Georgian Language

Keywords: Split Intransitivity; Unaccusativity; Georgian; Picard; Syntax-Semantics Interface
The topic of split intransitivity represents a field of study of great complexity.

This paper focuses on a contrastive analysis of the Split intransitivity in Picard and Georgian, with particular attention to diachrony. Split intransitivity is encoded on the head of the verbal phrase in (Old) Picard, i.e. in the auxiliary selection, while on the dependence of the verbal phrase in (Old) Georgian, i.e. in the morphological encoding of the subject (Nichols 1986).

We analyze the Split intransitivity adopting Sorace’s (2000) Split Intransitivity Hierarchy (SIH), a model based on sematic-syntactic interface, revolving around the two key factors of telicity and agentivity.

In Romance varieties regardless of the theoretical perspective adopted (semantic or syntactic), many studies have shown how the auxiliary ‘to have’ has progressively spread at the expense of ‘to be’ (Aranovich 2007; Cennamo 2001, 2002, 2008; Ledgeway 2003, 2009; Legendre & Sorace 2003; Mithun 1991; Sorace 2000, 2011). Several works have focused on Split intransitivity in the earliest phase of the Langue d’Oïl in general (Buridant 2000; 2019; Dufresne & Dupuis 2010; Cassarà & Stein 2023). However, no specific work has been dedicated to Old Picard in particular. Modern Picard rather has lost Split intransitivity generalizing the auxiliary ‘to have’.

A lively debate on Georgian Split intransitivity has been going on for years (Hewitt 1987, Harris 1982, Lazard 1995, Van Valin 1990). However, SIH model has never been tested on MG, nor OG split intransitivity system has ever drawn much attention.

Georgian verbal system is organized in three so called ‘series’, each one characterized by tempoaspectual and morphosyntactic peculiarities (Aronson 1982, Hewitt 1995, Makharoblidze 2012, Tomelleri & Topadze 2015). Verbal forms of the II series (comprising Aorist, Optative and Imperative in MG and Aorist, Subjunctive II, Iterative II and Imperative II for OG) follow an ergative pattern in the argument marking and an accusative pattern in the verbal indexation of arguments. However, among intransitive verbs, some take their subject in the absolutive case (traditionally called ‘nominative’) while others take their subject in the ergative case.

For Old Picard we collect 300 verbal forms from Aliscans (Tome 1) and Conquête de Constantinople. For Georgian we collect 300 II series verbal forms from the Otkhtavi for OG and from Data Tutaškhia for MG, recording the morphological encoding of the subject. We then analyze the data through SIH considering both types and tokens (Levshina 2021).

This work describes for the first time in detail Split intransitivity in two neglected varieties: Old Picard and Old Georgian. An innovative aspect of this work is the corpus based contrastive analysis of a head-marking and a dependent-marking strategy of encoding Split intransitivity throughout diachrony.

Preliminary results show that: 1) Georgian is extremely conservative throughout diachrony in the encoding of Split intransitivity; conversely, Picard is extremely innovative fully generalizing the unaccusative pattern in the contemporary variety; 2) in both varieties the Split intransitivity is sensitive to semantic factors; however, the cut-off point between unaccusative and unergative verbs is different; 3) contrary to what is observed in the Romance domain, Georgian shows that Split intransitivity can be stable through several centuries: this may be related to the strategy of encoding.

Keywords: Typology; Adjectives; Quality Modifiers; Constructions; Parts of Speech
It is well known that languages do not only differ in the features whereby they define their parts of speech (PoS) and in the number of PoS that they define, but also – and perhaps more importantly – in the levels of language structure at which they do so. As a confirmation, quite a few studies discussed the levels at which the noun can be defined across languages (Hopper & Thompson 1984, Mithun 2000, Lazard 1999). However, barring some notes in Thompson (1988) and Alfieri (2014), a similar approach to the study of the adjective class has never been proposed (exception made for Krasnoukhova 2022), although adjectives are missing more often than nouns across languages (see, e.g., Dixon 1982, Bhat 1994, Hengeveld 1992, Beck 2002; Dixon & Aikhenvald 2004, Haspelmath 2012).

The aim of the talk is to fill this gap and present a typology of the levels of language analysis at which adjectival constructions can be coded across languages.

This paper offers a thorough analysis of the Georgian type of split ergativity, a typological phenomenon of languages switching between nominative-accusative and ergative-absolutive alignment systems based on grammatical or semantic circumstances. The study describes the main types of split ergativity across languages, drawing on fundamental typological and theoretical literature, especially Robert M. W. Dixon’s (1994) classification of conditioning elements including tense, aspect, person hierarchy, and phrase type. The Georgian language, whose intricate morphological and syntactic structure resists easy binary classification, receives particular attention as a significant example of morphosyntactic alignment variation since it displays several criteria triggering split ergativity such as tense-aspect, verbal class, voice, and control. This paper shows that Georgian is a true example of split ergativity conditioned by overlapping parameters, despite some analyses characterizing it as primarily ergative or active. The debate calls into question longheld beliefs about the function of person-based splits in Georgian that personal pronouns behave differently when it comes to case marking than nouns. This calls for a reconsideration of how personbased alignment is handled. The paper uses empirical data from the largest Georgian language corpus (GNC) to support the analysis, including real-world examples that show how ergative, nominative, and dative case-marking patterns vary among different constructions. In addition to supporting a more complex understanding of Georgian alignment, this corpus-driven approach adds to larger typological and theoretical discussions about the nature of alignment systems and ergativity.

