Historical GIS

The article is devoted to the history of Karelian peasant and merchant family of Reppiev-Röppänen, very influential in pre-war economic and cultural life of Ladoga region. The most significant legacy of the family is the illustrated manuscript “Codex Salmiensis”, created by Spiridon Larinov Reppien in 1771 in the village of Uuksalonpya in Salma County, which several generations of relatives have preserved and passed from hand to hand for one hundred and fifty years.

O Instituto Bruno Giorgi, muito orgulhosamente, apresenta a primeira edição da Revista de Estudos do Instituto Bruno Giorgi, que tem por objetivo realizar estudos especialmente sobre a área que, hoje, denominamos Triângulo Cultural - São José do Rio Pardo, Mococa e Casa Branca. Contém artigos de Antonino da Silva; Eliana Galvani; José Candido Santos Carvalho; Leonardo Borgheti Marques Falarini Belotti; Marcos De Martini; M. A. Coelho de Moraes; Sérgio Argeu Scacabarrozzi; e Wilson Remédio Ferraz

This study explores the different strategies employed by the Cistercian monastery Holme Kloster – later the manor Brahetrolleborg – for utilising the resources and landscape features of Fiskerup Skov on South Funen, which remain visible today in the form of ridge and furrow patterns. In the Middle Ages, the area was densely forested, and it is likely that the monastery established several single farms to exploit the forest’s easternmost resources.

The city of San Antonio, Texas still retains a bold imprint of the Spanish colonial intervention, with the core of the city demarcated by a series of linear irrigation channels begun to be built around 1718, known as acequias. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), this paper develops the first digitization of historical surveying maps to document the historic landscape and identifies different colonizing features, which had greatest impact on the development of San Antonio's urban fabric. Results establish a tool to guide policies for urban regeneration and heritage tourism implementation around the traces of the historic landscape. The digital model produced supports heritage management professionals and offers a prototype approach for documentation methods and management of the National Historic Trails.

O vale do Tua, no norte de Portugal, esta neste momento a passar por uma intensa transformacao com a conclusao da construcao da barragem de Foz-Tua. Como consequencia, parte do vale e da centenaria linha do Tua serao submergidos. Contudo, as ramificacoes completas deste empreendimento ainda nao sao conhecidas. Neste artigo nao iremos fazer julgamentos sobre a barragem ou o encerramento da linha. Pretendemos sim apresentar as transformacoes tecnologicas do vale do Tua e interpretar esta regiao como paisagem simbolica e tecnologica, contribuindo para o debate sobre a compreensao da paisagem e sobre a problematizacao das fronteiras entre tecnologia e paisagem, muitas vezes consideradas realidades inconciliaveis.

In the 1750s, and again in the 1780s, Portugal and Spain commissioned mapping expeditions to draw a border between Brazil and Spanish South America. The two Iberian courts hoped to resolve long-standing disputes over territorial possession through the latest cartographic technologies, yet their proposed division ran through lands controlled by autonomous indigenous communities. This dissertation explores the relationship between the subsequent mapping expeditions and interethnic relations in the Río de la Plata region – Uruguay, northeastern Argentina, and the far south of Brazil. Recent work on the history of cartography shows that maps were powerful tools of imperial governance, while scholarship on interethnic borderlands in the Americas suggests that imperial borderlines had little to no impact on native peoples until the nineteenth century. I contribute to this discussion by arguing that mapped lines were significant in certain eighteenth-century borderlands, but mainly because...

