Gulf of California

prominente familia española que tenía sus raíces en Andújar, provincia de Andalucía, y Beatrice Visconti, dama del encumbrado linaje de los duques de Milán. De los hermanos de Salvatierra se sabe que el mayor, Giovanni, ingresó a la Compañía de Jesús; Giorgio, el segundo, se casó a su tiempo y perpetuó el apellido de la familia; el tercero, cuyo nombre no se ha conservado, murió en guerra, y la única mujer, Constanza, contrajo matrimonio con el gobernador de Cremona. Quizá por el hecho de que el primogénito no habría de tener sucesión directa por haber entrado en religión, don Juan de Salvatierra decidió poner también el nombre de Juan-Giovanni, en italiano-a su hijo menor, para que éste, a su vez, lo trasmitiera a sus descendientes. La familia Salvatierra había heredado un feudo en Casalmaggiore, lugar situado entre Cremona, Parma y Mantua, en los límites del Milanesado. En dicho feudo familiar y en la propia ciudad de Milán pasó el menor de los Salvatierra parte de su niñez. Quedó huérfano de padre cuando aún no cumplía los seis años y fue por ello que Constanza, que por ese entonces contrajo matrimonio y pasó a vivir en la ciudad de Cremona, decidió llevar consigo a su pequeño hermano y hacerse cargo del él.

A strain of Gymnodinium catenatum Graham (GCCV-7), isolated from the Gulf of California, was submitted to conditions with different nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios (5.4, 9.2, 23.5, 44.7, and 74.3) to determine the effect of these ratios on the growth, toxicity, and variations in toxin profile. No differences in toxicity and toxin profile were found among the treatments. Highest cell density occurred at the N:P ratio of 23.5:1, yielding 33% more cells than the 44.5:1 and 74.3:1 treatments, which in turn had 34% and 30% more cells than the 5.4:1 and 9.2:1 treatments. Toxin cell quota and variations in toxin composition were clearly related to growth rates. Toxicity remained relatively invariable because of changes in toxin composition rather than changes in the toxin cell quota during the different growth stages. The data suggest that changes in the N:P ratios do not stimulate production of toxins or changes in toxin profiles, but do affect cell density, and that cellular toxin dynamics is related to the growth stage.

Una inusual muerte masiva de peces sucedio durante un florecimiento de diatomeas ocurrido del 10 de junio al 3 de julio en la Bahia de La Paz, Golfo de California. Los organismos dominantes fueron Pseudo-nitzschia spp. (2.4 x 106 cels L-1), Thalassiosira eccentrica (2.3 x 106 cels L-1) y Chaetoceros spp. (9.65 x 105 cels L-1). Se identificaron tres especies toxicas: una pertenece al complejo P. pseudodelicatissima, P. fraudulenta y P. pungens. La fucoxantina, con un pico de 9.3 μg L-1, fue el pigmento dominante durante el florecimiento. La temperatura superficial del mar en el transcurso del evento drasticamente se incremento de 19.0 °C a 27.0 °C, con valores de nitrogeno inorganico de 1.0 ± 0.6 μM y Si(OH)4 de 15.5 ± 8.0 μM. El contenido de acido domoico determinado por HPLC-UV fue bajo tanto en muestras de red con un rango de 24.0 a 52.0 ng por filtro como en tejido de almeja chocolata Megapitaria squalida (0.55 μg g-1) y almeja blanca Dosinia ponderosa (0.06 μg g-1). El analisis ...

An annotated checklist of about 605 principally free-living dinoflagellate species and infraspecific taxa from 91 genera reported from the Mexican Pacific is presented on the basis of published literature, some theses, unpublished reports, and original data. Literature references from 1878 to 2005 (in total, 311) are included in the bibliography, and taxonomic notes in regard to some taxa are given, where appropriate. The presence of illustrations divided into three categories (line drawings, light micrographs and scanning electronic micrographs) in the cited works is indicated as well as the known distribution of the taxa in the Mexican Pacific. The nomenclature is brought up to date, and 193 species and infraspecific taxa are accompanied with original comments. Four new combinations are proposed: Histioneis pieltainii (B. F. Osorio) Okolodkov comb. nov., Latifascia subantarctica (Balech) Okolodkov comb. nov., Peridiniella globosa (P. A. Dang.) Okolodkov comb. nov. and Protoperidinium curtipes (Jörg.) Balech f. asymmetricum (Matzen.) Okolodkov comb. nov. Twentynine nomina nuda were revealed. The leading genera are Protoperidinium (111 species), Ceratium (63) Dinophysis (41), Gonyaulax (25), Oxytoxum (22), Gymnodinium (22), Prorocentrum (21), Alexandrium (17) Ornithocercus (12) and Amphidinium (12). To discover the true dinoflagellate species diversity in the Mexican Pacific, more studies on the athecate Gymnodiniales species, benthic and epiphytic dinoflagellates, the ''Diplopsalis group'', the genus Protoperidinium and recently described genera of the family Podolampadaceae, are needed.

