖāqā gẖalīẓā appears three times in the Qur’ān: first, in reference to God’s covenant with the prophets (Al-Ahzab: 7); second, regarding God’s covenant with the people of Israel (An-Nisaa’: 154); and third, in the context of marriage (An-Nisaa’: 21). Through historical semantics, the study traces the semantic evolution of mītẖāq. Using descriptive semantics, it analyzes the phrase contextually and examines its paradigmatic and syntagmatic dimensions to uncover its semantic features and components. Furthermore, by applying the principle of authenticity of Qur’ānic terms within cognitive semantics, the study concludes that no synonym or alternative phrase adequately conveys the profound semantic depth and layers of mītẖāqā in the given contexts.

This study explores the conceptualization of the term "warm heart" in Chinese and English, focusing on metaphorical expressions related to the heart and the concept of "warm" temperature (hot, warm, mild). Using Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), the research analyzes data from the Center for Chinese Linguistics (CCL) and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) to identify both shared and culture-specific mappings. The findings reveal that while universal bodily experiences lead to similar metaphorical understandings of "warm heart" in both languages, such as kindness and emotional movement evoked by others' assistance or touching stories, cultural differences could also shape distinct conceptualizations. By comparing "warm heart" expressions, the study underscores the interplay between universal bodily experiences and cultural specificity in shaping metaphorical meaning.

The Aramaic in Tannaitic literature has been understudied, despite pioneering efforts by Dalman and recent work by Stadel. The corpus, such as it is, is bewilderingly diverse, including legal contracts, aphorisms, dream reports, and editorial comments. Still, a number of observations can be made about this collection of texts, here called ‘Early Rabbinic Aramaic’ (ERA), which allow us to situate this dialect within the Palestinian dialects of the second and third centuries of the Common Era on the basis of morphological details.
The second part of the paper is a detailed study of four Aramaic sayings from Mishnah Avot 1 and 2. This limited but valuable corpus shows isoglosses with Onqelos that set ERA and Onqelos apart from later JPA, but other syntactic features that are not known from Onqelos or Targum Jonathan. The detailed study of these lines also has implications for the textual history of the Mishnah, as it allows us to discover if the manuscripts known to preserve authentic MH forms (Kaufmann, Parma De Rossi 138, Paris, and Cambridge) are also reliable when it comes to Aramaic.

The present research undertakes a historical and semantic exploration of the term translation, tracing its conceptual and linguistic evolution from antiquity to modernity. Rooted in a comparative approach, it examines the development of the term in both French and English, while contextualising its cultural and ideological underpinnings across key historical epochs. From the Greek metaphrasis and Roman interpretatio to the medieval and Renaissance reconfigurations of textual transfer, this study traces the shifting meanings and practices associated with the concept of "to translate." Special attention is given to the French linguistic transition from translater to traduire, revealing deeper insights into how language reflects epistemological change. Moreover, the research explores the emergence and transformation of the figure of the dragoman, a term of Eastern origin, and its reception within the Western tradition. By charting the evolution of translation as both a term and a practice, this study illuminates the rise of two central agents-the translator and the interpreter-and frames the conceptual tension between Content Translation and Quality Translation, a dichotomy born from centuries of cultural negotiation and linguistic innovation.

