Groundwater Quality

Проаналізовано дані щодо хімічного складу зразків ґрунтових вод вісімнадцяти спостережних свердловин, відібраних у 2025 році на території Національний заповідник «Києво-Печерська Лавра». Встановлено перевищення норм ряду показників хімічного складу аналізованих зразків води. Величини pH підземних вод знаходяться в межах норми або дуже близькі до неї. Визначено гідрохімічний тип вод зі свердловин, який є різноманітним з домінуванням різних катіонів та аніонів, а також змішаного типу.

Groundwater samples (n = 72) were collected from shallow (depth < 30 meters) wells located in three union councils (Lakhat, Sheikh Bhirkyo, Tando Saindad) of Tando Muhammad Khan district. Data reveal that all three union councils are sewage impacted where severity increases in the order of Tando Saindad > Lakhat > Sheikh Bhirkyo. The same order of intensity is reported for As concentration i.e. Tando Saindad (n = 25; range: 10-600 μg/L) >Lakhat (n = 15; range: 20-250 μg/L) >Sheikh Bhirkyo (n = 6; range: 50-100 μg/L) suggesting the strong control of sewage mixing in arsenic release. Tando Saindad union council is worst arsenic affected which is located adjacent to Tando Muhammad Khan city suggesting the transport of anthropogenic contaminants to groundwater system through aquifer recharge. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied on 15 variables with outcome of four significant factors (F) explaining the 79% of total variance. F1 suggested the intense water sediment interaction as indicated by strong loading (F1 > ± 0.6). F2 revealed the organic matter (natural and sewage derived) decomposition leading to arsenic and fluoride release from host sediments (mainly biotite). F3 strongly supports the prevalence of anoxia which is expressed by strong loading of pH and NO 3. Factor 4 is supporting the widely known mechanism of reductive dissolution of FeOOH which is mainly derived by organic matter respiration by bacteria in the host sediments of shallow aquifers.

Groundwater is a critical resource globally, supporting agriculture, domestic use, and industrial activities, especially in arid and semi-arid locations with inadequate surface water. However, groundwater quality is increasingly deteriorating due to overextraction, pollution, and saltwater intrusion. The eastern Nile Delta, a region of strategic importance in Egypt for agricultural development, faces significant challenges in groundwater quality management. This study evaluates the groundwater suitability for irrigation purposes in the eastern Nile Delta by conducting a comprehensive hydrogeochemical analysis. Data from 488 groundwater wells and 94 surface water samples were utilized, employing robust methods including Piper diagrams, spatial mapping, and water quality metrics such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC). The findings indicated that 53.6% of groundwater samples were fresh, 24.3% were brackish, and 22.1% were saline, with fresh water predominantly located in the southern and southwestern regions. Piper diagram analysis identified key water types, including calcium bicarbonate (Ca2 +-HCO 3-) in fresher zones and sodium chloride (Na +-Cl-) in saline-impacted areas. Spatial mapping (mention the type of map/s and the applied method, e.g., weighting criteria analysis in ArcGIS) revealed that approximately 30% of the region was highly suitable for irrigation, while

SUMMARY Occupational exposure to radiation for dentists can occur as result of work with dental X-ray equipment. Since 1995 a part of dentists started to work with dental X-ray equipment in Lithuania. Individual dosimetry is performed in order to control occupational exposure and it shows the number of dentists working with dental X-ray equipment. The aim of study was to analyze number of dentists working with dental X-ray equipment and status of individual dosimetry for dentists in Lithuania in 1996 - 2001. The ratio dentists working with dental X-ray equipment from all dentists was found. The measurements of doses for dentists were performed in Subdivision of Individual Dosimetry of Radiation Protection Centre in Vilnius, Lithuania. The &quot;Rados&quot; thermoluminescent dosimetry system (Finland) was used. Each dentist who was working with dental X-ray equipment got an individual dosimeter with personal number. The dose mea- surement period was once in three months. The operatio...

Elements, for example, the groundwater minor components can be fundamental and destructive relying upon openness and portion that can be impacted by the normal land and ecological variables concerning their fixations and conveyances. A few elements add to changes in groundwater hydrochemistry, including environment, precipitation, mineralogy of the fundamental geography with which the water communicates, spring properties and geology. These elements add to the spatial and fleeting changes in the water synthesis. The spatial fixation and appropriation of groundwater minor components from Northern Ghana spring (storm cellar) was thusly explored in the study. What's more, a correlation of the supplement fixation with suggested everyday admission (RDI) was led to comprehend the job and commitment of groundwater to dietary requirements. Water quality data of 184 wells from the Northern Ghana were utilized in the study. The contextual analysis regions in Northern Ghana are described by storm cellar springs. The consequence of the investigation directed tracked down Northern Ghana to have a Blend Calcium-Magnesium-Chloride-Sulfate water type and Calcium-Bicarbonate water type separately. The geochemical controls inside the review regions were found to change with spring type and the cellar springs were portrayed by rock enduring and rock-water association because of delayed contact with translucent rocks. This anyway doesn't meet the RDI values for these supplements. Consequently, this study infers that drinking of groundwater from the Northern Ghana might add to supplement admission; it should be expanded by nutritious nourishment for the dietary should be met.

Any extra-terrestrial material hitting the Earth.
A Meteoroid is a meteorite before it hits the surface of the Earth.
There are four meteorite types; aerolites, siderolites, siderites, and tektites.
Stony meteorites (Aerolites)
Consisting of 90% silicate minerals and 10% Fe-Ni alloy.
Stony meteorites can be classified as chondrites and achondrites.
On the basis of texture the Aerolites or stones are divided into two groups
Chondrites & Achondrites
The Siderolites  or stony-Iron meteorites made up of Ni-Fe & silicates in equal concentration. Siderolites are further classified as Pallasites and mesosiderites based on the base of nickel-Iron enclosing grains of olivine & pyroxene.
Siderites consists of One or two nickel-metallic phases and Accessory Troilite (FeS) & graphite;Daubreelite (FeCr2S4); One or two nickel-metallic phases
Metal generally shows a definite structure known as Widmanstatten pattern
Tektites are gravel-sized bodies composed of black, green, brown or grey natural glass formed from terrestrial debris ejected during meteorite impacts. superficially similar to some terrestrial volcanic glasses (obsidians).