The paper is a discussion of the specic terms of address occurring both as monomials and bi-/multinomials across the Kartvelian (South Caucasian) languages. Ultimately, their origin is associated with the Latin word patronus. In the initial phase, immediately from Latin, the word was borrowed by Georgian (p'at'ron-i) and Megrelian (p'at'on-i). The occurred phonetic and phototactic changes have been regular. Later, the Megrelian version (p'at'on-i) was borrowed by Georgian having resulted in bat'on-i as a term of reference and bat'on-o as a term of address. From Georgian, the word was adopted in Svan: bat'ō; however, it occurs only in a single dialect-Lashkhian. As for Laz, another Kartvelian language, the pathway of adoption of the respective word has very little to do with those of its sister languages, even with that of Megrelian which is its closest relative. The Georgian p'at'ron-i and Megrelian p'at'on-i were borrowed from Latin, while the Laz patron-i was adopted through Turkish. Below I present the pathways of adoption of the terms in point: Ge p'at'ron-i Lt patronus Mg p'at'on-i → Ge bat'on-i → Sv bat'ō Fr patrone → Tr patron → Lz patron-i As for their meanings and usage, the Georgian p'at'ron-i and Laz patron-i retained the denotation ('a protector, patron'). Hence, they are used as respective address terms: Ge p'at'ron-o [patron-VOC]; rarely, Lz patron-i [patron-NOM]. The Megrelian p'at'on-i and its Georgian successor bat'on-i/o eventually became polite terms of address. Their Svan counterpart bat'ō is used only as a term of address. It is noteworthy the three items are used to address ('direct address') both female and male individuals and occur even in address inversion. The aforementioned terms of address will be investigated based on the eldwork data and applying the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach.

Leyla-Tepe and Maykop cultures. Migration of ancient subars (suvars) from Messopatamia to the Volga region across the Caucasus The Leyla-Tepe culture of ancient Azerbaijan belongs to the Chalcolithic era. It got its name from the site in the Agdam district. Its settlements were distributed on the southern slopes of Central Caucasus, mostly in Agdam District, from 4350 until 4000 B.C. Monuments of the Leyla-Tepe were first located in the 1980s by I. G. Narimanov, a Soviet archaeologist. Recent attention to the monuments has been inspired by the risk of their damage due to the construction of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline and the South Caucasus pipeline. The Leyla-Tepe culture is also attested at Boyuk Kesik in the lower layers of this settlement. The inhabitants apparently buried their dead in ceramic vessels. Similar amphora burials in the South Caucasus are found in the Western Georgian Jar-Burial Culture, that is mostly of much later date (12). The ancient Poylu II settlement was discovered in the Agstafa District of Azerbaijan during the construction of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline. The lowermost layer dates to the early fourth millennium BC, attesting a multilayer settlement of Leyla-Tepe culture (14). Among the sites associated with this culture, the Soyugbulag kurgans or barrows are of special importance (15) The excavation of these kurgans, located in Kaspi Municipality, in central Georgia, demonstrated an unexpectedly early date of such structures on the territory of Azerbaijan. They were dated to the beginning of the 4th millennium BC (16). The culture has also been linked to the north Ubaid period monuments (41) in particular, with the settlements in the Eastern Anatolia Region (Arslantepe, Coruchu-tepe, Tepechik, etc.). Other sites belonging to the same culture in the Karabakh valley of Azerbaijan are Chinar-Tepe, Shomulu-Tepe, and Abdal-Aziz-Tepe. The settlement is of a typical Western-Asian variety, with the dwellings packed closely together and made of mud bricks with smoke outlets. It has been suggested that the Leyla-Tepe were the founders of the Maykop culture. An expedition to Syria by the Russian Academy of Sciences revealed the similarity of the Maykop and Leyla-Tepe artifacts with those found recently while excavating the ancient city of Tel Khazneh I, from the 4th millennium BC (38).

Ancient grain culture Millet
Luka Abuladze researches the grain culture - Millet, which had an important place in ancient Georgia. In
the Megrelian language, Millet is called „Chkidi“ and the dish prepared from this plant is called „Chkidish
Chkidi“. „Simindish  chkidi“ is baked from Maize. Therefore, these two plants are different from each other.
Based on historical sources, Luka Abuladze writes that Millet spread to Georgia from Asia. It had a great
role in the ancient Colchian culture. In ancient times, this plant was the main crop on the sea coast. In East
ern Georgia, millet spread later. Therefore, millet can be attributed to the ancient Colchis culture. The name
of Colchis as one of the earlier local centers of grain crops is widely recognized.

Word play is characterized by a wide variety of usage and possibilities occurring frequently in almost every sphere. Consequently, it has drawn the attention of scientists and become the object of an active research in recent years. Linguists try to define and classify it from different angles. The article analyzes graphological level of word play based on materials in English and Georgian languages, considers how the text, graphical illustration can provoke a special effect. Graphological level reveals the nature of word play and functions as the main tool of creativeness. The paper attempts to describe the structure of word play at graphological level in completely different languages.

This article explores Georgia’s cancellation of the Anaklia deep-sea port project as a symbol of its broader anti-Western drift under the Georgian Dream government. It argues that abandoning Anaklia—a project with strategic significance for Euro-Atlantic connectivity—illustrates how oligarchic influence, Russian pressure, and ruling party interests converge to undermine Georgia’s long-term development and Western integration. The paper situates Anaklia within the wider geopolitical competition over Black Sea infrastructure, warning that Georgia risks marginalizing itself as a transit hub and eroding Western confidence in its European trajectory. It calls on the West to draw lessons from this case and adopt a more assertive, conditional strategy to prevent Georgia’s slide into authoritarianism and dependence on Russia.

This article, published in GEOpolitics before the October 2024 elections, frames Georgia’s 2024 parliamentary elections as a decisive contest resembling a “boat race,” where uneven rules and manipulated conditions determine the outcome before the competition begins. It explores how the ruling Georgian Dream party has entrenched its advantages through control of media, electoral institutions, and state resources, while the opposition struggles with fragmentation, repression, and lack of access to fair campaigning opportunities. The piece emphasizes the elections’ broader significance—not only for Georgia’s democratic survival, but also for its geopolitical orientation between Europe and Russia. It argues that Western engagement will be critical in ensuring transparency, preventing authoritarian entrenchment, and supporting Georgian society’s demand for free and fair competition.

