Glass (Archaeology)

Każdy, kto odwiedzał Sukiennice na Rynku Głównym w Krakowie (gotyckie -wybudowane w latach 1344-1392 i po pożarze w 1555 r. przebudowane w stylu renesansowym w latach 1557-1559 ) powinien wiedzieć, że najczęściej sprzedawanym tam kiedyś towarem było sukno (stąd nazwa). Sukno to tkanina wełniana, zgrzebna, powierzchniowo spilśniana, drapana i strzyżona, posiadająca dobre właściwości termoizolacyjne i wodoodporne, dobrze chroniące przed wiatrem. Pierwsze zapiski na temat wełny widnieją w Kodeksie Hammurabiego (1730 p.n.e.), który wymienia wełnę: owczą, jagnięcą, kozią, wielbłądzią. Zachowane malowidła wskazuję, że w pałacu Knossos na Krecie tkano już grube sukno z wełny i zdobiono haftami. Pierwsze skrawki sukna wełnianego z VII w. p.n.e. odnaleziono na południu Wyżyny Anatolijskiej położonej w Azji Mniejszej. Z czasów greckich i rzymskich najpiękniejsze tkaniny z wełny pochodziły z Miletu, barwione na purpurowo. Wytwarzanie sukna od średniowiecza przeniesiona została do miast i stała się zaczynem ich szybkiego Florencka Gildia Wełny Wprowadzenie. Sukiennice , sukno i pannilana fiorentina. Wytwarzanie sukna od średniowiecza przeniesiona została do miast i stała się zaczynem ich szybkiego wzrostu gospodarczego. Ich produkcję od XII wieku organizowali wielcy kupcy i spółki (kompanie) handlowe -gildie. W XIII-XIV w. słynęły z jakości kosztowne sukna wytwarzane we Flandrii, Brabancji i północnych Włoszech, sprzedawane na jarmarkach całej Europy. Od końca XII w. sukiennictwo znakomicie rozwijało się w północnych Włoszech, najpierw bazując na zakupywanej surowej tkaninie, którą barwiono i wykończano na miejscu (przodował w tym cech Arte di Calimala). Później cały proces od wełny do krawca odbywał się na miejscu. Zdecydowanie przodowała w tym Florencka Gildia Wełny -Arte della Lana (1192-1770). Ich sukno, zwane pannilana fiorentina, było szczególnie cenione na wszystkich rynkach europejskich. Może prezentacja pozwoli przywołać kilka faktów z historii tej ważnej, nie tylko dla Florencji, korporacji oraz przybliżyć sam proces wytwarzania sukna.

The article presents the history of archaeological research undertaken in order to identify the city centre of Bydgoszcz in the Middle Ages and modern times. The interest in local antiquities begins with “pioneering” excavations and the gathering of information about accidental discoveries in the second half of the 19th century. A special role was played by the Historical Society in Bydgoszcz (Historische Verein zu Bromberg). During the inter-war period, very few archaeological discoveries from the late Middle Ages and modern times made in the Old Town in Bydgoszcz were reported by the local press. The City Museum, established in 1923 on the basis of the Society’s earlier collections, secured and provided access to the collected archaeological monuments. During the post-war years, the Museum’s employees undertook numerous conservation measures and secured the relics obtained through accidental discoveries. By the end of the 1980s, the main contractor for archaeological research on the history of Bydgoszcz was the District Museum in Bydgoszcz.
In 1984, the area of the Old Town was entered into the register of monuments, and placed under conservation by the Conservator of Archaeological Monuments for the Bydgoszcz voivodeship. By the early 1990s, the area of the medieval town was not well identified. A new stage in the history of archaeological research in Bydgoszcz began with the establishment of the Bydgoszcz History Research Team in 1992. The core objective of the team was to recreate the history of the pre-foundation urban settlement and the periods associated with the formation of the late medieval town and its development in the modern period. The archaeological sources for research into the material culture of the pre-foundation settlement and founded town were collected to a greater extent than before. Since the late 1990s, systematic archaeological excavations resulting from a specific research programme have been carried out to a minimal extent. In accordance with the spirit of social and political transformations, research is carried out mainly by non-institutional archaeologists and the Voivodeship Conservator of Monuments, which suspended its research activities after 2002. The archaeological excavations carried out in the Old Town developed into rescue surveys and largely concerned burgher parcels, fortifications, cemeteries and churches. Since 1998, the rescue surveys preceding the construction of new buildings on historical burgher parcels have been intensified. The greatest intensity of archaeological excavations between 1998 and 2020 covered the central, southern and north–eastern parts of the medieval town, focusing on the Old Market Square and Pod Blankami, Mostowa, Grodzka and Podwale streets, as well as the historical suburbs.