Проблема аналітичних засобів словотвору і реалізації граматичного значення неодноразово
ставала об’єктом студій у працях європейських тюркологів і турецьких лінгвістів. Водночас
аналіз праць, присвячених цій проблематиці, і запропонованих рішень дав змогу дійти висновку
про наявність багатьох відмінностей між концепціями і гіпотезами багатьох авторів: від вузького
розуміння аналітики на лексичному і граматичному рівнях до максимально широкого, коли до
класу таких утворень неправомірно включаються форми й утворення, які, на наш погляд, аж ніяк
не відповідають визначенню аналітичного засобу. У цій праці ми розглядаємо концепції різних
мовознавців-тюркологів: як “класичні”, так і сучасні, видані друком за останні десять років, адже
саме вони становлять найбільший інтерес і демонструють, що в позиціях і поглядах на проблематику
аналітики в системі турецької мови істотного поступу за останні більше ніж 50 років не відбулося.
У статті досліджено різнопланові лексичні і граматичні форми, які відповідають основній
вимозі до аналітичних засобів, що зводиться до наявності повнозначного елемента, який містить
основне лексичне значення, і допоміжного дієслова, яке не має автономного лексичного значення,
але творить нову лексему (так зване “складене дієслово”) або модифікує лексичне значення з
граматичною метою (насамперед у плані реалізації внутрішньочасових або модальних значень). У
роботі описано концепції генези аналітичних форм у турецькій / тюркських мовах, упорядковано
групи аналітичних граматичних засобів: перифрастичні форми дієслова, складені форми дієслова,
квазіперифрастичні форми дієслова, сталі дієслівні утворення і сталі словосполучення, формально
співвідносні з аналітичними формами, проте значно відмінні від них із семантичного і функційного
поглядів. Окреслено перспективи подальших досліджень сталих дієслівних сполук.
Ключові слова: турецька мова, допоміжні дієслова, складені дієслова, аналітичні засоби,
перифрастичні форми дієслова, складені форми дієслова.

O antigo Mar do Ponto, hoje conhecido como Mar Negro, é um dos mais importantes da história. No período helenístico, ficou conhecido o argumento segundo o qual ele se tornaria um pântano raso, dado o seu aluvionamento e a ignorância com relação a esse processo. Ao propormos um diálogo da História Antiga com a História Ambiental, partimos do conceito recente de desastre socioambiental e o aproximamos à tipologia do desastre nas Histórias de Políbio (c. 200 – c. 117 A.E.C.) e à sua investigação sobre o Mar do Ponto. O nosso objetivo é compreender a semântica dessa experiência e de refletir sobre a historicidade da consciência humana de sua dependência do ambiente. Por isso recorremos à linguagem na qual essa experiência se conceptualiza na medida em que as ações humanas e o destino do mar são temporalmente articulados pelo autor. Concluímos, enfim, que há similaridades expressivas entre a semântica contemporânea e a antiga, dado que Políbio advogava por uma ética consequente do ser humano de investigar para melhor se adaptar ao ambiente. Esperamos, igualmente, que este seja um ensejo para fortalecer os laços entre História Antiga e História Ambiental.

This article examines the historical semantics of the post-classical Greek word χριστιανοκατήγορος (literally, “an accuser of Christians”). While its existence in the early Byzantine period is doubtful — there is only one isolated occurrence, which had no impact on later tradition and may even be a 10th-century correction — after the Second Council of Nicaea (787), the term gained traction as a terminus technicus for the Iconoclasts. The rationale behind this designation was that the Iconoclasts accused the supporters of icon veneration of distorting true Christianity and lapsing into idolatry. The Acts of the Council were so influential that much of the theological and hagiographical literature inherited this usage. This remained true during the Iconophile interim (787–815), the second Iconoclasm (815–843), and the period of codification of cultural memory about Iconoclasm (mid-9th century). By contrast, by the mid-10th century, the term had become obsolete and was purged from historical and hagiographical texts — including the revisions of earlier texts that had originally employed it. Knowledge of its terminological usage was thereafter confined to small circles of theologians and experts in canon law who studied the Acts of 787. Nevertheless, due to its polemical force and intuitively discernible inner structure, the word remained in use as a vague designation for opponents in various intra-Christian controversies (e.g., the Union of the Churches, the doctrine of Divine energies advanced by Gregory Palamas). Some of the most astute authors engaged in sophisticated wordplay, allowing the word to be interpreted both as a reference to the Iconoclasts and as a general label for those who accuse their fellow Christians. In the case of Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118), this strategy served to intimidate political opposition by implying that its members could be accused of Iconoclasm. For Theoktistos Studites (mid14th century), such wordplay was a subtle nod to an attentive and erudite readership that might appreciate the double entendre. The final reinterpretation of the term came from Gennadios II Scholarios (15th century), who, in contrast to the entire Byzantine tradition, repurposed the word as a label for non-Christians — those who accused not Christians of practicing a distorted form of Christianity, but Christianity itself.

