Greening of Cities

The rapid urbanization of Dhaka has led to severe infrastructural and social challenges, particularly within government housing areas. Among the most underutilized spaces are the abandoned service corridors, which, if transformed, could play a crucial role in addressing the city's pressing urban renewal needs. This study investigates the potential of these neglected corridors by proposing a multidimensional urban renewal strategy that blends ecological, social, and economic considerations. By drawing on concepts from basophilic urbanism, adaptive reuse, and sustainable development, the paper explores how these spaces can be remained to enhance environmental quality, promote community engagement, and stimulate local economic activities. The research employs a combination of spatial analysis, case study evaluations, and stakeholder feedback to identify feasible interventions for revitalizing these corridors. Preliminary findings suggest that through strategic design and planning, these abandoned spaces can be transformed into vibrant public areas that contribute to the city's livability and resilience. The paper advocates for a collaborative approach, involving urban planners, policymakers, and local communities, to create inclusive spaces that reflect the needs of Dhaka's diverse population. The research highlights the need for innovative planning frameworks, as well as policy support, to unlock the full potential of these underused urban areas, thereby contributing to a more sustainable and equitable urban future for Dhaka.

and Tokyo. The alternative city rankings are compared and linkages between different sustainability and smart city dimensions are explored. The paper applied ELECTRE III multi-criteria decision aid tool to a panel of twenty indicators. The proposed approach allowed considering performance under four different policy priorities: environmental, economic, social and smart, changing the focus of the sustainability assessment. The results have shown that Singapore dominates the sustainability rankings under environmental policy priorities. Tokyo leads under economic and social priorities, and London and Tokyo-under smart city priorities. The worst performing cities were Shanghai, Los Angeles and Rio de Janeiro. The paper examines the innovative sustainability strategy and new governance structures that led Singapore to become the most sustainable city under environmental priorities and offers recommendations for the lower-ranking cities of Shanghai, Los Angeles and Rio de Janeiro. The assessment could be a valuable tool for policy makers and investors, and could help identify linkages between different sustainability dimensions, highlighting best practices as well as strategic opportunities in cities with sustainability potential.

Indonesia's agricultural sector is a vital component of its economy, providing employment for millions and contributing significantly to the nation's GDP. However, the environmental impact of traditional agricultural practices, such as deforestation, excessive pesticide use, and inefficient transport systems, has become a pressing concern. As the country moves toward sustainable development, integrating sustainable agricultural practices with enhanced transport infrastructure offers a promising solution to reduce environmental emissions and promote eco-friendly practices. This article explores the intersection of sustainable agriculture and transport infrastructure in Indonesia. It examines the role of innovative farming techniques, such as agroforestry and organic farming, in minimizing environmental damage. It also highlights how the development of efficient and eco-friendly transport systems can support these practices by reducing carbon footprints and improving supply chain efficiency. By analyzing current challenges, technological innovations, and policy recommendations, this article outlines how Indonesia can leverage sustainable transport infrastructure to create a more environmentally responsible agricultural sector.

Formal green spaces significantly enhance urban living by improving residents' quality of life and serving as hubs for recreation, cultural activities, and social interactions. They also provide economic and environmental benefits. However, these advantages can only be realized through effective planning and development. Inadequate practices such as poor spatial design, insufficient infrastructure, lack of facilities, and ineffective management often leave green spaces underutilized and unable to fulfil their intended purposes. In Durame town, Central Ethiopia region, such challenges have burdened the administration, prompting a study to analyze the functionality of formal green spaces from planning and development perspectives. The research sought to evaluate the planning and development of existing green spaces, identify gaps in proposed plans, assess development progress, and investigate associated challenges. A descriptive survey method was employed, using both probability and non-probability sampling techniques to gather and analyze qualitative data from primary and secondary sources. The findings revealed that ineffective planning practices and insufficient stakeholder investment hinder the functionality of green spaces. The research underscores the need for improved planning and development approaches to enhance the utility of these spaces, benefiting residents, the municipality, and other stakeholders in the town.

The pursuit of sustainable urban environments has become a critical objective in the face of growing environmental challenges and rapid urbanization. Sustainable urban strategies aim to create livable cities that promote environmental health, economic vitality, and social well-being. This paper explores various sustainable strategies for improving urban environments, focusing on green infrastructure, energy efficiency, sustainable transportation, waste management, and community engagement. Through an extensive review of current literature and detailed case studies, the study demonstrates how these strategies can collectively enhance the quality of urban life while mitigating environmental impacts.

Framing rational and realistic policies, promoting state of art planning , ensuring rapid growth, achieving equity based development and delivering good, effective and efficient governance; form integral part of government of every nation, state and community. Every state, region and city try for creating and making operational policies and programs for achieving the goals of to promoting universal good, prosperity, equity and quality of life of both existing and future population going to live in the given geographical area. Policies are the outcome of the vision and approach adopted/stated/ declared by the people governing any geographical entity. In the political system, it is invariably the ruling party , which remains, primarily and essentially, involved in formulation and implementation of policies. In a democratic system of governance, policy formulation falls in the domain of party elected/voted to power through the process of election. In the other systems , it is the entity/people who exercise power and authority, by virtue of the system put in place for governing the state/nation. In majority of cases, basic agenda , aim and objective of any policy framed by the governance structure, is to ensure that ruling entity remains perpetually in power. Against this objective, all policies put in place, invariably focus on empowering people in power and intend to make ordinary citizens happy and supportive of the policies put in place by the rulers. Majority of nations and communities are suffering from the malaise of irrational policies formulation at the state and the local level, which are embedded with distortions. Many communities , nations and states also suffer from policy paralysis, where decision is taken on priority. However, realistic and rational policy formulation must include and involve, defining intent, contents, scope, specify goals and objectives to be achieved under the policy; communities to be addressed; process of implementation, time-frame for implementation and expected outcome; for evaluation etc. Wrong policies are known to damage the basic fabric of the society whereas policies addressing universal good framed in a transparent manner are known to alleviate the nations and communities. Urban related policies and programs are known to have considerable impact on the growth and development of cities in making them more productive, effective, efficient and livable or otherwise. Good urban policies have ushered an era of immense prosperity, growth and development for many promising cities ,whereas irrational policies have distorted the total framework within which cities grow and develop. Accordingly, cities represent a canvas of great achievements and contributions made by few cities , and creating a chaotic condition in majority of the cities of developing world.