Bei Ausgrabungen konnten die Überreste des von Archivplänen bekannten Danziger Tors wie
auch die östliche Partie des Schiffs der Marienkirche einschließlich Presbyterium lokalisiert werden.
Auch der zur Kirche gehörende Friedhof sowie die das Kloster von Norden und Osten her umgebende
gemauerte Einfriedung wurden archäologischen Untersuchungen unterzogen. Außerdem konnten die
Relikte eines unterkellerten, gemauerten Gebäudes dokumentiert werden, das von Westen her unmittelbar
ans Stadttor angrenzte und als Kapelle gedient hatte. Darüber hinaus legte man ein von historischen
Plänen nicht bekanntes quadratisches Steinfundament frei, das als Relikt eines mittelalterlichen und
mit einer Holzkirche verbundenen Glockenturms interpretiert wurde. Von der gemauerten Karmeliterkirche
wurden die Krone der Stein-Ziegel-Fundamente des Presbyteriums und die östliche Partie des
nördlichen Schiffs wie auch die ebenerdig von Norden her angebauten Kapellen einschließlich Krypten
ausgrabungsmäßig erschlossen. Im Ergebnis der vorgenommenen Untersuchungen kann festgestellt
werden, dass die freigelegten Überreste des Presbyteriums und zum Teil auch die nördliche Hauptmauer
des Gotteshauses auf das Ende des 16. Jh.s zurückgehen. Chronologisch jünger sind die Relikte der
Kapellen, die im Zeitraum 17.-18. Jh. an die Nordwand der Kirche angebaut worden waren. Der Bau der
Kirche und der Klosterumfriedung erfolgte zeitgleich mit der Entstehung des in schriftlichen Quellen
1584 erstmals erwähnten Danziger Tors. Die erhalten gebliebenen Relikte der Fundamentmauern des
Tors und der Klosterumfriedung zeugen davon, dass diese keine strikte Militärfunktion erfüllt hatten.
Interessante Ergebnisse lieferten Ausgrabungen auf dem ehemals zur Kirche gehörenden Friedhof,
wo 469 Körpergräber von Einwohnern des altpolnischen Bydgoszcz dokumentiert werden konnten.
Die relativ kleine Fläche des Friedhofs sowie dessen jahrhundertelange Nutzung führten zwangsläufig
dazu, dass man die Toten „schichtenweise“ -bis zu zwölf Schichten übereinander- bestattet hatte. Die
Toten wurden zumeist ohne Sarg und Ausstattung beerdigt. Nur bei einzelnen Kindergräbern ist der
Umriss eines Sargs noch sichtbar gewesen. Aufmerksamkeit weckt in diesem Zusammenhang die große
Kindersterblichkeit. Kindergräber bilden einen erheblichen Anteil in der Gräbergesamtzahl. Die Toten
waren zumeist mit dem Kopf nach Westen bestattet worden, wobei man bestimmte Techniken anwandte
und die Schädellage z.B. mit Hilfe von Ziegeln, Platten oder Steinen stabilisierte. Die Ausstattung der
auf diesem Friedhof freigelegten Bestattungen war mehr als bescheiden. So konnten bei einer Frauenbestattung
Glasperlen um den Hals und die Hände herum sowie einige Stickereien festgestellt werden.
Auf Grundlage bisheriger Feststellungen, die sich auf die gefundenen Münzen und die Gefäßkeramik
stützen, kann das Funktionieren der untersuchten Partie des historischen Kirchenfriedhofs auf den
Zeitrahmen 15. Jh. -zweite Hälfte des 18. Jh.s eingegrenzt werden. Eine hervorstechende Fundgruppe
bilden die im Bereich von Kirche und Friedhof entdeckten 45 Münzen und ein Bleigewicht. Eine besondere
Gruppe von Münzen wiederum, deren Funktion man sogar als „magisch“ bezeichnete, waren
die sogenannten Obolusse der Toten -Kleingeld, das man im Falle des untersuchten Friedhofs den
Toten in den Mund gelegt hatte.
Die durchgeführten archäologischen Untersuchungen trugen hinsichtlich der Erforschung von Topographie
und Siedlungsphasen zu einer neuen Wahrnehmung der Geschichte der historischen Danziger
Vorstadt bei. Die Untersuchungen auf dem Kirchenfriedhof leisten einen Beitrag zu einer Reihe von anthropologischen
Analysen hinsichtlich des biologischen Zustands der im Zeitraum 15.-18. Jh. Bydgoszcz
bewohnenden Population. Vorläufige Untersuchungen von gesichertem menschlichem Knochenmaterial
informieren uns über eine Reihe von an diesem festgestellten pathologischen Veränderungen.

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań wykopaliskowych przeprowadzonych w 2003 r. w historycznym obrębie miasta Bielsk Podlaski przy terenie dawnego prawosławnego klasztoru św. Mikołaja. Wykop został założony na miejscu drewnianego budynku zrębowego z XIX w., który został przeniesiony do muzeum w Studziwodach. Datowanie nawarstwień: XVI-XIX w.

Research on early medieval Piast coinage has traditionally concentrated on typological, chronological, and iconographic aspects. Knowledge of the origin of the raw material used for minting, however, has so far remained fragmentary and relied mainly on hypotheses about the circulation of precious metals in Central Europe (fig. 1). The application of Lead Isotope Analysis (LIA) to provenance studies opens up new research perspectives, enabling direct links between coins and specific mining regions.

A chapter in the catalogue of the exhibition dedicated to a Chinese porcelain dish from the Al Thani Collection (Qatar) at the State Hermitage Museum. The chapter focuses on the object’s history in Iran and its owner, the Safavid princess Mahin-Banu.

The Römische Glashütte in the RömerWelt am caput limitis Between Experiment, Trial, and Demonstration.
Since 2023, the RömerWelt am caput limitis museum in Rheinbrohl (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) features a small reconstructed Roman glass workshop, consisting of a glass furnace, and an annealing oven. Both wood-fired structures were made from daub. The whole infrastructure was built during a glass symposium at the Staatliche Glasfachschule Rheinbach, and were transported to Rheinbrohl one year later, after a proper shelter was erected at the museum. Even before  its official opening in July 2023, the Römische Glashütte housed a university teaching  project. For about 20 days per year, it is used for glass blowing demonstrations, teaching, and research projects during regular museum’s events and university courses alike.

This study details an archaeological rescue excavation at a cemetery (BYB 418) located east of the ancient city of Byblos. The site contained 131 tombs dating from the 1st to the 5th century AD, which were found in an unstable clay layer. The burials included bodies placed in simple pits, stone sarcophagi, or stone-lined tombs often constructed with recycled stones from older graves. The research revealed a notable contrast between the simple burial methods and the rich funerary artifacts, which included items made of gold, silver, glass, and bone. The findings also include a brief osteological assessment of the skeletal remains and an analysis of the artifacts, such as pottery, glass, bone, decorated bronze vessel handles, and coins.

Anton Rzehak (1855–1923) byl významný moravský pedagog, geolog, paleontolog a archeolog, jehož interdisciplinární přístup zásadně ovlivnil archeologii na Moravě. Jeho působení bylo spjato zejména s Německou vysokou školou technickou v Brně. Jeho práce zahrnovala výzkum pohřebišť ze starší a mladší doby bronzové, přičemž definoval například „měnínský typ“, budoucí únětickou kulturu. Jeho výzkumy se týkaly také paleolitických nálezů, včetně správné identifikace neandertálské čelisti z Ochozské jeskyně nebo ikonické paleolitické sošky z mamutoviny z hrobu Brno 2. Významné bylo jeho působení v roli kustoda archeologických sbírek Františkova musea v Brně v letech 1897–1918, kde reorganizoval sbírky a aplikoval moderní metody zkoumání, včetně pokusu o centralizaci řízení archeologické práce na Moravě. Tyto snahy vedly ke konfliktům s částí českých archeologů v čele s Innocencem Ladislavem Červinkou. Po vzniku Československa byl kvůli
své německé národnosti marginalizován, přestože dostupné dokumenty dokládají, že s českými archeology udržoval před rokem 1918 především korektní, ale také přátelské vztahy.

W 2005 roku Pracownia Archeologiczno-Konserwatorska w Bydgoszczy przeprowadziła na zlecenie Miejskiego Konserwatora Zabytków badania archeologiczne na podwórzu zabudowań przy ulicy Podwale 15 w Bydgoszczy. Celem prac było rozpoznanie sposobu użytkowania w przeszłości badanego obszaru Starego M asta oraz określenie roli i funkcji, jaką pełnił w średniowiecznym i nowożytnym zespole miejskim. Badany archeologicznie teren zlokalizowany jest w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie historycznej Bramy Kujawskiej oraz w strefie niebadanych jak dotąd wykopaliskowo, lokalizowanych tu, wschodnich "umocnień" obronnych Bydgoszczy. Badania skupiono w północnej części działki, mającej obejmować przebieg "wału" ziemnego, zabezpieczającego miasto od wschodu oraz starorzecza Brdy zaadaptowanego do funkcji fosy. Za punkt odniesienia do sytuowania w przebiegu ulicy Podwale wału obronnego służyła dotychczas badaczom zaproponowana w końcu XIX wieku przez Ericha Szmidta rekonstrukcja topografii Bydgoszczy dla przełomu XVI i XVII wieku. Erich Szmidt zaznaczył na planie wał ziemny, mający wg niego przebiegać we wschodniej części Starego Miasta, pod obecną linia zabudowy wschodniej pierzei ulicy. Czy Erich Szmidt i kontynuatorzy jego koncepcji mieli rację, o tym drogi Czytelniku przekonaj się sam.