زبان عربی بعد از نشئت اسلام در سر زمین شرق تمام زبانهای شرق را مستعمره کرده و تاثیرات خود را از لحاظ نوشتاری و زبانی در این زبانها گذاشت. زبان فارسی(دری) که یک از مشهورترین زبانهای جهان است و از لحاظ زبانشناسی زبان مبتکر (یعنظ زبان باز یا
(Innovative Languages)
اند تاثیرات بسیار زیادی را برای خود متحمل شده اند.
این تغیرات از چندین ناحیه اند ولی مطرح ترین شان تغیر رسم الخط است. وارد شدن هزاران کلمات عربی به فارسی است؛ تغییرات گرامر و نحوی اند. در این مقاله بیشتر به این تغییرات و تحولات بحث می داریم.

Lexicography, the art and craft of dictionary-making, is as old as writing. Since its very early stages several thousands of years ago, it has helped to serve basically the every-day needs of written communication among individuals in communities speaking different languages or different varieties of the same language. Two general approaches are distinguished in the craft of dictionary-making: the semasiological and the onomasiological. The former is represented by usually-alphabetical dictionaries as such, i.e. their being inventories of the lexicon, while the latter is manifested in thesauruses. English and Arabic have made use of both approaches in the preparation of their dictionaries, each having a distinct aim ahead. Within the confines of each language, an approach may yield various trends as to, for instance, the arrangement of entries within a dictionary. The present paper aims at distinguishing the various trends in writing dictionaries in both English and Arabic. By so do...

The main idea of our research was to analyze the semantic content of the words derived from the onomatopoeic form pras-, especially the verb praskati, which belongs to the lexico-semantic group of verbs denoting sound stimuli emition. We were interested in the way in which the semantic content of the verb praskati is reflected onto other derivatives. The research analysis was conducted on the unpublished material from the Dictionary of Serbo-Croatian Literary and Vernacular Language SASA, including units of the given lexico-semantic group from the lexeme pras to prasnuti, which belong to the same derivational nest. The paper reports our insights on the organization of the semantic structure of the verb praskati and its derivatives, mainly through the metaphorical and
metonymic mechanisms (including synesthesia) which underlie the development of novel meanings. This includes lexemes which highlight different semantic shades of the motive words from which they are derived. Noun derivatives such as prasak and praska denote the sound which occurs as a result of an explosion, crack, burst, praskavac is something which has the potential to burst, praskavost is a characteristic of someone who is explosive in nature, who often emotionally bursts. The
adjectival derivative praskav develops a whole network of meanings which are related to personality traits, or describes something which is perceived as such. The onomatopoeic exclamation pras imitates the sounds of hitting, falling, gunshots, or the echo of shooting or breaking something. The meaning of the noun compound praskozorje is related to two semantic components, one which denotes the emission of light (without sound), and the other which has an adverbial meaning. The analysis and
description of the semantic structure of the verb praskati and its derivatives proved to be inspiring, primarily because of their complex polysemy, through which it was possible to observe metaphorical
and metonymic transfers which contribute to the development of numerous secondary meanings, especially ones related to the expression of emotions.

Type de publication : Article de collectif Collectif : Jouve baroque. Jouve et Donnadieu, documents inédits Auteur : Nouaïri (Anis) Résumé : C'est le propre du baroquisme que de fusionner des ensembles hétérogènes en un tout harmonieux. Concevant l'unité à travers le prisme de la disparité, la poésie jouvienne met en mouvement « un nombre infini de réalités » et joue sur les contrastes pour dresser des tableaux baroques qui en appellent aux réalités les plus hautes et les plus basses. Pierre Jean Jouve invoque ainsi Mozart et Orphée, figures antinomiques dont la confrontation confère à son oeuvre un mouvement de contorsion baroque.