In specialized literature, expressions that metaphorically reflect the Soviet Union are referred to as Sovietisms. The Georgian language is particularly rich in Sovietisms, a fact that has a historical basis: in 1921, the Red Army fully occupied Georgia. The 70-year period of forced unification within the Soviet Empire left a lasting impact on the Georgian language. The names and surnames of many Soviet leaders served as the basis for new expressions. This paper discusses several of them: "Aurora's Volley," "Brezhnev's Kiss," "Denikin's Time," and "Stakhanov-like." The paper cites illustrative material from contemporary Georgian political discourse. A conceptual analysis of specific cases is presented in two directions: a) identifying metaphorical structures and showing how a metaphor shapes a specific idea, and b) highlighting cultural significance and demonstrating how metaphors express the political positions of a given speech community. The results of the study show that in modern Georgian political discourse, Sovietisms are not merely ideological metaphors but also instruments of so-called hate speech. These expressions are used in explicitly negative contexts, primarily to describe pro-Russian sentiments. They serve as tools for ridicule, criticism, or even verbal attack against an interlocutor or the subject of discussion.

This article examines key terminological challenges when translating ecological terms from English into Georgian, within the framework of the "Terminology without Borders" (TWB) project, initiated by the Directorate-General for Translation (DG TRAD) of the European Parliament. This study contributes to the IATE (InterActive Terminology for Europe) database, aiming to enhance communication in the environmental domain by adapting EU terminology to meet citizens' needs worldwide. The paper underscores the importance of terminological consistency in ensuring translation clarity and precision. Specifically, it documents and provides a descriptive analysis of four terms, identifying linguistic cases of polysemy, synonymy, and term variation, commonly observed across all 102 ecological terms in the database. The introductory section provides a comprehensive overview of the historical development of terminography in Georgia, examining its evolution over time, as well as the contemporary challenges it faces in the field. The core of the study is dedicated to a procedural analysis of terms: industrial crop, primary production waste, green waste, and corn salad. The analysis includes reviewing term definitions, identifying term domains, exploring contextual meanings, detecting targetlanguage equivalents, and corpus-based examination of each term. This approach is designed to systematically address terminological challenges within the context of IATE, thus improving the reliability of the Georgian entries for environmental terminology. A secondary objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of IATE as a resource for translating ecological terminology based on English source texts, highlighting potential areas for improvement in multilingual database management. The concluding section summarises the findings, emphasizing that terminological consistency is fundamentally dependent on the clarity and precision of source texts, especially within specialized domains such as the environment.

Georgian everyday life is highly tide up with the rich religious traditions that have been developed as a result of the century-long synthesis of pre-Christian and Christian practices and worldview. The Soviet period caused the fragmentation of the traditional religious knowledge and the practice moved to the household level and was paganized. In the post-Soviet period, the blow up of the religious sentiments and search for the identity increased the involvement of the big masses to the religious practices. The transformations were accompanied by the process of individualisation of religion, which has led to a change of forms of religiosity. Based on the ethnographic data of East Georgia, I’ll discuss the correlation of the normative, vernacular and resistant forms of religiosity. The historical comparative and parallel analyses will be used to research two examples of religious practice: Lomisoba and Berikaoba.

Lomisoba is an example of hybrid, massive, collective holiday. Berikaoba, is more local, not connected to the sacred site, performative festival. I argue, that the contemporary processes are having impact on the religiosity and the religiosity of the certain groups is trying to be defined in new forms. All the old and new forms of religiosity are explicitly displayed and played out in contemporary Georgia. At the same time there are some hidden practices, or rather implicit practices.

View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by eScholarship -University of California 5. Punctuation. In the manuscript a middle dot, a separating colon, and a sort of apostrophe can be seen. Since the evidence of the palimpsests is not entirely clear, it is suggested that generic punctuation characters be used (at least until such time as it can be demonstrated that these are not sufficient): U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT (or U+2E33 RAISED DOT), U+003A COLON, U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK. A PARAGRAPHOS is also found, which should be represented by U+2E11 REVERSED FORKED PARAGRAPHOS. One special mark is used (see Figure ) to indicate text that is a citation from the psalms; a script-specific CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN CITATION MARK is proposed to represent this. Ordering is as in the code chart, and follows the alphabetic order given in the sources.

The Seventeenth century’s seven albums with thousand illuminated papers and handwritten reports have been forgotten, until the priest Gioacchino di Marzo founded them in 1878 in the Libreria Comunale of Palermo, referred to as the formerly House of Theatins, and saved them. The albums, which narrate the history of Georgia in the seventeenth century and the twenty-five-year story of Sicilian Missionaries in Georgia, are regarded as precious and priceless treasure for the Georgian nation. Georgian public learnt about the albums only at the beginning of twentieth century when Georgian catholic Mikhail Tamarati found the albums in Palermo, photographed half of the photos and sent them to Georgia (1910), where they are actually kept at the National Centre of Manuscripts. The albums revealed not only the faces of Georgian kings which were unknown before, but also the type of costumes of that time and a lot of information in different fields such as art, history, geography, ethnography, et...

