Grasshopper 3d

The research presented here reports on current advances in tying simulation and analysis of environmental building performance to design authoring software. A brief review of developments leading up to the convergence between design authoring and environmental performance testing helps to explain the current status-quo. Many of the applications available today are rooted in early research efforts that date back to the early days of Personal Computers (or even before). A small case study complements the historic review and offers some perspectives about tool selection in an educational design-studio setting.

La sustentabilidad de las sociedades tiene uno de sus puntos críticos en la forma en la que planeamos las ciudades, construimos sus edificios y usamos estos espacios cotidianamente. Es en las construcciones o a través de ellas que emplearemos muchos de nuestros recursos: tiempo, energía, agua y materiales. De ahí la importancia de la planificación, diseño, construcción y operación de elementos urbanos y arquitectónicos para la sustentabilidad en todas sus escalas, desde lo general de la planificación y el urbanismo hasta lo específico de los equipos y accesorios que instalamos en las construcciones.

A geração fotovoltaica distribuída no Brasil complementa a geração hidrelétrica, aproveitando os índices elevados de irradiação solar e reduzindo perdas de transmissão e distribuição ao gerar energia no ponto de consumo. Coberturas maximizam a geração fotovoltaica, mas edificações verticalizadas apresentam uma área limitada para maior número de andares. As fachadas têm menor eficiência e estão mais sujeitas ao sombreamento, devido aos resultado dos índices urbanísticos, que são mais impactantes em edifícios da mesma quadra. Chapecó-SC é um exemplo do adensamento e verticalização das áreas urbanas centrais, com aumentos sucessivos nos índices na última década. Objetiva-se analisar o impacto dos índices urbanísticos máximos da cidade em uma quadra na Área Urbana Central na geração fotovoltaica de fachada. São feitas simulações, com o EnergyPlus 8.7, de geração mensal dos módulos nas fachadas Norte, Leste e Oeste. A localização na quadra variou a geração fotovoltaica entre 2918 a 1254 ...

Lo sviluppo e la nascita di Dianetics, con la sua enfasi sulla memoria e la correzione delle influenze negative, può essere visto come un precursore concettuale di alcune idee centrali nella teoria computazionale della mente. I più recenti contributi di Andy Clark, con il concetto di mente estesa, arricchiscono ulteriormente questa prospettiva, suggerendo che la mente umana è un sistema complesso e distribuito che interagisce costantemente con il suo ambiente. Inoltre, le analogie tra la mente umana e l'intelligenza artificiale come servomeccanismi offrono un ulteriore livello di comprensione, evidenziando come entrambi i sistemi utilizzino feedback per ottimizzare il loro funzionamento e raggiungere i loro obiettivi.

The pursuit of creating systems of objects and spaces that can adapt to changing needs and replicate the growth and evolution processes of living beings has sparked extensive research focused on interactivity. Since the 1960s, interactivity has been a critical development in art and design to overcome the user's passivity. This paper combines artistic sensibility, technological innovation, and spatial design to trace the essential stages of the development of metamorphic and interactive environments, highlighting their most significant features through the analysis of transdisciplinary case studies.

This research presents a comparative analogy of spatial configuration and isovist in relation to communication between the courtyard and main living spaces in traditional and contemporary houses. It is assumed that in traditional houses main living spaces had deeper relation with the courtyard into contemporary ones. For this purpose, both traditional and contemporary houses were analyzed in space syntax software; UCL Depth Map. The interview method was used to identify any types of activities and their relations with spaces of traditional houses, and finally, indicators of space syntax software were evaluated, so the results were expressed. A comparison of houses shows that the courtyard in today’s houses plays a more passive role than before and has less communication with the main living spaces.  To stay safe from cold winter, in most cases, TANABI room has less physical and visual connection than the rest with the courtyard, which people spend their time in that in traditional houses, but the living room has must physical and visual connection toward the others at contemporary, which shows the attention of contemporary architects to the connection of the main living space (living room) with the courtyard.

