Geography of Crime

No contexto do crescente pluricentrismo do português, analisamos a nativização das variedades africanas, no enquadramento do “modelo dinâmico” elaborado por Schneider (2007) para as variedades nacionais do inglês, com incidência no português moçambicano (PM). São descritos os principais dados sociolinguísticos do PM, como a percentagem de falantes do português como L1/L2 e das línguas bantu locais, a projeção social do português em Moçambique e os fenómenos de diglossia e de “language shift” das línguas bantu para o português. Analisamos, em seguida, alguns dos principais indicadores linguísticos de nativização do PM: fonológicos, como a reestruturação silábica; sintáticos, como clíticos, marcação diferencial do objeto, transitivação, duplos objetos, emergência de novas construções, como a passiva dativa; e lexicais, como empréstimos e neologismos. Finalmente, discutimos as questões de contacto e graus de influência das línguas bantu, estádios de estabilização do PM, reestruturações da gramática do português europeu e (re)interpretação dinâmica e sociocognitiva da nativização do PM.

El análisis de la presente investigación emplea un modelo probabilístico de elección discreta para relacionar las características individuales y locales del vecindario con la propensión a ser violento para los presuntos delincuentes arrestados en el Área Metropolitana de Monterrey durante los años 2005 y 2010. Empleando varias fuentes de información se formó una base de datos donde los presuntos criminales son la unidad de análisis. Los resultados muestran que las características de vecindario, como el grado promedio de escolaridad y las instalaciones deportivas reducen la propensión del delincuente a ser violento.

Doğal afetlerden hemen sonraki süreçte yaşanan kargaşa ve kamu otoritesinin azalmasına bağlı olarak suç oranlarının artış gösterdiği bilinmektedir. Depremler gerek etki alanlarının büyüklüğü gerek de çok sayıda insanı etkilemeleriyle bu afetler arasında özel bir yere sahip olup, kriminal yansımaları özellikle uluslararası literatürden anlaşılabildiği üzere cana ve mala karşı suçlar temelinde çok farklı suç şekilleri olarak karşımıza çıkabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada 6 Şubat 2023'te 7.7 ve 7.6'lık iki büyük dalga halinde gerçeklemiş ve asrın felaketi olarak nitelenen depremlerden hemen sonraki 1 ay içerisinde meydana gelen mala karşı suç olayları bir önceki yılın aynı dönemine göre karşılaştırmalı olarak mekansal ve zamansal bazda incelenmiştir. İçişleri Bakanlığın'dan temin edilen suç verileri Çok Kriterli Karar Verme (ÇKKV) ve Hotspot yöntemleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiş, daha sonra bu analizlerden yola çıkılarak veriler kriminoloji çalışmalarında en yaygın kullanılan teorilerden olan Rutin Faaliyetler Teorisi ve Kırık Pencereler Teorisi temelinde yorumlanmıştır. Suç coğrafyası çalışmalarında yaygın olarak kullanılan CBS'den Hotspot yöntemiyle bu çalışmada da istifade edilmiştir. Ancak ÇKKV ve teorik yorumlamayla birlikte üç farklı yöntemin kullanıldığı böyle bir sentez suç coğrafyası araştırmalarında mevcut değildir ki, araştırmanın özgün değeri burada ortaya çıkmaktadır. / It is known that crime rates increase in the period immediately after natural disasters due to the turmoil and the decrease in public authority. Earthquakes have a special place among these disasters both due to the size of their impact areas and the fact that they affect a large number of people, and their criminal reflections can appear in many different forms of crime, especially on the basis of crimes against life and property, as can be understood from the international literature. In this study, the crimes against property that occurred within one month immediately after the earthquakes, which occurred on February 6, 2023 in two big waves of 7.7 and 7.6 and were described as the disaster of the century, were examined on a spatial and temporal basis comparatively to the same period of the previous year. The crime data obtained from the Ministry of Interior were analysed using Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and Hotspot methods, and then, based on these analyses, the data were interpreted on the basis of Routine Activities Theory and Broken Windows Theory, which are the most widely used theories in criminological studies. GIS, which is widely used in crime geography studies, was also utilised in this study with the Hotspot method. However, such a synthesis in which three different methods are used together with CRM and theoretical interpretation is not available in crime geography studies, and this is where the unique value of the research emerges.

Hot spot policing involves the deployment of police patrols to places where high levels of crime have previously concentrated. The creation of patrol routes in these hot spots is mainly a manual process that involves using the results from an analysis of spatial patterns of crime to identify the areas and draw the routes that police officers are required to patrol. In this article we introduce a computational approach for automating the creation of hot spot policing patrol routes. The computational techniques we introduce created patrol routes that covered areas of higher levels of crime than an equivalent manual approach for creating hot spot policing patrol routes, and were more efficient in how they covered crime hot spots. Although the evidence on hot spot policing interventions shows they are effective in decreasing crime, the findings from the current research suggest that the impact of these interventions can potentially be greater when using the computational approaches that...