The phytoplankton species that cause harmful algal blooms are found at the mouth of the coastal lagoon of Sontecomapan, Veracruz, Mexico. Fish mortality caused by these blooms has been reported in Veracruz since 1792. In this context, a study conducted on October 27 and 28, 1999, analyzed the composition and abundance of species that produce harmful algal blooms (HABs) throughout a nyctemeral cycle at the mouth of the lagoon.

Water samples were collected every two hours using a Van Dorn bottle at the surface and in the middle water column to measure temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and the distribution and abundance of HAB species. The behavior of the ebb and flow of the tide was also reviewed. To understand the relationship between environmental variables and the abundance of HAB species, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was applied.

In total, 27 taxa known to produce blooms were identified, three of which were toxin producers. Among the most abundant species at the surface and in the middle layer were Bacillaria paxillifer, Gyrodinium spirale, Prorocentrum gracile, and Scrippsiella trochoidea. The results showed that salinity was the most influential environmental variable in the distribution and abundance of phytoplankton species responsible for blooms in this area.

In Veracruz, fish mortality due to the formation of
harmful algal blooms has been historically documented since 1792 
We analyzed the distribution  and abundance of species that form
harmful algal blooms (HABs) throughout a diurnal cycle
at the mouth of the coastal lagoon of Sontecomapan, Veracruz, on October 27 and
October 28, 1999. Water samples were collected every two hours
with a Van Dorn bottle to measure temperature, salinity,
pH, dissolved oxygen, and composition  the abundance of species
of HABs. The ebb and flow behavior of the tide was reviewed
to understand the relationship between the abundance of HAB species
and environmental variables. A canonical correspondence analysis
was applied (CCA) was applied. The results showed a total of 12 taxa that
have been reported as FAN formers elsewhere, of which
three are toxin producers. On the other hand, it was observed that
Bacillaria paxillifer, Gyrodinium spirale, Prorocentrum gracile, and Scrippsiella
trochoidea were the most abundant species at the surface and mid-depth.
Salinity was the environmental variable that most influenced the
distribution and abundance.

Phytoplankton species that originate harmful algal blooms in the mouth of the Sontecomapan coastal lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico. Fish mortality from algal blooms have been reported from Veracruz since 1792. We investigated the composition and abundance of (HABs) species along a nyctemeral cycle in the mouth of Sontecomapan, a coastal lagoon, during October 27 th and 28 th , 1999. Water samples were collected every two hours using a Van Dorn bottle at the surface and the middle-water column, to measure temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, distribution and abundance of HAB species, and we reviewed the behavior of flow and ebb of the tide. To understand the relationship between environmental variables and abundance of HAB species, we applied a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). A total of 27 taxa known to produce bloom were found, three of them toxinproducers; Bacillaria paxillifer, Gyrodinium spirale, Prorocentrum gracile and Scrippsiella trochoidea were the most abundant species in surface and mid-bottom. Salinity was the most influential environmental variable on the distribution and abundance of phytoplankton species forming bloom in this area.

Phytoplankton species that originate harmful algal blooms in the mouth of the Sontecomapan coastal lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico. Fish mortality from algal blooms have been reported from Veracruz since 1792. We investigated the composition and abundance of (HABs) species along a nyctemeral cycle in the mouth of Sontecomapan, a coastal lagoon, during October 27 th and 28 th , 1999. Water samples were collected every two hours using a Van Dorn bottle at the surface and the middle-water column, to measure temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, distribution and abundance of HAB species, and we reviewed the behavior of flow and ebb of the tide. To understand the relationship between environmental variables and abundance of HAB species, we applied a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). A total of 27 taxa known to produce bloom were found, three of them toxinproducers; Bacillaria paxillifer, Gyrodinium spirale, Prorocentrum gracile and Scrippsiella trochoidea were the most abundant species in surface and mid-bottom. Salinity was the most influential environmental variable on the distribution and abundance of phytoplankton species forming bloom in this area.

We analyzed the effect of outliers of the catch-per-unit effort on the catchability coefficient estimated by using a depletion model. When we used catch-per-unit effort in the Delury model, we observed a curve in the regression of depletion against time. When we then solved the model with a normal probability distribution, the catchability coefficient was poorly estimated. We improved the estimation of catchability using an algorithm that used a two-component-mixture probability distribution. The estimations for catchability (q) and recruitment (N 0 ) were q = 0.41 X 10 -3 , N 0 = 9.13 X 10 6 , and the estimated likelihood was 2.65 X 10 4 using an algorithm of the normal probability distribution, whereas the estimations made using the algorithm of a two-component-mixture probability distribution were q = 0.23 X 10 -3 , N0 = 18.07 X 10 6 , and the estimated likelihood was 4.89 X 10 6 . The maximum likelihood estimated with the mixture-distribution algorithm was greater than the maximum likelihood estimated with the normal-distribution algorithm. We believe the two-component-mixture probability distribution fit the data better than the normal probability distribution. From this we determined the consequences on management when overestimations or underestimations of catchability are estimated.