Automatic joinery has become a common technique for the jointing of beams in timber framing and roofing. It has revived traditional, integral joints such as mortise and tenon connections. Similarly, but only recently, the automatic fabrication of traditional cabinetmaking joints has been introduced for the assembly of timber panel shell structures. First prototypes have used such integrated joints for the alignment and assembly of components, while additional adhesive bonding was used for the load-bearing connection. However, glued joints cannot be assembled on site, which results in several design constraints. In this paper, we propose the use of dovetail joints without adhesive bonding, on the case study of a timber folded plate structure. Through their single-degree-of-freedom (1DOF) geometry, these joints block the relative movement of two parts in all but one direction. This presents the opportunity for an interlocking connection of plates, as well as a challenge for the assemb...

This paper describes a coupled dynamic simulation of indoor environment with HVAC systems, controls and building envelope heat transfer. The coupled simulation can be used for the design and control of ventilation systems with stratified air distributions. Those systems are commonly used to reduce building energy consumption while improving the indoor environment quality. The indoor environment was simulated using the fast fluid dynamics (FFD) simulation program. The building fabric heat transfer, HVAC and control system were modelled using the Modelica Buildings library. After presenting the concept, the mathematical algorithm and the implementation of the coupled simulation were introduced. The coupled FFD-Modelica simulation was then evaluated using three examples of room ventilation with complex flow distributions with and without feedback control. Further research and development needs were also discussed.

Nature has encountered many problems throughout its existence and has adapted to new conditions by renewing itself according to these problems. Human, who is a part of nature, used tree cavities and caves for shelter at first, and then he built his own shelter with the materials ensured by nature. With the opportunities provided by the scientific and technological developments started in the 1750s, human began to see himself as an entity independent of and even dominating nature, and put aside the effort to be in harmony with nature. After the 1750s, the excessive energy need that emerged due to the changing production and consumption habits was provided by fossil fuels, and as a result, global warming and environmental problems occurred. However, despite being a part of nature, it has been understood that people who spend long hours, days and even years in mechanically ventilated, artificially illuminated spaces that are designed to be disconnected from nature over time had physical and mental problems. Contemporary designers have tended to seek new solutions against the negative effects of built environment designed in contrast with nature due to having technological opportunities. These pursuits have directed the designers to nature, nature has started to be seen as a teacher, and guide again as it was in the past. This time, to use the opportunities offered by technology and science to understand nature, not against nature, and to develop designs inspired by nature, biomimicry has emerged as an option. Within the scope of this study, the traces of biomimicry philosophy, especially at the ecosystem level, were sought in vernacular architecture, along with the contemporary uses of biomimicry. Considering the similarities between vernacular architecture and biomimicry principles, the use of these two approaches together in future designs has been suggested as an alternative for the solution of today's problems.

Given the continuous improvements in digital design and analysis tools, designing in line with the environmental conditions can be much more seamlessly integrated into the conceptual design stage. That leads to faster, informed design decisions and, if incorporated into day-today practice, to a sustainable built environment. The presented design method, focusing on enhancing the outdoor wind comfort through architecture, leverages wind analysis tools, such as newly-developed InFraRed, verified by other Grasshopper plug-ins, in the urban design process. As shown in the case study, iterating through various design options and evaluating their impact on the wind flow is faster yet precise, leading towards picking the best-performing design alternative in terms of outdoor wind comfort.

The Periodic Table of Life (PeTaL) is a system design tool and open source framework that uses artificial intelligence (AI) to aid in the systematic inquiry of nature for its application to human systems. This paper defines PeTaL’s architecture and workflow. Biomimicry, biophysics, biomimetics, bionics and numerous other terms refer to the use of biology and biological principles to inform practices in other disciplines. For the most part, the domain of inquiry in these fields has been confined to extant biological models with the proponents of biomimicry often citing the evolutionary success of extant organisms relative to extinct ones. An objective of this paper is to expand the domain of inquiry for human processes that seek to model those that are, were or could be found in nature with examples that relate to the field of aerospace and to spur development of tools that can work together to accelerate the use of artificial intelligence, topology optimization and conventional mode...