The establishment of the field of Spatial Humanities testifies to the success in the use of technologies such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the analysis of texts in Humanities. Although the increasing volume of projects can be regarded as a sign of advance, an important challenge has remained unsolved in this field and it has been barely addressed. The majority of research dealing with spatial narratives in historical and literary corpora, focus on the investigation of what can be called 'real' geographies. This is to say, places that can be located and analysed through coordinates in software such as GIS. The challenge, however, is that a large number of narratives deal with places that are geographically vague and/or imaginary. We presented this challenge at the Digital Humanities Conference during the summer of 2016 as part of the workshop 'A Place for Places' from which this volume emerges. On it, we posed the question: How can we, through computational methods, move into the analysis of spatial narratives incorporating real, vague, and imaginary space and place? Looking to address this key question and using the iconic French medieval romances of Chretién de Troyes as example, this article presents a preliminary analysis that implements a tailored methodology combining a spatial and linguistic approach for the 2 analysis of real, vague and imaginary space and place in historical literature.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Le projet ReForRe, « Niveau de recolonisation des forets recentes par les champignons du sol et la flore herbacee des forets anciennes du Nord de la France », visait a etudier les differences de biodiversite entre forets anciennes et forets recentes du Nord de la France. Le territoire de la France a ete fortement deboise depuis l’installation des premiers agriculteurs neolithiques, il y a plus de 7 000 ans. Mais, dans la premiere moitie du XIXe siecle, cette tendance s’est inversee. Contrairement a une opinion repandue, les forets progressent maintenant en surface. Leur superficie a double depuis 2 siecles et elles continuent de s’etendre a un rythme rapide. D’immenses surfaces agricoles (anciennes terres labourables, vignes, vergers, prairies de fauches ou pâtures) ont ete recolonisees par les forets. Nous pouvons donc distinguer deux types de forets dans les paysages actuels : les « forets anciennes », qui preexistaient a ce minimum forestier du XIXe siecle, et les « forets recent...

PREMIERE PARTIE: ARCHEOLOGIE (J.-F. Breton) 'ai fait connaissance d'Alexander Sedov, de passage sur la fouille de Shabwa, en mars 1980 en compagnie de Grjaznevich, cette contribution lui rend un hommage amical. space Le site de Kamna se trouve sur la rive gauche du wādī Madhāb (vallée du Jawf) près du confluent avec le wādī l-Khārid, à 9 km à l'ouest d'al-Ḥazm 1 (Fig. ). Dès le VIII e s. av. J.-C. Kamna apparaît comme une puissance régionale sur le cours moyen du wādī Madhāb. Lors de sa campagne contre Kamna, le souverain sabéen Yathaʿʾamar Watār fils de Yakrubmalik restitue à Nashshān des territoires que Kamna lui avait enlevés et prend possession de la ville de Manhayat avant de punir Kamna d'après DAI 2005-50 2 . De cette © Breton J.-F., Arbach M., 2020 1 Cet établissement fit l'objet de plusieurs études par la Mission archéologique française. Une première mission de reconnaissance eut lieu en novembre 1981; une seconde, plus longue, visant notamment à dresser le plan de la fortification et à entreprendre un ramassage de la céramique, se déroula en 1987, et une troisième en 1990 (Jean-Claude Bessac et moi-même), s'attacha principalement à l'architecture militaire. 2 Arbach, Rossi 2014: 48-49.

Aquest treball ofereix una anàlisi de l'organització dels paisatges i les estructures socioeconòmiques i polítiques d'època ibèrica al País Valencià durant el primer mil•lenni aC. A través de l'anàlisi espacial s'ofereix una lectura de les dinàmiques històriques i de l'evolució de les societats ibèriques en el marc del procés d'urbanització del Mediterrani occidental. Malgrat les clares evidències de diferenciació social, proposa un model general d'organització sociopolítica de grups amb una forta estratificació social, però també amb comportaments d'ordre corporatiu.

The origins of cartometric studies date to the late nineteenth century, attributed to Hermann Wagner, who analysed the geometry of two portolan charts and introduced the term cartometric method. Computer-aided tools have significantly advanced in recent decades, facilitating the analysis of extensive quantitative data derived from old maps and charts. The main purpose of this chapter is to highlight some of the most important methodological issues of cartometric analyses, and their applicability and cultural significance that transcends the history of cartography as a discipline because cartometric analyses can be used as forensic instruments for deeper understanding of human history overall. The chapter is crafted to be content- and narrative-wise accessible to a diverse audience and is enhanced with illustrations of various cartometric analyses that explain its merits more clearly and intuitively.