Any extra-terrestrial material hitting the Earth.
A Meteoroid is a meteorite before it hits the surface of the Earth.
There are four meteorite types; aerolites, siderolites, siderites, and tektites.
Stony meteorites (Aerolites)
Consisting of 90% silicate minerals and 10% Fe-Ni alloy.
Stony meteorites can be classified as chondrites and achondrites.
On the basis of texture the Aerolites or stones are divided into two groups
Chondrites & Achondrites
The Siderolites  or stony-Iron meteorites made up of Ni-Fe & silicates in equal concentration. Siderolites are further classified as Pallasites and mesosiderites based on the base of nickel-Iron enclosing grains of olivine & pyroxene.
Siderites consists of One or two nickel-metallic phases and Accessory Troilite (FeS) & graphite;Daubreelite (FeCr2S4); One or two nickel-metallic phases
Metal generally shows a definite structure known as Widmanstatten pattern
Tektites are gravel-sized bodies composed of black, green, brown or grey natural glass formed from terrestrial debris ejected during meteorite impacts. superficially similar to some terrestrial volcanic glasses (obsidians).

Mountain regions, including Mount Fako and Mount Manengouba, are vital natural water catchments that supply freshwater to over half of the world's population. These areas play a critical role in delivering potable water through ecosystem services. Although water from the source is typically pure, its quality and quantity decline as it flows downstream, especially through human settlements, resulting in unreliable and intermittent water supply. This study assessed the spatial and seasonal dynamics of water quality in three streams from each mountain-Wolikakwo, Koke, and Ndongo (Mount Cameroon), and Shut, Chambre Noir, and Poladam (Mount Manengouba). Samples were collected at three points along each stream (source, upstream settlement, and downstream settlement) during both dry and rainy seasons. Ten parameters were analyzed using the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WQI), with laboratory results compared to WHO drinking water standards. ANOVA and Independent Sample Tests were employed to detect spatial and temporal variations. Findings revealed significant spatial and/or seasonal variations in several streams. In Mount Manengouba, streams showed variations in pH, K⁺, and coliform counts. Chambre Noir and Poladam exhibited significant seasonal changes in conductivity, calcium, sulfates, bicarbonates, and nitrates. In Mount Cameroon, streams like Wolikakwo, Koke, and Ndongo displayed similar patterns, particularly for EC, TDS, temperature, coliforms, and key ions. Overall, WQI results indicated that none of the water sources met WHO standards for potable use. To ensure sustainable water delivery, the study recommends establishing watershed management boards and enforcing water catchment protection laws to safeguard mountain water sources.

Temperature can have a significant effect on the conductivity and TDS (total dissolved solids) of water. In general, as the temperature of water increases, its conductivity also increases. This is because at higher temperatures, water molecules move more quickly and are able to carry more charged ions, which increases the overall conductivity. The effect of temperature on TDS is a bit more complex. TDS refers to the amount of dissolved solids in water, including minerals, salts, and other substances. As water temperature increases, the solubility of certain substances can change, which can impact the TDS measurement. For example, some salts become less soluble at higher temperatures, which can result in a decrease in TDS. However, other substances may become more soluble, which could increase the TDS measurement. i.e. it's important to take into account the effect of temperature when measuring conductivity and TDS in water to ensure accurate results.

Temperature can have a significant effect on the conductivity and TDS (total dissolved solids) of water. In general, as the temperature of water increases, its conductivity also increases. This is because at higher temperatures, water molecules move more quickly and are able to carry more charged ions, which increases the overall conductivity. The effect of temperature on TDS is a bit more complex. TDS refers to the amount of dissolved solids in water, including minerals, salts, and other substances. As water temperature increases, the solubility of certain substances can change, which can impact the TDS measurement. For example, some salts become less soluble at higher temperatures, which can result in a decrease in TDS. However, other substances may become more soluble, which could increase the TDS measurement. i.e. it's important to take into account the effect of temperature when measuring conductivity and TDS in water to ensure accurate results.

Present work is aimed at assessing Water Quality Index (WQI) for groundwater of Upper Pincha Basin, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh. This has been carried out by collecting groundwater samples and subjecting them to comprehensive physico-chemical analysis. Results obtained were compared with standard values recommended by WHO for drinking and public health. For computing WQI, eleven parameters viz., pH, TH, Cl, TDS, Ca, Mg, So4, No3, F, HCO3 and Na have been considered. WQI values for the groundwater samples from the study area ranges from 71.99 to 273.82. High value of WQI has been found to be mainly from excess presence of TH, Cl, TDS, Mg and HCO3. Using GIS contouring methods with Arc/View GIS 9.3, spatial distribution maps of pH, TH, Cl, TDS , Ca , Mg , So4 , No3 , F , HCO3 , Na and WQI have been created. WQI is used to assess the suitability of groundwater from the study area for human consumption. From the WQI assessment over 90% of the water samples are found to fall under ...

Rapid growth in urban developments and climate change has put high pressure on the existing water resources in the arid region of South Asia. It is necessary to identify effective water management and adaptation strategies to minimize risks of a changing environment. The current study focuses on examining the potential of spring resource and significant factors in various ecologies of Balochistan, Pakistan. The findings of the study revealed a total of 10180 springs in the province, which exist in variable concentrations in different physiographic and rainfall regimes. The majority of springs, about 39.1%, were identified in the low mountains, 28.6% in the middle mountains, and 22.3% in the Siwaliks. The density was found to be high, i.e., about 0.11 springs/km² in the middle mountains, 0.08 springs/km² in the high mountains, and 0.04 springs/km² in the low mountains. The spring density was observed to be high, i.e., about 0.06 springs/km², in the >400 mm and 200-300 mm rainfall regimes, while it was noticed to be least, i.e., about 0.01 springs/km², in the <100 mm regime. The diversity in climate and physiography observed in different ecologies demands site-specific resource management and adaptations to climate change. An integrated water management approach adopting a suitable set of available technologies (rainwater harvesting, high-efficiency irrigation systems, and surface storage) could be beneficial to sustain agriculture in different water-stressed ecologies of the province.

One of the most significant natural resources, groundwater is essential to providing a long-term, reliable and sustainable global water supply. Therefore, delineating Groundwater potential zones (GWPZs) is crucial in effectively managing groundwater reserves. The present study attempts to delineate GWPZs in the Siliguri subdivision of West Bengal using integrated Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the light of a considerable shift in the patterns of groundwater usage, especially considering the ongoing rise in demand for groundwater owing to a variety of causes. Raster layers of fourteen causative factors Viz. geomorphology, lithology, lineament density, soil texture, elevation, slope, land use and land cover (LULC), river density, rainfall, pre-monsoon groundwater depth, postmonsoon groundwater depth, groundwater fluctuation, topographic wetness index (TWI) and topographic roughness index (TRI) are used to delineate GWPZs using AHP in GIS software. The final GWPZs map was categorised into five classes: very high (25.67%), High (31.77%), moderate (20.73%), low (17.67%) and very low (4.15%). The results are further validated by evaluating the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve with the groundwater level depth from 39 dug wells. The ROC curve shows that the AUC value is 0.818, representing a prediction accuracy of 81.80%. The comprehensive map of GWPZs will enhance managing natural assets to guarantee the continued preservation of water resources and the development of agriculture. The method utilised in this research may be used in other natural contexts with a comparable environment.