A ideia de fazer uma chamada específica da revista PARC com o tema do detalhamento arquitetônico surgiu a partir de dois acontecimentos no primeiro semestre de 2013. O primeiro foi o oferecimento da disciplina de Prototipagem e Fabricação Digital, em que se procurou explorar a relação entre o processo de detalhamento e o uso das novas tecnologias CAD/CAM, no programa de pós-graduação da Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo (FEC) da Unicamp em Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade (ATC). O segundo acontecimento foi a realização do congresso Sustainable Intelligent Manufacturing (SIM), de 26 a 29 de junho, na Faculdade de Arquitectura (FA) da Universidade de Lisboa, reunindo designers, arquitetos e representantes da indústria que utiliza alta tecnologia. A chamada se estendeu por vários meses, e não foi nada fácil localizar pesquisadores que já tivessem algum material produzido sobre este assunto tão novo. Nossos pareceristas realizaram um trabalho criterioso para garanti...

This paper outlines a working methodology for the parametric development of lattice shell structures combining surface topology and form-finding with the material constraints of straight lath members woven into a geodesic network. By employing non-uniform grid spacing, a wider typology of spatial types can be employed than can be achieved with traditional flat-matt lattice shell construction. As a parametric design tool and working methodology, some of the heavy lifting in form-finding and geodesic analysis can be off-loaded to the tool, such that a more comprehensive attention can be placed on other design criteria such as spatial development and environmental response while maintaining the elegance and economy of lattice shells.

The main topic for this semester is ATMOSPHERE. Although generally in any project factors as transit and sun light are basic, in the attempt to convey a particular feeling to a user, these become crucial. Furthermore, the program to develop is a MUSEUM, making the search for a correct atmosphere even tougher. There are 4 different sites and 5 different collections; each team is assigned a single combination that won't be repeated. The ultimate goal is to generate the most adequate solution for each team's specific site and collection. The following analysis tries to prove the level of understanding of the project and its surrounding area achieved throughout the semester. Just as the semester, the analysis develops from a very wide perspective into the way of moving through the building, and lastly, the influence of the openings in the rooms. Motivation The generation of a good architectural solution in regards with a particular topic is already a difficult accomplishment; when combined with very particular needs to be fulfilled, it is always helpful to complement the ideas with other tools. Right now, the project is already set into an architectural floor plan that will not be modified anymore. In regards with this, the attempt is to check if the changes that the floor plan underwent were an improvement according to the concept being developed. During the resting weeks of the semester the goal is to reach the closest state to an optimal atmosphere in each room according to what is required by the project itself and the concept being developed by each team. Currently, the windows are the main and most difficult part of the spaces to be correctly placed; with this analysis, it is expected to get have a better understanding of what the best place to locate the windows could be.

Through the study and analysis of the second level to Biomimicry, and try to exploit ways of the organism adapting with its environment, has been reached for the approaches. In this framework, research paper deals with an analysis for the main principles of environmental sustainability in the nature. Research proposed division environmental sustainability principles derived living organisms adapt with nature to four approaches. The aim of this research to submit a proposal for The methodological framework of using the second level of the Biomimicry levels to support architectural sustainability.

A geração fotovoltaica distribuída no Brasil complementa a geração hidrelétrica, aproveitando os índices elevados de irradiação solar e reduzindo perdas de transmissão e distribuição ao gerar energia no ponto de consumo. Coberturas maximizam a geração fotovoltaica, mas edificações verticalizadas apresentam uma área limitada para maior número de andares. As fachadas têm menor eficiência e estão mais sujeitas ao sombreamento, devido aos resultado dos índices urbanísticos, que são mais impactantes em edifícios da mesma quadra. Chapecó-SC é um exemplo do adensamento e verticalização das áreas urbanas centrais, com aumentos sucessivos nos índices na última década. Objetiva-se analisar o impacto dos índices urbanísticos máximos da cidade em uma quadra na Área Urbana Central na geração fotovoltaica de fachada. São feitas simulações, com o EnergyPlus 8.7, de geração mensal dos módulos nas fachadas Norte, Leste e Oeste. A localização na quadra variou a geração fotovoltaica entre 2918 a 1254 ...

If unprocessed natural materials are the most environmentally friendly construction materials available, how do we develop and communicate design model and construction information that allows dealing with their volatile indeterminacies? This paper discusses the design and development of the 'ZCB Bamboo Pavilion', a 30-metres-spanning, lightweight , bending-active gridshell from hand-tied bamboo poles, as a case study for the computational design and building information modelling of nonstandard architecture where both applied materials and employed craftsmanship are highly unpredictable in terms of accuracy and precision. Reflective practice and participatory action research are used to extract knowledge on and challenge the environment of practice, and improve design and construction strategies. The project is used to discuss how traditional construction can be augmented through the strategic injection of computation in the design and construction process, how computation allows for a different mode of collaboration with increased impact for the designer, and how bespoke building information models enable an expanded architectural design solution space. The paper concludes by arguing for a mode of digital design practice that more proactively operates within a field of real-world indeterminacy. The risk and ambiguity of working with indeterminacies are to be strategically balanced out against idealised digital setups and onsite opportunities.

