Geography and Environment

The paper assesses the socioeconomic impacts of the Katsina-Kano Road on the surrounding communities. Specifically, it evaluates access to key socioeconomic services, functionality and their impact to development of surrounding communities. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the paper integrates both quantitative and qualitative data derived from traffic flow analysis, structured survey questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). The findings revealed significant socioeconomic benefits associated with the road. These include the establishment of educational institutions and healthcare facilities which have improved the quality of life of residents. Economically, the highway has given way to establish new businesses and enhanced market accessibility along its corridors thereby stimulating commercial and economic activities. Despite these benefits, the road has also contributed to environmental and public health concerns, including increased pollution and road accidents, resulting in loss of lives and property. Consequently, the study recommends road safety education programs and traffic management awareness campaigns among residents and motorists to reduce the risks of accidents and improve road safety. Additionally, there is the need to dualize the road and provide all the necessary road signs for the road to continue to serve as one of the major road networks connecting not only Katsina and Kano but the entire northern-Nigeria.

Modern education follows a secular framework in its structure, content, and values, prioritizing material well-being based on secular ethics and the belief that "a hungry man is an angry man." Within this perspective, religion is confined to theology and rituals, while education primarily focuses on skills and technology for societal progress. Consequently, it often fails to cultivate individuals with the moral integrity necessary to achieve life's ultimate purpose promoting peace, prosperity, and success in both the material and spiritual realms. This study explores how integrating religion and morality into modern education can help fulfill this broader purpose. It employs a conceptual framework and descriptive methodology, proposing an approach that unifies religious and educational objectives. The model presents a holistic educational system that removes any stigma associated with revealed religions by integrating philosophy into religion and science into philosophy. Incorporating religious ethics and values, this framework moralizes modern education, aligning it with life's ultimate purpose. The investigation highlights practical implications for government policymakers, academic institutions, educators, scholars, clerics, and social thinkers worldwide. Its findings guide embedding religious morality into education, enhancing its role in producing competent graduates who contribute to societal well-being by fostering harmony, peace, and happiness key indicators of both material and spiritual success. The study's originality lies in structuring education as a transformative process leading to wisdom and enlightenment, ensuring that learning aligns with life's fundamental goals and purposes.

Rwanda’s mountainous terrain, bimodal rainfall patterns exceeding 2,000 mm annually, and accelerating land-use changes make it highly susceptible to rainfall-induced landslides, resulting in recurrent human fatalities, infrastructure losses, and environmental degradation. Current landslide monitoring systems in Rwanda are primarily reactive, lacking real-time forecasting and predictive accuracy. This study aimed to develop a machine learning-based Early Warning System (EWS) tailored to Rwanda’s geoclimatic conditions, to identify critical landslide-inducing factors and operationalize a predictive model to minimize disaster impacts. A Random Forest algorithm was employed to integrate real-time and historical datasets, including rainfall intensity, soil type, slope geometry, land cover, elevation, and meteorological parameters. A mixed-methods design guided the study, combining remote sensing, geospatial analysis, community-based surveys, and field soil testing across 15 high-risk districts, with pilot implementation in Ngororero. Results revealed a strong correlation between rainfall and landslide occurrences, particularly when daily precipitation exceeded 100 mm, with 55% of all events occurring during high-intensity rainfall periods. Clayey-silt soils accounted for over 60% of landslides due to poor drainage and rapid saturation, while steep slopes above 35°, combined with fractured volcanic formations, were present in 60% of failure sites. Elevations above 2,000 meters and north-facing slopes experienced 20% more landslides due to persistent moisture retention. The developed EWS achieved an 85% prediction accuracy, providing automated, location-specific alerts via a web interface that allows for early evacuation and targeted responses. The study concludes that integrating machine learning with geospatial data significantly improves landslide prediction and risk mitigation. It recommends that the Government of Rwanda and partners prioritize the expansion of sensor networks, institutionalize the EWS into national disaster frameworks, scale geotechnical mapping, and intensify community-based education to ensure long-term system sustainability and regional replication.