More than 50% of the global population already lives in urban settlements and urban areas are projected to absorb almost all the global population growth to 2050, amounting to some additional three billion people. Over the next decades the increase in rural population in many developing countries will be overshadowed by population flows to cities. Rural populations globally are expected to peak at a level of 3.5 billion people by around 2020 and decline thereafter, albeit with heterogeneous regional trends. This adds urgency in addressing rural energy access, but our common future will be predominantly urban. Most of urban growth will continue to occur in small-to medium-sized urban centers. Growth in these smaller cities poses serious policy challenges, especially in the developing world. In small cities, data and information to guide policy are largely absent, local resources to tackle development challenges are limited, and governance and institutional capacities are weak, requiring serious efforts in capacity building, novel applications of remote sensing, information, and decision support techniques, and new institutional partnerships. While 'megacities' with more than 10 million inhabitants have distinctive challenges, their contribution to global urban growth will remain comparatively small. Energy-wise, the world is already predominantly urban. This assessment estimates that between 60-80% of final energy use globally is urban, with a central estimate of 75%. Applying national energy (or GHG inventory) reporting formats to the urban scale and to urban administrative boundaries is often referred to as a 'production' accounting approach and underlies the above GEA estimate. This contrasts to a 'consumption' accounting approach that pro-rates associated energy uses per unit of urban consumer expenditures, thus allocating energy uses to urban consumers irrespective of the form energy is used (direct or embodied energy) or its location (within or outside a city's administrative boundary). Available consumption-based energy accounts for cities are too limited (estimates exist for only a handful of megacities) to allow generalization but it is highly likely that urban energy use under a consumption accounting approach approximates the urban share in the world GDP, estimated by this assessment to be some 80%. There is great heterogeneity in urban energy-use patterns as revealed by this assessment drawing together a novel urban energy use data set. In many developing countries, urban dwellers use substantially more final energy per capita than their rural compatriots. This primarily reflects their much higher average urban incomes. Conversely, in many industrialized countries per capita final energy use of city dwellers is often lower than the national average, which reflects the effects of compact urban form, settlement types (multi-versus single-family dwellings) and availability and/or practicability of public transport infrastructure systems compared with those in the suburban or rural sprawl. The few available data, however, suggest that urban energy use in high-income countries is not substantially different from the national average when using a consumption-based accounting approach, whereas in low-income countries the urban-rural energy difference is likely to be even larger under this alternative energy accounting method. This Assessment concludes that both accounting methodologies provide complementary, valuable information to inform urban policy decisions. However, because of complexities in systems boundaries and accounting, urban studies need to adhere to high standards in terms of clarity and documentation of the terminology, methodology, and documentation of underlying energy data used. Addressing Urban Challenges Rapid migration rates and natural population growth in cities can overwhelm the provision of basic urban services, particularly for the poorest urban dwellers. Several hundred million urbanites in low-and middle-income nations lack access to electricity and are unable to afford cleaner, safer fuels which results in significant adverse consequences for human health and local air quality. Most are in low-income nations in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Innovations have reduced access costs-for instance, rising tariffs with low prices for 'lifeline' consumption, pay-asyou-use meters, and standard 'boards' that remove the need for individualized household wiring-but urban energy access also faces political and institutional obstacles. A large part of the urban population that lack clean energy and electricity (and other basic services like water, sanitation, and transport) live in informal settlements. It is mostly in situations where the often antagonistic relationship between local government and the inhabitants of informal