This study focuses on socioeconomically disadvantaged areas that desperately need green infrastructures because of their low elevation and adjacent location to hurricane-prone coastal areas. By investigating educational attainment, poverty, and ethnicity data taken from the United States Census Bureau and combining it with Google Earth Street View data, green infrastructures are identi􀅭ied and studied in this work. Within Houston, Texas, the socioeconomically disadvantaged have more green infrastructures than higher education and income levels. The results argue that the pattern of green infrastructure development in Houston is not so much due to the residents' interest and concern for the environment. However, it is more likely the result of past flood events. This research indicates that ethnicity may correlate more closely to the location of green infrastructures within the Houston area than previously indicated. The results are discussed with the historical perspective as well as the federal and local government's effort and potential policy implications.

concentrations of sulfate and chloride ions were recorded in the wells adjacent to the Sabzevaran fault. The highest concentrations of oxygen-18, tritium, and carbon-14 were observed in the central part of the fault. Also, groundwater in the fault zone exhibited distinct isotopic signatures compared to the eastern part of the aquifer. The difference in groundwater residence time and its recharge through the fault accounted for the isotopic difference. The results of this study indicated that the Sabzevaran fault caused the hydraulic disconnection of the western part of the aquifer of the Jiroft plain aquifer. This disconnection has affected both groundwater flow and quality. Due to the action of the fault, significant changes in surface topography, bedrock level, aquifer thickness, groundwater level, hydraulic gradient, groundwater flow direction, and water quality have occurred. Examining groundwater fluctuations, water quality parameters, and isotopic signatures also confirmed these findings. This study showed that the Sabzevaran fault acts as a hydraulic barrier to groundwater flow in the Jiroft plain and leads to the channelization of groundwater flow, especially in the western margin of the aquifer. To better understand the effect of the Sabzvararen fault on the groundwater system, further geoelectrical studies should be conducted at the fault zone. Monitoring groundwater depth, water quality, and the isotopic composition of wells adjacent to the fault zone is very important. It is suggested that the hydrogeological behaviour of the Sabzvararan fault be considered in the development of mathematical models of the groundwater system and the formulation of aquifer management strategies.

Introduction

Faults are among important geological structures, affecting groundwater flow and its quality. The faults’ function can cause the complexity of the groundwater flow in alluvial aquifers. Faults have different hydrogeological behaviors in geological environments. Fault zones can act as a conduit for groundwater flow, a barrier to groundwater flow, or a complex conduit/barrier system. The displacement of rock and sedimentary layers around the faults may lead to clear changes in the bedrock level, aquifer thickness, and groundwater depth. Faults can also channelize the groundwater flow and solute transport. Determining the hydrological behavior of fault structures can play an important role in the sustainable management of water resources. The Sabzevaran fault system is one of the most important fault systems in southern Iran. This system is a right-lateral transverse fault having a length of 150 km. Sabzevaran fault striking N-S (from the west of Jiroft city to the southwest of Kahnuj city in Kerman province, Iran) shows the evidence of Quaternary deformation. The fault scarps, cutoff ridges, and tilted rivers represent the activity of this fault. This study aims to investigate the hydrogeological behavior of the Sabzevaran fault and to evaluate its impact on the water fluctuations and groundwater quality.

Materials and Methods

Various data were used to investigate the hydrogeological behavior of the Sabzevaran fault. Geophysical surveys are one of the best indirect methods to study the subsurface geological situation. Geophysical studies were conducted by geoelectri method of Abkav- Louis Berger Company. The results were used to investigate the effect of the fault on changing the aquifer geometry and the situation of the subsurface layers. Investigating the groundwater level’ fluctuations is very important in water resources studies. The groundwater level’ fluctuations were investigated using the depth water data of the monitoring wells. The groundwater depth and isopotential maps were also plotted. Fault systems can affect the groundwater quality. To evaluate the impact of the Sabzevaran fault on the groundwater quality, 57 water samples were collected from abstraction wells and their parameters such as electrical conductivity and concentration of major cations (calcium, sodium, and magnesium) and anions (bicarbonate, sulfate, and chloride) were measured in the laboratory of Kerman Regional Water Authority. The isotopic ratio of the chemical elements of water molecules is a useful and new method in water resources studies. The isotopic contents of oxygen-18 (18O), tritium (3H) and carbon-14 (14C) were also used in this research.

Results and Discussion

The geoelectrical results confirmed the activity of the Sabzevaran fault and its role in changing the aquifer geometry. The Sabzevaran fault changed the bedrock topography, aquifer thickness and depth to water level. A significant difference in the depth of water can be observed around the Sabzevaran fault. There was a significant difference in the groundwater level due to fault action. The difference in water level on both sides of the fault ranged from 20m to more than 30m in different areas. The pattern of temporal fluctuations of groundwater was completely different on both sides of the fault. The groundwater level had a sinusoidal pattern on the west side of the fault, while the groundwater showed a completely downward trend in the east of the fault. The direction of groundwater flow was also different around the Sabzevaran fault. Groundwater flow was parallel to the fault line in the eastern part of the fault, while groundwater was channelized in the western part of the fault. The highest amount of electrical conductivity and concentrations of sulphate and chloride ions were recorded in the wells adjacent to the Sabzevaran fault. The highest concentrations of oxygen-18, tritum, and carbon-14 were observed in the middle part of the fault. Also, groundwater of the fault zone has a distinct isotopic content compared to the eastern part of the aquifer. The difference in groundwater residence time and its entrance into the aquifer through the fault were the reasons of the isotopic difference.

Conclusion

The results of this study indicated that the Sabzevaran fault caused the hydraulic disconnection of the western part of the aquifer of the Jiroft plain. This disconnectivity had affected the groundwater flow and its quality. Due to the action of the fault, clear changes in surface topography, bedrock level, aquifer thickness, groundwater level, hydraulic gradient, groundwater flow direction, and water quality had occurred. Examining the groundwater fluctuations, water quality parameters, and isotopic content of water samples also confirmed these findings. This study showed that the Sabzevaran fault behaves as a hydraulic barrier to groundwater flow in Jiroft plain and led to the channelization of the groundwater flow, especially in the western margin of the aquifer. In order to more accurately investigate the effect of the Sabzvararen fault on the groundwater system, it is necessary to carry out geoelectrical studies at the fault zone. Measuring groundwater depth, water quality and isotopic content of wells adjacent to the fault zone is very important. It is suggested to consider the hydrogeological behaviour of the Sabzvararan fault in the preparation of mathematical models of the groundwater system and the development of aquifer management strategies.