Assessing the state of knowledge on 'social dimensions of public policies and their impact on crime' is one aspect of a reflection on crime prevention and public policies. Crime prevention is embedded in various traditions, socio-legal contexts and socio-economic backgrounds. Therefore we need a preliminary assessment of the crime dynamics and socio-economic situations in Europe. To draw this portrait, considering the states as units, we will first look at the crime dynamics during the last decades. We will then compare the countries in terms of crime levels and socio economic situations. It would have been better to compare crime dynamics and socio-economic evolutions but it is difficult due to the lack of comparative data. By the same token, the state level is not necessarily the best unit, and we will try to provide in a later comparison involving, at least for the biggest countries, infra-national units.

Ve Studii vlivu tvrdého hazardu na kriminalitu byly zveřejněny údaje, tvrzení a úvahy, které hodnotí činnost některých měst v Čechách, na Moravě a ve Slezsku. Obecní samospráva je významným prvkem demokratického státu a právo obcí samostatně rozhodovat a upravovat místní záležitosti je podstatou samosprávy občanů těchto obcí. Oponentní posouzení dává městům, jejich orgánům i občanům možnost seznámit se s tím, zda informace a úvahy o některých městech obstojí z pohledu kritického zhodnocení obsahu i metodického přístupu.

A través de este artículo se presenta una perspectiva crítica de las fases o secuencias cronológicas del crecimiento y expansión urbana de Manizales, ciudad arquetipo de la leyenda fundacional erigida por la historia oficial de la "colonización antioqueña" en el centro occidente colombiano durante el siglo xix. Para ello se analizan desde un enfoque multidimensional de carácter geohistórico los ritmos de la producción social del espacio urbano, sus cambios morfológicos y la configuración de una serie de conflictos territoriales o injusticias espaciales. La metodología empleada requirió del levantamiento de información documental, la realización de entrevistas y el uso de estadísticas y técnicas de representación espacial, como son las infografías del territorio. A nivel de resultados se expone la caracterización de cinco fases de reestructuración urbana, partiendo del espacio "com-pacto" en su origen parroquial hasta el último periodo de configuración territorial de la ciudad "com-fusa" neoliberal, en la cual se ha apostado tanto por la ciudad difusa de los mega emprendimientos inmobiliarios hacia los espacios periurbanos del municipio, como por una estructura de ciudad compacta con el necrourbanismo

La desaparición involuntaria de personas cometidas por particulares es un delito de lesa humanidad que en México se ha incrementado debido a la macrocriminalidad que impera desde hace algunos años, se mantiene en la absoluta impunidad y para los familiares no hay verdad, reparación y mucho menos justicia.
Este delito es complejo y cuando mas se profundiza en el tema, surgen nuevas preguntas que parecen conducir por un laberinto más oscuro de explicar e interpretar, sin embargo esta investigación permite acercarse a identificar patrones espaciales de desaparición involuntaria de personas y sus diversas correlaciones con factores socioeconómicos y de violencia desde una perspectiva de género y la geografía del crimen.
Además, establece los principios para teorizar sobre una categoría espacial para los desaparecidos, describiendo los espacios de ausencia como la apropiación espacial que hacen los familiares de las personas desaparecidas convirtiéndolos en espacios de resistencia pública o privada donde se reconstruye el Yo de la persona que les fue arrebatada.

Las disputas por consolidar el proyecto moderno en sociedades en transformación encontraron en la violencia un elemento mediador de los cambios urbanos, Especialmente en el contexto latinoamericano. Este texto interpreta el caso de la región cafetera De Colombia, específicamente la ciudad de Pereira, para analizar las relaciones entre necropolítica, desarrollo y violación de derechos humanos en su proceso de transformación Urbanística. Metodología: Desde una perspectiva sociológica y utilizando un enfoque cualitativo, se estudian los procesos de urbanización más importantes en Pereira, que ocurrieron a finales del siglo XX y principios del XXI, para identificar dinámicas relacionadas Con la violencia y la violación de los derechos humanos. Resultados: Si se identificaron dispositivosde ocultación, violación sistemática de los derechos humanos y prácticas violentas como parte de los procesos de transformación urbana más significativos en la ciudad de Pereira, que fue clave en la economía cafetera colombiana. Discusión y conclusiones: El estudio revela cómo la violencia, tanto física como simbólica, acompañó los procesos de urbanización en Pereira, reflejando las complejas interacciones entre necropolítica, desarrollo y derechos humanos en una región de alta dinámica económica. Palabras clave: necropolítica; limpieza social; plan parcial; aporicidio; renovación urbana; prácticas violentas; derechos humanos, desarrollo.