El objetivo de esta investigación es proponer estrategias de gestión de alternativas para la construcción de vivienda sustentable, aplicables en el estado de Puebla, mediante la mitigación de efectos contaminantes y reducción de recursos de alto impacto. En el desarrollo del presente trabajo de investigación, se identificaron las variables que impactan en los requerimientos de la generación de vivienda sustentable, para modelar estas mismas variables que permiten impactar en la mitigación del deterioro ecológico. Se diseñó un modelo de gestión de alternativas de vivienda sustentable que toman en cuenta la mitigación de efectos contaminantes y al mismo tiempo propone estrategias de reducción de recursos de alto impacto, involucrando tres ejes de estudio: ambiental, social y económico, englobando seis variables: consumo eficiente del agua, gestión de residuos, análisis del ciclo de vida, servicios sociales, áreas comunes y cadena de suministro.

In view of climate change and resource depletion the analysis of wind impact on built environment could be used for conscious building/urban design protecting humans against high winds but also taking advantage of wind forces in terms of ventilation of spaces or production of wind-driven energy. There is a strong need of developing the modelling technology that would enable predictive studies in this field. Climate change mitigation and adaptation became the point of departure to introduce the notions of risk/chance analysis that could help to examine the architectural/urban design from the holistic perspective. The need of addressing different parts of wind velocity spectrum is acknowledged. The steps forming the process of design for sustainable wind environment are listed. Both the necessary test activities, and the simulation ones, as well as, the ones leading to the application of risk/chance assessment are discussed. Wind thresholds referring to different aspects, levels and scales of studies should be examined. They constitute the boundary of the uncertain set of expected acceptable solutions. In some cases, probabilistic model of thresholds could be considered. Joint project within the Digital Twin Cities Centre (DTCC) at Chalmers is referenced, where the newly established Vinnova Centre of Competence could offer the platform for the development of new modelling technology.

El objetivo de esta investigación es proponer estrategias de gestión de alternativas para la construcción de vivienda sustentable, aplicables en el estado de Puebla, mediante la mitigación de efectos contaminantes y reducción de recursos de alto impacto. En el desarrollo del presente trabajo de investigación, se identificaron las variables que impactan en los requerimientos de la generación de vivienda sustentable, para modelar estas mismas variables que permiten impactar en la mitigación del deterioro ecológico. Se diseñó un modelo de gestión de alternativas de vivienda sustentable que toman en cuenta la mitigación de efectos contaminantes y al mismo tiempo propone estrategias de reducción de recursos de alto impacto, involucrando tres ejes de estudio: ambiental, social y económico, englobando seis variables: consumo eficiente del agua, gestión de residuos, análisis del ciclo de vida, servicios sociales, áreas comunes y cadena de suministro.

Natural organisms through their evolutionary developments, acquire adaptive morphological and behavioural characteristics within their environmental contexts. Through homeostatic behaviours, organisms, individually and collectively, will sustain internal and external equilibrium in face of environmental fluctuations. There is a wide range of morphological and behavioural traits across multiple species that are rooted in their homeostatic mechanisms throughout their lives. This paper presents an evolutionary design workflow with embedded homeostatic principles to generate a building cluster that is adapted to the contexts with extreme solar radiation.