LA CRÓNICA DE TURPÍN TIENE UNA IMPRONTA PAMPLONESA MUY MARCADA QUE ES FRUTO DE LA PRESENCIA DE SU AUTOR EN EL OBISPADO DE PAMPLONA EN LA CUARTA DÉCADA DEL SIGLO XII. LOS CAPÍTULOS XI Y XII NOS MUESTRAN UNA IDENTIFICACIÓN Y UN CONOCIMIENTO MINUCIOSO DEL TERRITORIO. DE LA MISMA FORMA LOS CAPÍTULOS IX A XVIII ORBITAN EN TORNO A LA CANCILLERÍA PAMPLONESA Y EL REINADO DE ALFONSO EL BATALLADOR, CONSTITUYENDO UNA SUERTE DE TURPÍN "COURTE" PAMPLONÉS.

This paper starts from the pivotal hypothesis that writing is by definition a means of communication, combining features of visual and oral communication. Consequently, writing is basically bi-modal, placed at the intersection of the two fundamental sensory functions: sight and hearing. They are connected to two specific ways of representation, one being primarily spatially and the other temporally oriented. We suggest that these features are fundamental, independent from their typological classification such as semasiographic, syllabic or even alphabetical scripts. In a unique way-however with widely varying emphases-both domains become essential factors in the process of signification. Signification is consequently described as an (infinite) semiotic process, grounded in these perceptual modes. It is demonstrated here by a sample of selected examples that signification in both domains-and thus, of course, in scripts-is based on the same procedures: analogies and metaphors, specifically on synecdochic and metonymic reasoning. 1 It is claimed that an assessment of these procedures forms the core for any understanding of writing, first and foremost of semasiographic-syllabic types such as cuneiform script.

This article examines the typology and dynamics of popular art historiography in early 20th-century Germany, focusing on the complex relationship between academic and popular discourses. Using the example of widely distributed monograph series such as Velhagens & Klasing’s Volksbücher and the Künstler-Monographien, the study analyzes how scholarly art historical content was adapted for a broader audience. The article discusses concepts of knowledge transfer, particularly Hans Naumann’s theory of “sunk cultural goods,” and explores the roles of various actors—publishers, professional and occasional popularizers, and their audiences. Through case studies (e.g., Friedrich Haack, Wilhelm Pinder), it illustrates how participation in popular formats could both hinder or enhance scholarly careers. The article also addresses visual mass media like collector's albums and cigarette picture books as channels of popular art historical knowledge. Ultimately, it argues that the boundaries between academic and popular art history were permeable, and that academic institutions themselves shaped public understanding by defining and sanctioning the terms of knowledge diffusion.

This chapter discusses the possible Anatolian influence on the Homeric poems. It is divided into three parts. First, an explanation is given for choosing the topic of Homer and Anatolian. The second part focuses on the possible interference in the Homeric verbal morpho-syntax, analyzing the use of the modal particle and the indicative mood to mark non-realis (potentialis and irrealis) modality, the use of the suffix ‑σκ- to mark imperfectivity in past indicative verb forms, and, finally, the use of the genitive case in the absolute constructions. The third part discusses the possibility of an Anatolian influence on the phraseology and literary topoi. Through a critical assessment of the existing literature on the topics and a detailed analysis of selected passages and samples, the chapter establishes that the assumption of contact-induced influence from Anatolian into Homeric Greek cannot be substantiated in a conclusive fashion.

This article adopts a religious historical perspective to interpret the concepts of imagine and forma in some passages of the Vita nova. The terms used by Dante to refer to the semantic area that encompasses these concepts are suffused with biblical meaning, above all as a result of patristic exegesis, which heavily influenced the medieval religious imaginary. The lexis-based approach of this religious historical analysis is intended to complement rather than contrast readings grounded in the literary, medical, philosophical, and scientific aspects of Dante’s terminology. It also provides further support for Christological interpretations of Beatrice by highlighting certain fundamental elements for developing the idea of the Christian anthropology of the Dantesque imaginary.