This report summarizes research into the nature and sources of errors that occur in medium to small scale vegetation maps such as those used for statewide forestry and conservation planning. The objective of this research was to develop a coherent approach and specific methods for quantifying such errors by jointly analyzing ground observations and multiscale map data using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) operations. Section I of the report provides an overview of statistical approaches to assessing cartographic errors, including uncertainty in points, lines, irregular polygons and classified digital imagery. Techniques for assessing point errors and line digitizing errors are relatively well developed. By comparison, much research is still needed on methods for comparing polygon and image data to ground measurements. Another active research front deals with propagation of errors during GIS analyses involving multiple spatial data layers. Also, work is needed to find effective means of transmitting accuracy information to the user of spatial data. Section 2 describes an error analysis of the CALVEG map of vegetation in California. The purpose of the analysis was to demonstrate a variety of approaches to assessing map accuracy, rather than to provide a formal test of the CALVEG map. The map is compared to ground data, U.S. Forest Service photo plots and larger scale timber inventory maps using GIS operations of overlay and spatial analysis. Analyses proceed from contingency table comparisons to analyses of spatial properties of map errors, including spatial autocorrelation, boundary effects, map generalization and association of errors with environmental variables. The tests and their results are summarized in a table at the end of this section. In general, high error rates were documented for the CALVEG map, and these errors were shown to have a number of different sources, most importantly polygon misclassification and map generalization. The report concludes with a series of recommendations to CDF concerning changes in map accuracy assessment procedures. These recommendations pertain to data collection, sampling design, and methods for representing uncertainty in map products. Specific recommendations include the use of enhanced mapping procedures and measures of line quality, withinpolygon heterogeneity and within polygon vegetation texture. Section I of this report provides an overview of methods for determining the accuracy of thematic maps. In Section 2 we demonstrate some of these techniques in an accuracy assessment of conifer classes in the CALVEG map of the vegetation of California. We document the types of errors that occur in the production of digital vegetation maps, including non-random classification errors, boundary errors, errors introduced during digitizing and geometric rectification. Geographic Information System (GIS) operations such as map overlay, buffering, area and distance calculations are used to compare the CALVEG map to more detailed map and field survey data. Section 3 provides a summary of the research and recommends a strategy for assessing the accuracy of vegetation maps derived from remotely sensed data.

In some mountain areas of northeastern Italy, the present forest road network has been partially developed using the previous military road network built during the First World War (WW I). The current management of the areas of forest considers the road network essential to provide access for forestry activities, but also to increase the value of recreational activities and tourism related to the historical importance of this area. The aim of the study was to investigate the technical evolution of a mountain road network from the beginning of the last century to today. The research consisted in a preliminary reconnaissance of the original road network using the WW I military maps, a further reconnaissance using the technical maps dated to the 1960s, and the survey of the current road network through the differential global positioning system (D-GPS). The study also aimed to evaluate the current condition of the original road network according to the use made of it today in order to highlight how building standards influenced its evolution in terms of transportation systems and traffic management.

This article addresses the issue of historical heritage revitalization using the example of a tavern. The concept presented in this study constitutes an attempt to establish a connection between the community's tangible historical legacy and the green space that both highlights and reinforces its significance. The Tatary district in Lublin includes areas along Mełgiewska Street, Zadębie III, and the village of Hajdów. It is a residential and industrial district with landmarks such as the Graff Manor and the Krauze Brothers' Mill. Since the Middle Ages, a crossing existed here at the narrowing of the Bystrzyca River valley, where major communication routes from Lithuania to Łęczna and from Ruthenia to Mełgiew intersected. Located in this area, the Red Inn has one of the oldest culinary traditions in Lublin, dating back to the 16th century. The building is listed in the register of monuments under number A/268. The revitalization of this currently non-operational inn should focus on restoring the building to preserve its original character and historical value while adapting it to modern standards. The inn and its surroundings have been subjected to field analyses on multiple research levels, culminating in a land development project. A key element of the plantings here are native species that support biodiversity.

We present a new manually annotated corpus for broad-coverage named entity recognition for Finnish. Building on the original Universal Dependencies Finnish corpus of 754 documents (200,000 tokens) representing ten different genres of text, we introduce annotation marking person, organization, location, product and event names as well as dates. The new annotation identifies in total over 10,000 mentions. An evaluation of inter-annotator agreement indicates that the quality and consistency of annotation are high, at 94.5% F-score for exact match. A comprehensive evaluation using state-of-the-art machine learning methods demonstrates that the new resource maintains compatibility with a previously released single-domain corpus for Finnish NER and makes it possible to recognize named entity mentions in texts drawn from most domains at precision and recall approaching or exceeding 90%. Remaining challenges such as the identification of names in blog posts and transcribed speech are also i...