The Armenian Highlands is considered one of the ancient cradles of
carpet-weaving where the carpet weaving traditions have been continuing for
millennia without any interruption.
There are a good of deal of proofs of weaving culture existence in
ancient Asia Minor and they can be traced back to times immemorial: already
remnants of various textiles, have been discovered from Çatal Höyük, many
samples of spindles of from dozens of archaeological sites of the Hittite
Anatolia proving that the textile weaving was developed in that region.
Remains of looms have been preserved from ancient times. Special studies
are dedicated to the Hittite textiles. However, it should be mentioned that
100
despite strong dispersion of the weaving and presence of various textiles and
fabrics in Hittite texts, according to experts no clear word or description for
rug or carpet is preserved in Hittite.
However, as our studies show, the comparison of some Hittite words
surviving in the Hittite texts with the Armenian parallels in the context of
other languages enable us to discover at least one possible word with the
meaning of ‘carpet’ or ‘cover’ in the Hittite language.
Examination of the latter in the context of different languages and
cultural phenomena we arrive at the following conclusions:
1.The Armenian word gorg offered as parallel to the Hittite kurka is
wrong, its etymology remains unclear to date;
2.In all probability, the Armenian kapert-karpet with its preliminary
meaning ‘piece of cloth’ has been borrowed from the Hittite TÚGkapart
TÚGkapartasamna meaning ‘a type of a fabric weaved from animal fur’,
which as a result of word semantic shift changed its meaning denoting one of
the most ancient occurrence in the Armenian culture – ‘a carpet weaved from
animal fur’.
3.The Armenian hiwsel may have etymologically related to the Hittite
GIŠḫuesas- ‘spindle’.
4.The Armenian tapast ‘carpet’, ‘cover’ has its possible parallels in a
number of ancient languages.
5.The words tappastu/dappastu preserved in Akkadian with meaning
‘carpet’ or ‘cover’ have their possible parallels in a number of languages,
including the Armenian tapast –‘carpet’, ‘cover’, and the Hittite tapašpa,
tapišša, tapašša ‘a type of clothing or probably a type of cover’ and in the
context of the above remarks a meaning of ‘carpet’ can be suggested.
6.The Armenian tapast ‘carpet’, ‘cover’ should be reviewed in the
context of the above linguistic material, that needs additional study to clarify the issue of its etymology.

Because of its discoursive character, literature plays an actual role in the establishment and spread of the national stereotypes. Literature presents imagological views of different nations and ethno-stereotypes characterizing their national consciousness, i.e. evaluative views about other nations and cultures, which comprise an expanded scale of assessment -from extremely positive to extremely negative. The post-colonial Georgian literature presents two interesting literary processespost-colonial reflexion and post-colonial mythologisation. These processes are analyzed on the example of two novels -Chabua Amirejibi's Gora Mborgali (1994) and Otar Chiladze's Avelum (1995), which discuss imagological issues from an interesting angle and reveal post-colonial reflexion and mythologisation.

Tiriant sudėtingus ir kontroversinius literatūros ir kultūros laikotarpius (būtent tokia ir yra pirmosios praėjusio šimtmečio pusės literatūrinė atmosfera), į laiškus reikia žiūrėti kaip į dokumentus, kurie vaizduoja to laikmečio kasdienybę. Todėl iš vienos pusės, mes turime progą stebėti rašytojo „kūrybinę laboratoriją“ (naudojamas stilistines, tematines, politines ir kt. raiškos priemones), o iš kitos pusės, galime pamatyti jo/jos asmeninius bruožus, moralinę laikyseną ir įsitikinimus. Šiame straipsnyje analizuojami Boriso Pasternako laiškai, parašyti gruzinams draugams, yra raštiškas liudijimas apie rašytojo tikėjimą vertimo menu, kūrybiškumą, žmogiškus santykius ir egzistencines problemas.While analyzing complex and controversial literary and cultural periods (that’s exactly how the first half of the last century’s literary atmosphere appears to be), one needs to study the letter as a document which represents the realities of the everyday life of the era. Therefore, on the one ...

სამეცნიერო ჟურნალი ს პ ე ქ ტ რ ი 2023. 8(2) ზიკას ვირუსით გამოწვეული ინფექცია -მსოფლიო ჯანდაცვის ახალი გამოწვევა ნატალია გარუჩავა, მედიცინის დოქტორი მარინა ყუფარაძე მედიცინის დოქტორი გიგი გორგაძე; გიორგი ჟორჟოლიანი; თამილა სილაგაძე; თბილისის სახელმწიფო სამედიცინო უნივერსიტეტი

Tense-aspect-mood (TAM) is usually considered a verbal grammatical category; however, in a number of languages it can be encoded in the nominal domain. This phenomenon is known as 'nominal tense' (cf. Nordlinger & Sadler 2004, Tonhauser 2006, Bertinetto 2020, Aikhenvald 2021) and has been described mostly on the basis of the languages of the Americas, whereas few studies address nominal temporal marking in Eurasian languages (Nikolaeva 2015, Gusev 2021). From the very beginning of the research on this topic the difficulty has been highlighted to distinguish inflectional nominal tense markers from derivational affixes (Nordlinger & Sadler 2004: 780). Tense markers are expected to be fully productive and able to attach to any noun regardless of its semantics; in turn, derivational affixes are usually restricted to one or several semantic fields.

Accordingly, a contrast is normally drawn between, on the one hand, such affixes as Tariana -miki-, which can be used with a noun like 'eagle' to mean 'the remains of the eagle', 'what used to be the eagle' or Guaraní -kue, used with a noun like 'house' to mean 'old house', and, on the other, English ex- (?ex-eagle, ?ex-house). However, it has been shown that nominal temporality markers are also subject to restrictions, which are mostly pragmatically-based (Tohnauser 2006, Bertinetto 2020). Therefore, the boundary between inflection and derivation among nominal tense markers is not as clearly set as assumed in many studies on the topic.

To our knowledge, Kartvelian languages have not been examined through the lens of studies on nominal tense. While all four languages of the family present nominal markers with past temporal semantics (such as the Georgian circumfixes na- ... -ar-/-al-, na- ... -ev-), they are usually described as derivational affixes that form 'previous-state nouns' (c'ina vitarebis saxelebi, Šaniże 1980, Vašakiże 1987). This talk aims to open a discussion on whether one can speak about nominal tense in Kartvelian, as well as define the meanings of the above mentioned morphemes. This ongoing study is mostly based on Georgian material and, to a lesser extent, on Megrelian, Laz, and Svan. The data are drawn from dictionaries (cf. Rayfield 2006, Čikobava 1950-1964, Kajaia 2006), corpora (GDC, GNC, TITUS), as well through elicitation from native speakers.