This study uses data of about 9000 apartment sales in Stockholm, Sweden, to assess the impact of crime on property prices. The study employs hedonic pricing modelling to estimate the impact of crime controlling for other factors (property and neighbourhood characteristics). Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to combine apartment sales by co-ordinates with offences, land-use characteristics and demographic data of the population. The novelty of this research is threefold. First, it explores a set of land-use attributes created by spatial techniques in GIS in combination with detailed geographical data in hedonic pricing modelling. Second, the effect of crime in neighbouring zones at one place can be measured by incorporating spatial lagged variables of offence rates into the model. Third, the study provides evidence of the impact of crime on housing prices in a capital city of a welfare state country, information otherwise lacking in the international literature. Our results indicate that apartment prices in a specific area are strongly affected by crime in its neighbouring zones, regardless of crime type. When offences were broken down by types, residential burglary, theft, vandalism, assault and robbery individually had a significant negative effect on property values. However, for residential burglary such an effect is not homogenous across space, and apartment prices in central areas are often less discounted by being exposed to crime than those in the city's outskirts.

Kavga, insanın hayatta kalmak, hedeflerine ulaşmak, rakibine üstünlük sağlamak veya sahip olduğu konumu veya kazanımları kaybetmemek üzere başvurduğu davranıştır. İnsanlar arası gerçekleşen mücadelelerin şiddet içeren bir hali olarak kavga, çeşitli düzeylerde yaralanmaya veya ölüme sebebiyet veren sonuçlar içerir. Kitlesel düzeyde meydana gelen mahalleler arası kavgalar, insanların biz ve öteki şeklinde saf tutmalarını beraberinde getirir. Kavganın tarafları kendilerinin her zaman için haklı, karşı tarafın ise haksız olduğu algısına sahiptirler ve bu algı, kavganın devamlı bir hal almasına neden teşkil eder. Bu çalışmanın konusunu oluşturan Cizre'deki kavgalar, gerçekleşme sıklığı, uzun bir süreye yayılması, kavgaya karışanların asıl sebepleri bilememeleri ve merkezde oturan tüm insanlara mal olması bakımından önem arz etmektedir. Özellikle mahalle düzeyindeki kavgaların sosyal ve kültürel ayrışmayı doğurması, kültürel kodlara dönüşmesi, sosyal yaşama doğrudan etki etmesi bakımından önemlidir. Ayrıca sosyolojik boyuttan Cizre'nin toplumsal yapısına, mahalle kavgaları üzerinden ışık tutmak bu çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Peşine düşülen sorular, genel olarak sosyal ve kültürel dinamikleri de içeren kavgaların asıl sebebinin ne olduğuna yöneliktir. Saha araştırmasından ve yabancı literatürden elde edilen bilgilere dayalı gerçekleşen bu çalışma, nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak yapılmış, veriler ise görüşme tekniği ile elde edilmiştir. Temalara dayalı olarak analiz edilen görüşme verilerine, konuya açıklık sağlaması bakımından görüşlere, olduğu gibi yer verilmiştir. Bu çalışmayla, Cizre'de meydana gelen ve on yıllarca gündemden düşmeyen mahalle kavgalarının, esasen siyasi güç çekişmesinden kaynaklandığı, kavgaya karışanların çoğunluğu tarafından gerçek sebebinin bilinmediği, bazılarının menfaat elde etmek üzere tarafları bilinçli şekilde provoke ettiği, arada kalmamak için bazılarının mecburen bir tarafa dâhil olmak zorunda bırakıldığı yönünde sonuçlar elde edilmiştir.

Inequality of income and wellbeing is not only unjust but also detrimental for social cohesion. Global and national inequalities have received considerable attention; however spatial inequalities, within cities are of equal concern. Spatial inequality reinforces social inequality because access to economic, social, and cultural capital is shaped by location. Such disparities within cities can socially destabilizing, leading to political discontent and conflict. This paper examines the extent of inequality in Karachi, Pakistan’s largest metropolitan city. It goes beyond income and takes a multidimensional approach to inequality while situating it in the spatial configuration of the city. Using a unique data set that enables neighborhood-level analysis, the paper constructs an index of wellbeing based on measures of income, living environment conditions, education, employment, and asset holdings. It maps these dimensions across Karachi’s neighborhoods revealing how spatial inequalities contribute to the peripheralization of certain social groups. Peripheries not only face restricted access to opportunities and resources but also experience increased social unrest. The paper contributes to our understanding of peripheralization by demonstrating how hierarchies between urban centers and peripheries sustain urban inequality. Ultimately, it underscores the importance of analyzing spatial disparities to deepen our understanding of social inequality and inform policy interventions.