More than 50% of the global population already lives in urban settlements and urban areas are projected to absorb almost all the global population growth to 2050, amounting to some additional three billion people. Over the next decades the increase in rural population in many developing countries will be overshadowed by population flows to cities. Rural populations globally are expected to peak at a level of 3.5 billion people by around 2020 and decline thereafter, albeit with heterogeneous regional trends. This adds urgency in addressing rural energy access, but our common future will be predominantly urban. Most of urban growth will continue to occur in small-to medium-sized urban centers. Growth in these smaller cities poses serious policy challenges, especially in the developing world. In small cities, data and information to guide policy are largely absent, local resources to tackle development challenges are limited, and governance and institutional capacities are weak, requiring serious efforts in capacity building, novel applications of remote sensing, information, and decision support techniques, and new institutional partnerships. While 'megacities' with more than 10 million inhabitants have distinctive challenges, their contribution to global urban growth will remain comparatively small. Energy-wise, the world is already predominantly urban. This assessment estimates that between 60-80% of final energy use globally is urban, with a central estimate of 75%. Applying national energy (or GHG inventory) reporting formats to the urban scale and to urban administrative boundaries is often referred to as a 'production' accounting approach and underlies the above GEA estimate. This contrasts to a 'consumption' accounting approach that pro-rates associated energy uses per unit of urban consumer expenditures, thus allocating energy uses to urban consumers irrespective of the form energy is used (direct or embodied energy) or its location (within or outside a city's administrative boundary). Available consumption-based energy accounts for cities are too limited (estimates exist for only a handful of megacities) to allow generalization but it is highly likely that urban energy use under a consumption accounting approach approximates the urban share in the world GDP, estimated by this assessment to be some 80%. There is great heterogeneity in urban energy-use patterns as revealed by this assessment drawing together a novel urban energy use data set. In many developing countries, urban dwellers use substantially more final energy per capita than their rural compatriots. This primarily reflects their much higher average urban incomes. Conversely, in many industrialized countries per capita final energy use of city dwellers is often lower than the national average, which reflects the effects of compact urban form, settlement types (multi-versus single-family dwellings) and availability and/or practicability of public transport infrastructure systems compared with those in the suburban or rural sprawl. The few available data, however, suggest that urban energy use in high-income countries is not substantially different from the national average when using a consumption-based accounting approach, whereas in low-income countries the urban-rural energy difference is likely to be even larger under this alternative energy accounting method. This Assessment concludes that both accounting methodologies provide complementary, valuable information to inform urban policy decisions. However, because of complexities in systems boundaries and accounting, urban studies need to adhere to high standards in terms of clarity and documentation of the terminology, methodology, and documentation of underlying energy data used. Addressing Urban Challenges Rapid migration rates and natural population growth in cities can overwhelm the provision of basic urban services, particularly for the poorest urban dwellers. Several hundred million urbanites in low-and middle-income nations lack access to electricity and are unable to afford cleaner, safer fuels which results in significant adverse consequences for human health and local air quality. Most are in low-income nations in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Innovations have reduced access costs-for instance, rising tariffs with low prices for 'lifeline' consumption, pay-asyou-use meters, and standard 'boards' that remove the need for individualized household wiring-but urban energy access also faces political and institutional obstacles. A large part of the urban population that lack clean energy and electricity (and other basic services like water, sanitation, and transport) live in informal settlements. It is mostly in situations where the often antagonistic relationship between local government and the inhabitants of informal

This paper is a preliminary discussion covering literature review pertaining to above topic. The current research design is more to digesting the best practices carried by various sustainable cities in the world. After wards, benchmarking shall be set accordance to the practices and its implementation on the ground, towards achieving sustainable level of the cities. As outlined in this paper, creating sustainable cities in Sarawak, Malaysia is a very challenging. Thus, all aspect of practices shall be considered for creating the same standard of cities in Sarawak, the largest state in Malaysia covering land area about 131,598 square kilometres. Thus, developing and managing current cities in the State based on established sustainable cities in the world will make this success.

As the city's population continues to expand, driven by both natural growth and rural-to-urban migration, the pressure on its infrastructure and services has intensified, often outpacing the city's capacity to respond effectively. In the housing sector, the city grapples with a shortage of affordable and inclusive housing options, leading to the proliferation of informal settlements and slums.

In the 20th century, capitalist countries developed a model of urbanization that was based
on industrialization, mass consumption, and the growth of large cities. The 21st century is
characterized by environmental problems, especially climate change. In this context, sustainable
development has emerged as a new paradigm for urban planning and design. A sustainable city is
one that can meet the needs of its population in terms of social equity, economic prosperity, and
environmental conservation. Green technology is the future of smart cities. Green technology
will help us to solve many problems related to our environment. We need green technology to
improve our cities and make them cleaner and better places to live. Green technology can also
help us to create new jobs, reduce pollution and increase productivity. The green revolution will
not only improve our environment but also will help us to save money on electricity bills. In this
paper, I am going to talk about how we can use green technology to make smart cities more
efficient, productive, and better places to live. Smart cities use data and information technology
to provide efficient services and solutions for their citizens. They are also sustainable, which
means they have efficient resources and infrastructure that can be used with little or no harm to
the environment. Smart cities can also be developed with green technology, or technology that
helps reduce pollution, waste, and energy consumption. The goal of green technology is to create
sustainable environments where people live in harmony with nature.
Keywords: Smart solutions, Smart cities, Green technology, Capitalism

Urban planning is a critical facet of shaping the trajectory of cities, particularly in the Philippines where rapid urbanization is reshaping landscapes and communities. This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of urban planning in the Philippines, touching upon its historical evolution, contemporary challenges, innovative solutions, and prospects.

The Chishui River is one of the most important tributaries of the upper Yangtze River and a global biodiversity hotspot. While the basin's ecological protection and green development are central to the People's Republic of China (PRC) economy, the river system faces tremendous environmental pressures. Rapid deforestation and land conversion for agricultural, industrial, and urban development are major threats to biodiversity and local livelihoods. Income gaps between urban and rural areas in the basin are large, especially in the upper and middle reaches. Chishui is a complex watershed landscape where stakeholder groups strongly compete for limited natural resources, land uses, and economic opportunities. Adopting a landscape approach can support solutions that generate multiple co-benefits such as economic growth, sustainable agricultural production, reduction of biodiversity loss, water security, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. Recognizing the challenges of integrating water and land management, the Government of the PRC has initiated landscape financing, which has grown exponentially, with the major source of investment in the basin coming from the Guizhou province. Despite the increased investment, projects remain siloed and spatially uncoordinated. Accessing or mobilizing financing for landscape projects that present a bankable business case and an investment opportunity is difficult due to their nature and the enabling investment challenges. To tackle these issues, the Guizhou Environmental Protection Department (GEPD) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) designed the Guizhou Chishui River Basin Ecological Development (CRBED) Fund as a blended finance mechanism for leveraging and enabling landscape projects. The goal is to make the projects sustainable over time. The CRBED was envisioned as a solution-oriented service provider (or a "matchmaker") that brings together stakeholders with different risk preferences through a combination of commercial and concessional finance.