This paper outlines a methodology for creating an educational and informative communication system for non-specialised audiences in order to preserve and pass on the heritage of ideas and practices adopted in the medieval political and administrative sphere. Through the combined use of digital technologies (such as GISs, 3D modelling and virtual tours), historical sources can potentially reveal how political and administrative aspects affected different areas within the medieval city, not just the main seats of power. Bologna, a prestigious medieval university metropolis, is chosen as a case study because of the remarkable wealth of documentation in its archives from the city's political culture in the Middle Ages. Written historical sources, including documentary and narrative texts, are among the primary tools employed in the study of European medieval urban communities in general. Documentary sources help us understand and reconstruct the complexities of civic administration, urban policies and the economy, as well as how citizens experience them daily. The involvement of citizens in the political and administrative life of late medieval cities is explored through the management and digital processing of historical documentation. Digital humanities tools can facilitate this analysis, offering a perspective that sheds light on the formation of the pre-modern state. Although digital databases and repositories have significantly contributed to preserving and digitally archiving historical sources, these are often aimed exclusively at the academic level and remain underutilised as privileged didactic and educational tools for a broad audience.

Since its introduction some twenty years ago, named entity (NE) processing has become an essential component of virtually any text mining application and has undergone major changes. Recently, two main trends characterise its developments: the adoption of deep learning architectures and the consideration of textual material originating from historical and cultural heritage collections. While the former opens up new opportunities, the latter introduces new challenges with heterogeneous, historical and noisy inputs. If NE processing tools are increasingly being used in the context of historical documents, performance values are below the ones on contemporary data and are hardly comparable. In this context, this paper introduces the CLEF 2020 Evaluation Lab HIPE (Identifying Historical People, Places and other Entities) on named entity recognition and linking on diachronic historical newspaper material in French, German and English. Our objective is threefold: strengthening the robustness of existing approaches on non-standard inputs, enabling performance comparison of NE processing on historical texts, and, in the long run, fostering efficient semantic indexing of historical documents in order to support scholarship on digital cultural heritage collections.

Геоинформационный проект «Верхневолжье и Верхнее Подвинье в XVI-XVII вв.» Адрес проекта: https://belaya.nextgis.com/resource/39/display?panel=info Геоинформационный проект создан в рамках историко-географических исследований коллективом авторов в составе: Ю.В. Степанова (ИВИ РАН), С.С. Кутаков (ИВИ РАН), П.В. Гаврилов (ИВИ РАН), В.О. Богданов (ТвГУ), М.В. Карпова (ТвГУ). Общее методическое руководство в 2014-2024 гг. осуществлялось д.и.н. А.А. Фроловым (ИВИ РАН). Слои содержат информацию о территориально-административной и поселенческой структуре уездов Верхневолжья и Верхнего Подвинья XVI-XVII вв. Основными источниками являются писцовые и переписные книги.

In an era of smart cities and digitalisation, there has been a noticeable increase in the development and application of planning support systems (PSS). However, a significant challenge in the broader adoption of these PSS can be attributed to the user experience, which includes the efforts required in pre-processing data. It has been observed that typically 80% of the PSS usage time goes into pre-processing, cleaning, and loading data—a significant barrier for new users. This research focuses on improving user experience by developing and evaluating a new workflow tool called EasyUAZ. This workflow tool directly supports the iterative data preparation needs of scenario planning with the Online WhatIf?—a widely used PSS to develop land-use suitability, demand and land-allocation scenarios. A comparative evaluation has been conducted to quantify the time taken for data preparation with ArcGIS, QGIS, and the EasyUAZ. The study found that EasyUAZ offers a time saving of 30%–35% when co...

Portuguese historiography has mostly adopted a pessimistic view regarding the contribution of the railways to the development of country. Yet, railway access helped to increase population concentration and economic development, favoring migration into towns, the growth of pre-existing urban centers, and the emergence of new centers. But railways tended to be more beneficial to regions that were already prosperous and to aggravate the conditions unfavorable to development in areas with greater structural weaknesses.

It is time to make a critical appraisal of the application of the Geographic Information System (GIS) to historical research. In this article I briefly review the promises and achievements of the use of this technology in history and I also consider some of its possible developments. Based on the experience of a project on the Iberian Peninsula, a special emphasis is put on transnational GIS. In the last section, the new avenues opened by GIS to historical research and the difficulties that its application also involves are considered in the light of the evolution of historiography and of the experience of using databases in history. I argue that although the application of this tool in historical research represented an important innovation, GIS did not bring about a revolution in knowledge production in history. I also raise doubts about the notion of a spatial turn in this field. I finally suggest that the emphasis should be put, not on the technology, but on the historical probl...