Cluster 1 memiliki jumlah nelayan, kasus pelanggaran administrasi, dan tindak pidana perikanan paling banyak. Cluster 1 memiliki karakteristik wilayah yang terdiri dari banyak pulau sehingga perlu menjadi prioritas pertama dalam pengawasan. Karakteristik dari cluster 2 yaitu memiliki produksi perikanan tangkap paling tinggi, menjadikan cluster 2 berada dalam urutan kedua prioritas pengawasan. Cluster 3 memiliki karakteristik paling aman dibandingkan dengan cluster yang lain.

The Geography of Crime has a history in criminology that repeatedly finds a clustering of crime in time and space. Research in this field explores spatiotemporal patterning by studying who commits crimes, and why and when they commit crimes more in some parts of a city. Research finds a level of stability for many crimes. This thesis uses reported assault and break-and-enter crimes in Regina to explore in more depth the spatial-temporal patterns of crime and to develop and use hazard-risk modelling to improve methods of predicting future crime concentrations. Specifically, in order to explore and improve current hazard-risk models in criminology, new software was created for this thesis (Crime Risk Assessment Software). This software allows for the generation of a geostatistical risk model of two crime types, assault and break-and-enter (dynamic and static, respectively), to determine whether geostatistics, specifically Kriging techniques, could create strong predictive risk surfaces of these crimes. Through this exploratory spatio-temporal research, it was believed that after buildling and testing the model, statistics would reveal that the Kriging model would more accurately predict static crime than it would dynamic crime owing to the mobility issue of the crimes chosen (e.g., assault can happen anywhere spatially whereas break-and-enter can only occur at a static location such as a residence). iv Using examples provided by the Regina Police Service (RPS) in Saskatchewan, Canada, from assault and break-and-enter data gathered over the period from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2005, both the Kriging risk models and the Crime Risk Assessment software demonstrated successful application in depicting spatially clustered data consistent with Geography of Crime Geography of Crime research.

While the extent of crime in city centr es has long been acknowledged, fear of or anxiety over crime is usually considered in terms of respondents' areas of residence. Interviews with daytime visitors to one city centre, however, suggested than citizens were more wary of the city centre, particularly at night, as a dangerous place. While crime prevention strategies, like CCTV, may reduce this problem, findings from earlier research are equivocal. It is suggested that policies aimed at r evitalising the city centre may have a more positive impact on crime and fear as well as on the wider social and economic environment.

Initialising a stepped approach towards access to spatial data never purports to offer a dull moment. Stepped approaches that aim to make sense of data and harmonisation are hindered by capital and recurrent issues that pertain to the creation and maintenance of systems and protocols whilst governance across a national landscape impinges stressors on any system. The SIntegraM concept was initiated in 1995 on a two pronged process, that pertaining to a simultaneous but independent bottom-up and top-down process that had striven to achieve success but were constrained by the early concept hiccups that did not empower the project due to failed uptake by diverse entities and a defunct base mapping system. SIntegraM saw the coming together of two project champions who spent four years to morph their conceptualisation, bring together all public entities, present a spatial data integrative approach and eventually apply for basal funds to implement change. The result was based on an integrated approach to the data cycle, innovation concepts on data capture, integration and capture, the creation of a data-sharing protocol structure within a protected and secure environment and also the newly innovative action where hardware and apparatus will be shared by all government entities, under the gather-once / use-many philosophy. The stepped approach moved away from the vicious cycle of data hoarding and towards a spiral based on the need to use such resultant information eventually growing into a complex but readily available system that is driven by the Maltese SIntegraM's unique conceptualisation and implementation foresight.

Introduction The National Statistics Office is Malta’s National Authority entrusted to carry out the census. The population statistic is only part of the whole exercise, thus the purpose of the census has evolved. The exercise has evolved over time with questions creating a spectrum of the Maltese society situation. The fact that it is carried out every 10 years, it allow for comparisons to be systematically arranged and within a time frame which is not short nor long. The census on its own is an extensive project to carry out, nevertheless the information gained from this national project provides data which needs to be turned into information, giving more value to the data gathered.

Karachi has been facing various issues of municipal solid waste management. In the early 1960s, Karachi was the centre of leisure, now it has stretched out due to its increasing population. However, due to insufficient facilities and ineffective strategies, issues related to waste management are also increasing. For the problems related to waste management, the fundamental units available are municipal trash bins. In this study, 409 GPS point data of collection points of waste have been assembled from various areas of Karachi for assessment of the spatial distribution of waste bins. A spatial variation of distance between the trash bins is also identified through ArcGIS 10.3.1 cartography tool of generalization, which aggregates the points of trash bins by making polygon shape of the same distance. Globally, Geospatial techniques are used for changing the system of waste management. This is the first study that assessed the suitable distance of bins placement in the area under focus. The results revealed that there are no principles acquired by the government for the placement of trash bins with appropriate distance. In many towns of Karachi like Landhi and Korangi, bins are absent which impels people to throw their trash anywhere in the city.