An analysis of over 600 'previous-state nouns' reveals a high degree of productivity of this morphological device in Kartvelian, as suggested by the fact that the relevant affixes attach to nouns belonging to a wide range of semantic classes. Moreover, the restrictions of compatibility with some types of nominal stems align with those described by Tonhauser (2006) for Guaraní, which supports Bertinetto's (2020) claim that they are pragmatically motivated.

Similarly to other languages with reported nominal tense markers, Kartvelian languages display uses of these affixes with nouns denoting professions and stage-level relations (Georgian naminist'rali 'former minister', nakmrevi 'former husband'). In turn, no 'previous-state nouns' that convey the meaning of a deceased human or animal have been found. The most common group of nouns with temporality markers refer to a space previously occupied by some entity: Georgian nasimindari 'field where maize grew last year', Svan nalaqwam 'site of former church'. This is particularly relevant considering that this kind of examples have received little attention in previous studies, cf. Tonhauser (2006: 197-198). Equally remarkable is a subgroup of nouns that share a meaning of a mark left by a brief presence of some entity: Georgian napexuri 'footprint', Megrelian nak'ibira 'tooth mark'. Finally, it is worth mentioning that in Megrelian a combination of temporality markers and diminutives results in a deprecatory meaning (nobergia 'worthless hoe', nok'abia 'old, worthless dress'), cf. Aikhenvald (2021) on Tariana.

Acknowledgments

This research has been supported by the research project La transversalidad de las categorías gramaticales: un estudio tipológico PID2021-124769NB-I00, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation / Spanish Research Agency (AEI) /10.13039/501100011033, and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF “A way of making Europe”).

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The article discusses the Georgian manuscript Cod. Vind. georg. 4 of the Austrian National Library, Vienna, and the application of the term "Mravaltavi" to it, starting with some general observations concerning the Georgian type of ‘πολυκέφαλος Βίβλος’.

In this paper, we provide a preliminary account of our work on two palimpsests of Mt Sinai, namely, Sin. georg. NF 84 and 90, two heavily damaged manuscripts which were supposed to belong to one and the same codex in the relevant catalogue. They can be shown to contain a hitherto unknown ancient version of the Psalter in their undertexts. The present study is dedicated to Mzekala Shanidze who paved the way for all investigations into the history of this text in the Georgian tradition

Le haoussa est une langue tchadique appartenant au phylum Afro-Asiatique, parlee par environ 50 millions de locuteurs en Afrique de l'Ouest, essentiellement au Nigeria et au Niger. Les TAM sont marques par un complexe pre-verbal qui inclut une marque de personne obligatoire, indexee au sujet. Ce complexe opere comme un mot independant que la tradition grammaticale haoussa appelle 'pronom sujet'. Les paradigmes de pronoms sujets se divisent en deux series : une serie compatible avec la focalisation, les questions partielles, et les subordonnees relative, et une serie non-compatible. Dans cet expose, nous presentons un survol de la partie de la grammaire haoussa concernant ces phenomenes. La conclusion insiste sur l'importance du couple conceptuel assertion-preconstruction. Les series qui apparaissent dans le contexte [+focus] marquent la preconstruction de la relation predicative qu'ils determinent. Ils ne font pas l'objet de l'assertion de l'enonce ou...

„თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის მედიაქრონიკა 1918-1921 ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ბიბლიოთეკამ მოამზადა.
            მოვლენები და ფაქტები ქრონოლოგიური თანმიმდევრობით, ყოველგვარი მეცნიერული შეფასების, ანალიზისა და დასკვნის გარეშეა წარმოდგენილი. მასალა მოძიებულია უნივერსიტეტის ბიბლიოთეკის ფონდებში დაცული 1918-1921 წწ. პერიოდის პრესიდან. წიგნში თავმოყრილ ყოველდღიურ ქრონიკებს ერთვის საგაზეთო ამონარიდები, უნივერსიტეტისა და უნივერსიტეტთან დაკავშირებული პიროვნებების ფოტოები, წერილები თუ სხვადასხვა საარქივო დოკუმენტი.
            მომზადების პროცესში გაწეული დახმარებისთვის მადლობას ვუხდით საქართველოს ეროვნულ არქივს და საქართველოს პარლამენტის ეროვნულ ბიბლიოთეკას.

If we look at the history of the Georgian church chants from the early stages of Christianity to the modern times, all the parameters of the functioning of the cultural memory become clear. From the time of its creation to the present, this cultural phenomenon carries the function of an exhibit on the one hand, and on the other hand, comprises in itself the impulse of internal development, which is manifested in the aspiration of generations towards a stable phenomenon. The Great Canon of St Andrew of Crete is one of such monuments in the Georgian reality. It bears significant importance from the liturgical as well as scholarly points of view. It is a monument with a great research history. Its establishment within the Georgian ecclesiastical world took place simultaneous with the formation of the Georgian church service. The article presents the attitude of the Georgian hymnographers and scholars of church music and chants towards this monument from its creation (seventh century) up to the modern times. In Georgia, like other Christian countries, the historical path of chants goes from oral tradition to neumatic and finally to the notation systems. However, the path of the oral tradition is especially long in Georgia. Due to the difficult political situation, the notation system established in Europe from the eleventh century entered Georgia only at the end of the nineteenth century. This situation especially intensified the phenomenon of cultural memory, thus, Georgian chants were passed down orally, in a traditional manner from generation to generation for almost six centuries. This, too, was a kind of internal protest, the cultural memory opposed the dramatic political environment. In the nineteenth century, the Russian Empire abolished the autocephaly of the Georgian Church, threatening to eradicate the original traditions of the Georgian sacred music. In the 1880s, with the great efforts of The Committee for the Revival of Georgian Chant, it became possible to maintain a continuous Georgian heritage with the historical and cultural past and transfer church hymns to a five-line notation system. It should be noted that in the twentieth century the Soviet iron curtain was able to break down the 70-year-old chain of the cultural memory. Therefore, the study of hymns recorded in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries became the basis for restoring historical reality and returning traditional hymns to the church service. The Great Canon itself, like other church works, was created on the basis of the Scripture. In this way, it is a bearer of the historical memory. As Doru Costache mentioned, the Canon's "structure reiterates the pattern of nine scriptural odes and, albeit indirectly, by way of a Christian selection of passages, it mirrors the Scripture. Undoubtedly, this is a solid mode of connecting with Christianity's scriptural universe" 1 .