Este trabalho pretende dar a conhecer ou a relembrar a existência em Lisboa de um conjunto de nascentes localizadas na zona de Alfama, cujas águas, quentes, foram no século XIX qualificadas como" águas minero-medicinais" pela então Inspecção de Águas. ...

The article analyzes an inset made in the technique of cloisonné enamel on a gold pendant of the early 13th century from Veliky Novgorod. The enamel compositions were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy
with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The technology and composition of red enamel correspond to the Byzantine artisan tradition.
Enamels of white, blue and turquoise colours have a composition typical of Roman natron glass and contain antimony used in glass manufacturing till the 4th century BC. This makes it possible to conclude that Roman
tesserae were reused as a raw material for them – a practice attested in European enamel industry until the late 12th – early 13th century. Three options of the origin of the object can be assumed. First, the pendant
with the enamel inset is a Byzantine import. Second, the enamel inset could be made in a Byzantine workshop and later brought to Russia, where it adorned a locally made gold cross. Third, the inset together with
the whole object was made by Greek craftsmen in one of the Rus towns. In any case, imported (probably Byzantine) enamel was used in manufacturing the object under analysis.

The composition of 139 samples of red enamel items from different regions of Eastern and Central Europe was studied using the SEM-EDS method. Most of the enamels were made following the “recipe” of provincial Roman enamellers; in some cases “ordinary” red glass was used. The high degree of standardization of the “recipes” for the manufacture and colouring of Roman glass and enamel does not make it possible to distinguish between the products of different manufacturing centres in most cases. At the same time, the peculiarities of the composition of spurs suggest the existence of specialized centres for their production, while specific features of penannular brooches suggest the possibility of distinguishing some types originating from
the Baltic region. The heterogeneity of enamels with the “classical” composition indicates the functioning of numerous enamel workshops, rather than a centralized production.

The chemical composition of 42 samples of raw glass from the Komarov settlement on the Middle Dniester was studied by means of SEM-EDS, EPMA and LA-ICP-MS analyses. We singled out groups of colourless glass of Levantine and Egyptian origin, the chronology of which indicates that the workshop could be dated to the 4th – early 5th century. The data on the chemical composition of the raw glass do not confirm that glassmaking industry existed here in an earlier period, as was previously believed. The manufacturing in Komarov combines the use of high-quality perfectly decolourized raw glass with intensive use of cullet, which might point out either different levels of the glassware manufactured here, or selective recycling. The characteristic features of the workshop's raw glass supply are the absence of the HIMT glass and late spread of antimony-decolourized glass.
PDF is avalaible at: https://akjournals.com/view/journals/072/74/1/article-p51.xml

The chemical composition of the glass from Gorzuvita, a medieval site
in the Southern Coast of Crimea, has been studied with SEM-EDS technique. The window glass and a series of vessel fragments, including handles of oil lamps, have a homogeneous composition. The glass was made using natron and is referred to the Foy-2.2 compositional series known at West European sites from the mid/late 7th–10th centuries; it is believed to be the result of the recycling of glass of an earlier series Foy-2.1 of the Egyptian origin. The items retrieved from the site layer included a fragment of the oil lamp made of glass of the Egyptian II group (8th–9th centuries) and three fragments of the vessels likely produced by mixing natron and plant ash glass.

Представлены результаты анализа химического состава стекла сосудов, найденных на плато Эски-Кермен в Юго-Западном Крыму в слое разрушения конца XIII в. в двух храмах и усадьбе знатного горожанина. Изученные образцы изготовлены из ближневосточного стекла, сваренного на
основе золы растений-галофитов, преимущественно левантийского происхождения, и стекла с
высокими содержаниями бора и лития, происхождение которого исследователи связывают с Западной Анатолией. При этом место производства самих сосудов может не совпадать с регионами
изготовления самого стекла, так как стекло-сырец, по крайней мере ближневосточное (левантийское), было предметом торговли на дальние расстояния и могло импортироваться в Византию.
Стекло малоазийского происхождения неоднородно по составу и, очевидно, связано со стекловаренными центрами, работавшими на сырье из разных источников. Значительная его часть имеет
выраженные признаки вторичной переработки. Установлено, что изделия из стекла с повышенным содержанием бора и лития появляются в Эски-Кермене не позднее X в. Ранее по итогам изучения оконного стекла его распространение до XIII в. оставалось дискуссионным. Повышенные
содержания лития и бора зафиксированы в стекле сосудов с перистым декором, производство которых традиционно связывается с мастерскими исламского Востока; оно имеет выраженные признаки вторичной переработки. Подобные примеры встречались ранее среди аналогичных сосудов
из Пергама и Браничево в Сербии. Это ставит вопрос о возможных центрах изготовления некоторых сосудов в данном стиле.

The article presents three blown glass miniature flasks from the collection of the State Historical Museum: a flask shaped as two Medusa heads facing in different directions and two faceted amphorisks. The archaeological context of the vessels is unknown. The circumstances of finding the closest analogies to the Medusa-shaped flask are also unknown, and the proposed datings are justified by the stylistic
proximity to the few finds of similar flasks of other variants originating from dated contexts. The vessel is made of natron glass of the Syro-Palestinian origin. The case of faceted amphorisks is clearer, several such vessels were found in dated complexes, which gives grounds to date them to the second half of the 1st – early 2nd century AD. It is difficult to determine the centre or region of production of small vessels by their area, since the origin of the overwhelming majority of them is unknown. Few flasks, the provenance of which is known more or less accurately, come from the Syrian-Palestinian region, from the eastern coast of the Adriatic, from the Northern Pontic and Transcaucasia. However, in terms of the
number of finds, none of the regions stands over the others. It can be assumed that one of the published faceted amphorisks (judging by their quality of manufacture and the chemical composition of glass,
based on the halophytic plant ash) was made in some local workshop following examples brought from the main centre of their production.