James J. Sheehan

Making a Modern Political Order: The Problem of the Nation State

University of Notre Dame Press, 2023. ISBN: 9780268205379


26 May 2025 | PDF: https://issforum.org/to/jrt16-40 |

Website: rjissf.org | Twitter: @HDiplo


Editor: Diane Labrosse
Commissioning Editor: Daniel R. Hart
Production Editor: Christopher Ball
Pre-Production Copy Editor: Katie A. Ryan

Contents
Introduction by Alexander M. Martin, University of Notre Dame. 2
Review by Anke Fischer-Kattner, University of the Bundeswehr Munich. 8
Review by Andreas Leutzsch, German Academic Exchange Service Returning Fellow, Bielefeld. 15
Review by Jerry Z. Muller, The Catholic University of America 29
Response by James Sheehan, Stanford University. 35

Round Table Book review:
(...)

This chapter sheds light on the use of the Latin noun "hospitalitas" by adopting a corpus-based approach, analysing more than 480 narrative sources from Latin Europe from 1000 to 1400. It is intended as a preliminary study for a comprehensive semantic analysis of the medieval concept of hospitality in Latin Europe. The focus on "hospitalitas" is due to the seemingly self-evident nature of its meaning. In a first step, the chapter examines the lexicological findings of medieval dictionaries as well as the Christian reinterpretation of the concept in late antiquity. In the second step, statistical observations on the use of the word in the above-mentioned corpus are presented, and in the third part, the question of how the increased use of the word between the mid-12th and mid-13th centuries can be explained is addressed. The chapter argues that the change is linked to a deepening of lay religiosity and a decline in general hospitality due to the rise of commercial hospitality. The emergence of more stories about hospitality in this period can be seen as a discursive means of enforcing the Christian understanding of hospitality when the virtue was threatened by avoidance and neglect.

In his logical-philosophical treatise, Ludwig Wittgenstein defined “all philosophy” as Sprachkritik, “but not in the sense of Mauthner” (TLP 4.0031). This strange tribute to Fritz Mauthner (1849-1923) undoubtedly contributed to marginalise him as an illustrious and unknown outsider, even if Wittgenstein’s later philosophy, interpreted as a turn from logical language to ordinary language analysis, has been considered to be much in line with Mauthner’s semantic and pragmatic reflections on language as a human activity. This interpretation of a turn in Wittgenstein’s philosophy and the related presentation of Mauthner as a “precursor” of Wittgenstein’s late philosophy should be questioned. I suggest that the seemingly negative reference to Mauthner’s Sprachkritik in Wittgenstein’s definition of philosophy as language critique in the Tractatus is more complicated than it seems and that it represents a key to understanding the continuities in Wittgenstein’s conception of philosophy as critical activity and language analysis. Rather than merely identifying common motives of Mauthner and Wittgenstein, which are particularly significant in the latter’s posthumous Philosophische Untersuchungen (1953), the aim of this paper is to question, from the very text of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and its subtext, what it means to define philosophy as critique of language, and what such a conception implies concerning the nature, method and purpose of philosophy as a unique kind of theoretical activity.

This study examines the semantic evolution of selected passages from the Psalms in the Bible's King James Version (KJV), focusing on their implications for biblical interpretation and theological understanding. Employing a qualitative, diachronic linguistic research design, purposive sampling was used to select passages featuring terms that exemplify semantic changes such as broadening, narrowing, amelioration, pejoration, metaphorical change, and metonymic change. Key Hebrew terms and their English translations were analyzed using tools like the Interlinear Bible and Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary to trace their historical evolution and contemporary meanings. The findings highlight significant semantic shifts in terms such as "fruit," "compass," "blessed," "fool," "shepherd," and "heart," reflecting the dynamic interplay of cultural, historical, and linguistic factors. These shifts both enrich and challenge the interpretation of the Psalms as terms gain broader metaphorical significance or lose their original theological depth. The study underscores the importance of historical linguistic awareness for accurate interpretation, providing recommendations for integrating these insights into theological scholarship and modern biblical engagement. Limitations include a focus on the KJV, suggesting further research on other translations and the application of computational linguistic tools. This research contributes to the fields of biblical studies and historical linguistics by bridging the gap between ancient texts and contemporary readers, reaffirming the enduring spiritual significance of the Psalms.