The estimation of natural mortality (M) is critical for stock assessment and fisheries management. The shrimp fishery is the most valuable one in Mexico and along the Pacific Coast of Mexico, and exploitation primarily targets three species: white (Litopenaeus vannamei), blue (L. stylirostris), and brown (Farfantepenaeus californiensis). It is a sequential fishery, so an appropriate estimate of M for different life stages is required for management purposes. Typically, M is estimated from the exploited stock, which is usually composed of adults, assuming a constant value for M, and this estimate is used for studies of population dynamics, stock assessments and determinations of the status of a fishery. In this study, we estimate M-at-age (i.e. life stage) for each species using the gnomonic time division model. The gnomonic intervals correspond to the actual life stages reported in the literature, whose duration was used for model fitting. The gnomonic model showed that M declines sharply in early life stages but declines to an asymptotic value after reaching maturity, and the model provided biologically consistent estimates of M at each life stage for the three shrimp species. Such estimates may be used with confidence to model the dynamics of sequential shrimp fisheries.

Abstraet: To detennine the Sargassum phenology in Bahia Concepción, B. C. S., we sampJed once each season du ring ay ear (through 1991-92) in beds at three locations; El Gallo, La Calavera and Armenta, at the mouth, middle and top of the Bay. We did a random sampling to detennine the specific composition and the development stages of the plants. Our sample unit was a one meter square. The species found were S. sinicola, S. herporhizum, and S. lapazea num.Based on the morphological appearance, we characterized eight different development stages: seedling, juvenile, young A and B, mature, and senescent A, B, and C. The development of plants was different geographically and tem porally both with the same and different species, even in the same locality. In general, Sargassum starts its develop ment in winter, reaches maturity during spring and dies during summer. Along the bay, Sargassum shows a South to North development gradient, starting first at Annenta. S. lapazeanum is the first to reach maturity during the year.

The northern Gulf of California, Mexico, is one of the most productive and diverse marine ecosystems in the world. It currently harbors three marine protected areas, including two biosphere reserves. Despite its significance as a conservation site and its importance for Mexico's fisheries, proper knowledge of population connectivity and larvae dispersal from spawning sites is largely lacking. Our study focuses on connectivity in the northern gulf resulting from advection by currents and turbulent diffusion during summer, the main spawning period of various key commercial species. We calculated connectivity matrices in the northern Gulf from currents produced by the output of a three-dimensional baroclinic numerical model and a random walk process to simulate turbulent motions. We released 2000 hypothetical passive particles in each of 21 areas along the coast (between 0-60 m deep) during the summer and followed their trajectories for periods of 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. For the case of full time transport, the effects of tidal currents are minimal in the overall dispersal of passive particles on the time scales studied. However, this can be substantially altered if the particles are allowed to avoid being transported for periods of time; this is illustrated by striking differences between the connectivity matrices obtained by modeling also night-only and day-only advection. This "order zero" connectivity study (i.e., not including realistic larvae behavior, which is species-specific) reveals that during the summer spawning season of key commercial species, regional hydrodynamics produce a cyclonic downstream connectivity along the coast, from the mainland to the Baja California coast. Our results provide the basis for a full connectivity study where larvae behavior and settlement habitat will be included.

2Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN. Playa El conchalito sin, La Paz BCS. 23000 México. Resumen. Se realizó una estimación de la fecundidad del caracol del tinte Plicopurpura pansa a partir de una serie de cápsulas con huevos obtenidas de organismos mantenidos en laboratorio. La época de re­ producción se presenta de febrero a junio, con un promedio de 92 cáp­ sulas por hembra y un número promedio de 307 huevos por cápsula. Se presenta la descripción morfométrica de las cápsulas ovígeras y los huevos, además de algunas observaciones sobre la reproducción. Palabras clave: Caracol del tinte, fecundidad, P/icopurpura pansa, reproducción.

el día 10 del mes Junio del año 2005 , el (la) que suscribe JOSÉ CRISTÓBAL ROMÁN REYES alumno(a) del Programa de DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS MARINAS con número de registro B001210 adscrito al CENTRO INTERDISCIPLINARIO DE CIENCIAS MARINAS manifiesta que es autor (a) intelectual del presente trabajo de tesis, bajo la dirección de: DR. FELIPE GALVÁN MAGAÑA y cede los derechos del trabajo titulado: "ANÁLISIS DEL CONTENIDO ESTOMACAL Y LA RAZÓN DE ISÓTOPOS ESTABLES DE CARBONO (δ 13 C) Y NITRÓGENO (δ 15 N) DEL ATÚN ALETA AMARILLA (Thunnus albacares), DELFÍN MANCHADO (Stenella attenuata) Y DELFÍN TORNILLO (Stenella longirostris) DEL OCÉANO PACÍFICO ORIENTAL" al Instituto Politécnico Nacional, para su difusión con fines académicos y de investigación. Los usuarios de la información no deben reproducir el contenido textual, gráficas o datos del trabajo sin el permiso expreso del autor y/o director del trabajo. Este puede ser obtenido escribiendo a la siguiente dirección:

Los medicamentos a base de plantas se definen como aquellos cuyos principios activos son una o varias sustancias vegetales o uno o varios preparados vegetales, o una o varias sustancias vegetales en combinacion con uno o varios preparados vegetales. En la Union Europea, y previo a su comercializacion, es necesaria una autorizacion, concedida por las autoridades competentes, bien la Agencia Europea del Medicamento (EMA) o cualquiera de las Agencias Nacionales de los Estados miembros, tras evaluar su calidad, seguridad y eficacia. Estos medicamentos pueden tener un Uso Bien Establecido (UBE), si existen estudios que garantizan su eficacia o un Uso Tradicional (UT) en el que no existen estudios, pero su seguridad y eficacia queda probada en base a un periodo de uso prolongado (superior a 30 anos en la UE). En este trabajo se ha realizado una revision bibliografica de aquellas especies vegetales autorizadas por la EMA para afecciones dermatologicas. Se ha elaborado una ficha de cada una...

The estimation of natural mortality (M) is critical for stock assessment and fisheries management. The shrimp fishery is the most valuable one in Mexico and along the Pacific Coast of Mexico, and exploitation primarily targets three species: white (Litopenaeus vannamei), blue (L. stylirostris), and brown (Farfantepenaeus californiensis). It is a sequential fishery, so an appropriate estimate of M for different life stages is required for management purposes. Typically, M is estimated from the exploited stock, which is usually composed of adults, assuming a constant value for M, and this estimate is used for studies of population dynamics, stock assessments and determinations of the status of a fishery. In this study, we estimate M-at-age (i.e. life stage) for each species using the gnomonic time division model. The gnomonic intervals correspond to the actual life stages reported in the literature, whose duration was used for model fitting. The gnomonic model showed that M declines sharply in early life stages but declines to an asymptotic value after reaching maturity, and the model provided biologically consistent estimates of M at each life stage for the three shrimp species. Such estimates may be used with confidence to model the dynamics of sequential shrimp fisheries.

A bioeconomic model integrating biological and eco- nomic factors is developed for the Pacific sardine fish- ery in the Gulf of California. The model factors in the dynamics of the population structure and applies the basic concepts of the cohort-survival method. Seasonal recruitment was modeled with the distributed-delay method. The dynamics of the fleet were modeled by Smith's function with hstributed delays to represent time lags in entry-exit processes. Performance variables such as biomass, fishery yield, effort, and net returns offered robust valuations of the behavior over time, showing a resource overexploited and a fishery fleet overcapital- ized. The maximum economic yield and bioeconomic equilibrium of the fishery were also obtained. Of the al- ternative management strategies considered, minimum size of capture was most successful, offering important increases in the bioeconomic variables. INTRODUCTION The small pelagic fishery in the Gulf of California is one of the...

Spawning aggregations numbering up to tens of thousands of reef fishes have disappeared throughout the tropics due to fishing, causing the collapse of their populations and of commercial fisheries in many regions. Although there is a wealth of information on spawning aggregations in the Caribbean and the Indopacific, there are almost no data on spawning aggregations of commercial reef fishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Here we describe aggregations and the reproductive behavior of eight species of reef fishes in the Gulf of California, Mexico. The serranids Mycteroperca prionura and M. rosacea, the snapper Lutjanus novemfasciatus, and the jacks Caranx sexfasciatus and Seriola lalandi form spawning aggregations of 12 to >1000 individuals on islands, exposed coastal rocky reefs, and seamounts. The serranids Paranthias colonus and the snapper L. argentiventris spawn in schools with densities similar to these during non-reproductive periods. We observed aggregations of the serranid M. jordani but did not observe spawning. Some spawning aggregations of these and other species (such as Epinephelus itajara and Stereolepis gigas) have now disappeared from the Gulf of California due to fishing. Our findings suggest the existence of undocumented spawning aggregations throughout the Tropical Eastern Pacific that sustain varied levels of fishing pressure. These spawning aggregations must be identified and protected in order to ensure the replenishment of fish populations. Many species of reef fishes, including groupers, snappers, and jacks, aggregate to spawn at specific locations and times throughout the tropics (e.g.,