This paper discusses the development of rural markets in medieval Silesia. To begin,
a survey of the current state of knowledge, focused on marketplace locations (chiefly
rural) and their relevance for settlement/colonisation and economic processes, is
presented. In the Early Middle Ages Slavic marketplaces were mostly located in close
proximity to centres of power – strongholds. Little is known about how these markets
operated. The structure of rural trade changed visibly during intensive settlement
under German Law in the 13th century, which gave rise to both ‘market villages’
and to a new legal framework. Nevertheless, many traditional arrangements were
incorporated into the new legal order and survived into later times,. Most of what
is known comes from written sources. To date archaeologists have discovered few
remains of medieval marketplaces in Silesia. These include the surmised marketplaces
in strongholds (Opole, Wrocław) as well as the market that emerged on the left bank
of the Oder River, a part of Wrocław before it was granted a German Law town
charter. Artefacts and features associated to the last example were discovered around
the contemporary Nowy Targ Square in 2011 and 2017. Excavations yielded both
items illustrating the scale of trade – weights, weighting scales, coins and jewellery,
as well as remains of a broad plank road. Dendrochronological analysis points to the
road’s being constructed at the close of the 12th century and used for several decades.
Concentrations of hundreds of sherds from small pottery cups were discovered in
its immediate vicinity, suggesting intensive consumption of beverages (e.g. beer or
mead). It is argued here that these concentrations may be associated with the sale of
beverages at the marketplace. The discovered road formed a section of an important
route crossing the settlement along a north−south axis, leading towards a historical,
important crossing of the Oder.

This volume is an adaptation of my PhD thesis, Vessel glass from the Late Roman burials of Pannonia, completed and defended in 2013. The glasses discussed and catalogued here are essentially based on the research conducted for the dissertation. One of the main goals of my work was to create a new typological scheme for Pannonian vessel glass based on a meticulous study of form, colour, glass quality, ornamentation and the finer details of workmanship.

The catalogue comprises almost a thousand glass vessels from the late Roman period in Pannonia. While it is hardly exhaustive, it does offer a representative picture of the period’s typical forms and of the role of glass vessels in the province during the late Roman period. Pannonia was an important glass-producing centre within the Roman Empire, reflected also in the blend of influences from both the western provinces and the Empire’s easterly regions.

The principal goal of this volume and of the catalogue was to systematically review the glass types used in the fourth and fifth centuries, as well as their regional distribution. The vessel glass surveyed here offers important insights into the glass consumption of late Roman Pannonia and also sheds light on the differential use of glass on various settlement types: for example, different types were preferred in the military forts along the limes and on the settlements in the province’s interior. The spatial and chronological distribution of various glass types has also enabled the identification of certain workshops, alongside outlining the main trends in Pannonian glass production.

Alman Arkeoloji Enstitüsü'nün (DAI) Kısaltmalar Dizini'nde 'OLBA' şeklinde yer almaktadır. OLBA dergsi hakemlidir. Makalelerdeki görüş, düşünce ve bilimsel değerlendirmelerin yasal sorumluluğu yazarlara aittir. The articles are evaluated by referees. The legal responsibility of the ideas, opinions and scientific evaluations are carried by the author. OLBA dergisi, Mayıs ayında olmak üzere, yılda bir kez basılmaktadır. Published each year in May. KAAM'ın izni olmadan OLBA'nın hiçbir bölümü kopya edilemez. Alıntı yapılması durumunda dipnot ile referans gösterilmelidir. It is not allowed to copy any section of OLBA without the permit of the Mersin University (Research Center for Cilician Archaeology / Journal OLBA) OLBA dergisinde makalesi yayımlanan her yazar, makalesinin baskı olarak ve elektronik ortamda yayımlanmasını kabul etmiş ve telif haklarını OLBA dergisine devretmiş sayılır. Each author whose article is published in OLBA shall be considered to have accepted the article to be published in print version and electronically and thus have transferred the copyrights to the Mersin University (Research Center for Cilician Archaeology / Journal OLBA) OLBA'ya gönderilen makaleler aşağıdaki web adresinde ve bu cildin giriş sayfalarında belirtilen formatlara uygun olduğu taktirde basılacaktır. 'RESEARCH CENTER OF CILICIAN ARCHAEOLOGY' JOURNAL 'OLBA' Scope Olba is printed once a year in May. Deadline for sending papers is November of each year. The Journal 'Olba', being published since 1998 by the 'Research Center of Cilician Archeology' of the Mersin University (Turkey), includes original studies done on antropology, prehistory, protohistory, classical archaeology, classical philology (and ancient languages and cultures), ancient history, numismatics and early christian archeology of Asia Minor, the Mediterranean region and the Near East.

Alman Arkeoloji Enstitüsü'nün (DAI) Kısaltmalar Dizini'nde 'OLBA' şeklinde yer almaktadır. OLBA dergsi hakemlidir. Makalelerdeki görüş, düşünce ve bilimsel değerlendirmelerin yasal sorumluluğu yazarlara aittir. The articles are evaluated by referees. The legal responsibility of the ideas, opinions and scientific evaluations are carried by the author. OLBA dergisi, Mayıs ayında olmak üzere, yılda bir kez basılmaktadır. Published each year in May. KAAM'ın izni olmadan OLBA'nın hiçbir bölümü kopya edilemez. Alıntı yapılması durumunda dipnot ile referans gösterilmelidir. It is not allowed to copy any section of OLBA without the permit of the Mersin University (Research Center for Cilician Archaeology / Journal OLBA) OLBA dergisinde makalesi yayımlanan her yazar, makalesinin baskı olarak ve elektronik ortamda yayımlanmasını kabul etmiş ve telif haklarını OLBA dergisine devretmiş sayılır. Each author whose article is published in OLBA shall be considered to have accepted the article to be published in print version and electronically and thus have transferred the copyrights to the Mersin University (Research Center for Cilician Archaeology / Journal OLBA) OLBA'ya gönderilen makaleler aşağıdaki web adresinde ve bu cildin giriş sayfalarında belirtilen formatlara uygun olduğu taktirde basılacaktır. 'RESEARCH CENTER OF CILICIAN ARCHAEOLOGY' JOURNAL 'OLBA' Scope Olba is printed once a year in May. Deadline for sending papers is November of each year. The Journal 'Olba', being published since 1998 by the 'Research Center of Cilician Archeology' of the Mersin University (Turkey), includes original studies done on antropology, prehistory, protohistory, classical archaeology, classical philology (and ancient languages and cultures), ancient history, numismatics and early christian archeology of Asia Minor, the Mediterranean region and the Near East.

Резюме. Статья посвящена комплексному исследованию раннесредневековых бус миллефиори, обнаруженных на территории Восточной Европы. Бусы этого типа широко известны на территории Меровингского королевства, включавшего Западную и Центральную Европу, и в меньшем количестве — на территории Великобритании и Скандинавии. Основу исследования составляют бусы миллефиори археологических памятников Восточной Европы (могильники Юго-Западного Крыма, Северного Кавказа и днепровские клады типа Мартыновского), которые ранее не были детально рассмотрены. Особое внимание уделено морфологической и технологической характеристике бус, их орнаментальным особенностям и сравнительному анализу с миллефиори Западной и Центральной Европы. Основные результаты исследования демонстрируют обширную географию распространения миллефиори во 2-й половине VI — VII в., с пиком их бытования в 1-й половине VII в. В ходе анализа материала выявлен уникальный тип декора, характерный исключительно для Восточной Европы, что может указывать на существование стеклоделательных мастерских, производивших украшения для отдельных регионов.
Abstract. The article presents a comprehensive study of early medieval millefiori beads discovered in Eastern Europe. These beads are widely known in the territory of the Merovingian Kingdom, which encompassed Western and Central Europe, and were found in smaller quantities in the territories of Great Britain and Scandinavia. The study is based on millefiori beads from archaeological sites in Eastern Europe (necropolises of Southwestern Crimea, the Caucasus, and Dnieper hoards of the Martynovka type), which have not been examined in detail previously. Special attention is paid to the morphological and technological characteristics of the beads, their ornamental features, and a comparative analysis with millefiori from Western and Central Europe. The main research findings demonstrate the extensive geographical distribution of millefiori during the second half of the 6th — 7th centuries, with their peak occurrence in the first half of the 7th century. During the material analysis, a unique decorative type was identified, characteristic exclusively of Eastern Europe, which may indicate the existence of independent glassmaking workshops producing ornaments for specific regions.