The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term "country" in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

The impacts of problems related to dense, unplanned, and irregular urbanization on the natural environment, urban areas, and humankind have been discussed in many disciplines for decades. Because of the circular relationship between humans and their environment, human health and psychology have become both agents and patients in interactions with nature. The field of ecopsychology investigates within this reciprocal context the relationship between human psychology and ecological issues and the roles of human psychology and society in environmental problems based on deteriorated nature–human relationships in urbanized areas. This approach has given rise to ecotherapy, which takes a systemic approach to repairing this disturbed nature–human relationship. This study aims to uncover the relationship between the physical attributes of urban green areas and their potential for providing ecotherapy service to users, first by determining the characteristics of ecotherapeutic urban space and urban green areas given in studies in the ecopsychology and ecotherapy literature, and then by conducting a case study in two urban parks from the Beylikdüzü District of the Istanbul Metropolitan Area. The impacts of these parks’ changing physical characteristics on user experiences are determined through a comparison of their physical attributes and the user experiences related to their ecotherapy services.

Cities shall remain critical and major propeller of  various options and strategies put in place for making India zero carbon  by the year 2070 . However, achieving this goal  would requires a paradigm shift  in approach adopted and options used for  planning, designing  and  empowering  cities which must include  opting for planned development; making cities compact; rationalising the core areas; planning cities based on circular economy and rationalizing traffic and transportation. If cities continue in their current state, the Global Commission on the Economy and Climate estimates it could cost up to $1.8 trillion a year by 2050, eclipsing the $1 trillion requested by India at COP26 to tackle climate change

This report, a collaborative effort of more than 50 organisations brought together by the Coalition for Urban Transitions, outlines the immense social and economic benefits of creating compact, connected and clean cities with net-zero emissions, and presents a clear six-part action plan for national governments around the world. Zero-carbon cities offer a powerful lever to secure economic prosperity and boost living standards across a country – all while tackling the climate crisis. City governments cannot realise this opportunity alone. National governments have unique and crucial roles to play.

One of the biggest offenders on the fight for global warming is the fossil cities that contribute heavily to greenhouse gas emissions. United Nations forecast that nearly 61% of the world population is expected to live in cities till 2030 (United Nations, 2004), thus making the importance of designing and building cities for sustainability be more evident. But how can a city be sustainable? Alternatives to the fossil city are being researched for a long time. Concepts such as-Solar city‖,-Ecological city‖ and-Sustainable city‖ have emerged and been experimented on by multinational organizations like by International Energy Agency, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), European Union, as well as national and local governance and conscious inhabitants of cities. Yet a number of organizational and cultural barriers that resist the change to a sustainable city model exist. Some of the ways of implementing sustainable cities are; direct legislation and standards, the provision of incentives and disincentives, corporate capital asset practice, power purchasing and pricing, institutional reform and improved strategic and general building practices, and community action development, industry alliances, information and education as brought forward by International Energy Agency (ISES, 2004). The question on how to proceed to achieve a sustainable city can better be answered by a thorough study of examples. Some of the sample cities give precedence over new technologies while some idealize a modern interpretation of the past. What these cities have targeted for themselves, their principles, what they achieved will be examined in the course of this paper, as well as the ideal of sustainable city. The aim of this paper is to determine principles for betterment of large cities, towards healthier cities in terms of both the inhabitants and the environment. Cities are a hub of activity, transition and living. From the design of the infrastructure to design of the buildings, transportation to industry, there are lots that can be done to make a city better suited to sustainability. Yet questions like-Is renovating a fossil city the way to go?‖ or-How much can be done to make a present city more sustainable?‖ or need to be answered. These answers will be searched by selecting and examining sample cities in Turkey, in terms of selected principles for sustainability in a city scale. Then they will also be compared with examples throughout the world.

Between 1950 and 2030, the share of the world"s population that lives in cities is predicted to grow from 30% to 60%. This urbanization has consequences for the likelihood of climate change and for the social costs that climate change will impose on the world"s quality of life. Cities are the engine of capitalist growth. Over time, people move from rural to urban areas as they seek a higher standard of living. In cities, people earn higher incomes and thus have the financial resources to purchase more consumption products ranging from private transportation to larger homes. Urbanization increases the demand for residential and commercial electricity consumption. Low and middle-income nations now have threequarters of the world"s urban population. They also have most of the urban population at greatest risk from the increased intensity and/or frequency of storms, flooding, landslides and heat waves that climate change is bringing or will bring.

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New Urbanism New Urbanism is an urban design movement, which arose in the USA in the early 1980s, promoting walkable, mixed-use neighbourhoods and transit-oriented development, seeking to end suburban sprawl and promote community. Characteristics include narrow streets, wide sidewalks and higher densities, qualities which we can all find in the European cities. Green Urbanism Green Urbanism is a conceptual model for zero-emission and zero-waste urban design, which arose in the 1990s, promoting compact energy-efficient urban development, seeking to transform and re-engineer existing city districts and regenerate the post-industrial city centre. It promotes the development of socially and environmentally sustainable city districts. This paper will first look at the timeline of important publications that have been published on sustainable design and have emerged from different schools of thought, to exemplify how gradually the notion of Green Urbanism evolved. It then identifies the intertwined principles for achieving Green Urbanism.