The Haor region of Bangladesh is an ecologically critical area that accommodates a large percentage of livestock farmers of the country. Exposure of this region to southwest monsoon and water flow from Indian hilly areas cause surface runoff and consequent flash floods from June to November. Flood leads to sickness, stray and death of animals, and as an adaption strategy, selling, all of which leads to halting the livestock farming and associated economic damage. Another challenge is the scarcity of feed and fodder, as the green grass on which livestock primarily feed is submerged during the flood. The scarcity of clean water is also a major issue in livestock rearing. However, an effective policy that integrates modern technology with indigenous knowledge and customs can alleviate the negative impacts to reduce the vulnerabilities of livestock in Haor during the flood. Herein, this study focuses on the idea of cooperative livestock shelters with proper housing, feeding, disease management, and feasible marketing and transportation of animals and animal products which could be a pivotal portion of that policy. Moreover, the concept of cooperative livestock shelters as a control measure to tackle the situation is outlined here which can be adapted widely with optional further improvement and engineering.

Coast line is a very dynamic in nature and due to this dynamic nature landuse and land cover along the coast line change very frequently. Shankarpur and Tajpur coast line of Purba Midnapur was not new in this case. Change is detected along the coast line from 1976 to 2018. There is massive change of landuse/ landcover and geomorphic features. The present paper ops to explain the change in geomorphic feature, land use/ land cover with in the changing coast line. Remote Sensing techniques are used to fulfil the paper.

One of the world's most populous cities, Dhaka, has serious air pollution problems that put the health of its citizens at jeopardy. With an emphasis on data from 2020, this study examines the complex relationships that exist between air pollution and public health in Dhaka. The study investigates the relationship between variations in air pollution levels and unfavorable health outcomes, such as respiratory and cardiovascular disorders, using a dataset with 2001 Air Quality Index (AQI) values. The research finds important patterns and trends in pollution exposure and their consequences for urban health by using sophisticated data analysis tools. In addition, the study assesses the efficacy of the systems now in use for managing air quality and makes practical suggestions for enhancing air quality and reducing health hazards.

Building on insights from political geography and the social sciences, this paper illuminates the diversity of European far-right politics in general and far-right ecologism in particular by contextually examining a party at Europe's margins-the Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR). Based on a discursive thematic analysis, our objective is to show how AUR challenges existing theoretical accounts, predominantly tethered to the Western and Central European experiences. While most influential scholars emphasize far right's culturalized view of religion and the fixation on immigration, AUR outlines a theological vision of politics and perceives emigration as a critical problem. Moreover, it co-opts the language of anticolonialism to articulate a socio-ecological critique of global extractive capitalism in a semi-peripheral context. These specificities are essential for understanding the party's outlier position within far-right ecologism: AUR places the environment at the very centre of its programme-and not merely as a strategic add-on to attract voters or respond to domestic or external pressures. To substantiate our claims, we reconstruct three dimensions of its hyper-nationalist, Orthodox geographical imaginary: AUR's complex, human, and natural resource nationalism; its focus on food sovereignty and the Romanian peasant as an exemplar of sustainable agriculture; and the protection of "the last virgin forests in Europe" as central to Romania's national identity and prosperity. We conclude that AUR effectively mobilizes historical geopolitical resentment at Europe's margins and addresses it with a promise of recovered plenitude that endangers democratic politics.

El presente escrito conlleva parte de las conclusiones pertenecientes al proyecto interdisciplinar 29A340 "Formas De Comprensión de la Identidad. Paisaje, Arte y Patrimonio Cultural en Patagonia". Se expondrán características del arte paisajista en hitos sobresalientes. Posteriormente se mencionaran las características del arte contemporáneo en artistas de la Patagonia que tienen en cuenta la presencia del viento como espiritualidad. Se desarrolla para eso el concepto de "espiritualidad sublime". El mismo está basado en la articulación de los conceptos estéticos de "sublimidad" y "espiritualidad" de impurezas. Los exponentes seleccionados para este caso son teóricos de lo sublime: Longino, Kant, Burke y del principal expositor de la interioridad intelectual del artista: Vasili Kandinski. El desarrollo de los significados de paisaje en el mundo occidental es un proceso de cambio en las tecnologías de percepción y modos de representación. A esto se añaden las relaciones sensitivas con mediación entre el espectador y el espacio cultural y material. La cambiante historicidad del paisaje como de la identidad de la comunidad patagónica son características definitorias de la corriente que sostenemos. Específicamente nos referiremos a obras de dos artistas patagónicos: Mario Baigorria en fotografía y Dolores Morón en Muralismo.
Palabras clave: Arte; Paisaje; Patagonia; Espiritualidad; Sublime; Viento.