This paper presents a general approach to verbal inflection with special emphasis on suppletion phenomena. The paper focuses on French, but the approach is general enough to apply to a wide variety of languages. In the first part of the paper, we show that suppletion is not erratic: suppletive forms tend to always appear in groups, in definite areas of verbal paradigms. Our analysis is based on the observation of a number of dependency relations between inflectional forms of verbs (somewhat similar to rules of referral (Zwicky 1985, Stump 1993)). We define for each language a stem dependency tree based on these observations, which allows one to predict the whole paradigm of every verb in the language on the basis of a minimal number of idiosyncratic stems. We use the tree to minimize the quantity of redundant phonological information that has to be listed in the lexicon for a given lexeme, assuming that an optimal analysis of inflection should be able to derive all and only intuitiv...

Medieval and Renaissance Music Conference,
30th June to 4th July 2025
Newcastle University, University of Durham, and 
University of Northumbria at Newcastle

https://www.medren2025.co.uk/
https://www.medren2025.co.uk/conference-programme

Abstract
Exploring the Origins and Development of Georgian Art Music: Reconstruction Methods and Insights
Determining the origins of the Georgian compositional school, which emerged in the 20th century, is challenging for Georgian musicology due to the lack of sheet music before the 19th century and the vague development of national secular music. An alternative approach is multidisciplinary research, combining historical, ethnographic, and comparative methods. This requires considering insights from various art fields and examining the intonational layers they produce: —Georgian traditional polyphony, with its unique modal systems, melodies, and rhythms, saw both folk songs and church hymns frequently performed at the royal court, underscoring their cultural significance; —Georgian folk and court poetry, and musical-poetic genres; Their intersection through intonation made it possible to shape the intonational nature of secular music through poetic phonemes, the specificity of versification, and the inherent musicality of the verse. A strong tradition of poetry recitation and the richness of Georgian poetry in works for singing are additional key factors; —Musical-theatrical performances like Berikaoba, Keenoba, and staged Georgian legends blend music and drama; —European church music, brought by Italian Catholic missionaries. —Cross-cultural influences from neighbouring civilizations, including Byzantium, Persia, and the Ottoman Empire. Thus, the Georgian compositional school emerged through a synthesis of diverse traditions and intonational layers from various poetic, musical, and theatrical genres. The practical value of this research provides a framework for tracing the lineage of art music in countries with fragmented secular music history that rely predominantly on oral traditions. This presentation contributes to constructing a nuanced history of Georgian music by highlighting one of the world’s oldest traditions.

Dans le cadre de l'Université d'Hiver de l'ITI HiSAAR intitulée "Des manuscrits anciens à l’élaboration des éditions critiques" se déroulant du 28 au 29 Novembre 2024, l'objectif principal fut de retracer l'histoire de manuscrits et artefacts conservés à la BNU. Cet article présente le manuscrit MS. 4.724, intitulé "Prières en langue géorgienne suivies de notes personnelles en langue russe", et tente d'analyser les quelques indices afin de retrouver sa date d'origine ainsi que son parcours.

Society Sokol was established in 1862, in Prague, under the leadership of Miroslav Tyrš (1832-1884 /writer, art scientist, doctor of philosophy). Further, similar societies were established in many countries... In analogy of Czech Sokol on August 25, 1918 Giorgi Nikoladze (1888-1931 /mathematician, metallurgist, athlete) in Tbilisi founded the Shevardeni Society  (“Shevardeni” means falkon in Georgian). 
    The society with such name has not formed “from nothing”; it is regarded that in 1900, in Tiflis (pre-1936 name of Tbilisi) there was officially registered the Gymnastic Society which, in 1907, was permitted to take name Sokol (Сокол). In 1882, in Moscow, there was developed the charter of the gymnastics society and further, in 1883, it was adopted. In 1907 this society was also permitted to take name Sokol. At National Archives of Georgia, there is preserved the document – charter of the gymnastics society in Russian language, approved by the head of Caucasian central administration, General-Lieutenant Staroselski on 18 March 1881. As Shevardeni was established on the basis of its preceding organizations, all above provides grounds to offer the question, whether it should be regarded that the history of Shevardeni and generally, Sokol movement in Tsarist Russia commenced in 1881 and this occurred in Tbilisi. Charter adopted in the mentioned year in Georgia, possibly does not evidence the fact that the gymnastics society has commenced extensive activities in 1881, but the fact of existence of the charter indicates that this society since that time already existed officially, it was engaged in exercising and in 1900 it commenced extensive practical activities..
    Our work expresses the opinion that, in general,  in Tsarist Russia the history of the creation at the high governmental level of the Gymnastics Society also began in Tbilisi in 1881.
    The article contains illustrations with the postcards created for Prague festivals; here are also the pictures by Georgian painter, Valerian Sidamon-Eristavi, depicting Georgian sports garments specially designed for Shevardeni.

The paper discusses two possible borrowings between Classical Armenian and Caucasian Albanian (CAlb.). It is argued that CAlb. isḳaṗos is borrowed from Arm. (e)piskapos attested in two of the earliest Armenian inscriptions and modern Armenian dialects. The similarity of CAlb. axal- “nurse” and Arm.
ałaxin “maid, female servant” is probably not due to chance.