An elastic gridshell is an experimental structural typology truly effective in terms of material consumption by span ratio. Because classical beam theory is not valid for large deflections, the formfinding, the dimensioning and the optimization of elastic gridshells are usually done with dynamic relaxation method. The apparent complexity of this method makes that typology a subject area restricted to researchers or engineers and still too inaccessible for architects. The goal of this year's project is to make those concepts understandable for a group of architecture students and to rebuild , from nothing, the set of necessary tools for the form-finding, dimensioning, fabrication and assembly of a full-scale elastic gridshell in post-formed bending. This reconstitution is historical as well as technical and practical, and produces all the necessary theoretical notions for the execution of this project. Euler's elastica, which gave its name to the project, is the starting point of this adventure that lets us to recreatepartlyalmost two millenniums of history of active bending technics. This approach strongly interlinks theoretical and practical fields in order to recontextualize modern methods of calculation. In order to popularize those notions, we engaged in three different works: • The development of a complete, generic, open-source and ergonomic algorithm, usable by all, for form-finding, dimensioning and optimization of elastic gridshells using dynamic relaxation. • The publication in La Villette editions, of a collective book that compiles our study and the historical, scientific and conceptual knowledge over this subject in a pedagogic way, co-written with the master cycle students. • The practical application of our study by constructing a full-scale public pavilion, in partnership with the municipality of Paris on the belvedere of the Butte du Chapeau Rouge park (Paris XIX).

A geração fotovoltaica distribuída no Brasil complementa a geração hidrelétrica, aproveitando os índices elevados de irradiação solar e reduzindo perdas de transmissão e distribuição ao gerar energia no ponto de consumo. Coberturas maximizam a geração fotovoltaica, mas edificações verticalizadas apresentam uma área limitada para maior número de andares. As fachadas têm menor eficiência e estão mais sujeitas ao sombreamento, devido aos resultado dos índices urbanísticos, que são mais impactantes em edifícios da mesma quadra. Chapecó-SC é um exemplo do adensamento e verticalização das áreas urbanas centrais, com aumentos sucessivos nos índices na última década. Objetiva-se analisar o impacto dos índices urbanísticos máximos da cidade em uma quadra na Área Urbana Central na geração fotovoltaica de fachada. São feitas simulações, com o EnergyPlus 8.7, de geração mensal dos módulos nas fachadas Norte, Leste e Oeste. A localização na quadra variou a geração fotovoltaica entre 2918 a 1254 ...

The vision behind biomimicry has always been the pursuit of solving the difficult problems that confront us in life in general, and architecture in particular. The coronavirus is without a doubt the most serious problem and the most dangerous threat since 2019 till now. And architecture has a human dimension that is interested in the prevention of infection and disease and keep human health. This necessitates architects and researchers to attempt to gain access to approaches that make human life less dangerous and threatening, as well as design that is safer and has fewer infection causes. The purpose of this paper is to create indicators that aid in the reduction of coronavirus infection by using nature and its characteristics as a model, which will serve as a starting point for the pandemic architecture of the coronavirus era.

La cultura de vivienda horizontal en la Zona Metropolitana de Monterrey (ZMM) ha demostrado no ser sustentable. La alternativa de vivienda vertical para contrarrestar los impactos que resultan del modelo de vivienda unifamiliar horizontal no soluciona el problema, ya que intenta resolverlo al implementar unicamente elementos bioclimaticos, sin considerar el impacto que tienen este tipo de edificaciones sobre el medio ambiente y sociedad. Otra problematica es que las edificaciones que cuentan con alguna certificacion sustentable como LEED, son destinadas para el sector economico alto, que representa unicamente al 2% de la poblacion, a diferencia del sector medio que ronda el 60%. El objetivo de este trabajo es establecer, mediante una evaluacion a un conjunto habitacional vertical considerado como tipico en la ZMM, los indicadores sustentables que mejoren las dimensiones ambientales y sociales de la sustentabilidad para un segmento del sector medio de la ZMM, N.L. Se utilizo una meto...

Foldable, origami-inspired transducer arrays have recently been found to offer a straightforward approach of topological transformations on a single tessellated array, rather than signal controls on many transducers, to enable orders of magnitude tuning of acoustic wave guiding capability. Although optimization approaches exist to develop tessellations that serve simple mechanical functions, there are not yet established methods to design tessellated acoustic arrays for targeted acoustic wave guiding properties. This research presents a first approach to design, evaluate, and iteratively refine the tessellations that make up origami-inspired acoustic transducer arrays for desired wave guiding abilities. To exemplify the procedure, two folding patterns are investigated using this process. The approach aims to integrate computational tools to create the tessellation, modify the design based on intuition or prior knowledge, evaluate the acoustic wave radiation characteristics, and iterate on the design according to the outcomes of the evaluations. The two examples exemplify the efficacy of this new process and identify means for improvement and automation. The approach will enable ongoing efforts to devise origamiinspired acoustic transducers and arrays that may serve diverse applications demanding adaptable acoustic wave energy guiding, from biomedical imaging and diagnostics to portable communication and alert devices.