Ana Cadena-Irizara, Rosa Varela Gomes, Marcia Vilarigues, Nadine Schibille (2025) Illuminating al-Gharb: LA-ICP-MS characterization of 10th- to 13th-century CE glass from Silves Castle, Portugal. In: Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio. Volume 64, Issue 5, September–October 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsecv.2025.100457

tification in Pompeii' presents a significant contribution to the field of archaeological network research, particularly in the challenging task of identifying urban neighborhoods within the context of Pompeii. This study focuses on the relational dynamics within urban neighborhoods and examines their indistinct boundaries through advanced analytical methods. The methodology employed provides a comprehensive analysis of community detection, including the Louvain and Leiden algorithms, and introduces a novel Convex Hull of Admissible Modularity Partitions (CHAMP) algorithm. The incorporation of a network approach into this domain is both innovative and timely. The potential impact of this research is substantial, offering new perspectives and analytical tools. This opens new avenues for understanding social structures in ancient urban settings, which can be applied to other archaeological contexts beyond Pompeii. Moreover, the manuscript is not only methodologically solid but also well-written and structured, making complex concepts accessible to a broad audience. In conclusion, this study represents a valuable contribution to the field of archaeology, particularly for archaeological network research. Their results not only enhance our knowledge of Pompeii but also provide a robust framework for future studies in similar historical contexts. Therefore, this publication advances our understanding of social dynamics in historical urban environments. The rigorous analysis, combined with the innovative application of network algorithms, makes this study a noteworthy addition to the existing body of network science literature. It is recommended for a wide range of scholars interested in the intersection of 1 archaeology, history, and network science.

The Jesuits arrived to Bydgoszcz as missionary preachers
in 1616 or 1617. The basis for the monks’ livelihood were
bequests and donations received from the burghers of Bydgoszcz.
The buildings of the Jesuit complex in Bydgoszcz were
located in the western quarter of the market square. The most
important religious building of the college was the St Cross
church, built in the years 1637–1649. A sacristy adjoined the
sanctuary in the north, and two chapels adjoined the nave.
On both sides of the church façade there were towers, which
were erected in the years 1650–1655 (northern tower) and in
the years 1690–1695 (southern tower). The end of the existence
of the Jesuits in Bydgoszcz was brought by the dissolution
of the order by the Prussian authorities in 1780. In 1940,
the church and other buildings on the western frontage of the
market square were demolished.
In 2016 archaeological research was carried out in
the area of the historic Jesuit monastery. The main foundation
walls of the church and the inner face of the gable wall
foundation were unearthed in plan. The core of the wall
was made of brick rubble bonded with lime-sand mortar
and individual fieldstones. The inner parts of the walls were
faced with a layer of handmade bricks. Tower was added to
the northern wall of the church, the remains of which were
registered in the form of a quadrilateral foundation. It was
built of handmade bricks bonded with lime-sand mortar, and
it formed a vaulted crypt. A fragment of the vault, made in
the form of a half barrel based on the southern wall of the
crypt, survived. Quadrilateral remains of the foundation were
also unearthed, along with the basement of the southern tower
of the church. In the construction of the southern tower,
different construction solutions were used than in the northern
tower, which was erected about 50 years earlier. The
southern wall of the tower carrying the greatest loads had
a foundation made of boulders and smaller stones, the gaps
between which were filled with lime mortar and brick rubble.
From other Jesuit buildings, a foundation made of handmade
bricks bonded with lime-sand mortar was discovered, added
to the northern tower of the church, which can be associated
with building of the so-called the old Jesuit college.
The excavations carried out confirmed that during the
demolition works in 1940 only the above-ground part of
buildings on the western frontage was removed. At that time
the demolition of the foundations embedded in the ground
was not undertaken. Foundations of the post-Jesuit church
with towers, the cellars of the surrounding townhouses with
the remains of vaults and communication tracks, dated from
the first half of the 17th to the end of the 19th century, survived
in a very good condition in the explored area.

Archäologische Forschungen im Gebiet des historischen
Ostpommern im Zeitraum 2000-2010 nach Angaben des Denkmalkonservators der Kujawisch-Pommerschen
Woiwodschaft
Gegenstand des Beitrags ist die sich auf Angaben
des Denkmalkonservators der Kujawisch-
Pommerschen Woiwodschaft stützende statistische
Erfassung der im Zeitraum 2000-2010 in
Ostpommern, innerhalb der kujawisch-pommerschen
Woiwodschaftsgrenzen, durchgeführten
archäologischen Untersuchungen. Die Analyse
erfolgte in zwei grundlegenden Kategorien. Die
erste betraf den Charakter der archäologischen
Arbeiten, wobei archäologische Forschungen, Autobahnuntersuchungen
und archäologische Überwachungen
ausgegrenzt wurden. Die zweite Kategorie
betraf die jeweils ausführenden Einrichtungen:
Hochschulen, Museen, Privatfirmen. Die
Aufstellung ist in Tabellen festgehalten, die den
statistischen Anteil der einzelnen Kategorien und
Gruppen innerhalb der Strukturen des archäologischen
Arbeitsmarktes widerspiegeln. Die Zusammenfassung
erfolgte in Form einer Tabelle, in der
alle Kategorien und Gruppen des gesamten Berichtzeitraums
enthalten sind sowie in Form eines
Diagramms, das die Dynamik des Marktes von in
den Jahren 2000-2010 in Ostpommern, innerhalb
der vereinbarten Grenzen, realisierten Arbeiten
veranschaulicht. Eine darstellende Erörterung der
Ergebnisse der vorgenommenen Untersuchungen
stellt eine Ergänzung der Zahlenangaben dar.
Przedmiotem opracowania jest statystyczne ujęcie ilościowe badań archeologicznych zrealizowanych na obszarze Pomorza Wschodniego w granicach województwa kujawsko-pomorskiego w pierwszej dekadzie XXI wieku, z uwzględnieniem roku 2000. Cezura czasowa jest sztuczna, jednakże celem jest uchwycenie dynamiki zmian w wybranym czasookresie, a dekadę można za taki uznać, zważywszy statystyczny model opracowania. Umowny jest także zakres przestrzenny, który wynika z lokalizacji województwa kujawskopomorskiego, leżącego, jak sama nazwa wskazuje, w obrębie dwóch krain historycznych: Pomorza i Kujaw. Dla potrzeb opracowania południową granicę Pomorza przyjęto na linii miast: Nakło nad Notecią, Bydgoszcz, Toruń, Brodnica. Zestawienie oparto na danych Kujawsko-Pomorskiego Wojewódzkiego Konserwatora Zabytków, informacji jawnych Wojewódzkiego Urzędu Ochrony Zabytków w Toruniu i Delegatury w Bydgoszczy 1. Gminy na wschód od Wisły, podlegające Wojewódzkiemu Konserwatorowi Zabytków w Toruniu, uwzględnione w opracowaniu to: Bobrowo,