The study on the Effectiveness of Patrol Methods in Crime Prevention at San Clemente, Tarlac investigates various police patrol strategies and their impact on crime rates in the community. Conducted by researchers from the United School of Science and Technology Colleges, Inc., the research highlights that different patrol methods—specifically foot, motorcycle, and automobile patrols—are perceived as "very much effective" in preventing crime.

This thesis addresses the impact of public administration on hate crimes motivated by sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States of America in time period 1992 - 2022. The aim of the thesis is to identify key socioeconomic factors that influence the occurrence of these crimes and to analyze how public administration can contribute to their prevention and recommendations that can serve as a basis for the creation of public policies and prevention strategies. For this purpose, correlation and regression analysis was used on panel data including variables such as personal income, support for LGBT rights, unemployment, education spending, and political affiliation. The results of the analysis show that socioeconomic factors, such as personal income, support for LGBT rights, and education spending, have a significant impact on the rate of hate crimes motivated by SOGI and indicate that socioeconomic conditions influence the rate of hate crimes, suggesting that economic instability or low levels of education can contribute to a greater degree of intolerance and prejudice against vulnerable groups.

In this article, we assess individuals' fear of crime in Brazil with a focus on rural areas using ordered probit models and data from six waves of the Latino barometer survey conducted between 2008 and 2018 (N = 10.153). Results show that there has been a marked decrease in respondents' perceived safety after 2012, with those living in rural areas experiencing a more significant increase in fear of crime than those in urban areas. While violence in an area does not negatively affect individuals' fear of crime levels, lack of trust in the police and an individual's previous experience of victimisation do. The association between trust in the police and people's perceived safety, particularly accentuated in rural settings compared to urban environments, indicates the importance of institutions in providing public reassurance.

The study, the first of its kind in the Maltese Islands, reviewed crime in a spatio-temporal aspect based on where offenders live, interact and commit crime. The study has sought to develop an understanding of the Maltese Islands' crime within a social and landuse structure through the employment of high-end GIS tools. A study at European and Small Islands level resulted in a relative safety-danger dynamic score model that shows that Malta is safe, though progressively decreasing in relative safety. A 40-year analysis depicted increasing crime rates as well as changes in crime categories. Findings highlight a high foreign prisoner component, highly-specific local-offender social situations with residential and poverty clustering. The findings show that the Maltese offender is male, young, a recidivist, increasingly less literate, has had a secondary education, single, unemployed and increasingly partaking to serious crimes. Residential analysis show a preference for the harbour region where offenders live in areas characterised by poverty that have disproportionate offender concentrations when compared to their shrinking population concentration. Offences committed by convicted offenders fall within high dwelling concentrations, vacant dwelling concentrations, apartment zones and low population density areas. Offender-offence findings show that Maltese offenders commit crime close to their residence mostly travelling less than 5 km.

Introducing a state to high-end information systems that encompass total national coverage is no mean task. Introducing a new paradigm in data creation and dissemination targeting spatial analysis points to a whole new reality. The Maltese Islands, through access to the European Regional Development Fund, managed to create a process aimed at environmental research that included innovative tool creation and scans which will help analysts to monitor the environment and related offences committed on the environment. This was made possible through the scanning of the Maltese Islands in 3D using remote sensing within terrestrial and marine environments.

Social interactionism occurs in space-time where the phenomenon morphs from the thematic activity to the geographical space it occurs in and the spatial relationships between the actors. The Maltese festa posits a ripe scenario for analysis of such interactionism and the inherent effects on safety and security. Whilst the fundamental festa scope banks on the sacred aspect, the activity moved through a village centre to a wider interactive (entire town) secular reality. This study investigates the occurrence of offending during the festa and the shoulder weeks for potential relationships between the spaces relevant to the activity through a study of expected and observed offences. The CRISOLA model serves as the basis for this study in the fields of crime, social issues and landuse and their impact on safety and security within the villages hosting the festa. The festa as a cause of crime by the relevant parties and significant others and its impact on social cohesion and operational...

Carol Agius has over 20 years experience in topographic mapping and GIS. She currently works with the Malta Environment and Planning Authority (MEPA) within the Mapping Unit, Malta's National Mapping Agency. She is responsible for the development and production of large-scale topographic datasets. Carol is also chair of the EuroGeographics Quality Knowledge Exchange Network, a group of quality experts from various European National Mapping Agencies. Carol holds an MSc in GIS from University of Huddersfi eld and is a Chartered Geographer (GIS).