Sunamganj is a north-eastern district of Bangladesh is considered a highly flood-prone haor area. Uttar Shreepur Union of Taherpur Upazila of Sunamganj District was selected to conduct the study to find out the causes behind the flash flood, situation analysis during and post-flood and different sectoral impacts of flash flood because these areas were flooded almost every year. Six focus group discussions (FGD) along with a total of 162 households were evenly targeted from six selected villages and a semi-structured self-explorative questionnaire was used to collect primary data. The study revealed that heavy rainfall (92.5%) and low land (53.13%) were the main causes of flood. The study also showed that transportation (84.37%) and agricultural (82.5%) sectors were the most affected, followed by water and sanitation (60%), housing (51.25%), and health (36.62%), respectively; among these, crops (89.37%) and animal husbandry (33.13%) were the most affected part of agriculture, followe...

Incidents of massive floods have been a common event throughout history and Bangladesh being geographically placed over major rivers and the monsoon seasons makes it the most flood prone state in the world. An average of 35 percent land remains submerged here and 4.7 million lives are directly effected in each massive flood event. The Sunamganj region has a well-documented tussle with Flood and hence its Chhatak region has been the author's selection for the relief study. In this study, the author's extrapolated data from existing project and have constructed a quick relief rescue vessel which would aid in swift navigation and salvage during Flood events. The particulars were calculated using both physical formulae and adjusted using simulation software and checked using stability software such as MaxSurf and Rhinoceros for accurate reading. AutoCAD software was the key presenter of the generated drawings and data ; and its layout module also aided in generation of the Rehabilitation center. The Rehabilitation center would act as both economic front during regular seasons and containment structure during extreme flood seasons & events. The authors also presented a conceptualized economic module of the research that would certainly aid in sustainability and attraction towards the subject matter. The Authors aim was to generate a relevant research field and support the studies through accurate data, which would further propagate attention towards the field.

The research paper aims at understanding the level of climate change risk of the Haor areas of Bangladesh. It follows a participatory approach, using Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview (KII) to identify important climate change induced hazards, assess the probability of occurrences of the hazards and level of their consequences. Using geo-spatial techniques, the paper prepares hazard risk maps and risk hotspot maps. Policy documents, previous researches, and Government statistics and reports helped to develop the concepts and planning of the research. The unparalleled hydro-ecological attributes of Haor areas pose both opportunities and constraints for the local population. Poverty, lack of basic infrastructure and amenities, awareness and external support have already put the people in Haor areas in a vulnerable situation while the recurring natural hazards and shifting pattern of climate are making the constraints nearly unmanageable. Excessive rainfall in the monsoon and drought in the dry season is affecting the farming and fishery-based communities the most. The community perceptions on hazards, their occurrences, consequences and relative importance of each hazard for the agriculture or fisheries sector in the study area have been collected from the FGDs and subsequently analyzed to produce individual and multi-hazard risk maps for the area based on scoring. This information is also used to rank the Upazillas in the study area depending on risk level. The community people were also asked to select the important elements or structural facilities at risk in their area needed for their life and livelihood.

Haor basin covered a large amount of areas in Sylhet district which have been flooded during monsoon season. So, the early hitting of flash flood in haor basin created problems like death of livestock, destruction of crop production etc. People wouldn't get any warning before hitting as well as two or three upazila was being affected one at a time. Authority didn't get any notice or available data on the numbers of how many upazila going to hit and who need assistant to evacuate from home or property. After flood event, only way to assess the vulnerable areas is to identify the most affected areas and ensure sustainability of any development regarding land use and disaster management. This is quite impossible to identify the affected area through elevation. In this context, catchment area detection and classify them as three different areas will help to get general idea about which district need more assistant than others. The main objective of this study is thus to detect the low-lying catchment area and reclassify those catchment areas into the high, moderate and low risk affected areas by using Hydrology tools in Arc-GIS software for haor basin and find out the low elevated high-risk areas. So, if there is predictable path of flood water moving and low land catchment areas, it will be very easy to identify the affected areas and save loss of property and human life. To sustain the disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies by achieving Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs), this research could gain high amount of weightage in the path of these achievement.