On the way to the desired development of the Museum of Ancient Glass in Zadar (henceforth MAS) into a reference institution in the field of professional and scientific processing of archaeological glass artifacts, the Department of Restoration and Research, which cooperates within the Department of Professional Museum Affairs, raised the specialist practice of glass restoration to a new level during its fifteen years of work. In an effort to make the reached level of practical and theoretical work available to wider professional and scholarly circles, during the past years, the transfer of knowledge in this specific field of cultural heritage protection was realized through a series of activities. This was achieved primarily by mentoring students of conservation and restoration from the Academy of Arts in Split or students of cultural heritage protection from the University
of Bologna (Università di Bologna, Campus Ravenna, Dipartimento di beni
culturali) who did the practical part of their studies in the MAS workshop. The Department’s work was presented at professional meetings such as the ICOM-CC Interim Meeting in Corning (NY) in 2010, and within the framework of conferences held in 2013 in Amsterdam, in London in 2019 and in Lisbon in 2022. Presentations on the subject of glass conservation and restoration were held at the International Scientific Colloquium on Roman Pottery and Glass Manufacture in 2008, 2011, 2014 and 2017 in Crikvenica. The exhibition project “Ancient Glass: Restoration” was also prepared, which has so far seen 5 editions, in Zadar, Obrovac, Zagreb, Narona, Bärnbach (Austria), and the exhibition catalogue of the same name was included in the mandatory reading list for the students of conservation at the Academy of Arts in Split. The need for the diffusion of knowledge and practice on glass restoration was also realized through a series of expert lectures held by the head of the MAS workshop in Zadar, Vid, Pula and Split, and progress has been made in the system of conservation and restoration services for external customers and cooperating institutions at the Museum’s Department of Restoration and Research. Finally, in 2022, the edition “Conservation and Restoration of Glass” saw the light of day, as a modern handbook on conservation and restoration processing of historical and archaeological glass, which, in addition to a concise overview of glassmaking, glassmaking technology, as well as the topic of glass recycling throughout history, includes the treatment of glass finds from land sites, those identified in an underwater context, as well as other historical glass, and brings practical examples of conservation-restoration procedures accompanied by illustrations.
The desire to continue spreading the knowledge and acquired skills of the Department for Restoration and Research was connected with the planning of the protection of exclusive Roman-era artifacts from the Archaeological Museum in Split, as well as with the aspiration to raise the restoration service in the specialist field of glass construction to a higher
level in that museum as well. Therefore, within the framework of inter-institutional cooperation, a two-month professional training for colleague Zrinka Bajić Franković was organized in the workshops of the Museum of
Ancient Glass, working on the material from the collections of the Archaeological Museum in Split. During the year 2023, forty five selected
items were processed within the mentioned program, and due to the value of the exhibits as well as the desire to demonstrate the specificity of the demanding conservation and restoration procedures to a wider professional and general public, it was decided to organize the exhibition, “Fractures of Time - Restoration and Presentation of Valuable Glass Finds from the Holdings of the Archaeological Museum in Split”, which would fully valorize this joint collaboration. The exhibition will be set up in the Museum of Ancient Glass in Zadar, and then in the Archaeological Museum in Split.

The former practice of selective collecting and storing archaeological
finds, which did not fall within the traditional division into prehistory, Classical Antiquity and medieval period, resulted in neglecting glass finds from the late Middle Ages and Modern Period and their omission in professional and scientific studies of archaeological material. The presence, demand and distribution of glass artifacts in the wider Dalmatian region was only sporadically written about, with regard to occasional exceptional finds of unquestionable cultural and historical significance that attracted the attention of the professional public in the short term, while systematic consideration of the state of exploration, new research approach, revision of the state in the museum depots and the possibilities of syntheses of the existing knowledge were lacking.
In the last twenty years, new trends in contemporary archaeological science have established post-medieval archaeology as a separate scientific field, and big steps have been made in awakening interest in late medieval and post-medieval material culture, including glass objects. The gap that marked the wider area of the Dalmatian coast in standard graphic representations of the distribution and presence of glass from the 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th centuries is gradually being filled. The intensity of research, recording and interpretation of glass objects from the late middle Ages and Modern Period has increased significantly, getting close to the frequency of processing identical finds in professional and scientific circles inneighboring countries, primarily Italy, but also Slovenia, and Serbia and Montenegro. A lot of older research has been revised, the results reanalyzed and supplemented, in accordance with the modern
research approach of archaeological and museum practice, and finally adequately presented to the public in the form of thematic exhibitions or appropriate professional and scientific publications. There are also evident advances in the professional study of completely new artifacts that are still rarely interpreted in the context of the historical glassmaking of the late Middle Ages and Modern Period, with the exception of the Dubrovnik area, which, given the importance of the glassmaking tradition and confirmed production activities in the City precisely at the transition from the late Middle Ages to the Modern Period, attracted special attention from researchers. Due to the aforementioned affirmation of modern archaeology in the last ten years, a special interest of experts has been directed towards the Dalmatian and wider eastern Adriatic seabed,
which abounds in shipwrecks from all historical periods, and merchant ships of post-medieval origin are especially rich in small finds. The ship  Gagliana grossa that sank near Gnalić have been attracting attention with sheer quantity of loaded objects intended for the eastern market as well as with the range of its typology characteristical of the late 16th century Murano-Venetian glass production.10 The value of this site in  understanding the wider western Mediterranean, and even European cultural and social circumstances in the High Renaissance period is unquestionable, but the context of a closed shipwreck site with artifacts sealed in time does not contribute directly to the knowledge about the situation on land. Nevertheless, it is valuable comparable material with reliable chronological determination, which is of great use in the  typological interpretation of fragmented finds from mixed urban layers.
Late medieval and post-medieval glass finds from the Zadar area, including the city, have not yet been the subject of detailed historical and archaeological research, with the exception of individual publications of rare archaeological finds, such as a krautstrunk beaker from the cathedral complex.11 The publication of a group of late medieval glass finds from the holdings of the National Museum in Zadar, as part of the project The Heritage of the Serenissima,12 is a good example of stylistic and typological study, which indicates guidelines for further analyses of the aforementioned subject-matter and scientific interpretations of related historical and archaeological material. Data on the presence, typological characteristics and finally the practical use of glass items in the actual cultural-historical context of the medieval and post-medieval Zadar commune are almost unknown. Due to the growing interest in the cultural-
social and historical development of Zadar during the period of Venetian rule (from the 15th to the 18th century) in the last ten years, field research within the city has brought to light interesting artifacts of that time, including glass finds. The new accumulation of material and preliminary study in museum collections have created a good basis for the first attempt at a synthetic presentation of glass from the late Middle Ages and Modern Period in the historic core of Zadar, as well as for an attempt at a professional-scientific interpretation of the presence, demand and origin of the material, on the basis of which the Zadar region will be recognized in the broader context of historical glassmaking in the eastern Adriatic area, but also in the context of European glassmaking at the crossroads of two great cultural-historical eras, the Middle Ages and the Modern Period.