Sharing data across diverse thematic disciplines is only the next step in a series of hard-fought efforts to ensure barrier-free data availability. The Plan4all project is one such effort, focusing on the interoperability and harmonisation of spatial planning data as based on the INSPIRE protocols. The aims are to support holistic planning and the development of a European network of public and private actors as well as Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). The Plan4all and INSPIRE standards enable planners to publish and share spatial planning data. The Malta case tackled the wider scenario for sharing of data, through the investigation of the availability, transformation and dissemination of data using geoportals. The study is brought to the fore with an analysis of the approaches taken to ensure that data in the physical and social domains are harmonised in an internationally-established process. Through an analysis of the criminological theme, the Plan4all process is integrated with the social and land use themes as identified in the CRISOLA model. The process serves as a basis for the need to view sharing as one part of the datacycle rather than an end in itself: without a solid protocol the foundations have been laid for the implementation of the datasets in the social and crime domains.

Landscapes have taken many forms in the real and virtual worlds, placing more emphasis on the geographical perspective, sometimes at the risk of losing the spatio-social perspective. Studying thematic issues divorced from the locations they occur in results in a sterile outcome, ...

The Malta CRISOLA case study is investigated in terms of its analysis of the approaches taken to ensure that data in the physical and social domains are tackled within a reliable structure as that provided by the spatial domain through INSPIRE. The crime, social and landuse themes, being pivotal to the model, have served as a bridge across the landuse domains identified as fundamental in the INSPIRE Directive and as expressed in the Plan4all project. The case study is described in terms of its eventual take-up of functions developed by the Plan4all project which are essential for the future successful outcomes as identified in the CRISOLA model. The idea is to disseminate Maltese results to other geoportals including Plan4all geoserver which focuses on the interoperability and harmonisation of spatial planning data. The aims are to support holistic planning through the provision of data services across the spatial and social themes.

The 20 century can be characterized by its urban population density, urban geographical stratification by socio-economic status and urban crime increase. Concerning the importance of prevention in social planning, policies and planning concentrate on crime prevention and emphasize the backgrounds and contexts leading to crimes. The present study aims to analyze the crime hot spots of Yazd and to suggest effective solutions to reduce crimes occurrences. The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive study. Data was collected by studying offenders’ files, achieved in the Yazd Police Office, in different districts of Yazd between 2008 and 2010. The results revealed that the mean center of all kinds of crimes is in city center. The nearest neighbor index for drug crimes distribution had a full cluster distribution. The correlation coefficient confirmed the relationship between population density and committing the crimes. The results revealed that most of the crimes were committed i...

Thematic maps are intended to provide statistical information associated with a certain geographic area. Despite the recent development in the area of the map services on the Web, we realize that the standards proposed by Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), namely the Styled Layer Descriptor and Symbology Encoding, do not yet offer specific functionality for creating thematic maps. This objective of this work is to propose an extension to these standards in order to allow the creation of cartogram maps. This ...

The Malta CRISOLA case study is investigated in terms of its analysis of the approaches taken to ensure that data in the physical and social domains are tackled within a reliable structure as that provided by the spatial domain through INSPIRE. The crime, social and landuse themes, being pivotal to the model, have served as a bridge across the landuse domains identified as fundamental in the INSPIRE Directive and as expressed in the Plan4all project. The case study is described in terms of its eventual take-up of functions developed by the Plan4all project which are essential for the future successful outcomes as identified in the CRISOLA model. The idea is to disseminate Maltese results to other geoportals including Plan4all geoserver which focuses on the interoperability and harmonisation of spatial planning data. The aims are to support holistic planning through the provision of data services across the spatial and social themes.

Sharing data across diverse thematic disciplines is only the next step in a series of hard-fought efforts to ensure barrier-free data availability. The Plan4all project is one such effort, focusing on the interoperability and harmonisation of spatial planning data as based on the INSPIRE protocols. The aims are to support holistic planning and the development of a European network of public and private actors as well as Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). The Plan4all and INSPIRE standards enable planners to publish and share spatial planning data. The Malta case tackled the wider scenario for sharing of data, through the investigation of the availability, transformation and dissemination of data using geoportals. The study is brought to the fore with an analysis of the approaches taken to ensure that data in the physical and social domains are harmonised in an internationally-established process. Through an analysis of the criminological theme, the Plan4all process is integrated with the social and land use themes as identified in the CRISOLA model. The process serves as a basis for the need to view sharing as one part of the datacycle rather than an end in itself: without a solid protocol the foundations have been laid for the implementation of the datasets in the social and crime domains.