XII-XIII საუკუნეების ცნობილი მოღვაწის – მხითარ გოშის ტრაქტატი „ქართველთათვის“ საინტერესო ლიტერატურული და საისტორიო ძეგლია და მრავალმხრივაა საყურადღებო. ეს საღვთისმეტყველო ხასიათის ნაწარმოებია. მასში მდიდარი მასალაა მოცემული აღმოსავლური ქრისტიანული ეკლესიის ისტორიის შესწავლისათვის. ამასთანავე, ეს თხზულება მჭიდროდ უკავშირდება XII-XIII საუკუნეების მიჯნაზე საქართველოსა და სომხეთს შორის მიმდინარე რთულ პოლიტიკურ პროცესებს, რომელთა თვითმხილველიცა და უშუალო მონაწილეც იყო ამ ტრაქტატის ავტორი – მხითარ გოში.

სომხურიდან თარგმნა და გამოკვლევები დაურთო ნათია ჩანტლაძემ



The treatise of Mkhitar Gosh, the 12-13th century Armenian writer and public figure, is an extremely valuable source for those studying the relationships between Armenia and Georgia. It also dwells on the aspects of theology and history of Eastern Orthodox Church.

Translated from Armenian and commented by Natia Chantladze

Consumerist cosmopolitanism is usually seen as deficient or banal, but its relationship to presumably substantial forms of cosmopolitanism is rarely explored. This article elaborates how consumerist cosmopolitanism brings to light a constitutive tension at the core of the concept of cosmopolitanism in general, namely that between a universal surface (kosmos) and a particular content (polis).
The case study focuses on Georgia, a country confronted with a significant influx of Russian citizens after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Many of the relocates are middle-class IT professionals who have made themselves at home in ‘cosmopolitan’ venues. Given Russia’s historical role as a colonising power and ongoing consideration of Georgia as its sphere of interest, such home-making ambitions are viewed with suspicion. Treating Russian newcomers with hospitality is a way of reasserting sovereignty and domesticating the cosmopolitan.

This study investigates phonological and phonetic details of disjunctive declaratives (ddcls) and alternative questions (altqs) in Arabic. The aim of the phonological and phonetic analyses of these syntactically identical utterances is to find out the cues that are responsible for the disambiguation. Consequently, a production study eliciting ddcls and altqs was run with 20 participants producing 160 utterances (80 ddcls and 80 altqs). Findings reveal that ddcls and altqs are similar in having a global rise-fall contour, but differ in the phonetic implementation of the fall, since minimum F0 values are significantly higher in altqs than in ddcls, suggesting that there is a fall to mid in the former (proposing !H%) and a fall to low in the latter (L%). There are also significant phonological differences in the accentual features between both sentence types, i.e., the conjuncts are always accented in altqs, but they are deaccented in ddcls. The findings are a contribution to the prosody-meaning literature, showing the importance of prosody for syntactic disambiguation. The findings are used to propose a theory for the disambiguation of disjunctive sentences.

1948 წელს პარიზში გამოცემული „ქართული ლექსიკონი“ არა მხოლოდ ლექსიკოგრაფიული, არამედ ისტორიული თვალსაზრისითაც მნიშვნელოვანი გამოცემაა. მის ამ განსაკუთრებულობას განაპირობებს რამდენიმე გარემოება: 1) ლექსიკონი შეადგინეს შალვა სკამკოჩაიშვილმა და მირიან მელუამ, საქართველოს გასაბჭოების შემდეგ პარიზში ემიგრაციაში წასულმა ქართველმა პუბლიცისტებმა; 2) ლექსიკონი გამოსცა სოციალ-დემოკრატიული პარტიის წევრმა, საქართველოს გასაბჭოების შემდეგ ასევე ემიგრაციაში წასულმა ქართველმა გამომცემელმა და პარიზის ქართული სტამბის დამაარსებელმა დავით ხელაძემ; 3) ლექსიკონი განკუთვნილი იყო ემიგრაციაში მცხოვრები ქართველებისთვის და მიზნად ისახავდა მივიწყებული ქართული სიტყვებისა და „ჩამოქართულებული“ უცხო სიტყვების განმარტებას. „ქართული ლექსიკონი“ 130-გვერდიანი ლექსიკოგრაფიული ნაშრომია, რომელიც ანბანთრიგზე დალაგებულ ასობით სალექსიკონო ერთეულს მოიცავს და ისეთ წყაროებს ემყარება, როგორებიცაა: სულხან-საბას, დავით ჩუბინაშვილის, რაფიელ ერისთავის, იოსებ იმედაშვილისა და ვუკოლ ბერიძის ლექსიკონები. ავტორები წინასიტყვაობაში საუბრობენ ლექსიკონის მიზანსა და მნიშვნელობაზე; შენიშნავენ, რომ „ენა თავისი ზრდის პროცესში უკუაგდებს ან ასხვაფერებს გარდამხდარ სიტყვებს“ და ჩამოთვლიან ენის ლექსიკური ფონდის ცვლილებისა და გამდიდრების ისეთ ხერხებს, როგორებიცაა: სიტყვათა დაკარგვა, მნიშვნელობათა შეცვლა და უცხო ენებიდან სესხება. სტატიაში „ქართული ლექსიკონის“ მაგალითზეა განხილული რამდენიმე ე.წ. მივიწყებული ქართული სიტყვა, შედარებულია ძველი ქართული ენის ლექსიკონებში მოცემული მნიშვნელობები და ნაჩვენებია მათი სემანტიკური თავისებურებები.