Water Resources Bureau Yong Zheng developed this publication through conceptualization, fieldwork, additional consultant inputs, drafting, peer review, and stakeholder feedback. This publication features various findings and recommendations from three recent People's Republic of China (PRC)-related ADB technical assistance (TA) projects: (i) Strengthening Water Resources Management in Guiyang (TA 4912-PRC), (ii) Strategy for Drought Management (TA 7261-PRC), and (iii) the Country Environmental Analysis (2011-2015) (TA 7484-PRC). The ADB team appreciates the quality inputs of the consultants that conducted the TA studies and served as a solid knowledge base for this publication. The ADB team specifically thanks the additional technical guidance provided by the consultants Daniel Gunaratnam, Robert Crooks, Wayne Hancock, Jin Leshan, and Jerri Romm, all of whom worked on the original TA projects upon which this publication is based. The ADB team also appreciates the partner organizations and authors who gave permission to reprint their important research. We acknowledge their contribution to the understanding of the challenges, opportunities, and successes of working in the water sector in the PRC. Specifically, we would like to acknowledge the work of the 2030 Water Resources Group and its Charting Our Water Future report (2009), and the World Bank for its Addressing [the People's Republic of] China's Water Scarcity report (2009). Both of these works contributed greater depth to the analysis. Several reviewers in ADB offered valuable comments at different stages during the preparation of the publication.

One of the biggest offenders on the fight for global warming is the fossil cities that contribute heavily to greenhouse gas emissions. United Nations forecast that nearly 61% of the world population is expected to live in cities till 2030 (United Nations, 2004), thus making the importance of designing and building cities for sustainability be more evident. But how can a city be sustainable? Alternatives to the fossil city are being researched for a long time. Concepts such as-Solar city‖,-Ecological city‖ and-Sustainable city‖ have emerged and been experimented on by multinational organizations like by International Energy Agency, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), European Union, as well as national and local governance and conscious inhabitants of cities. Yet a number of organizational and cultural barriers that resist the change to a sustainable city model exist. Some of the ways of implementing sustainable cities are; direct legislation and standards, the provision of incentives and disincentives, corporate capital asset practice, power purchasing and pricing, institutional reform and improved strategic and general building practices, and community action development, industry alliances, information and education as brought forward by International Energy Agency (ISES, 2004). The question on how to proceed to achieve a sustainable city can better be answered by a thorough study of examples. Some of the sample cities give precedence over new technologies while some idealize a modern interpretation of the past. What these cities have targeted for themselves, their principles, what they achieved will be examined in the course of this paper, as well as the ideal of sustainable city. The aim of this paper is to determine principles for betterment of large cities, towards healthier cities in terms of both the inhabitants and the environment. Cities are a hub of activity, transition and living. From the design of the infrastructure to design of the buildings, transportation to industry, there are lots that can be done to make a city better suited to sustainability. Yet questions like-Is renovating a fossil city the way to go?‖ or-How much can be done to make a present city more sustainable?‖ or need to be answered. These answers will be searched by selecting and examining sample cities in Turkey, in terms of selected principles for sustainability in a city scale. Then they will also be compared with examples throughout the world.

The geographical location of Bangladesh is gifted with enormous natural recourse: water, alluvial land,suitable climatic conditions for bio diversity and other natural assets. The capital, Dhaka, surroundedby rivers on four sides, was once a blue-green-built environment offering a healthy living atmosphere forits habitants. The city was dotted with huge and crisscrossed water bodies, a tolerable population density,and enough open spaces. Urban and peri-urban areas of the city complemented its food demand whichsubsequently maintained the environmental equilibrium. The modern concept of eco-urban-agriculture willdefinitely be beneficial in such a dense city which is rapidly losing its livability by insensitive urbanization.This paper will describe how a city could generate food, improve health, and utilize waste by furthering theestablished urban-agriculture concept. It aims to develop an understanding of this concept in Bangladesh,particularly in the dense urban fabric of Dhaka, by d...

World has already become urban dominated entity living more than 50% of the world's population in cities (set to reach 60% by 2030 and more than 70% by 2050). But, the cities have developed as centers for the secondary (industry) and tertiary (service oriented) economic activities without proper care for primary (basically agriculture) economic activities. The expanding urbanized society is therefore continuously consuming more and more resources and uses the rural lands and rivers/oceans as its waste sinks. Hence, present cities act like parasite, growing and being transformed over the years, consuming resources from nature without giving anything back in return becoming more and more unsustainable. A tool developed by William Ree's called 'Ecological Footprint' is gaining popularity as a means of getting conceptual idea of level of sustainability. Higher the use of resources for providing food and energy in a city, the value of Ecological Footprint of the city will be higher and vice versa. Resources use in providing food to the city dwellers measured by Food Footprint is one the major component of the Ecological Footprint. Thus, if we want to lower the Ecological Footprint of a city, it is very important to lower the Food Footprint. How can our city become self sufficient in terms of food so that we can lower the Food Footprint? Then, Ecological Footprint will be lower, which means that the place will be more sustainable.