Bu araştırma İstanbul'un suç coğrafyasının mekânsal analizini yapmayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmanın veri kaynağını 2008-2019 yılları arasında Milliyet Gazetesi'nde yayınlanan adam/insan öldürme suç türünün haberleri oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma ilçe, mahalle ve sokak düzeyinden oluşan üç ayrı ölçek birimi ile analiz edilmektedir. Veri tabanından elde edilen bilgiler söz konusu ölçek birimlerine göre değerlendirilerek yorumlanmaktadır. İstanbul, verilerin kapsadığı zaman aralığına göre olay sayısı, olay yeri, suçlu ve mağdur sayıları, tarafların nitelik bilgileri (cinsiyet, yaş, uyruk gibi), suç aleti, suç saati ve yakınlık dereceleri gibi kategoriler üzerinden haritalandırılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen sonuca göre kentin tarihi çekirdeğinden kırsallığın ağırlıkta olduğu ilçelere doğru gidildikçe olay sayısı düşmektedir. Olay sayısının fazla olduğu ilçelerin genellikle hareketliliğin ve toplumsal gerilimlerin yoğun yaşandığı yerler olduğu göze çarpmaktadır. Olay sayısıyla ilçelerdeki nüfusun kimi yerlerde örtüştüğü kimi yerlerde de zayıf kaldığı görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak İstanbul'daki adam/insan öldürme olay sayısının alansal dağılışı incelendiğinde bazı mekâna gömülü ilişkiselliklerin izlenebildiği tespit edilmiştir.

This introduction aims to showcase the articles of the special issue and highlights the expansive field of environmental criminology, underscoring its role in understanding and preventing crime through situational and environmental strategies. This collection of articles covers a wide array of research from the USA, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand, and Uruguay, demonstrating the global application of environmental criminology principles. Contributions from various disciplines illustrate the field's multidisciplinary approach to tackling crime, particularly in the face of challenges posed by climate change and the need for social and economic sustainability.

Policies of urban development are developed and come into force in form of laws, planning documents and other legal acts in many European countries. The Declarations of the Rights of the European Human right stresses up the safety and declares the necessity to foster a city, which as far as possible prevents crime, offenses and aggression. Both planners and citizens understand the impact of organization of urban environment to life quality, including safety. The problem is that the relationship between the environment and society is very complex. It is not sufficiently investigated how urban environment changes people who reside and socially interact in that territory and how it affects criminality. Public safety is one of the factors that strongly influence the quality of life. Reduction of crime rate can only be achieved if diverse factors, including characteristics of urban environment, are taken into account. The authors of the paper analysed possible impact of different urban parameters to the distribution and dynamics of crimes in open spaces. A theoretical framework of factors that can influence crimes in public spaces was developed on the basis of the classical 'crime triangle', linking likely offenders, suitable targets and guardians for the targets in time and space. The main initial hypothesis was that functionally homogeneous zones (i.e., 'purely' residential, commercial, or industrial) tend to have significantly higher crime rate than mixed use (polyfunctional) zones. The hypothesis was tested on a densely populated part of Vilnius city-12 districts with similar morphometric characteristics (density, height and fragmentation) of the built-up areas across the residential zone. The authors have been looking for the relationships between homoand heterogeneity of the land use and varying territorial crime patterns based on more than 10,000 registered criminal incidents of 2012. The investigation showed that territories with monofunctional commercial use are exposed to the highest risk of all types of crimes in the open space: murders and assaults, robberies and thefts and minor offenses. On the contrary, in the residential zones, less percentage of mixed use means lower crime rate.

Resumo A grande quantidade de estudos sobre a relação entre os fatores espaciais e a ocorrência de crimes resultou em um quadro de fragmentação que dificulta uma visão integrada de quais são esses fatores e de quão robusta são as evidências sobre a influência de cada um deles, bem como de quais são as múltiplas interações de um mesmo fator em diferentes fases do ato criminal. Para preencher essa lacuna, é proposto um modelo da relação entre o ambiente construído e a ocorrência de crimes que estrutura e explicita essas interações hipotéticas e delineia uma série de fatores intermediadores que ajudam a explicar as conexões causais entre eles e os crimes. O modelo propriamente dito é estruturado em três níveis: as quatro etapas da ocorrência criminal (seleção do alvo, aceso ao alvo, execução do crime e fuga), os fatores intermediadores e os aspectos físico-espaciais. Realizou-se uma extensa revisão de literatura em busca de evidências empíricas que permitissem estimar com maior confian...