Okinoshima is an island located in the sea between Japan and Korea. It is considered sacred land, whose deity people have offered prayers for maritime safety since ancient times. Approximately 80,000 offerings discovered on the island are designated as a national treasure. In the present study, the authors examined two types of glassware unearthed from ritual site No. 8 (late-5th to 7th centuries AD): a shard of a relief-cut glass vessel and facet-cut glass beads. The glass shard has a distinctive cylindrical relief-cut decoration on the exterior surface. Similar relief-cut decorations have been found on glass vessels from Northern Iran, indicating that the shard may have originated from the Sasanian Empire. The glass beads are green in color and cut to an octagonal shape in cross-section. Although they could be direct evidence of ancient East-West trade including Japan, there has been no scientific investigation of these glass objects since their excavation half a century ago. The authors therefore conducted a nondestructive and on-site X-ray fluorescence analysis of the glasses using a portable spectrometer brought into Munakata Taisha (Munakata Grand Shrine). Their chemical composition, consisting of more than 20 elements, was quantified and compared to literature data on ancient glass artifacts. Results showed that all the glassware had a typical soda-lime glass chemical composition, characterized by higher contents of magnesia and potash, i.e., they belong to the plant ash glass type. It is thought that during the first millennium AD West Asia and Central Asia were the primary production areas of plant ash glass and major production centers of glass products, including vessels. Since the chemical composition of the glassware showed good similarities to that of Sasanian glass from Mesopotamia, it is highly likely that it was produced primarily at a glass workshop within the Sasanian Empire.

El sitio arqueológico Posta El Caldén corresponde a una posta de caminos y pulpería ocupada hacia finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX, perteneciente a una serie de postas ubicadas entre las ciudades de Parera e Intendente Alvear, en el norte de la actual provincia de La Pampa. Desde el año 2010, se realizaron sondeos y excavaciones en el sitio que permitieron recuperar 4930 restos arqueológicos de diversas materias primas provenientes de superficie y de un área de descarte. Los materiales vítreos corresponden al 30% del total (n=1520). En este trabajo se presentan los resultados del análisis morfológico funcional de estos materiales.
A partir de ello, se determinan sus formas base, la bebida que contenían y su posible procedencia (nacional o internacional). La información generada profundizará el conocimiento acerca de las prácticas de consumo de los pobladores del norte pampeano hacia fines del siglo XIX y permitirá aportar al estudio de la conformación de la ruralidad en esta región.

El sitio arqueológico Mariano Miró fue un pueblo que funcionó a la vera de la estación homónima del Ferrocarril Oeste entre 1901 y 1913 aproximadamente. Fue habitado por inmigrantes europeos que poblaron el norte de la provincia de La Pampa, Argentina, luego del exterminio de los pueblos originarios. El equipo de arqueología arribó al sitio a pedido de la Secretaría de Cultura de la provincia dado que la maestra y los alumnos de la escuela rural cercana habían expuesto materiales hallados en superficie en la Feria de Ciencias Provincial. Se realizaron diversas tareas arqueológicas donde se recuperaron objetos de distintas materias primas. Se determinó un área de 39.200 m2 a partir de la dispersión de los materiales en superficie. Luego se trazaron 14 transectas en sentido oeste-este divididas en 7 sectores. Allí se pasó el detector de metales para determinar concentraciones subsuperficiales y se recolectaron los materiales de superficie. Finalmente, se realizaron 23 sondeos, 2 cuadrículas y 3 trincheras. Los materiales de vidrio analizados en este trabajo provienen de las colecciones arqueológicas y de los materiales recolectados por los alumnos y la maestra de la escuela vecina. A partir de un análisis morfológico funcional de 13.510 fragmentos vítreos de ambas colecciones y de fuentes históricas, tales como publicidades de la época, nos proponemos caracterizar la muestra para en un futuro analizar las transformaciones en las prácticas de consumo que se podrían haber efectuado en el norte pampeano como consecuencia de la llegada de los inmigrantes europeos.

Wrocław jest obecnie jednym z największych miast na terenie ziem polskich a rolę miejsca centralnego pełnił już tysiąc lat temu. Symbolicznym zwrotem w jego dziejach było ustanowienie tu biskupstwa w roku 1000, chociaż wyraźny awans tego ośrodka zauważalny jest już u schyłku X w. Nie bez powodu ten gród nad Odrą został określony w kronice Anonima zwanego Gallem z początków XII w. jako jedna z sedes regni principales, głównych siedzib królestwa. Wrocław zajmował czołową pozycję w regionie do schyłku wczesnego średniowiecza, kiedy to przekształcił się w miasto. Ranga ta nie zmieniła się także w późnym średniowieczu oraz w okresie nowożytnym i została utrzymana do czasów współczesnych.
Publikacja Wrocław. Gród na Ostrowie Tumskim we wczesnym średniowieczu śledzi losy tytułowego grodu od momentu powstania około połowy X w. po schyłek świetności w 1. połowie XIII w. W książce podjęto próbę wyjaśnienia genezy założenia obronnego na odrzańskiej wyspie tumskiej. Skoncentrowano się także na przemianach w zabudowie Ostrowa Tumskiego we wczesnym średniowieczu, analizując nie tylko samą przestrzeń otoczoną wałami, ale również szeroko rozumiane zaplecze osadnicze grodu. Dużo miejsca poświęcono kulturze materialnej, gospodarce i kontaktom handlowym mieszkańców grodu. Rozważania nad dziejami grodu wrocławskiego są też niejako pretekstem do przyjrzenia się innym ważnym ośrodkom państwa Piastów oraz uchwycenia przeobrażeń społecznych, ekonomicznych i politycznych zachodzących w tych centrach w omawianym okresie.

Gracias al desarrollo en los últimos años en la investigación de la metodología científica  experimental nos ha sido posible ampliar el conocimiento objetivo del vidrio arqueológico, no sólo en su contexto histórico, sino en su composición química, localización y estado de conservación.
El objetivo de este trabajo será pues, la búsqueda bibliográfica sobre nuevas aportaciones en la aplicación de ensayos científicos reuniendo un conjunto de diversos artículos1 sobre vidrio arqueológico romano publicados desde la década de los 50  hasta nuestros días clasificados en cuatro grandes grupos: caracterización, técnicas analíticas, conservación-restauración; y medio submarino.