Climate change has exacerbated, and will continue to exacerbate, diseases and ill health amongst all the people of the world-but particularly the poor and the vulnerable. The healthcare profession stands at the frontline of this escalating health impact, and this book, Climate Change and the Health Sector: Healing the World, applies the understandings and learnings from the fight against climate change to an array of healthcare priorities. This book is a call to action for all healthcare professionals. It sensitizes them to the exacerbating impacts of climate change on people's health, and initiates their thinking on actions that can incorporate responses to these impacts in their own repertoire of approaches and tools to enhance human health. I commend AHPI for this great initiative, and in particular, congratulate Dr.

Urban planning and urban design have a critical role to play in the global response to climate change. Actions that simultaneously reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and build resilience to climate risks should be prioritized at all urban scales-metropolitan region, city, district/neighborhood, block, and building. This needs to be done in ways that are responsive to and appropriate for local conditions. Major Findings Urban planners and urban designers have a portfolio of climate change strategies that guide decisions on urban form and function: • Urban waste heat and GHG emissions from infrastructureincluding buildings, transportation, and industry-can be reduced through improvements in the efficiency of urban systems. • Modifying the form and layout of buildings and urban districts can provide cooling and ventilation that reduces energy use and allow citizens to cope with higher temperatures and more intense runoff. • Selecting low heat capacity construction materials and reflective coatings can improve building performance by managing heat exchange at the surface. • Increasing the vegetative cover in a city can simultaneously lower outdoor temperatures, building cooling demand, runoff, and pollution, while sequestering carbon. Key Messages Integrated climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies should form a core element in urban planning and urban design, taking into account local conditions. This is because decisions on urban form have long-term (>50 years) consequences and thus strongly affect a city's capacity to reduce GHG emissions and to respond to climate hazards over time. Investing in mitigation strategies that yield concurrent adaptation benefits should be prioritized in order to achieve the transformations necessary to respond effectively to climate change. Consideration needs to be given to how regional decisions may affect neighborhoods or individual parcels and vice versa, and tools are needed that assess conditions in the urban environment at city block and/or neighborhood scales. There is a growing consensus around integrating urban planning and urban design, climate science, and policy to bring about desirable microclimates within compact, pedestrianfriendly built environments that address both mitigation and adaptation. Urban planning and urban design should incorporate longrange mitigation and adaptation strategies for climate change that reach across physical scales, jurisdictions, and electoral timeframes. These activities need to deliver a high quality of life for urban citizens as the key performance outcome, as well as climate change benefits.

The greening of all industries in order to help reduce their ecological footprint is an important factor in transitioning to an environmentally sustainable world and meeting many SDG targets. Governments in the Asia and the Pacific region (APR) have recognised these challenges and have taken a range of measures (including the introduction of laws and regulations) to work towards green economic restructuring.

An ecologically planned greening strategy in an urban landscape helps provide a healthy and wholesome environment for its citizens and, at the same time, promotes biodiversity, offers ecosystem services, raises awareness about environmental conservation, protects the city’s environment (from pollution), and ameliorates climate locally. Designing a greening strategy compatible to local physico-climatic conditions requires consideration and integration of a number of complex factors. The current paper aims to develop a comprehensive framework for a greening strategy based on the principals of ecology. This paper also focuses on deriving benefits from the green cover in the landscape through maximizing the flow of ecosystem services. The outcome of such an ecologically designed greening strategy will be in the form of a customized green plan right from a neighbourhood scale to a community and finally a city scale.

Water Resources Bureau Yong Zheng developed this publication through conceptualization, fieldwork, additional consultant inputs, drafting, peer review, and stakeholder feedback. This publication features various findings and recommendations from three recent People's Republic of China (PRC)-related ADB technical assistance (TA) projects: (i) Strengthening Water Resources Management in Guiyang (TA 4912-PRC), (ii) Strategy for Drought Management (TA 7261-PRC), and (iii) the Country Environmental Analysis (2011-2015) (TA 7484-PRC). The ADB team appreciates the quality inputs of the consultants that conducted the TA studies and served as a solid knowledge base for this publication. The ADB team specifically thanks the additional technical guidance provided by the consultants Daniel Gunaratnam, Robert Crooks, Wayne Hancock, Jin Leshan, and Jerri Romm, all of whom worked on the original TA projects upon which this publication is based. The ADB team also appreciates the partner organizations and authors who gave permission to reprint their important research. We acknowledge their contribution to the understanding of the challenges, opportunities, and successes of working in the water sector in the PRC. Specifically, we would like to acknowledge the work of the 2030 Water Resources Group and its Charting Our Water Future report (2009), and the World Bank for its Addressing [the People's Republic of] China's Water Scarcity report (2009). Both of these works contributed greater depth to the analysis. Several reviewers in ADB offered valuable comments at different stages during the preparation of the publication.

This publication consolidates the highlights from several recent ADB technical assistance studies that relate to improving disaster risk management and water resources management in the China. The studies provided good references for examining how the PRC could holistically and simultaneously address its issues of water scarcity—especially drought, environmental degradation, fragmented and uncoordinated management, and climate-related disasters. This publication also represents current thinking in the Ministry of Water Resources, with whom ADB worked closely on developing this knowledge product. It reflects the ministry’s own sense of what the country’s biggest challenges are and where the country is situated along the road to developing efficient institutions, lost and damaged resources, and responsible water usage. With a high level of government awareness, desire, and urgency to build resilience to droughts and consume resources at a more sustainable rate, the question becomes ho...