The article provides discussion of the Georgian Society Shevardeni („შევარდენი“–  “Falcon” in Georgian) founded in 1918, in Tbilisi, similar to Crzeh Society Sokol (“Falcon”)  founded in Prague  in 1862 by the Crzeh philosopher, art historian and spoirts organizer Miroslav Tyrš /born Friedrich Emanuel Tirsch (17 IX 1832 – 8 XII 1884), this was not only a sports organization, regarding its involvement in such spheres, as philosophy, various arts, belletristics, political sciences, medicine… the society strived to strengthen friendship between peoples and revival of the national spirit…
    Shevardeni was established by Georgian mathematician, metallurgist, one of the founders of the Georgian Geographical Society and athlete Giorgi Nikoladze (11 XII 1888 – 5 II 1931) together with other Athletes: Giorgi Egnatashvili /Ignatiev/ (12 III 1885 – 16 I 1962), Gaioz Berelashvili (1 X 1892 – 1 X 1937), Tamar Nikoladze (1892 – 1939), Davit Javrishvili (17 I – 21 XI 1971) etc. According to the article, just like Sokol,        Shevardeni was not a purely sports society and its purpose was dissemination of the moral-oriented philosophy and original esthetics related to many arts (painting, poetry, choreography, music...), members of the Society were closely related to the spheres of medicine, social and political sciences. Similar to Sokol, worldview of Shevardeni was mentally close to the ancient Hellenic world, in particular, with Kalokagathia. 
    Shevardeni had time to publish quite limited literature, but these publications demonstrate that  many Georgian poets, painters, musicians, publicists (Shio Mgvimeli /Kuchukashvili [12 II 1866 – 29 XII 1933], Sezman Ertatsmindeli /Batkuashvili [25 XI 1888 – 24 VI 1944], Mikel Pataridze [5 IV 1895 – 7 VII 1959], Ioane Kipiani [1893 – 1948], Valerian Sidamon-Eristavi [20 VI 1889 – 9 VI 1943], Evgeni Mikeladze [27 VI 1903 – 1937], Soso  Aslanishvili [27 I 1891 – 11 XI 1955] etc.) collaborated with Shevardeni and esthetics, close to ancient Hellenic and Czech Sokol, gradually established in their art. For Shevardeni, similar to Sokol from Prague, revival of the national spirit was one of the main goals, Hellenic and Czech Sokol esthetics influenced members and followers of Shevardeni but they intended to develop this esthetics on the basis of Georgian national soil (they have created the Society’s anthem relying on the national spirit, also Georgian logotypes, national sportswear etc.). They had no time to fully realize their ideas. Shevardeni was founded in 25 XII 1918 and, supposedly, for alleged nationalism, it was terminated by the Soviet government in 3 XI 1922.
    It is known that in Tsarist Russia, which, before 1918, included Georgia, there was adopted the first charter of Russian Gymnastic Society on 4 May 1883; according to the document, maintained at the National Archive of Georgia (17-1-677), the charter of the organization with the same name was adopted on 18 March 1881 and thus, in our opinion, the society registered in Tiflis (Tbilisi) should be regarded one of as the first gymnastic organizations established in Russian Empire and directly subordinated to the state (naturally, we should not forget the contribution of those Russian and foreign gymnasts working in Russia, which have established their gymnastic groups, thus promoting development of gymnastics in the country...); Sokol societies established in 1907, in Tbilisi and Moscow were created on the basis of the gymnastic organizations existing in these cities and hence,  it can be said in our opinion that Sokol Movement at the highest state level in Tsarist Russia began in 1881, in Tbilisi...

Every year on the sixth day of the Epiphany octave (Epiphany VI/11 January), the residents of Jerusalem gathered in Bethany and read the account of Jesus’ miraculous raising of Lazarus (John 11:1-46). This article reconstructs the meaning of this celebration from the extant homilies of Hesychius of Jerusalem, a fifth-century presbyter in the city. First, the article determines that Hesychius’ Hom. 12, In S. Lazarum, is an artifact of the celebration – that is, a sermon preached on Epiphany VI. Secondly, the article determines from the homily that Epiphany VI had a double significance for the residents of Jerusalem. Like other days in the Epiphany octave, the festivity commemorated Jesus’ birth, but it also – and even primarily – served as the city’s primary celebration of the raising of Lazarus. Lastly, the article revisits the origins and evolution of this festival. It concludes that the celebration was the partial continuation of an older and more complex memorial on the Saturday immediately before Holy Week – one that commemorated all of Jesus’ encounter with Mary, the raising of Lazarus, and a later supper shared in the home of Lazarus. Evidence of this older celebration persists in Cyril of Jerusalem’s Catechetical Lectures, the Itinerarium Egeriae, and perhaps also Hesychius’ Hom. 11. By the mid-fifth century, however, the church of Jerusalem limited the focus of this feast to the supper at Lazarus’ home; simultaneously, it moved the account of Lazarus’ raising to the only other date on which it held a public liturgy in Bethany, Epiphany VI.

Arab (Islamic) and Western (Christian) worlds have centuries-old and multilateral cultural-historical relations. The main place among them belongs to linguistic connections. Many Arabic words are found in Georgian, English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, German, Russian and other languages. Many of them are known in almost every language of the world, mainly in Asia and Europe, as a common term or expression. Frequently some words are so much altered that it is difficult to determine its etymology. Nevertheless, there are many words of Arabic origin recorded in etymological dictionaries. There are frequent inaccuracies that require amendment. While working on the issue of Arabic lexis in the Georgian language, I had an idea of ​​identifying and studying the words that are universal and heard every day, but their Arabic origin remains out of our attention. Some of these words are presented in this article. In the future, I have an intention to continue working on the issue in ...

This paper examines the challenges involved in creating a lexical database for Georgian dialects. It begins by outlining the methodological approaches to data collection and formatting, followed by an overview of the current version of the database, and its applications for linguistic analysis. Designed to facilitate a wide range of research, the database supports investigations such as Levenshtein distance calculations and diachronic and diatopic comparisons. The long-term goal of this project is to develop an open, accessible resource that can be gradually enriched with new data, advancing computational tools and deepening our understanding of Georgian and Kartvelian dialects.