In order  to understand the processes of a very dynamic exchange of ideas and goods at the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age and to define the roads and communications by which these processes took place, it is very important to define the area of western Slavonia and look back at the location of all the sites that will be discussed in the book. Slavonia covers the area of eastern Croatia and is located between the Drava River in the north, which is also the natural border with Hungary, the Sava River in the south, where it borders Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Danube in the east, where it borders Serbia. Within this large area, the division into eastern, flatland and western, hilly Slavonia is established. It is important to note that this area is connected to the Drava River in the north, while to the south, through the Pleternica Gate, it opens up to the Sava River. All the sites mentioned in the book are located in the Požega Valley, which in the geographical division of Croatia belongs to Western Slavonia. The situation in the area of western Slavonia well illustrates the events at the very end of the Early and the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age, on which basis we can follow the development of Litzen pottery in that area. Imported material was found in both residential structures in Alilovci, which speaks of strong contacts of the Požega Valley with the entire area of ​​Central and Northern Europe at the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age. Finds not only indicate contacts and  links of exchange and trade, but present important chronological markers. These are Brotlaibidol, an amber bead and proto-Szeremle material. The amber bead is also important because it is the only such find in the continental part of Croatia at the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age.

In the 4th–5th centuries CE, the Carmel highlands and their foothills witnessed significant rural prosperity, expressed in agricultural estates, villages, and specialized industries. Recent excavations at Umm al-Zinat revealed a winepress, rich refuse deposits, and substantial evidence of local glass production, situating the site within a broader pattern of Jewish and Samaritan settlement in the region. These findings highlight the economic and cultural complexity of Late Antique Carmel and the pivotal role of glassmaking in its development prior to the decline of the Byzantine era.

From 8th to 12th September 2025, the Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie (LEIZA) will host the 23rd International Congress of the Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre (AIHV). The congress brings together a global community of archaeologists, art historians, artists, collectors, museum curators, scientists, and researchers from over 33 countries. It offers a truly global and time-spanning perspective—from the glass finds of Zanzibar to Sweden, from the delicate beauty of Korean gold-glass beads to the vivid expression of 20th-century Turkish beaded ornaments. The thematic range extends from the earliest examples of ancient glass production to contemporary materials, with a strong emphasis on scientific approaches to the analysis and interpretation of glass objects.

The glassmakers from Altare have been known for spreading the art of glassblowing across the world since ancient times through numerous settlements in Europe, America, Africa, and the Middle East outside their traditional Italian glassmaking center. This paper offers an updated overview of their activities in South America.1 In 1838, during the first wave of emigration from Europe to the Americas, two groups of glassmakers sailed, a few months apart, across the Atlantic from Altare to Peru and Brazil, where they pioneered the development of the first glass factories in Lima (Bormioli, Moreto, Brondi-Bosio) and Rio de Janeiro (Fábrica de Vidros São Roque). Between the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, during the Great Emigration, many glassmakers from Altare moved to Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil to build glass factories on the model of the Società Artistico Vetraria of Altare, a cooperative that integrated the activities of various furnaces into a single factory based on a production process using traditional glassblowing techniques. Between 1870 and 1914, they founded, as entrepreneurs, large glass factories in Buenos Aires (La Argentina), Rosario (Lavagna-Polero), Montevideo (Cristalerías del Uruguay), Sao Paulo (Crystalleria Colombo), and Rio de Janeiro (Fábrica Nacional de Vidros), as well as an important stained-glass studio in Porto Alegre (Casa Genta). During the last wave of emigration in the immediate post-war period, in 1947, the young people of the TOVA (Tecnici e Operai Vetrai Altaresi) Group moved to Argentina. Within a few years, they had become the protagonists of the development of the handblown glass industry in the Province of Santa Fe, with factories in San Jorge (Saica, Altar) and San Carlos Centro (Cristalería San Carlos, La Liguria), and later in Recife in Brazil (Zatto).

Shay was the first to argue, in 1994, that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (‘PTSD’) existed in the ancient Greek world, setting off a debate that has continued to the present day. Two main figures in this debate are: (a) Melchoir, who argued, in 2011, that PTSD is being used anachronistically to explain behaviour in the ancient world; and (b) Tritle, who, in 2003, argued that Alexander the Great was a victim of psychological trauma. This seminar will contribute to this ongoing debate about Alexander III by offering some further examples of behaviour from Alexander that correlates to symptoms of PTSD – examples that Tritle did not analyse. It should be noted that medical scholars themselves have not resolved whether PTSD is a purely modern phenomenon that cannot be applied to historical situations; and it is, of course, impossible medically to diagnose Alexander himself. There is thus no clear resolution to this ongoing debate. However, contemplating the side effects of psychological trauma on Alexander does open up new insights into his behaviour in his final years. For instance, it contributes to the ongoing interpretation of Alexander’s so-called ‘irrational’ actions, when he became increasingly violent and paranoid towards the end of his life. It is possible to conclude that, given that Alexander was displaying behaviour symptomatic of PTSD, psychological trauma could have been a factor contributing to Alexander’s changing behaviour at this time.

The article presents the main results of a study of the estate complex in the agricultural town of Volma (Dzerzhinsk district, Minsk region) in 2021. Archaeological research was carried out as part of the restoration work of the estate house. In the immediate vicinity of the manor house, earthen dumps with materials from the 17th-18th centuries were examined, which were formed during excavation work on the territory of the manor complex in 2018-2021.
Archaeological research has made it possible to collect a representative collection of individual and mass finds, the analysis of which allows us to attribute the functioning of the estate complex to the 17th-19th centuries.

Leider konnte in der Veröffentlichung von 2020 keine Steinzeugflasche aus der recht kurzen Verwendungszeit in Salzbrunn vorgestellt werden, sodass schon im Titel dieser Veröffentlichung die Frage gestellt wurde: "Wo sind sie geblieben?" Nach Erscheinen des Beitrags kam es zwar zu einigen Kontakten, auch mit polnischen Archäologen und Sammlern, aber auch dort waren Steinzeugflaschen aus Salzbrunn bisher unbekannt. Schließlich konnte im Juli 2023 durch den Zufallsfund eines Sammlers auf dem Trödelmarkt in Bonn diese Lücke in der Sachgutforschung zum Thema "Steinzeugflaschen für den Mineralwasserversand" geschlossen werden. 4 Salzbrunner Steinzeugflasche Sammlung und Foto: Bernd Brinkmann 1 Brinkmann, Bernd, Steinzeugflaschen auch für den Versand des Heilwassers aus dem schlesischen Bad Salzbrunn (Szczawno-Zdrój). -Wo sind sie geblieben? Mülheim an der Ruhr 2020.