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O objetivo do artigo é refletir sobre as assimetrias na qualidade do ambiente urbano em Salvador, a partir da análise do Índice de Qualidade Urbano-Ambiental (IQUASalvador), sua aplicação nos 160 bairros habitados de Salvador-Bahia, como também seu processo de construção. A construção do IQUASalvador envolveu um conjunto de etapas que buscou atender às recomendações da literatura e preservar as premissas da equipe de pesquisa da UFBA/UNEB, de modo a garantir um processo dialógico de construção coletiva, por meio de 13 passos, sendo consideradas na análise questões relativas à condição de classe social, raça, etnia e gênero. Os principais elementos que constituem o IQUASalvador são as dimensões: físico-natural; socioeconômica; de serviços e infraestrutura; de cultura e cidadania; e de bem-estar. Segundo a estrutura do IQUASalvador, em uma escala de 0 (qualidade inexistente) a 1 (qualidade máxima), a qualidade do ambiente urbano em Salvador tem uma variação de 0,34 a 0,83, com uma média de 0,54 e os valores menores nos bairros onde residem as populações de menor renda e negra (pretos e pardos). Um índice é uma tentativa de associar elementos, selecionados a partir de interesses e pontos de vistas, com o objetivo de fundamentar interpretações, como também a intervir na cidade, visando a transformação da qualidade do ambiente urbano. Conclui-se que a diversidade e desigualdade da qualidade do ambiente urbano em Salvador, que se materializa nas distintas formas de acesso a bens naturais, trabalho, serviços, infraestrutura urbana e cultura, são determinadas pela lógica de produção e reprodução da cidadeprofundamente marcadas pelas lógicas predatória e rentista de capitais que conformam a cidade.

The identification of factors accountable for hydrogeochemistry of groundwater is essential to quantify the chemical characteristics of groundwater. In order to obtain an insight into the seasonal variations in hydrogeochemistry along Nannilam taluk in Thiruvarur district in the Indian state of Indian state of Tamilnadu; which is a complex geological terrain with varied of sedimentary formations (recent); 100 ground water samples were collected during different seasons viz; South West Monson (SWM) and North East Monsoon (NEM). Groundwater samples were collected spatially from hand pumps and physical parameters like pH, temperature, TDS, and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in field. Major ions were analysed for major ions like Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + , HCO3, Cl-, SO4 2-, NO3, PO4 and H4SiO4.

Aos que me aguentaram nos dias em que funcionava e nos dias em que desesperantemente assim não. A uma mãe que se orgulha de algumas coisas, mas que sempre consegue dizer "mas ainda podias…". A um pai que orgulhosamente me deu o poder de me encantar com todos os mundos e de me apaixonar por todas as pessoas. Um símbolo nasce de um carácter, uma moda da sua ausência. Um símbolo revela-se adimensional, uma moda finita e numérica. Um símbolo não se faz, nasce; uma moda não se revela, cria-se. O que vemos não pode ser mais do que sabemos. Carácter, só depois sabedoria

La falta del recurso hídrico en cantidad y calidad ha generado diferentes intereses en las instituciones, investigadores y científicos en estudiar los cuerpos de agua para el desarrollo humano. El objetivo de la investigación
fue explorar las características hidroquímicas del agua subterránea en la cuenca baja del valle del río Carrizal mediante técnicas multivariantes y geoespaciales que permitan establecer la cantidad y calidad de este recurso en esta zona. El desarrollo del trabajo consistió en tomar muestras de agua subterránea de catorce pozos de observación, cada uno con distintos usos de suelo. Los parámetros que se evaluaron fueron: pH, conductividad eléctrica, dureza, sólidos totales disueltos, relación absorción sodio, y además de los cationes y aniones. De manera general, los parámetros hidroquímicos muestran que la variable dureza se encuentra en un nivel superior al permisible para su uso, mientras que: la conductividad, relación sodio, y el pH mostraron valores bajos sin problemas para su uso. El catión calcio (Ca2+) representa 67% y el ion Bicarbonato 75% siendo las concentraciones mayoritarias de cationes y aniones, respectivamente. Profundizando más el análisis se pudo evidenciar la relación existente entre la dureza y el parámetro de conductividad, sólidos totales, calcio, ion bicarbonato, cloruro y sulfato. La calidad del agua subterránea del valle se encuentra determinada por la mineralización de la roca madre, esto se traduce en la concentración alta de dureza y su correlación con el calcio y los aniones bicarbonato, cloruro y sulfato. Las técnicas multivariantes y geoespaciales empleadas en la exploración permitieron conocer comportamientos del agua subterránea en el valle del río Carrizal.

This paper discusses the occurrence and search for groundwater at school of Agriculture Mgbakwu, in Anambra State, Nigeria as indicated by result of vertical electrical soundings (VES). The project area lies within Longitudes 7°6' E-7° 54'E and Latitudes 5°56'N-6 °52'N, and covers an area spread extent of about hundred plots of land within over seven main geological formations. The thickness, lateral extent and transverse resistance of the aquiferous layers were determined by the geoelectrical survey. Water table information from existing boreholes and hand dug wells records were used to compliment the survey. The data acquired was also used in delineating the geoelectric sections. The study was carried out using the Schlumberger electrode configuration. The interpretation of the resistivity curves over the study area within geologic terrain often referred to as sedimentary environment indicates that the area have groundwater potential. The experiment conducted over the area showed a total depth of 580 and 650 feet respectively which corroborated with ground water data acquired from the existing boreholes and hand dug wells in the study area.