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This article investigates the location logic of petty larcenies and mugging with violence and intimidation, for the period: 2008-2011, in three intermediate cities of Catalonia. The aim is to validate and fine-tune previously-formulated hypotheses on crimes which follow patterns of a structural nature, that is, which have a tendency towards territorial stability linked to urban features and functions. These crimes have been compared with crimes against public order and assaults. This study has enabled a definition of the type of areas that attract and stabilise such phenomena; this makes possible consideration of the characteristics of public space that can favour the citizen's sense of securit

Growth of productivity is the precondition to improve the living standard of people and maintain competitiveness in the globalized economy. However, wide regional deferential in labor force implies inefficiency as whole and might affect both aggregate unemployment and national output. The basic goal of this study was to model disparity in economic activity and unemployment in Southern and Oromia Regional States of Ethiopia, by incorporating spatial effects. Population and Housing Census data for 381 districts were used. The exploratory spatial data analysis, OLS regression model, and spatial econometric models were employed. The exploratory spatial data analysis results revealed that both economic activity and unemployment rates in a given district were directly affected by those of its neighbors. Economic activity and unemployment rates for males and females also spatially depended on that of neighboring districts. Spatial autocorrelations between unemployment and economic activity rates is negative. In modeling aspect, relying on specification diagnostics and measures of fit; spatial lag model was found to be the best model for modelling both economic activity and unemployment rates. The modelling results revealed that both estimates of spatial autoregressive parameters indicated the existence of spatial spillover in economic activity and unemployment rates. Spatial lag model analysis also demonstrated that average number of persons per household, crude birth rate, female and male unemployment rate were significant factors of economic activity rates. The factors, percentage of urban population, economic inactivity rate, percentage of self-employed population, percentage of unpaid family employers, and average number of persons per household were found as being factors behind disparities in unemployment rates across regions districts. In conclusion, as expected the economic activity and unemployment variables had the nature of correlation over space. It is recommended that most effective policy mix is required for stabilizing and alleviating disparity in both economic activities and unemployment of the districts considered in the regions.

Las reflexiones de Sabatini (2001), Musset (2009) y Avendaño (2016) plantean que las ciudades latinoamericanas se han debatido de manera contemporánea entre la urbanización creciente y las economías informales, los conflictos por usos del suelo y la tensión entre delitos e imaginarios de miedo e inseguridad. Ello ha producido, en tiempos recientes, “zonas críticas”, territorios impenetrables, “lugares sin ley”, que comparten la simbolización colectiva socioespacial —toporrepresentaciones— de ser nichos de violencia y delincuencia. Sin embargo, vale la pena cuestionarse ¿cómo se generan tales espacios? Este artículo analiza el caso de la configuración de dos de los territorios del miedo con mayor estigmatización por ocurrencia de crímenes y actividades delictivas en Bogotá, Colombia: el Cartucho y el Bronx. Para el análisis, se recurrió a una perspectiva geohistórica reciente, a partir de la revisión de documentos, para vislumbrar las toporrepresentaciones que se han establecido en t...

From the US to Colombia to China, millions of public surveillance cameras are at the core of crime prevention strategies. Yet, we know little about the effects of surveillance cameras on criminal behavior, especially in developing economies. We study an installation program in Medellín and find t hat t he q uasi-random allocation of cameras led to a decrease in crimes and arrests. With no increase in the monitoring capacity and no chance to use camera footage in prosecution, these results suggest offenders were deterred rather than incapacitated. We test for spillovers and find no evidence of crime displacement or diffusion of benefits to surrounding locations.

A territorializacao da violencia e o caos da seguranca publica tem sido responsavel pela proliferacao e expansao em larga escala de sistemas de vigilância e equipamentos nos condominios fechados de seguranca privada, instalada nas residencias das grandes cidades. Uma estrategia que vem sendo utilizada, como forma de se proteger do caos da violencia e da criminalidade, em tempos de globalizacao. Propoe-se estudar a Producao da Psicosfera e da Tecnosfera da Inseguranca em Pau dos Ferros – RN, diante desses dois pares indissociaveis que sao a violencia e a inseguranca. A partir de um recorte espacial, o bairro Nacoes Unidas de Pau dos Ferros, foi escolhido como area de estudo, pois, e o bairro que mais contem sistemas de seguranca privada e vigilância particular. Alem de entrevistas realizadas com os moradores desse bairro, que foram objetos fundamentais da pesquisa empirica. Buscou-se estudar os conceitos de Psicosfera e Tecnosfera definidos pelo geografo Milton Santos (2012), Melgaco...

The article presents an interview with Professor Masami Ichikawa, the president of the Japanese Geographical Association and vice-president of Hyogo University of teacher education, held in Brno in August 1982. Prof. Ichikawa answers 7 questions like these: What sort of tasks does the present Japanese geographers solve and what are the results? What education is given to the geographers of Japan? What are the possibilities of cooperation between the Czechoslovak and Japanese geography?