Surpassing the national perspective usually adopted, the authors confirmed the existence of a pattern of population distribution common to the whole Iberian Peninsula in the long run. This pattern is clearly associated with geographical factors. These variables seem to have more weight in explaining changes between 5 1877/78 and 1940 than in the period from 1940 to 2001. The observation of the cross-border region has shown that proximity to the frontier has not generated any distinct pattern of population density on either side of the boundary line. The spatial coherence of the observed phenomena throughout the Peninsula and of its evolution, 10 independent of the border between states, reinforces the importance

The aim of this work is to investigate an abandoned
medieval highland fortified site through LiDAR
methodology. Most of the evidence preserved over
time in sites of this type are difficult to identify
with on-site surveying activities. In the case of Seluci
Castle (Lauria, South Basilicata, Italy), the
topography of the settlement, consisting in a rectangular-
plan tower, located on the top of the
mountain, was not clearly defined. LiDAR-based
detection of unknown microtopographical features
of archaeological interest allowed to identify
and understand some of the fundamental elements
that went to make up what can be considered not
only a lookout and defense point such as Seluci
Castle. Interpretation of the same data were helpful
to further understanding of the site.

Latvia and Belgium have traditionally close, friendly and versatile relations. This paper provides an overview of Latvian-Belgian economic relations in the interwar period. Belgium established formal diplomatic relations (de iure) with Latvia on 26 January 1921 together with the other members of the Allied Supreme War Council. In the interwar period, Latvian and Belgian economic relations were mainly confined to foreign trade. A Commercial and Navigation Treaty between Latvia and the Economic Union of Belgium-Luxemburg was concluded on 7 July 1925 and came into force on 21 August 1926. Latvian trade statistics referred to only Belgium until 1933 when the designation Belgium-Luxemburg was used thereafter (despite the fact of the trade treaty!). Latvia's main imports from Belgium in the interwar period were Wool and woollen products, Glass products, Metals (including tin, copper, lead, nickel, aluminium), Iron and Steel (including steel rails), Thomas flour fertiliser, and Threads and yarn (including artificial silk), whilst Latvia's main exports to Belgium were Timber and timber products, Paper and paper products (including cellulose), Matchsticks, Flax and Flax products (including Flax seeds and Linen thread), Linoleum, Plywood and Butter. Belgium was Latvia's third largest trade partner after the United Kingdom and Germany whilst only a minor trade partner for Belgium. Thus, trade and economic relations were of great importance to Latvia, but of marginal significance to Belgium in the interwar period.

Between Public and Market: A Spatial History of Advertising in Modern Shanghai (1905-1949) unveils the silent revolution advertising brought to Shanghai’s press and urban life during the pre-communist era. While traditional scholarship often treats advertising as a commercial tool or cultural “mirror,” this book reveals its transformative role as a driver of municipal policies and public engagement among urban elites within the transnational context of the treaty ports. Drawing on untapped sources—municipal archives, photographs, newspapers—and employing innovative digital methods like Geographic Information System, the author examines how advertising reshaped urban landscapes, nightlife, traffic management, and the physical appearance, content, and business model of Republican-era newspapers. As a sequel to Madmen in Shanghai: A Social History of Advertising in Modern China (De Gruyter, 2024), this book shifts the focus from the rise of advertising as an industry to its social and political impact in early 20th-century China. It will engage students and scholars of modern Chinese history, urban and media studies, as well as professionals in advertising and urban management.