The deterioration of water quality and adverse soil conditions due to open waste dumping is a major environmental concern in Lema Road, Calabar, Cross River State. Poor waste management practices pose serious risks to soil, groundwater, and the health of nearby residents. The influence of the Lema refuse dumpsite on soil contamination and underground water pollution is examined in this present research. Using an ordered sampling technique, eight underground water and soil samples collected were examined using an oxygen meter, data logging spectrometer, a colony counter as well as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Results showed that certain physicochemical parameters, including BOD (3–4.5 mg/l), pH (6.8–7.53), TDS (240–400 mg/l), temperature (20.1–27.4°C), and various metal concentrations, fell within World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits. However, Total Alkalinity (640–1344 mg/L), Dissolved Oxygen (6.1–8.2 mg/L), and Chloride (174.99–584.98 mg/L) exceeded WHO limits, indicating contamination concerns. Microbial analysis revealed high total coliform (15–100 cfu/mL) and heterotrophic bacteria (110–152 cfu/mL), both surpassing WHO standards. Soil samples had a pH range of 7.38–7.62 and organic content between 1.75% and 4.9%. Variations in TDS and BOD were influenced by spatial positioning, while sulfate and total hardness were linked to the area’s geological composition. The findings highlight the health risks faced by residents due to microbial contamination and high chemical concentrations. Immediate remediation measures are necessary to mitigate the potential outbreak of waterborne diseases and long-term environmental hazards

This research investigates the relationship between optical density and liquid saturations in unsaturated sand using multispectral image analysis technique. The tested liquids are water, diesel, and parafin liquid. The experiments are performed on two-fluid phase systems (water-air, diesel-air, and parafin liquid-air) and three-fluid phase systems (diesel-water-air and parafin liquid-water-air). Water is dyed with Brilliant Blue FCF, whereas diesel and parafin liquid are dyed with Red Sudan III. Using consumer-grade digital cameras, two images of sand specimens with various liquid saturations are taken with two different band-pass filters. The analysis results show that, for the sand and investigated fluids, the optical density defined for the reflected luminous intensity is a linear function of the degrees of fluid saturation for each spectral band and for any two-and three-fluid phase systems.

The present study was conducted to analyze the suitability of groundwater and surface water of the Indus Delta, Pakistan for domestic and irrigation purposes based on the concentrations of arsenic (As), total dissolved solids (TDS), and chloride (Cl). Around 180 georeferenced groundwater and 50 surface water samples randomly collected were analyzed and mapped spatially using ArcGIS 10.5 software. The results were compared with their respective WHO and FAO guidelines. The analysis revealed that as in groundwater and surface water samples ranged up to 200, and 25 µg/L respectively. Similarly, the TDS in the groundwater and surface water ranged from 203 to 17, 664 mg/L and 378 to 38,272 mg/L respectively. The Cl in groundwater and surface water varied between 131 and 6,275 mg/L and 440 to 17,406 mg/L respectively. Overall, about 18%, 87% and 94% of the groundwater, and 10%, 92% and 56% of the surface waters possessed higher concentrations of As, TDS, and Cl, respectively. The higher levels of Cl in the samples are attributed to subsurface seawater intrusion in the delta. Analysis results and GIS mapping of water quality parameters revealed that in most of the delta, the quality of water was not suitable for drinking and agricultural purposes, thus should be properly treated before its use.

In an attempt to carry out the assessment of groundwater quality from hand dug wells and streams in Onibu-Eja and Aduramigba communities, suburb of Oshogbo, South Western Nigeria, with a view to determine the impact of a nearby dumpsite on the groundwater quality, twenty (20) water samples were taken randomly at varying depths within the vicinity. The cation and heavy metal analyses were done in accordance to APHA standard using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) while the anion analyses were carried out using the ion chromatography and titrimetric methods. Physical parameters were measured on the field. The results observed showed that the water in the study area contains a relatively high amount of calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate, an indication of temporary hardness. The hydro-geochemical contour maps of the ions shows that cations, anions and heavy metal content where mostly concentrated in the western and eastern parts of the study area. The analyses of the water samples and streams in the study area fall within the acceptable range of World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard of potable drinking water with the exception of the stream despite their proximity to the dumpsite. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) carried out on the dumpsite showed that the study area is overlain by a 0.3 to 1.1 m thick lateritic topsoil with resistivity values between 104 ohm m and 437 ohm m which serves as a hard pan over a 7 to 13 m thick predominantly clayey / weathered layer interval with a resistivity value between 35 to 80 ohms meter. Both of these prevent the leachate from percolating into the groundwater in the study area.

The alluvial fan of Mandali located between latitude 30˚45'00" N longitude 45˚30'00" E in east of Diyala Governorate, Iraq. Thirty-five wells were identified in the study area with average depth of 84 m and estimated area of 21550 ha. A three-dimensional conceptual model was prepared by using GMS program. From wells cross sections, four geological layers have been identified. The hydraulic conductivity of these layers was calculated for steady state condition, where the water levels for nine wells distributed over the study area were observed at same time. Afterward, PEST facility in the GMS was used to estimate the aquifer hydraulic characteristics. Other characteristics such as storage coefficient and specific yield have been determined from one year field observations that were collected by General Authority of Groundwater, Diyala Governorate. Also, the observations were used for calibration of unsteady state model. Then wells were hypothetically redistributed and increased to 103 wells, assuming a distance of 1500 m between the wells, a well productivity rate of were 7 l/s, annual rainfall rate was used for recharging. Three different wells operating times were suggested and these 6, 12, and 18 hr/day with total discharge of 150, 300, 450 m 3 /day and maximum drawdown of 7, 11, and 20 m respectively. For water quality assessment, the collected groundwater samples were analysed at the laboratory. Results showed that the TDS in all wells was ranged from 1000-3000 mg/l but TDS in well number 18 was exceeded 3000 mg/l which indicate that the groundwater in this well is not recommended to be used for irrigation. According to Iraqi standard for drink (IQS 2009), it can be used for drinking if saline treatment units were provided.

Realise dans le cadre d’un partenariat entre laboratoires universitaires (ENSEGID et CENBG), et le BRGM d’autre part et finance avec le soutien du Conseil General de Gironde et de l&#39;Agence de l&#39;Eau Adour-Garonne, ce travail vise a ameliorer la connaissance des systemes aquiferes du nord du Bassin aquitain. Au total 36 nouveaux points ont ete preleves dans les nappes du Miocene, de l’Oligocene, de l’Eocene, du Campanien, du Cenomanien et du Jurassique. Les cations et anions majeurs, et elements traces, les isotopes stables de l’eau (18O, 2H) et les isotopes du carbone (14C et 13C) ont ete analyses sur la totalite des echantillons, dans le but d’acquerir de nouvelles donnees dans des secteurs peu ou pas etudies avec ces outils. Ces mesures viennent enrichir les donnees deja disponibles issues de la litterature. C’est ainsi 127 mesures d’activite en 14C avec les mesures de 13C correspondantes qui ont pu etre utilisees pour recalculer des temps de residence. Nous disposons egale...