The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term "country" in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

New York is the city that once was called by Rem Koolhaas-the urban laboratory with a distinctive ability of implementing innovative solutions to meet its development challenges. That was years before the explosion of the Asian megacities, when New York had to face the problems of the rapid growth of its population together with the uncontrolled urbanization. Continuing of having an ambition to be the world's most dynamic urban economy New York is also set to be the city of choice where families, businesses, and neighborhoods thrive. From the New York City`s priorities of being the world`s capital of capitalism and the global citynowadays there are visible changes in planning for the city growth. The main focus of the urban policies is ensuring quality of life for generations of New Yorkers to come and one of the goals of the New York City`s strategic plan for the future is to be a strong and just city. At the same time, its diverse neighborhoods with their own distinctive character, history, and culture are listed among the city's greatest assets. Is it an innovative solution for city`s strategic plan?-probably not and the more adequate term would be return to the origins of democracy-but in terms of New York`s development historyit is a slightly different case.

World has already become urban dominated entity living more than 50% of the world's population in cities (set to reach 60% by 2030 and more than 70% by 2050). But, the cities have developed as centers for the secondary (industry) and tertiary (service oriented) economic activities without proper care for primary (basically agriculture) economic activities. The expanding urbanized society is therefore continuously consuming more and more resources and uses the rural lands and rivers/oceans as its waste sinks. Hence, present cities act like parasite, growing and being transformed over the years, consuming resources from nature without giving anything back in return becoming more and more unsustainable. A tool developed by William Ree's called 'Ecological Footprint' is gaining popularity as a means of getting conceptual idea of level of sustainability. Higher the use of resources for providing food and energy in a city, the value of Ecological Footprint of the city will be higher and vice versa. Resources use in providing food to the city dwellers measured by Food Footprint is one the major component of the Ecological Footprint. Thus, if we want to lower the Ecological Footprint of a city, it is very important to lower the Food Footprint. How can our city become self sufficient in terms of food so that we can lower the Food Footprint? Then, Ecological Footprint will be lower, which means that the place will be more sustainable.

The first claim is far from trivial. It seems to be refuted by a large number of counterexam-ples. This has lead to the proposal that only genitive has to be marked overtly (cf. Schachtl, 1989). The correctness of the first claim has been defended on the basis of both ...

This brief conceptual paper contributes a sustainability theoretic perspective of an urbanization paradigm known as Compact City. Compact City is an urban planning and development concept which promotes relatively high population density associated with an integrated and mixed-use land district. It is enabled by transit-oriented development and results in low transport-related energy consumption and reduced the GHG (Greenhouse Gases) pollution. Compact City conserves the natural capital of land mass and subscribes to the strong sustainability ethics. ICT (Information and Communications Technology) could be deployed to optimize the Compact City operations by first tackling some of the development problems associated with Compact City and also unleashing new urban innovations and functionalities to achieve sustainable urbanization. The paper suggests and elucidates several general systemic synergies archetypes such as co-benefits, cascading, ICT infrastructure reuse, etc., which could be leveraged to facilitate the emergence of compact green smart and resilient city. These archetypes are solutions to the Compact City paradigm thus conductive to the development of a Sustainability Science of Compact City.

This brief conceptual paper contributes a sustainability theoretic perspective of an urbanization paradigm known as Compact City. Compact City is an urban planning and development concept which promotes relatively high population density associated with an integrated and mixed-use land district. It is enabled by transit-oriented development and results in low transport-related energy consumption and reduced the GHG (Greenhouse Gases) pollution. Compact City conserves the natural capital of land mass and subscribes to the strong sustainability ethics. ICT (Information and Communications Technology) could be deployed to optimize the Compact City operations by first tackling some of the development problems associated with Compact City and also unleashing new urban innovations and functionalities to achieve sustainable urbanization. The paper suggests and elucidates several general systemic synergies archetypes such as co-benefits, cascading, ICT infrastructure reuse, etc., which could be leveraged to facilitate the emergence of compact green smart and resilient city. These archetypes are solutions to the Compact City paradigm thus conductive to the development of a Sustainability Science of Compact City.

Making our homes greener requires optimization of environmental impacts through efficient use of energy, water and building materials and proper disposal of waste. The study is an attempt to build greener homes by introducing codes leading to a rating system to minimize the environmental damage during its life span and to revolutionize the design of new buildings for healthy and more sustainable lifestyles. The code has been proposed based on six criteria covering energy, water, materials, waste, ecology, health and wellbeing. Each criterion is assessed and weighted based on its relative importance and a total score is obtained after assessing all the criteria. It also recommended that all buildings should be certified or coded by a licensed and accredited code assessor to ensure that the rating is independent and trustworthy.

This study aims to develop three broadly defined concepts of designing and evaluating energy policy of a small open economy, namely, efficiency, equity, and sustainability which are applied to Singapore. By analysing the historical energy and economic data and examining energy policies and programs implemented, this study finds that (1) energy intensity improves over time and three strategies employed to improve energy efficiency-tariffs, deregulation and setting energy standards-are found to have some positive effects. (2) A utility rebate programme is implemented and revised continuously to achieve equity in energy consumption across Singapore households. (3) By the weak concept of sustainability, Singapore is considered marginally sustainable. Institutional, technological and market-based approaches are being implemented to increase energy efficiency, improve energy equity and secure sustainability.