XIX-XX вв. К концу XIX в. карты становятся носителями рекламы и отдельным рекламным продуктом одновременно. Большой популярностью стали пользоваться путеводители по городам России и зарубежным странам, планы населенных пунктов, а также исторические картографические издания. Впервые использование свободных площадей под рекламные объявления, были выявлены при выпуске учебных атласов для земских школ и гимназий Российской империи. На форзацах обложек размещалась информация о уже отпечатанных или готовящихся к выпуску учебных изданиях. Картографические издания XIX-XX вв. Одним из первых периодических рекламно-картографических изданий можно считать Карту Железных дорог Российской империи к указателю «Фрумъ». На лицевой стороне располагалась подробная карта железных дорог России, на оборотной же стороне размещались рекламные объявления различного профиля, приложением к карте был указатель, в котором подробно описывались основные направления железных дорог, названия населенных пунктов с их кратким описанием и каталог изделий фирмы «Г.Б. Фрумъ и Ко»

This paper presents a preliminary review of the applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in historical geography in India. In the beginning, it introduces the field of Historical GIS (HGIS) and then explains in brief the fundamentals of integrating historical data in HGIS. Then, the paper presents the preliminary review of research on GIS Applications to Historical Geography in India. While doing so, it has identified relevant literature through databases such as Google Scholar, JSTOR, and Scopus. Additionally, country reports titled ‘Progress in Indian Geography’, presented at the International Geographical Congresses and published by the Indian National Science Academy since 2012 were also consulted. Review articles on HGIS were also examined. Studies were selected based on relevance to Indian contexts, with emphasis on historical-geographical themes. The paper argues that compared to the contribution of Indian historians, archaeologists, planners and architects to the field of HGIS, the contributions of Indian geographers are insufficient. This review calls for the need for interdisciplinary collaboration among Indian historians, geographers, and GIS specialists to further advance HGIS in India to strengthen future research in historical geography. This exploratory review
attempts to synthesise key findings, highlight trends and identify challenges and opportunities for future research.

Digitalna povijest nije novitet koji se dogodio unutar povijesne znanosti. On je prisutan već od 60-ih godina 20. stoljeća. Međutim, još uvijek nije jasno definirano što digitalna povijest predstavlja unutar humanističkih znanosti, je li ona zasebna znanstvena disciplina, je li ona pomoćna povijesna znanost ili nešto treće. Digitalna povijest još je uvijek relativno novi pojam u hrvatskoj historiografiji, tako da gotovo i nema literature objavljene na hrvatskom jeziku koja se bavi ovom problematikom.

Kıyıköy, located in the Vize district of Kırklareli and lying east of the Istranca (Yıldız) Mountains, holds an important position between the Balkans and Anatolia within Thrace. Thrakia, which took its name from the Thracians in ancient times, became a Roman province under the name Provincia Thracia in 46 AD during the reign of Emperor Claudius. Although historical data on the region is limited, ancient sources indicate that the earliest name of the settlement was most likely Salmedessos or Salmydessos. Strabo states that the area where Salmydessos was named after the Thracian tribe known as the Thyns, and the area became known as Thyniapossibly corresponding to present-day İğneada. Although the exact location of the settlement known as Salmydessos in early sources remains uncertain, it is thought to have been situated near the fortified city later known as Midye. Some sources suggest that the boundaries of this settlement may have extended as far as present-day İğneada. In order to determine whether the Salmydessos settlement was indeed located near Kıyıköy, archaeological surveys are planned for the region in 2025-2026. According to ancient sources, Salmydessos was initially a Thracian settlement and later became a Greek colony. It was destroyed by the Goths during Late Antiquity. Following its destruction, another settlement was established in the area, of which the ruins are still visible today. Byzantine sources refer to this later settlement as Medeia or Midye. It is believed that the settlement was founded on a hill extending toward the sea, situated between the mouths of the ancient Plesios (Pabuç Dere) and Levis (Kazan Dere) rivers. While it may not have offered a particularly safe harbour for ships, it is reasonable to assume that these rivers provided protection for ancient vessels capable of sailing a short distance upstream.

The Pacific Northwest experienced rapid economic development in the last decades of the 19th century, when the region was linked by railways and steamships to outside capital and buoyant markets in the prairie West, the eastern seaboard of America, and overseas. Cities on both sides of the Canada/ US border grew at a remarkable pace. 1 The workforce necessary to sustain the economic growth increased in a proportional way. While Aboriginal labourers and immigrant workers from Asia were important in this urban industrial landscape, white workers who came from outside the region were important, too. Skilled workers from the American Midwest, from the eastern provinces of Canada, and from Europe were essential to the urbanization and industrialization of the Pacific Northwest. As Carlos Schwantes, one of the region's leading historians, has remarked, the "supercharged pace of urban growth placed a premium on the skilled labour of carpenters, masons, plumbers and other craftsmen." 2 It also placed a premium on construction labourers and 1.