Cell densities of total coccolithophores and dominant taxa were determined in 183 samples from the upper 200 m of the water column at about monthly intervals between January 1994 and August 1996 at the HOT station ALOHA, Hawaii. High cell densities were observed twice a year, in March (up to 41;10 cells l\) and in September/October (up to 52;10 cells l\). In the intervening months, cell densities were extremely low (0}20;10 cells l\), re#ecting a strong seasonality. The main production of coccolithophores took place in the middle photic zone between 50 and 100 m water depth. In total 125 coccolithophore species were identi"ed but only "ve constituted on average more than 30% of the community: Emiliania huxleyi, Umbellosphaera irregularis, U. tenuis, Florisphaera profunda and Gephyrocapsa ericsonii. The generally low, but seasonally dynamic coccolithophore cell density variability is compared with in situ measurements of environmental parameters. Correlation analyses between cell density variability of the dominant taxa and potentially controlling environmental parameters show signi"cant correlation coe$cients when the data set was separated into upper and lower photic zone. Cell densities of all dominant taxa are most highly correlated with temperature variability. U. irregularis is positively correlated in the upper photic zone, whereas E. huxleyi and G. ericsonii are negatively correlated. In the lower photic zone, F. profunda cell densities are positively correlated with light, which corresponds to the maximum bottom-up control (i.e. by physical forcing) of any species encountered. The surprisingly low correlations of cell densities with nitrate and phosphate may be caused by insu$cient sampling resolution, nutrient levels close to detection limits, or both.

Historically, the genus Scinaia has revealed taxonomic discrepancies, and until now, there is no consensus on the morphological characters that distinguish species within this genus. Furthermore, most of the species are not completely described. In this paper, a re-evaluation of Scinaia genus from the Gulf of California was undertaken, on the basis of historical and recent collections. A critical review of morphological, anatomical and reproductive features is provided, and a combination of features is suggested for species diagnosis. The occurrence of Scinaia confusa, Scinaia johnstoniae and Scinaia latifrons is confirmed; the presence of Scinaia interrupta is reported for the first time in the Pacific Ocean. Material previously identified as Scinaia complanata was reidentified as S. johnstoniae. A new pattern on the fusion cell development is described for S. latifrons.

Scinaia latifrons Howe is one of the main species in rhodolith beds between 30 and 90 feet; however, little known about the morphological changes of this species. Consequently, we investigated the phenological changes of the species at San Lorenzo channel from December 1998 to December 1999 (based on bi‐weekly sampling during the first 6 months and monthly sampling during the last part of the study). The gametophyte phase of the species is present from December to late May and the sporophyte potentially is present the rest of the year. The peak of the development occurs in April and reproduction occurs in small size plants with two cohorts in the period. This species presents an allometric growth pattern due to the lack of correlation between size and width of the plant or branching patterns. Our data suggest that temperature and light control the development of the plant. Furthermore, we found the spermatagonial structure in the same thallus as the female/carposporophyte plant indi...

Se caracterizo la flora marina de la zona de Bahia del Rincon - La Rivera por medio de prospecciones intensivas en diferentes localidades a varias profundidades. Ademas, se realizo un analisis intenso de la literatura y por este mismo medio la determinacion de las afinidades geograficas de las especies. En total se encontraron 72 especies,donde la mayor proporcion (62%) correspondio a las algas rojas. En el caso de las afinidades biogeograficas se observo que la mayor proporcion vario en funcion de la division, donde para algas cafes las predominantes fueron de naturaleza tropical/endemica y para las algas rojas fueron las templadas/cosmopolitas. Espacialmente se encontro una alta similitud entre las zonas someras estudiadas mas no asi entre las someras y profundas donde existen diferencias significativas. En el caso de la zona intermareal se determinaron diferencias significativas con areas submareales y entre sitios de la zona somera y profunda basados en las abundancias de los pr...

The western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) is a prominent member of North American desert and semi-arid ecosystems, and its importance extends from its impact on the region's ecology and imagery, to its medical relevance as a large deadly venomous snake. We used mtDNA sequences to identify population genetic structure and historical demographic patterns across the range of this species, and relate these to broader patterns of historical biogeography of desert and semi-arid regions of the southwestern USA and adjacent Mexico. We inferred a Late Pliocene divergence between peninsular and continental lineages of Crotalus, followed by an Early Mid Pleistocene divergence across the continental divide within C. atrox. Within desert regions (Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts, Southern Plains, and Tamaulipan Plain) we observed population structure indicating isolation of populations in multiple Pleistocene refugia on either side of the continental divide, which we attempt to ide...

Societal Impact StatementClimate change is dramatically restructuring agriculture and damaging crops, food security, and human health, especially in deserts. To radically redesign food systems to buffer against climatic disruptions, we focus on agroecological function, human health, and community well‐being. Using arid North America (“Aridamerica”) as a laboratory for the future, we employed 18 criteria to select 17 desert plant genera with high potential as food crops. When integrated into perennial polycultures modeled after arid ecosystems and traditional knowledge, desert plants can stabilize yields, produce disease‐preventing foods, and generate rural livelihoods. We envision food systems that can reduce disparities while enhancing resilience in a hotter, drier world.SummaryClimate disruptions and water scarcity are threatening food security and human well‐being. We provide a framework for selecting a more diverse set of arid‐adapted food crops to reduce food system vulnerabili...