The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term "country" in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Nowadays, many developed cities in Indonesia such as Banda Aceh intend to change their existing waste management systems to be more efficient and sustainable to achieve what can be called zero-waste practice. Recycling rates of up to 100% and recovery of all resources from waste materials are some of the elements embedded in the zero-waste city concept. However, to change from the cities that generate too much waste to the cities that are garbage-free is a tough challenge. Therefore, this research aimed to find out the opportunities, threats, and challenges in order to optimise and transform conventional waste management into zero waste principles. This research used in-depth interviews with waste experts, literature studies on waste management in other cities in Indonesia and other countries as well as examined government policies. The result of this research shows the challenges of turning a city into a zero waste one, such as how to design a product that generates less waste, what kind of zero waste city looks like, how to conduct the recycling process and what the responsibility of producers are, and how to optimize the rate of materials and waste recovery. However, its implementation should be affordable, practical, and effective within the framework of regional regulations.

In Australia, capital cities are increasingly stepping forward to offer leadership on greenhouse gas abatement to a degree not evident at the national level nor in many states and territories.In 2016, over 82% of all Australian local governments had zero emissions targets for their operations, while 18% had similar targets for their communities.Major cities such as Melbourne and Adelaide are committed to achieving zero carbon cities by or before 2020, while Canberra and Sydney are targeting zero emissions by 2050 at the latest. Many Victorian councils are setting above-national-minimum standards for buildings, compensating for standards frozen at the national level since 2010. Smaller as well as large councils are targeting 100% renewable electricity, as well as adopting best practices such as electrifying vehicle fleets and adopting LED street- and traffic-lighting. Some councils are making direct investment in large-scale renewable energy generation projects, while others are choo...

The circular economy agenda is widely seen as a response to climate change and is forcing societies to re-evaluate how resources are used towards creating a sustainable economy that is free of waste. Financial institutions are being pressured to finance circular projects and investment. But for financial institutions to participate in the circular economy, there must be a clear benefit to financial institutions. In this paper, I highlight the benefit of the circular economy to banks and other financial institutions. The paper uses discourse analysis methodology to present an overview of the circular economy concept and the benefit of the circular economy to banks and other financial institutions. The findings show that some benefits of the circular economy to banks include the following: (i) greater loan diversification opportunities, (ii) promotes responsible and sustainable banking, (iii) increased lending to circular clients and the recycling sector which means more profit for banks, and (iv) correcting the bad perception about banks in society. Some benefits of the circular economy to other financial institutions include the following: (i) issuance of special insurance policies for reused products; (ii) greater sustainability-adjusted return on investment; (iii) greater funding to microfinance institutions; and (iv) more opportunities for collaborative funding to circular businesses. This study contributes to the scant literature that examines the role of the finance industry in the circular economy.

Over the last three decades the environmental, economic and social crisis and the challenges and possibilities offered by new technologies have become the drivers of plans and projects for sustainable cities. In the face of a wide experimentation, the aim of this paper is to answer the question: what progress is implemented by the goal of sustainable city? To this end, I hold it is important point at the watershed between the declared intended goals of the projects realized to date and the results on the ground. To analyze this discrepancy, I have identified a common theory-practice gap in the form of the three pitfalls of sustainable city, which bring about economic and ethical conflicts and risks creating socio-spatial utopias. The three pitfalls are: (1) the idea of the city as a business; (2) the oversimplification of urban complexity; (3) the quest for the ideal community. This conceptual framework has two purposes. First, it helps to systematize the existing literature on the sustainable city project, focusing on few selected issues. Second, it offers a project evaluation framework, useful both for the management of resources and for the planning of urban space. To pinpoint these pitfalls in projects for sustainable cities could allow us to adopt a holistic approach to the city project and practice.

This paper presents the 21 st century challenges towards a sustainable urban development, particularly in the developing and transitional cities. Sustainable development is however a complex concept that is subject to numerous interpretations since it involves several disciplines and possible interconnections. It is however generally agreed that a sustainability favors conditions that benefits the environment, the economy and society without compromising the welfare of future generations. The basic definition of sustainability has been expanded to include three major pillars (often referred as the three E's)-social equity, economic efficiency and environment responsibilities. To this end, sustainable urban planning must take place within an understanding of the factors shaping cities, the major challenges, among others, include are environmental, demographic, economic, socio-spatial and institutional. Urban development, in a broader sense, encompass three areas-urban land use, urban civic services, and infrastructures. Among them, transport infrastructure, in particular, providing access to meet basic needs of human being, acts as an important catalyst towards a sustainable urban development. Transport-land use links are another pillar towards sustainable urban development. Spatial forms of urban planning linked to infrastructure can promote more compact form of urbanization focused around public transport. In this paper, author emphasizes that how sustainable transport can promote sustainable development. Sustainable transport is the capacity to support the mobility needs of a society in a manner that is the least damageable to the environment and does not impair the mobility needs of future generations. Sustainable development applied to transport system requires the promotions of linkages between environmental protection, economic efficiency and social progress. Under the environmental dimension, the objective consists in understanding the reciprocal influences of the physical environment and the practices of the industry and that environmental issues are addressed by all aspects of the transport industry. Under the economic dimension, the objective consists of orienting progress in the sense of economic efficiency. Transport must be cost effective and capable of adapting to changing demands. Under the social dimension, the objective consists of upgrading the standards of living and quality of life. In this paper, it will be outlined how to address these challenges and issues infuse in planning system on the way to sustainable development.

This document was drafted based on the workshops held at IESE Business School in academic year 2018-2019 with designers of smart projects and financial stakeholders with the goal of analyzing the best financing systems for the application of these smart solutions in urban areas for building retrofits, sensorization, and sustainable mobility.