This study investigated the effects of gas flaring on land, water bodies, and public health in Ekpan, Uvwie Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria. Field inventory, laboratory analyses, and surveys were conducted, including soil and water sample testing and structured questionnaires administered to 300 respondents. The research aimed to assess the nature of illnesses, soil and water conditions, particle presence in water, frequency of hospital visits, and proximity to gas flaring sites. Statistical tools, including frequency tables and Chi-square tests, were used for data analysis. Results showed that gas flaring significantly contributes to environmental degradation and adverse health impacts. Soils near flare sites exhibited acidic pH, high temperatures, and elevated levels of heavy metals (Mn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, Zn), which decreased with distance from the flaring point. Water quality tests indicated high biochemical and chemical oxygen demand and conductivity, confirming pollution. Health issues linked to these conditions included respiratory problems, skin infections, and gastrointestinal disorders. The ecological balance, including plant and animal health, was also disrupted. Hypothesis testing confirmed a strong relationship between public awareness and perception of gas flaring's health effects, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The study recommended urges strict enforcement of environmental laws, adoption of cleaner flaring alternatives, and regular monitoring of environmental and health conditions. It highlights the need to improve community healthcare, raise awareness, and ensure oil companies compensate and remediate affected areas. Continued research on the long-term effects of gas flaring is also recommended to inform sustainable policies in Ekpan and similar oil-producing areas.

Non-point source water pollution is a key question in rural watersheds and it needs to be studied in order to prevent damages to ground and surface water quality. The main goal of this study is to analyze nutrient and chemical loads in groundwater and streams in Pampa region, Argentina. For studying groundwater loads, a set of 19 observation wells were installed in 2011, in western Buenos Aires. The wells were located at three landscape positions (upper, middle and lower hill) in seven agricultural fields and groundwater samples were monthly collected. As for surface water, two watersheds located in southeastern Buenos Aires, were chosen: Napaleofú creek Watershed (34.000 hectares) and Quequén Grande River watershed (938.000 hectares). Daily water samples were taken from the main stream from October 2011 to November 2013, at both watersheds. Water Samples collected from wells and streams, were analyzed to determine N, and chemical loads. A group of 12 Herbicides and 3 insecticides frequently used by farmers in the watershed were chosen for the study. Nitrogen and chemical concentrations were analyzed considering rainfall events and also compared to critical limits. As for NO3-N concentration, most of wells presented variable concentration depending on monthly precipitation and landscape position.

The assessment of Borewell water quality for suitability for drinking and domestic purposes was carried out from Ajara Tahsil. The ground water quality was assessed by examining various physico-chemical parameters. Borewell water samples were collected from 51 villages from Ajara Tahsil during April 2011. The physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, EC, total alkalinity, total hardness, Ca and Mg hardness, chlorides and dissolved oxygen have been analyzed. The results were compared with WHO and BIS drinking water standards. On the basis of hardness, out of 51 borewell samples, 48 samples were within the permissible limit & safe for drinking purpose.

The assessment of Borewell water quality for suitability for drinking and domestic purposes was carried out from Ajara Tahsil. The ground water quality was assessed by examining various physico-chemical parameters. Borewell water samples were collected from 51 villages from Ajara Tahsil during April 2011. The physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, EC, total alkalinity, total hardness, Ca and Mg hardness, chlorides and dissolved oxygen have been analyzed. The results were compared with WHO and BIS drinking water standards. On the basis of hardness, out of 51 borewell samples, 48 samples were within the permissible limit & safe for drinking purpose.

Urbanization and industrialization in many parts of the world contaminate ground and surface water resources. The present study is designed to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics, spatial distribution of major cations/anions, heavy metal pollution and associated health risk assessment of groundwater. In total 30 groundwater samples were taken from different urban localities of Multan, suggesting an elevated level of EC and TDS. Major cations and anions except SO4 2-and HCO3 -in one area were below World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking purpose. Hydrochemical results also indicates groundwater pollution is attributed to rockwater interaction. Medium to low microbial concentration was also noted in groundwater by seepage of sewage water. Elevated heavy metal concentration (As, Cd, Cr & Fe) was recorded in most of the sampled groundwater. Piper plot indicates mixed water type with Na + /K + and Na + /HCO3 -type. Water Quality Index (WQI) and Heavy metal Pollution Index (HPI) ranked groundwater of Multan from very poor to hazardous posing health hazards. Total hazard quotient value by ingesting groundwater exceeds non-carcinogenic threshold HQ = 1.0 in half of groundwater samples. Potential cancer risk was obtained for children in selected areas. Therefore, an effective management and monitoring system is applied in study area to safeguard the local community from potential illness. Major response action require to restore groundwater quality is to cut off contamination sources such as industrial effluents, fertilizers and pesticides application. Installing water treatment plants in study area to reduce cancer risk for local community is an effective and tangible solution.

Groundwater is an important source for a drink and irrigation in the Blinaja river basin. Understanding knowledge of irrigation water quality is critical to the management of water for long-term productivity. Historically for this study area there is no data and information regarding the quality and use of water for irrigation needs. Therefore, there was a need to assess water quality based on data analysed from eight sampling points. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate, relying on analytical results, the quality of groundwater in the Blinaja river basin for the purpose of its use for irrigation of agricultural crops. For this purpose, in the Blinaja River Basin in different months during 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019, 28 water samples were taken to assess the quality of groundwater for irrigation. Water samples were analysed in a laboratory for some of the key quality indicators; pH, EC, hardness (TH), Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, SO4, Cl, etc. and then irrigation water quality indices were calculated such as: percentage of Na (% Na), SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio), PI (Permeability index), KR (Kelly's ratio), etc. The overall objective of this study was to assess the quality of water to be used by the inhabitants of the area for irrigation of agricultural crops. Analytical procedures for the laboratory determinations of water quality have been given in several publications (USDA Handbook 60 by Richards, 1954; FAO Soils Bulletin 10 by Dewis and Freitas1970; APHA 2005).

Irrigation canals are generally made through porous soil formations, since the soil is loose porous mediaa huge amount of canal water is lost to conveyance losses. The situation becomes direr when these losses result in non-beneficial losses. The Sindh province of Pakistan has more than 70% saline groundwater, conveyance losses to such areas in the province not only become unusable but also creates water management problems. Perhaps the only cost-effective way to address these losses is canal lining. The present study was conducted in the command area of Belharo distributary, Sindh, Pakistan with an aim to determine the extent of losses from the tertiary irrigated network as these water channels are less considered in the literature with regards of conveyance losses. Using water balance method, conveyance efficiency and conveyance losses at 30% lined and 50 and 75% unlined length of the watercourses was observed. The results revealed that the tertiary irrigation channels face an average of 43% conveyance losses and major proportion of these losses is lost to non-beneficial losses from the study area. The study further suggests 75% lining of watercourses in order to minimize non-beneficial losses. This study also infers that with the use of geo-membrane lining, sizeable amount of fresh water can be saved.