Black nerite snails are ecologically important herbivores of the intertidal zone of Australia's temperate marine coast. A set of 13 microsatellites was developed for the black nerite Nerita atramentosa using 1/8 of a shot-gun pyrosequencing reaction. From 46,971 sequences containing putative microsatellite motifs, 18 were selected for primer design. Thirteen microsatellite loci were successfully genotyped using three multiplex reactions in 45 specimens of black nerite from two localities. The number of alleles per locus varied from four to 23 (mean = 12.4) and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.40 to 0.96 (mean = 0.72). Only one locus showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium probably due to null alleles. No linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci was detected. These polymorphic markers represent useful tools for connectivity and seascape genetic studies of Australian black nerites. These studies should provide valuable information for the design and assessment of marine protected areas in temperate waters of Australia.

Sumario: I. Introducción.-II. Marco teórico.-III. Marco legal -Jurisprudencia argentina.-IV. Consideraciones finales.-V. Glosario de términos.-VI. Bibliografía (*) Las Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP) pueden ser consideradas como una de las últimas posibilidades para la supervivencia de muchas especies autóctonas que no pueden subsistir a las transformaciones que produce el hombre. El sistema de APN de la provincia de Buenos Aires, los Parques Nacionales, los Sitios RAMSAR o cuales fueran las categorías de protección que se adopten, cumplen con la función de preservar el capital genético, prestando también servicios ambientales, tales como la protección de cuencas, reservorios de agua potable, prevención de la erosión, producción de oxígeno y regulación climática, servicios sociales como la educación ambiental, el ecoturismo y servicios socioeconómicos como la producción de tecnología de desarrollo sustentable de recursos naturales, entre otros. El presente Proyecto Declaración Reserva Natural Municipal Desembocadura del Río Sauce Grande presentará los motivos por lo que es realmente necesario aplicar instrumentos de conservación y protección. De los resultados de su implementación podremos encontrar cambios significativos en las condiciones de los ecosistemas. Estos cambios se lograrán básicamente por el cuidado del ambiente, uso adecuado de los recursos, la educación ambiental y la generación del conocimiento científico. Documento

There is debate concerning the most effective conservation of marine biodiversity, especially regarding the appropriate location, size, and connectivity of marine reserves. We describe a means of establishing marine reserve networks by using optimization algorithms and multiple levels of information on biodiversity, ecological processes (spawning, recruitment, and larval connectivity), and socioeconomic factors in the Gulf of California. A network covering 40% of rocky reef habitat can fulfill many conservation goals while reducing social conflict. This quantitative approach provides a powerful tool for decision-makers tasked with siting marine reserves.

On 3 August 2009 an earthquake of magnitude M w 6.9 occurred near Canal de Ballenas, in the north-central region of the Gulf of California, Mexico. The focal mechanism of the main event, reported in the Global Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) catalog, is right lateral strike-slip with a strike of 216°and a dip of 78°. The initial location reported by the National Seismological Service of Mexico [Servicio Sismólogico Nacional (SSN)] and the Array Network Facility (ANF) suggested that the epicenter was on the North American plate near the Tiburón fault, which is considered inactive. This earthquake was preceded by a magnitude m b 5.5 event that occurred about 5 min before. In the next 40 min after the main event two aftershocks with magnitudes m b 4.9 and M w 6.2 occurred, and on 5 August a third aftershock of M w 5.7 was located in the Canal de Ballenas region. The events of August 2009 were recorded by the regional stations of the broadband network Red Sismólogica de Banda Ancha (RESBAN) that Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE) operates and by stations of the SSN also located in the region of the Gulf of California. We used body-wave arrivals to determine precise epicentral locations and to estimate the rupture area of this important sequence of earthquakes. The resulting hypocentral coordinates indicate that the main event of this sequence occurred along the Canal de Ballenas transform fault, with a rupture length of 50 km. Based on the aftershock distribution, we estimate that the main event had a rupture area of approximately 600 km 2 , an average slip of 1.3 m, and a stress drop of 2.2 MPa.

The main goal of this research was to investigate the differences in diet composition among three species of the genus Lutjanus inhabiting a coastal lagoon as juveniles. The working hypothesis was that these species feed on a common base of food resources and therefore, some niche overlap is present in terms of general diet composition. However, changes in the trophic niche with size and differences in some morphological traits among species explain observed differences in diet. Fish were collected during 42 sampling trips conducted regularly from February 2011 to January 2012 using several types of fishing gear. Total number of analyzed stomachs was 288 for Lutjanus argentiventris from 2.3 to 19.9 cm total length (TL); 178 for Lutjanus colorado ranging from 2.4 to 30.1 cm TL; and 183 for Lutjanus novemfasciatus with 1.2 to 20.0 cm TL. Results indicate that juveniles of all three lutjanid species share a general diet based on decapods and fishes. However, L. novemfasciatus has a mor...