Climate change is a long-term change in weather and temperature patterns caused by human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Rwanda has experienced a temperature increase of 1.4°C since 1970, higher than the global average, and can expect an increase in temperature of up to 2.0°C by the 2030s. Non-vegetation cover has an impact on the flooding issue, and measures to increase vegetation on the top of the mountain can help protect the land from flooding and drought. Floods have caused a high percentage of all-natural disasters in Rwanda from 1980 to 2020, and climate change has had a negative effect on agricultural production and the destruction of crops. World Vision has helped more than 30 million people affected by emergencies

The Ha’il city is situated in the north middle of the Kingdom Saudi Arabia, it is flanked toward the North by Al Jouf, Northern fringes toward the upper east, Al Qassim toward the south and Tabuk to the north, Al Madinah Al Munawara toward the west. Ha’il city gets precipitation spill over from the lower regions through various waste pathways (channels). During serious precipitation occasions, overflow stream south east from mountains towards the lowland in the north east, causing streak floods in the middle catchment zones along the pathways of these watercourses. Significantly two event of flood occasions happened in Ha’il city during November 2011 and 2015 January. These occasions were portrayed by heavy rainfall estimations of 33.5 and 21.2 mm, individually. In each event flood occasion has length of less than two hours. Effect of this disaster of flood occasions have been heartbreaking causing broad flooding that murdered numerous individuals in 2011 and harmed framework and pr...

El presente trabajo brinda un panorama acerca de los hoteles de campo y el transporte de la lana en la conformación del espacio rural del NO del Territorio Nacional de Santa Cruz (TNSC) entre los años 1880-1950. El análisis de la historia de los Hoteles “Riera”, “Las Horquetas”, “Olnie” y ”Bajo Caracoles” -antiguos boliches de la región- resulta revelador de un mundo rural dinámico, con una intensa vida social, en una región que hasta ahora había sido caracterizada por la historiografía como un espacio despoblado y marginal a los grandes centros de actividad económica del TNSC.

The Ha’il city is situated in the north middle of the Kingdom Saudi Arabia, it is flanked toward the North by Al Jouf, Northern fringes toward the upper east, Al Qassim toward the south and Tabuk to the north, Al Madinah Al Munawara toward the west. Ha’il city gets precipitation spill over from the lower regions through various waste pathways (channels). During serious precipitation occasions, overflow stream south east from mountains towards the lowland in the north east, causing streak floods in the middle catchment zones along the pathways of these watercourses. Significantly two event of flood occasions happened in Ha’il city during November 2011 and 2015 January. These occasions were portrayed by heavy rainfall estimations of 33.5 and 21.2 mm, individually. In each event flood occasion has length of less than two hours. Effect of this disaster of flood occasions have been heartbreaking causing broad flooding that murdered numerous individuals in 2011 and harmed framework and pr...

Literature is bountiful in relation to different theories and approaches that advocate for resiliency in individuals, families and communities. One widely acknowledged fact is that people build up resilience on the basis of their experience that they gain through their day-today hardship and struggles. For those who often live in fragile environments and vulnerability, there is the capacity for resilience to become a part of the culture of a community; becoming absorbed, entrenched and then bequeathed to each subsequent generation. This paper spotlights a group of women who live in an area of Bangladesh that is known for both its poverty and its regular tendency to flood, hereby regularly putting them, their families and their communities at risk of losing lives and/or their livelihoods. Through their narrations, the authors will demonstrate the human capacity to endure adversity, loss, vulnerability and destruction and still maintain the indomitable spirit of acceptance, hope and flourishment. Coping strategy is a central theme throughout. The authors provide accounts which outline the means by which these women practically and psychologically, prepare for and endure the regular and destructive nature of flooding. A brief discussion occurs in relation to the implication of some aspects of social work assistance in the context of women and floods. 'This is every year affair. As the affected ' we don't have to lose our dreams and hopes, we need to face it and move on for survival' (research participant).

Soil erosion is one of the major causes of land degradation which result in low agriculture productivity. Especially, western part of Rwanda including Sebeya catchment has high susceptibility to erosion leading to huge amounts of soil loss. This study held to explore the actual status of soil erosion in Sebeya catchment. Global Information System data were used for catchment delineation. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed. Specifically, 75 farmers living and having farm lands in the catchment were interviewed in terms of knowledge on soil erosion, causes and control measures. The results showed that streambank erosion is due to the erosive power of runoff from uplands areas with (18.7%). The main natural causes of soil erosion in Sebeya catchment are heavy rainfall (69.33%) and the slope steepness (28%). Public and private land conservation agencies should be more involved in soil management centred on farmer’s awareness and capacity building.  