Resumen: El presente trabajo analiza el origen del término γυῖα y sus posibles cognados dentro de la lengua griega, con el objetivo de determinar los procesos cognitivo-asociativos involucrados y ofrecer una explicación semánticamente verosímil a su desarrollo. Para ello, en primer lugar, se precisará el referente anatómico al que este término aludía, con especial atención al griego homérico. Posteriormente, tras el análisis de los posibles cognados de γυῖα, se indagará sobre el significado original de la raíz *guH-, demostrando que estos términos partirían de la noción de «curvo» y tendrían su origen en una metonimia basada en su forma. En consecuencia, se evidenciará que γυῖα se referiría originalmente a las rodillas, desde donde, mediante una sinécdoque, pasaría a aplicarse a las piernas en su totalidad-un desarrollo paralelo al que encontramos en ἀγκών 'codo' y ἀγκάλη 'brazo' en el ámbito de las extremidades superiores-. Palabras clave: γυῖα; partes del cuerpo; griego homérico; metonimia conceptual; sinécdoque.

Abstracts Prilog pokušava premostiti pristupe karakteristične za domene lingvističke pragmatike, analize diskurza te kognitivne lingvistike i socijalne psihologije. Tvrdi se da je određeni tip diskursa sam po sebi u specijalističkoj analizi diskurza analitički odrednik, tj. diktira ...

The topic of this paper is an etymological interpretation of the Czech wine term tarant. On the basis of the linguistic and cultural-historical analysis, it’s possible to conclude that it is a Germanism of Romance origin, at the beginning of which stands the Italian taranta (or Old French tarante) denoting the poisonous spider ‘Lycosa tarantula’. The semantic development seems to have been along the lines of ‘spider’ → (‘scorpion’) → ‘colour of spider’ → ‘colour variability’ → ‘type of colour-changing wine’, with the original meaning being ‘a type of wine whose colour oscillates between white and red’. The same motivation for the naming based on the changing colour of the wine was found in the corresponding German
term Schiller, which is often found in Middle Czech monuments as a translation equivalent of the Czech tarant. The family of the Romance word, borrowed into a number of european languages, also proved to be richly branched, covering a number of words with original meanings as well as meanings metaphorically or metonymically transferred. For some of them, however, a clear affiliation to this etymological family is difficult to determine, as shown, for example, by the Polish hipological term tarant.

This study provides a first detailed metrical, text-linguistic, and lexical analysis of a Tibetan text: IOL Tib J 370/6. The work, popularly but incorrectly entitled Dharma that Came Down from Heaven, turns out to be not only one of the oldest preserved native Tibetan compositions, but also a unique piece of evidence how written artefacts were used in court rhetoric to legitimise the ruling dynasty by recourse to Buddhist universalistic ideology. The comprehensive investigation of the text has revealed layers of linguistic expressions that must predate the codification of Buddhist language in Tibet in the late 8th and early 9th c.

1) A[rtem] V[ladimirovič] Ušakov (hg.), Der Hansebund: von der Entstehung bis zur Wiedererweckung. (Ganzejskij sojuz: ot zaroždenija k vozroždeniju. Sbornik statej Vtoroj meždunarodnoj naučnoj konferencii molodych učenych. Velikij Novgorod, 29–30 sentjabrja 2022 goda, hg. von A[rtem] V[ladimirovič] Ušakov u. a., Velikij Novgorod 2023, Verlag NovGU im. Jaroslava Mudrogo,109 S.).

2) A[rtem] V[ladimirovič] Ušakov, Die Handelspolitik der Lübecker „Novgorodfahrer“ am Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts. (Torgovaja politika „Novgorodskich gostej“ Ljubeka v konce XV veka, in: Izvestija Smolenskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 61, Nr. 1, 2023, 165–174).

3) S[ergej] A[natol’evič] Salmin und E[lena] Vj[ačeslavovna] Salmina, Die archäologische Untersuchung des Deutsch-Schwedischen Handelshofs im Quartier Zavelič’e in Pleskau in den Jahren 2019–2020. (Archeologičeskoe izučenie Nemeckogo-Švedkogo gostinogo dvora na Zavelič’e Pskova v 2019–2020 gg., Archeologičeskie vesti 39, 2023, 171–178).