El presente artículo se realizó con la finalidad de conocer y poner en práctica nuevas propuestas en base a tendencias arquitectónicas que incorporan la tecnología contemporánea para proyectar con el medio natural. Esta nueva tendencia considera a los elementos climáticos para proponer hábitats más sostenibles, ofreciendo mejor calidad de vida a los núcleos familiares que lo componen. A partir del concurso de Solar Declathon 2014, se tomó en cuenta el proyecto de Symbcity por tener características similares de vivienda en lo que refiere a bloques de edificios multifamiliares y realidad social. Según esta elección se tomaron en cuenta los aspectos tecnológicos utilizados en Symbcity, para ser considerados en un proyecto similar en nuestro medio, proponiendo nuevos aportes tecnológicos que vayan de acorde a nuestra realidad.

Architects and Engineers are educated and work within two separate cultures yet they are both concerned with conceptual structural design. The collaboration between the professions is especially important when designing buildings where the structure to a great degree forms the spaces, as in the cases of form generating structures such as gridshells, reciprocal frames, space trusses etc. This paper describes several specialist research based workshops developed at KA over the last two years that use physical modelling of 1:1 innovative timber load-bearing structures such as gridshells and reciprocal frames.

The vision behind biomimicry has always been the pursuit of solving the difficult problems that confront us in life in general, and architecture in particular. The coronavirus is without a doubt the most serious problem and the most dangerous threat since 2019 till now. And architecture has a human dimension that is interested in the prevention of infection and disease and keep human health. This necessitates architects and researchers to attempt to gain access to approaches that make human life less dangerous and threatening, as well as design that is safer and has fewer infection causes. The purpose of this paper is to create indicators that aid in the reduction of coronavirus infection by using nature and its characteristics as a model, which will serve as a starting point for the pandemic architecture of the coronavirus era.

Timber gridshells have been increasingly gaining attention for combining structural efficiency with an attractive architectural design. The use of timber in this structural system gives freedom to the architectural configuration and implies light and efficient construction. This study presents a methodology for the structural analysis of a gridshell covered by OSB (oriented strand board) panels, taken as a case study, and evaluates the model using finite element analysis. The gridshell's final geometry was obtained from simulations of the effect of permanent load on the mesh. The structural evaluation was numerically estimated via ANSYS software's CFX platform, considering the effect of wind on the fluid-structure interaction, as well as the results of a static analysis of the structure, including ultimate and serviceability limit state verifications. To assess the influence of the OSB panels on the gridshell's behavior, two values of elastic modulus are considered. The analysis of a timber gridshell, which covers a span of 14 m by 28 m, demonstrated that this lightweight structure can be considered rigid, and the increase in stiffness of the OSB panels, used as the structure's coating, can represent an expressive strength and stiffness gain for this type of gridshell.

Timber gridshells have been increasingly gaining attention for combining structural efficiency with an attractive architectural design. The use of timber in this structural system gives freedom to the architectural configuration and implies light and efficient construction. This study presents a methodology for the structural analysis of a gridshell covered by OSB (oriented strand board) panels, taken as a case study, and evaluates the model using finite element analysis. The gridshell’s final geometry was obtained from simulations of the effect of permanent load on the mesh. The structural evaluation was numerically estimated via ANSYS software’s CFX platform, considering the effect of wind on the fluid-structure interaction, as well as the results of a static analysis of the structure, including ultimate and serviceability limit state verifications. To assess the influence of the OSB panels on the gridshell’s behavior, two values of elastic modulus are considered. The analysis of a timber gridshell, which covers a span of 14 m by 28 m, demonstrated that this lightweight structure can be considered rigid, and the increase in stiffness of the OSB panels, used as the structure’s coating, can represent an expressive strength and stiffness gain for this type of gridshell.