Accurate subsurface assessment is critical for ensuring the integrity and longevity of engineered structures, especially in weathered terrains characterized by highly variable soil and rock properties. This challenge is particularly evident in the complex granitic terrain of Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia, where differential weathering and fracturing introduce substantial uncertainty into foundation design. Despite increasing demands for resilient infrastructure, conventional site investigation methods often fall short in capturing the spatial and lithological heterogeneity required for informed decision-making. This study addresses these limitations by integrating electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), induced polarization (IP), standard penetration testing (SPT), and supervised machine learning (ML) algorithms to enhance subsurface characterization and predictive modeling of chargeability. The combined ERT–IP inversion results, supported by borehole logs and SPT data, delineated four distinct lithological units across the study area. Four ML algorithms—SLR, KNN, SVM, and CatBoost—were trained to model relationships between geophysical and geotechnical parameters, with all achieving strong performance (training R² > 0.90; error metrics <10%). Among all the evaluated models, CatBoost exhibited the strongest overall performance, achieving high predictive accuracy and maintaining consistent generalization across validation and test sets, although with mild overfitting observed. Among all the evaluated models, CatBoost exhibited the strongest overall performance, achieving high predictive accuracy and maintaining consistent generalization across validation and test sets, although with mild overfitting observed. From a geotechnical perspective, the topsoil/residual and highly weathered/fractured units were deemed unsuitable for heavy structural loads due to poor consolidation and water retention. In contrast, the relatively weathered bedrock unit, defined by resistivity values of 800 to >1000 Ωm and chargeability >18 msec, was identified as a suitable foundation material after appropriate soil and rock modifications. This research introduces a novel, noninvasive geophysical–geotechnical framework enhanced by ML, offering a cost-effective and scalable approach for subsurface evaluation. The methodology significantly reduces uncertainty in engineering assessments and supports safer, data-driven construction decisions, with potential applicability to other complex weathered terrains, subject to site-specific calibration.

Groundwater constitutes 99% of all liquid freshwater globally that is available for human use. Groundwater levels in the Nairobi aquifer system (NAS) have been declining over time because of excessive abstraction fueled by increased water demand. This has increased the cost of pumping and drilling boreholes, which is unsustainable. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of recharge and abstraction on groundwater levels using a more realistic approach by estimating recharge using the SWAT model while considering climatic data, soil type, land use/cover, and topography. Recharge obtained from SWAT was applied in MODFLOW to model the groundwater system. Results showed that the average annual recharge was 73 mm, which is about 9.7% of the precipitation. Groundwater levels decreased with an increase in abstraction and a decrease in recharge and vice versa. Groundwater levels will decrease by 76 m by the year 2063 if the abstraction rate is kept constant and the recharge is maintained, and will decrease by 14m by the year 2030 if the trend of abstraction rate continues to increase while recharge is kept constant. The abstraction rate should be regulated according to available recharge and recharge enhanced to avoid possible depletion of groundwater.

This research intends to evaluate dam-break in CIawi and Sukamahi dams. Both CIawi and Sukamahi dams are dry dams with parallel position. The concept of flood control pattern in Ciawi and Sukamahi dams is in the beginning of rainy season and the elevation of water level in both dams must be in low elevation. It is possible by the available tunnel to flow water into both dams. If the failure of Ciawi-Sukamahi parallel dry-dams happens together, it needs some observations for anticipating it. The methodology consists of data collecting; literature study of related previous research; analysis of the PMP (Probable Maximum Precipitation) rainfall by using Isohyet and Hersfield methods, design flood by using HEC-HMS, dambreak by using HEC-RAS, then the losses of parallel dams-break by using InaSAFE method. The research result shows that the potency of Ciawi-Sukamahi parallel dry dams will break in the worst scenario that is piping in Ciawi dam with PMF discharge of 1,389 m 3 /s and in Sukamahi dam with PMF (Probable Maximum Flood) discharge of 254 m 3 /s and causes the inundation of 50.9 km 2 that spreads in 8 cities/ regencies. The result is hoped as the consideration to the stakeholder related with flood mitigation due to the simulation of the dam-break potency of Cimahi-Sukamahi parallel dry dams.

The Spikey® detection of fresh urine patches provides the platform for treating fresh cow urine patches to reduce losses of nitrogen (N) to the environment (Bates et al. 2015). The technology platform provides the platform to amend the urine patch soil-pasture environment in a variety of ways. The first method developed is spraying with ORUN ® , a mix of the urease inhibitor nbpt and the growth promotant gibberellic acid (GA3). GA3 will reduce N losses provided conditions are suitable for a pasture growth response to GA3. DCD, if applied to urine patches only, and only shortly after grazing, is much less likely to result in DCD residues in milk. A combination of DCD plus nbpt has been shown to be very effective in reducing both nitrate and N2O losses (Zaman et al. 2008, 2009). These studies found that on some dairying soils, nitrate concentrations are markedly attenuated below as little as 22.5 cm, presumably through either denitrification or codenitrification, particularly where a ...

Adrar, located in an arid desert environment in southwest Algeria, relies exclusively on groundwater from the Continental Intercalaire aquifer for its water supply. This study aims to assess the quality of this groundwater for human consumption, irrigation, and industrial use and identify the hydrogeochemical processes driving its mineralization. To achieve this, 18 wells were analyzed using conventional laboratory methods. Quality indices applied include the drinking water quality index for potability and the irrigation water quality index for agricultural suitability. Corrosion and scaling potential were evaluated using the Langelier index, Ryznar index, Larson-Skold index, Puckorius index, and aggressive index. The results indicate that 44.44% of the water is suitable for drinking, 50% is of medium quality, and 5.56% is unsuitable for drinking. For irrigation, 31.25% of wells provide good-quality water, while 68.75% are classified as doubtful. Most of the analyzed waters are corrosive, with a tendency toward scaling and CaCO 3 precipitation. Hydrochemical analyses, including Piper diagrams, identified two water types: Ca-Mg-Cl (50%) and Ca-Cl (50%). Based on the Gibbs diagram, bivariate plots, and saturation indices, the groundwater's mineralization is primarily attributed to water-rock interactions, such as the dissolution of silicate rocks, halite, and gypsum, along with cation exchange. Additionally, human activities significantly influence water chemistry. This study provides scientific foundations for sustainable groundwater resource management in Adrar, including water quality and exploitation. This work helps inform strategies for the preservation, rational use, and treatment of water, ensuring sustainable water access for domestic, agricultural, and industrial needs.