This research examines the presence of paranormal beings through the method of mirrored image analysis a based on Quranic teachings, other religious texts, and comparisons with historical symbols. Using this metho significant global events and natural elements have been analyzed, revealing unidentified shapes that may s existence of jinn, qareen, and other unseen beings.

This research examines the presence of paranormal beings through the method of mirrored image analysis a based on Quranic teachings, other religious texts, and comparisons with historical symbols. Using this metho significant global events and natural elements have been analyzed, revealing unidentified shapes that may s existence of jinn, qareen, and other unseen beings.

Latin Romance modernization of the Romanian literary vocabulary was attained, at the end of the 18th century, primarily by lexical borrowing and by calque. The documents also indicate an inherent component of the process, several authors arguing, sometimes in theoretical writings, for the formation of neologisms through derivation from the &quot;root words&quot;, basic vocabulary lexemes inherited from Latin. 1. Le renouvellement du vocabulaire représente une nécessité permanente, imposée tant par les besoins courants de la communication que par des nécessités culturelles. Dans le cas de la variante cultivée d&#39;une langue, quelle qu&#39;elle soit, les nécessités culturelles d&#39;expression à la foi soutenue et adéquate, utiles initialement, dans une perspective historique, à l&#39;instruction et aux traductions, s&#39;imposent par la suite comme étant nécessaires à la langue soignée, et arrivent à être en même temps propres à diverses circonstances de communication littéraire. A...

An inventory of the Middle High German word families is still missing
wheras the Old High German and New High German word families are recorded by the dictionaries of J. Splett. In this paper a semi-automatic method is represented which can help to find and analyze the Middle High German word families. By several scripts a combined list of MHG and OHG lemmata is tranformed and expanded to a table containing among other things a column with a simplified variation of Splett’s word formation formulas and a column with the common base of the word family the lemma probably belongs to. In a labour-intensive last step, these proposals have to be manually checked and corrected.

En el trabajo que se nos asigna hoy, análisis del tema "Educación y Desarrollo: Elementos de la Crisis", generalmente se piensa, como se planteó al principio de este coloquio, que ambos términos se refieren a procesos diferentes. En efecto, cuando se consultan diferentes autores, algunos de ellos perciben la educación como una consecuencia y otros autores prefieren más bien considerar la educación. Como un requisito, entre otros indicadores, del desarrollo-La perspectiva con que hoy quiero referirme al problema, sugiere más bien una relación dialéctica entre educación y desarrollo. En ese sentido, y para los propósitos de este coloquio, considero educación y desarrollo un elemento de una misma problemática Educación es desarrollo, la educación como fundamento del proceso social, económico, cultural, tecnológico, etc., no se discute. En este sentido, dice Humberto Pérez "por ser el fundamento de cualquier renovación económico-social, poi ítica o estética, la educación es el factor principal y quizás el único medio suficiente para lograr el progreso y el desarrollo integral de Costa Rica y de toda nación. Por tanto, el sistema educativo del país si ha de llegar a ser una fuerza real y positiva para el desarrollo nacional, debe de tener una orientación filosófica clara y definida, formulada por educadores con el concurso de sociólogos, economistas, políticos, científicos, psicólogos y otros profesionales, porque debe estar estrechamente relacionada con los problemas y las oportunidades del país, y con el plan de desarrollo que éste se ha trazado?', Entonces, si la educación ha de contribuir a promover una nueva, una mejor unidad cultural,

This is an explanation and critique of Simo Knuuttila's narrative according to which synchronic modalities were discovered in the Middle Ages -- in their outlines by Gilbert of Poitiers in the twelfth century, fully by Scotus at the end of the thirteenth. Here a different account is suggested, especially by reference to Boethius, Gilbert of Poitiers (with reinterpretations of the passages on which accounts of his views on modality are based) and Scotus.