This paper derived inspiration from recent design studies regarding the habituation of extraterrestrial, extreme environments. The interest in studying life in extreme environments on Earth and the augmenting industrial and research attempts to create knowledge and applications for sustaining life in the extremes is rising. Along with this interest, an abundance of design thinking approaches are stated and explored. The research ponders and take as ground base the two main challenges that torment and ignite our era's scientific and industry world; the new quest for Space exploration and Climate Change deterioration. The first addresses the harshest environment for humans known so far and the latter presents a near future of extreme climatic and ecosystem conditions. Therefore, it was considered interesting to explore biomimicry; a methodology of design problem solving that could perhaps consider both challenges, by diving into the natural world of the extremes, to finding inspiration for product and spatial design solutions for multiple stressors and sustainable applications. Biomimicry as a type of natural analogy method, when executed gracefully, gives great examples of novelty and economy in design solutions. The following research reviewed the current knowledge of nature's adaptations to extreme environments and investigated examples of developed biomimetic technologies for space applications and research from various fields that presented interdisciplinary, sustainable approaches for space and Earth. The specific issues argued by the author are the necessity of advancing biomimetic approaches for space exploration and use them as tools for the emergence of extreme climatic environment on Earth. Under the cause of the study, space-related knowledge gaps were surveyed, a design study of biomimetic ideation was analysed and suggestions for further research of a biomimetic design methodology was formed as an outlook for potential development in biomimetics and product design. By experimenting on a biomimetic-concept design study, the future of design disciplines in the NewSpace and "resources reproaching" era was questioned. Can biomimicry prove itself useful for interdisciplinary collaboration for future design solutions and what aspects can create limitations?

The consensus is that nature is a tremendous source of ideas for innovative designs that can meet various specific functional needs, relevant to society. Designs rely on structural, constructional, process-based and behavioral traits that all result from a natural trial-and-error cycle: evolution. Being one of the pillars of biomimicry, through billion years of evolution, nature has experimented and found what works and lasts, and what does not. Evidently, this has attracted scientists, especially engineers, trying to understand working natural designs, and translate them into applicable, working synthetic designs. The 'Biomimetic Design Method' forms the underlying conceptual framework to analytically decode biologically functions and designs. However, even though the evolutionary process is considered key to all this, it is generally overlooked in this conceptual thinking. The general assumption is that particular functions in organisms result from a natural selection process that optimized the underlying design for a particular function, thereby overlooking that an organism actually represents the possibly best compromise between all its functions needed to survive, to reproduce and to produce fit offspring. Many evolutionary processes thus yield suboptimal design components that, when put together, provide an optimized organismal design that manages to perform as good as needed, within a given environment. Such evolutionary limitations thus create possible pitfalls for bio-inspired design thinking. But, when considering them as a structural part of the design thinking process ('evomimetics'), they actually create opportunities for an improved translation of biology into optimally functioning designs. Using specific examples from evolutionary biology, these processes are explained, and recommendations are formulated.

A quien corresponda En referencia a la publicación del libro titulado "Aproximaciones al hábitat 2" bajo la coordinación de los doctores Luis Arturo Vázquez Honorato y Bertha Lilia Salazar Martínez, con registro ISBN: 978-607-8837-81-6. Disponible en acceso abierto para su consulta en el portal www.edicionesdellirio.com.mx, elaborado en noviembre de 2022.

The use of gridshell structures in architecture and structural engineering has risen in the past decade, yet fundamental research on the mechanics of such structures is lacking. The majority of gridshells built use either quadrilateral or triangular grids. In this paper, we assess the effect of the grid shape (triangular or quadrilateral), the grid spacing, and the span-to-height ratio on the failure load of spherical cap gridshells. The failure load is calculated using finite element methods and analytical methods derived from the equivalent continuum. Both a linear eigenvalue and a nonlinear analysis using geometric imperfections are performed and compared. While a triangular grid is expected to be greater in structural capacity, it is found that for shallower shells there is less of a structural advantage to using a triangular grid. Further, the triangular grid is highly sensitive to imperfections whereas a quadrilateral grid is not. The equivalent continuum defined by area equivalence provides a conservative estimate for the buckling load and multiple definitions of the equivalent continuum can be used to establish a practical design tool in the early phases of design. By understanding the fundamental mechanical behavior of gridshells, design guidelines aimed to maximize their capacity and efficiency and intended to facilitate the discussion between architect and engineer are proposed.