Integrated total phytoplankton production (PP mod ) (grams of carbon per square meter per day, gC m -2 d -1 ) was calculated for the oceanic region off Cabo Corrientes, Mexico. This was done with semi-analytic models from the literature and using chlorophyll a concentrations (Chl sat ) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR sat ) from monthly composites of the satellite sensor SeaWIFS, for May and November 2002, and June 2003. Average values for PP mod had a seasonal variation for the inshore (1.50 and 0.70 gC m -2 d -1 for May and June, and 0.38 for November) and the offshore (0.55 and 0.41 gC m -2 d -1 for May and June, and 0.31 for November) zones. It is interesting to note that our PP mod data are similar to the previously reported PP 14C values for the Cabo Corrientes region. In general, Chl sat and PP mod support the previously reported ship data, which showed intense upwelling conditions during May, an upwelling relaxation period in June, and non-upwelling in November. Estimated PP mod values are within the range of those for other upwelling enriched ecosystems of the Pacific off Mexico.

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) deaminase was purified from jumbo squid mantle muscle by chromatography in cellulose phosphate, Q-Fast and 5 0 -AMP sepharose. Specific activity of 2.5 U/mg protein, 4.5% recovery and 133.68 purification fold were obtained at the end of the experiment. SDS-PAGE showed a single band with 87 kDa molecular mass, native PAGE proved a band of 178 kDa, whereas gel filtration detected a 180 kDa protein, suggesting the homodimeric nature of this enzyme, in which subunits are not linked by covalent forces. Isoelectric focusing of this enzyme showed a pI of 5.76, which agrees with pI values of AMP deaminase from other invertebrate organisms. AMP deaminase presented a kinetic sigmoidal plot with V max of 1.16 lM/min/mg, K m of 13 mM, K cat of 3.48 lM.s À1 and a K cat /K m of 267 (mol/L) À1 .s À1 . The apparent relative low catalytic activity of jumbo squid muscle AMP deaminase in the absence of positive effectors is similar to that reported for homologous enzymes in other invertebrate organisms.

In this paper a depletion model with two different approaches (stochastic and deterministic) was analyzed, in order to compare the observation error hypothesis in the catch-per-unit effort (CPUE) data, and the process error in the model, as well as its effect on the recruitment and catchability estimates in the jumbo squid fishery from the Gulf of California, Mexico. Results showed an underestimation of the catchability (q) when the deterministic aproach was used. The observation error showed a bias in q (+31%) higher than in recruitment (+8%), while a Monte Carlo simulation estimated a negative bias for q, and a positive bias in recruitment. The computation of the expected value of catchability ( E(ˆqCPUE/Ci)) was 2.8 × 10–4, while the confidence intervals with the deterministic model were 3.3 × 10–4 < q < 4.1 × 10–4, showing that the estimate of E(ˆqCPUE/Ci) was not within these confidence intervals.  E(ˆqCPUE/Ci) fitted the model to the data, describing the trend of the CPU...

The whale shark is an ideal flagship species for citizen science projects because of its charismatic nature, its size, and the associated ecotourism ventures focusing on the species at numerous coastal aggregation sites. An online database of whale shark encounters, identifying individuals on the basis of their unique skin patterning, captured almost 30,000 whale shark encounter reports from 1992 to 2014, with more than 6000 individuals identified from 54 countries. During this time, the number of known whale shark aggregation sites (hotspots) increased from 13 to 20. Examination of photo-identification data at a global scale revealed a skewed sex-ratio bias toward males (overall, more than 66%) and high site fidelity among individuals, with limited movements of sharks between neighboring countries but no records confirming large, ocean basin-scale migrations. Citizen science has been vital in amassing large spatial and temporal data sets to elucidate key aspects of whale shark life history and demographics and will continue to provide substantial long-term value.

Surface waters are exposed during their journey to various types of pollutants plus the contribution they receive from different effluents. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the concentration of Pb, Cd, and Cu in surface waters of the Cotaxtla-Jamapa basin in Veracruz, Mexico. Analyzes were carried out in triplicate in six sampling sites, during three seasons, in morning, and night hours. At the sampling sites, Bocana and Arroyo Moreno, concentrations higher than the maximum permissible international limits of Pb and Cd were reported. The Pb, by time of sampling, presented significant statistical differences (p < 0.05) in three seasons of the year, in contrast to Cd and Cu. The above results indicated a risk in the use of water from the Cotaxtla-Jamapa basin, despite the fact that the concentrations obtained according to the national limits for NOM-001-SEMARNAT were not exceeded. It is necessary to update the national legislation to ensure the reduction of risk from exposure to heavy metals and to ensure conservation in terms of environmental quality.

The jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas is the most abundant cephalopod species in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, which supports the biggest cephalopod fishery in the world. Due to its growing economic importance, the population growth and distributional expansion of this squid is being increasingly studied. Nevertheless, some basic features of the biology of D. gigas are still unknown or have been poorly investigated. In this review we summarize the known information regarding the biology and ecology of this species in the southeastern Pacific Ocean; we focus on the Chilean region in order to propose hypotheses and research lines for a better understanding the life history of this organism. Available data on the size structure, reproduction and genetics of D. gigas allows us to propose hypotheses related to the squid's life history traits. Based on the current literature and publications of colleagues, we propose two hypotheses regarding the effect of spatial variation on the life history of D. gigas. Hypothesis 1: Squids mature at large sizes and spawn in oceanic waters with warm temperatures where paralarvae and juveniles develop. Immature squids migrate near shore to feed, grow and mature, and then return to the offshore sites to spawn. Hypothesis 2: Alternatively, juvenile D. gigas in the oceanic zone do not migrate to coastal waters and mature at small sizes compared to individuals living near the coast that mature at larger size and migrate to oceanic waters to spawn. We provide background information about the feeding behavior and parasitism of this species, suggesting that D. gigas is an important trophic link in the southeastern Pacific marine ecosystem. However, more studies on the feeding habits, reproduction and parasite load are needed not only to test hypotheses proposed in this study, but also to advance the overall knowledge of this species.

In this study, the seasonal development of the North American monsoon system (NAMS), as simulated by a mesoscale model during a 22-yr simulation from 1980 through 2001, is assessed. Comparison between model simulations and observations shows that the model simulation reproduces the precipitation, skin temperature, and wind field patterns in the seasonal development (May-July) of the NAMS reasonably well and that the mesoscale features and spatial heterogeneity of the NAMS are described correctly. The onset of the monsoon in the central and southern Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) in Mexico occurs on 20 June, about 2 weeks earlier than the onset in Sonora, Mexico (6 July), the Sonoran Desert, and central Arizona and New Mexico (8 July). The temperature in Mexico is highest after the onset of the monsoon and then decreases with the increasing monsoon rainfall. However, the temperature in the Sonoran Desert and central Arizona and New Mexico is highest just prior to the onset of the monsoon, and high temperatures may then persist throughout July. The lower-level (700 hPa) zonal wind field reverses from westerly to easterly over the central and southern SMO just before the onset of rain in these regions; this is associated with the abrupt northward movement of the subtropical high over this region. The progression of the subtropical high into central Arizona and New Mexico results in a local reduction in the westerly flow, and although the southwesterly flow weakens, atmospheric moisture is still mainly from the Gulf of California and the eastern Pacific Ocean.

Whale watching tourism is rapidly growing
worldwide. In Mexico, gray whales (Eschrichtius
robustus) often display friendly or curious behavior
toward boats in their breeding areas in Baja
California Sur. After 30 years of research on this
species, we have observed that this behavior may
be due to several factors, such as the absence
of hunting and human harassment, responsible
management, and other factors in the observation
areas. However, the increasing pressure from
tourists has altered this dynamic, creating
strain on tour operators and raising concerns
about disturbances to whales. In this article, we
emphasize the importance of empathy toward
the whales’ natural needs and the necessity of
responsible tourism practices, focusing on the
overall experience and reducing the expectation
of direct contact.

Fisheries learning exchanges (FLEs) bring together fisheries stakeholders to share best practices. Recent research has shown that there are various factors that determine a FLE’s success. The objective of this case study was to probe the applicability of and refine existing guidelines on FLE best practices by examining a FLE where a delegation of fishers from Andavadoaka, Madagascar traveled to Bahia de los Angeles, Mexico to share knowledge surrounding octopus fishery management in 2016. This FLE was part of a FLE series between Mexico and Madagascar that occurred over the course of a year. Twenty-four total key informant interviews pre- and post-FLE and participant observations were used as the primary sources of data. Interviewees suggest that the Malagasy fishers did learn specific strategies from the Mexican participants, including profit-making activities, as well as potentially environmentally-damaging practices. Interviewees expressed that the learning was primarily one-way (visiting Malagasy fishers learning from the host Mexican fishers) and the FLE in general was most beneficial for the participating non-governmental organizations. FLE organizers were concerned about the applicability of lessons learned from Mexico to Madagascar and about the stress on Malagasy participants due to the difference in geographic and socioeconomic contexts. The FLE also involved complicated logistics, which reduced the organizers’ capacity during the planning phase. Interviewees suggest that this FLE to Mexico was not necessary to achieve the overall purpose of the FLE series. Based on our results, we provide recommendations for future organizers when there is a difference in geographic and socioeconomic contexts, so that organizers are more likely to implement the appropriate configuration of FLE and save resources.

Cuando se hacen las cosas con el corazón, no se puede estar equivocado. Una vez más he podido cumplir con una de mis metas y quisiera agradecerles a las instituciones y aquellas personas que contribuyeron a su realización, y al hecho de que yo pudiera seguir superándome, tanto profesional como personalmente: Al Instituto Politécnico Nacional y al Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas por todo el apoyo académico, docente y administrativo brindado, asi como por haberme dado la oportunidad de formar parte de su programa de Posgrado.

El capítulo se articula a través de tres momentos que son llamativos por su peculiaridad y que son atractivos para un lector interesado por la Historia: la vida en época romana, un personaje principal de la Edad Media ayudado por mercenarios vikingos y la navegación y piratería en el siglo XVIII.