الفعل نوع من أنواع الكلمة الثلاثة، وهو مهم لأنه يعطي بعدين دلاليين في الجملة الواحدة، فهو يعطي بعداً معجمياً يحدد المعنى المتعارف عليه له، وبعداً زمنياً يحدد الزمان الذي حدث فيه معنى الفعل، كما أن له دوراً مهماً في الجملة الفعلية التي يترأسها، وقد يكون جزءً من الجملة الإسمية في بعض أنواع خبرها. وهذه الأهمية تحث على دراسة هذا النوع من أنواع الكلمة. وهذه الدراسة هي محاولة لتأصيل بعض من مفرداته، وقد تمّ فيها اختيار الفعل الذي لا يستطيع أن يعطي دلالة زمنية منوعة، بل يقبع في زمن واحد لا يتزحزح عنه، وهو الفعل الجامد.
أهمية البحث: تتمثل أهمية هذا البحث فيما يلي:
- أهمية الموضوع المدروس وهو الجامد من الأفعال، والأثر الناجم عن الدلالة في وجود هذا النوع من المفردات في اللغة، حيث تعدّ هذه الدراسة تأصيلاً لنوع من أنواع مفردات العربية.
- غالباً يكون تنوع المفردات سبباً لتنوع الدلالة، وفي هذه الحالة حالة الفعل الجامد سنقف على تأثير الدلالة على المفردات (الأفعال) تحديداً مما جعلها تُحرم من خاصيتها المتمثلة في التنوع الزمني بتنوع الصيغة.
هدف البحث: يسعى هذا البحث إلى تأصيل بعض مفردات اللغة؛ للوقوف على خصائص هذا التنوّع لأنواع من مفردات العربية.
منهجية البحث: تقوم منهجية هذا البحث على وصف ما تمّ الوقوف عليه من معلومات عند القدامى والمحدثين عن جمود الفعل، وتحليلها وتقييمها

Why is the Distinction between Suffix and Desinence Worth Preserving? (a reply to M. Stachowski’s paper The terms “suffix” and “desinence” among Polish grammatical terms)This paper is an answer to M. Stachowski’s article The terms “suffix” and “desinence” among Polish grammatical terms; it presents a different point of view. It points out that the terms mentioned in the title are not only used separately within the sub-disciplines of morphology, i.e. in research concerning inflection and word-formation, but also, due to their functions, make possible the distinction between lexicon and syntax, as well as the structuring of the lexicon. They also play a role in glottodidactics. An analysis of some derivatives, coupled with an interpretation of the terms extracted from linguistic compendia concerning Polish and French, shows that the distinction between a suffix and a desinence is both simple and useful. The attributes of a suffix are: 1) changing the meaning of the base; 2) absence o...

Este estudio presenta una propuesta de incorporación de la información sobre la combinatoria de los predicados del diccionario REDES (Bosque, 2004) en los estudios semánticos de los verbos de movimiento. Ofrecemos una investigación sobre el verbo ir en la que se contrasta su imagen esquemática con los datos de selección léxica que ofrece REDES. Por un lado, se describe su significado prototípico y su clasificación como verbo de desplazamiento con meta y como verbo neutro. Por otro lado, se muestran los verbos más parecidos a ir desde el punto de vista de su combinatoria. Sus esquemas básicos son contrastados. Por último, se ofrece una clasificación de la combinatoria a partir del esquema de imagen y se discute el significado nuclear de ir.

In the Polish historiography of the early modern era, still little attention is devoted to the semantics of particular concepts. Even more so, there is a lack of studies showing the transfer of ideas in the Republic of Letters. For these reasons, an analysis of the concept of 'history' in the dictionary and encyclopaedic works of the eighteenth century was carried out. The aim of the research was, on the one hand, to analyse the content of articles devoted to 'history' and, on the other, to show the influence (or lack thereof) of some works on others. Works by Louis Moréri, Pierre Bayle, Ephraim Chambers, Johann Heinrich Zedler, Gianfrancesco Pivati, the authors of the Encyclopédie, Ignacy Krasicki, and Franciszek Salezy Jezierski were explored. The analysis made it possible to conclude that the Enlightenment spirit was hugely influenced by Bayle's ideas, which were later developed by the French encyclopaedists: the need to separate a legendary/mythical past from real history, the need for criticism and a critical approach to historiographical works (including ancient ones), the attention to the difficulty of being a good historian, and the functions of history, especially moral-educational.