Over contamination of water-bodies due to ever growing religious activities is a major concern in today's era. The biological wealth of a water body is mainly dependent on its water quality and qualitative degradation is of major issue of concern to mankind today. Decrease in water quality (unfit for human consumption) is also attributed to the fact that today most water bodies are been loaded with toxic material and chemicals, human and industrial waste, organic matter, and religious rituals of Idol immersions which is growing year on year basis. The under mentioned research work is mainly concerned about the water quality assessment to evaluate the qualitative nature and quantitative extent of pollution in water body during Pre-immersion, immersion, and post-immersion of idols in festivals season this year and its comparison with results of last year. Water samples were collected from three sites in Jodhpur city and were analyzed for various water quality parameters such as pH, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Solids (TS), Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) following standard methods . It was observed that the values of these parameters significantly increased during the immersion period and then declined slowly in the post immersion period due to self purification mechanism of water body. With growing magnitude of these religious activities, pollution load is bound to increase manifold. Generating awareness among the people and society about reducing pollution due to festival waste will help in conserving ecosystem of these water bodies as well as culture and environment can be preserved in a cohesive manner.

Due to inadequate sanitation and practice of onsite sanitation like pit latrines and septic tanks in
Periurban areas, the contaminant levels are exceeding permissiblelevels in ground water drinking
sources resulting in water borne diseases, causing widespread morbidity and mortality.Contamination
of groundwater sources by pathogenic bacteria and nitrate are two major public health risks due to
onsite sanitation systems. A field study was carried out for two year in a peri urban area of Bangalore
rural district. During the study bore well water samples were collected at eleven sampling stations
near onsite sanitation systems.The collected bore well water samples were analysed for critical onsite
parameters and analysis of bore well water samples indicates that groundwateris unfit for drinking
purpose. Higher concentration of nitrates and chlorides in bore well water samples show that ground
water is getting contaminated with onsite sanitation. The regression graphs are plotted to study variation
of nitrate and total count, with depth, distance and years of usage. The regressiongraphs indicatethat
the 10m distance between public borewell and septic tank is sufficient to prevent groundwater
contamination for present days. Appropriate legislation on zoning, specification, siting, designing,
construction and maintenance of onsite sanitation system are necessary to protect groundwater
aquifers in future.

Addressing fluoride and nitrate contamination in groundwater is crucial for safeguarding public health. Fluoride contamination in groundwater can cause dental and skeletal fluorosis, along with potential neurotoxic effects. Nitrate contamination can lead to methemoglobinemia in infants and increase cancer risk due to the formation of nitrosamines. The major goal of this study was to examine groundwater quality in the Chickkaballapur urban (CBU) and Chikkaballapur rural (CBR) parts of the Chikkaballapur taluk (CBT), Karnataka, and to investigate the potential health hazards associated with the presence of fluoride and nitrate contaminants. Hazard quotient and total hazard index (THI) calculation methods, as suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, were used in the present study to evaluate non-carcinogenic risks for individuals of various age categories, including men, women, and children (MWC). A total of 112 samples from rural areas and 41 samples from urban areas of Chikkaballapur taluk were collected during the post-monsoon season. According to the study's findings, groundwater samples from CBU and CBR surpassed acceptable fluoride concentration limits by 41% and 40%, respectively, while samples from CBR exceeded acceptable nitrate limits by 17%, set by the Bureau of Indian Standards (1 mg/L for fluoride and 45 mg/L for nitrate). All CBU samples remained within the acceptable nitrate limits. The total non-carcinogenic health risks for MWC ranged from 0.34 to 2.18, 0.40 to 2.58, and 0.46 to 2.95, respectively, for CBU, and from 0.16 to 6.51, 0.19 to 7.69, and 0.21 to 8.80, respectively, for CBR. Furthermore, a significant percentage of the groundwater samples that were collected in CBU (60.98%, 68.29%, and 75.61%) and CBR (48.21%, 62.50%, and 73.21%) exceeded the THI limit for MWC (THI = 1). Hence, based on the health risk assessment, it is evident that children in the study area have greater health risks than men and women.

Background: Quality of water plays a vital role in the existence of human lives and the understanding of aquifer parameters is essential for effective groundwater management.
Objectives: The purpose of this research is to analyze the groundwater potential and the vulnerability of the aquifers to pollution at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria community.
Methods: Dar-Zarrouk mathematical parameter was used in this study to calculate the aquifer formation's transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, and protective capacity and represented in a spatial map.
Results: 90% of the formations of the subsurface material have high to intermediate degrees of fracturing, according to the analysis and interpretation of the hydrogeological media. The hydraulic conductivity (0.2 – 21.4 m/day) and transmissivity (5.4 – 152.2 m 2 /day) values indicate that most of the aquifers are of intermediate to high groundwater potentials. The spatial distribution map of reflection coefficient shows very low to high reflection coefficients indicating high to low groundwater potential across the study area. The Coefficient of anisotropy ranged from 0.9 – 3.3 suggesting high to low permeability aquifers. The aquifer formations are made up of weak to intermediate aquifer protective capacity. The calculated porosity values of the aquifer range from 1.79 % to 60.8 % showing negligible (VES 1 and 6) to good porosity quality (VES 5 and 10) of the inferred rock types from the calculated porosity. Thick overburden, weak to moderate aquifer protective capacity, and relatively high hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity make up the aquifer formations.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the study indicates promising groundwater occurrences, offering potential benefits for the University of Ilorin community. However, concerns arise regarding areas with weak aquifer protective capacity, suggesting vulnerability to pollutant infiltration. This research identified areas of possible groundwater viability and weak protective aquifer zones.

[Objective] The main objective of this research was to evaluate the potential for saving drinking water by using rainwater as a source of supply for non-potable purposes in two neighborhoods with social housing in the municipality of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. [Methodology] The consumption statistics for each month of 2020 were used for each of the homes comprising the Benjamin José Cardoso and Sol Nascente Housing Complexes, and the fraction of drinking water that is destined in homes for non-potable purposes was estimated. The information corresponding to the monthly rainfall records of the last 50 years was analyzed and the monthly volume of rainwater that could be harvested in each house was calculated. [Results] The average monthly volume of rainwater that could be captured through the roof area of each dwelling is 3.39 m3. During the rainy months of the year, it would be feasible to save a higher percentage of water than that allocated for non-potable purposes. Sizing a rainwater reservoir that exceeds the monthly needs for non-potable purposes would allow the surplus of collected water to supply the liquid during the dry season. [Conclusions] Since the average percentage of savings in drinking water for both neighborhoods exceeded 53%, the saving of the monthly consumption can contribute to the reduction of payments for the drinking water service and the consumption of the liquid in the municipality, particularly during drought months.