In this work, experimental result measuring the performance of a composite filter designed to solve the optical pattern recognition problem of defocus images is presented. We apply a methodology that considers optical decomposition of the input scene in frequency bands. In each band a pattern recognition filter is applied. Finally this information is fused by means of addition or geometric mean. We analyze both the individual information, and the fusion scheme. We also present results when total spectral information of the optical pattern recognition process is taken in to account.

Les Actes du colloque « forêt refuge » feront l' objet, fin 2017, de la publication d'un nouveau livre du GHFF aux Éditions L'Harmattan. Le présent Cahier du GHFF Forêt, Environnement et Société porte trace des deux autres sessions. « Forêts, arts et culture : l' épreuve des sens », le thème de notre journée d' études de janvier 2016 était inhabituel, il nous est apparu incontournable tant il est essentiel, si l' on veut développer une politique forestière ambitieuse et la faire largement partager, de mieux cerner tout ce qui met l'âme au coeur de la forêt. Et, dans les territoires des Hauts-de-France où nous conduisait notre troisième édition « Le temps des territoires », quels visages peut prendre cette politique forestière dans ce « Pays noir », quelle place peut-elle donner au reboisement et à la trame verte ? Voilà donc le contenu de notre Cahier n° 27 qui, comme les précédents, est édité par l'ONF que nous remercions pour son précieux concours. Nous vous en souhaitons bonne lecture, et si celle-ci vous a intéressé, nous ne saurions trop vous suggérer de vous rapprocher du GHFF pour que, forte de nouveaux membres et de nouveaux regards, notre association puisse développer plus encore ses travaux et aider ainsi à mieux connaître le passé des forêts, mieux en comprendre le présent, mieux en préparer l'avenir.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

The georeferenced road lines are then integrated despite other information available in the sources. The road network appears already quite widespread at the time of Unification (1861), despite a significant North and Centre vs. South divide. Following the Unification, the road network further expands in a complementary way to the concurrent railroad expansion and mitigates, to some extent, the regional divides in access to road infrastructure.

The paper presents the generalities of the projects "Development of transborder decision support system for remote and model assessment of forest dendromass in Pomerania Region". It describes the applied methods, the test plots established in Drawno Forest District and preliminary results. Biometry measures of trees and stands are done with the use of terrestrial and aerial remote sensing. Reference is acquired from model trees that were cut and wood probes used for dry biomass measures. Rzetelna informacja o zasobach jest podstawą skutecznego zarządzania. Ta zasada sprawdza się także w odniesieniu do zasobów przyrodniczych, a zwłaszcza w przypadku gospodarki leśnej. Skuteczność stosowanych w polskim leśnictwie metod gospodarczych potwierdzają m.in. wysokie wskaźniki finansowe [Raport … 2011, Sprawozdanie … 2012]. Działalność Państwowego Gospodarstwa Leśnego Lasy Państwowe (PGL LP) jest jednocześnie pozytywnie oceniana w ramach funkcjonujących w Polsce zasad certyfikacji FSC [] oraz PEFC []. Jest to efekt m.in. dobrze zinwentaryzowanych zasobów leśnych. Prace z tego zakresu są realizowane w ramach rewizji urządzeniowych, wykonywanych w cyklach 10-letnich. Podstawą tych rewizji (zwanych także pracami urządzeniowymi) jest inwentaryzacja lasu. Zakres stosowanych metod, również cyklicznie aktualizowanych -uwzględniających nowe technologie i osiągnięcia z zakresu nauk leśnych, zawiera Instrukcja urządzania lasu [2012]. Oczywiście, wskazane w aktualnej instrukcji metody z zakresu biometrii drzew nie uwzględniają wszystkich nowoczesnych technologii pomiarowych. Charakter prac urządzeniowych skłania do wykorzystywania metod wszechstronnie

Václav Vladivoj Tomek’s unique 1892 map of medieval Prague offers new perspectives and opportunities for exploring the historical cores of European cities using digital humanities tools. This paper presents the methodology behind an interactive map application based on Tomek’s reconstruction of 1419, enhanced with the latest findings from historiography, archaeology and conservation. The application
allows multi-level searches, comparisons with maps from the 18th to the 21st century, and connections to expert databases, offering a detailed spatial analysis of the medieval urban landscape and valuable material for studying medieval urbanonymy.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.