Literature is bountiful in relation to different theories and approaches that advocate for resiliency in individuals, families and communities. One widely acknowledged fact is that people build up resilience on the basis of their experience that they gain through their day-today hardship and struggles. For those who often live in fragile environments and vulnerability, there is the capacity for resilience to become a part of the culture of a community; becoming absorbed, entrenched and then bequeathed to each subsequent generation. This paper spotlights a group of women who live in an area of Bangladesh that is known for both its poverty and its regular tendency to flood, hereby regularly putting them, their families and their communities at risk of losing lives and/or their livelihoods. Through their narrations, the authors will demonstrate the human capacity to endure adversity, loss, vulnerability and destruction and still maintain the indomitable spirit of acceptance, hope and flourishment. Coping strategy is a central theme throughout. The authors provide accounts which outline the means by which these women practically and psychologically, prepare for and endure the regular and destructive nature of flooding. A brief discussion occurs in relation to the implication of some aspects of social work assistance in the context of women and floods. 'This is every year affair. As the affected ' we don't have to lose our dreams and hopes, we need to face it and move on for survival' (research participant).

This article encompasses the vital role of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in assess ing the change of vegetation cover in Dzhezkazgan, Central Kazakhstan. The study site is wellknown for copper mining operations which serves as one of the major source of livelihood among residents situated in the area. However, this manifestation implies with land degradation which is detrimental to vegetation. This research aims to assess quantitatively the ability of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to extract meaningful vegetation abundance information by acquiring satellite images (i.e. Landsat Thematic Mapper ™, Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Operational Land Imager (OLI)). The NDVI for land cover changes in a copper mining area were analyzed for the five different years

The geographical location and topographic composition have made Bangladesh vulnerable to natural disasters. Bangladesh is frequently hit by natural disasters, most of them related to water, like flood, drought, riverbank erosion and cyclone associated storm surge etc. Munshiganj district is situated on the mixed floodplains of rivers the Ganges (Padma), the Brahmaputra (Jamuna), and the Meghna. Every year even during normal rainy season floodwater drains through bordering rivers of the area to the Bay of Bengal. Most of the severe floods affect this area and cause maximum damages to the lives and properties in comparison to other areas. On the other hand, the number of people at risk in the area is rising due to the rapid increase of population. A flood vulnerability map of Munshiganj district was developed using a hydrological model output (Mike-II), and Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System data. In terms of flood extent and depth, it was found that about 2.61% of the...

Tanguar haor is located in the north-eastern region of Bangladesh and frequently experienced extreme events such as high rainfall that affect the haor basin area with flash floods on a regular basis. Tanguar haor is usually foreseen to severe disastrous conditions for the reason of changes in rainfall patterns and water extent. The study was conducted at Tanguar haor of Sunamganj district. This study mainly focuses on the year to year rainfall variability (2001-2018) and water extent (2002-2018) in the Tanguar haor area. The specific objective of the study was to explore the effect of rainfall variability and water extent in Tanguar haor. Information and data were collected mainly from secondary sources. Analysis of data and assess the ecological effect of changes in rainfall patterns and water extent were the main activities of the study along with others. The findings of the study were changeability in rainfall patterns and water extent frequently caused a flash flood in pre-monso...

The Ha’il city is situated in the north middle of the Kingdom Saudi Arabia, it is flanked toward the North by Al Jouf, Northern fringes toward the upper east, Al Qassim toward the south and Tabuk to the north, Al Madinah Al Munawara toward the west. Ha’il city gets precipitation spill over from the lower regions through various waste pathways (channels). During serious precipitation occasions, overflow stream south east from mountains towards the lowland in the north east, causing streak floods in the middle catchment zones along the pathways of these watercourses. Significantly two event of flood occasions happened in Ha’il city during November 2011 and 2015 January. These occasions were portrayed by heavy rainfall estimations of 33.5 and 21.2 mm, individually. In each event flood occasion has length of less than two hours. Effect of this disaster of flood occasions have been heartbreaking causing broad flooding that murdered numerous individuals in 2011 and harmed framework and pr...

This study looked at the impact of land degradation on agricultural productivity in Nyabihu district. Specific objectives were to assess the factors influencing land degradation in Nyabihu district, Rugera sector, the vulnerability level of land degradation and propose suitable land management conservation strategies. Geographical Information system (GIS) and Remote sensing data were used for the assessment of factors influencing land degradation, where Land cover (classified) maps were produced based on data extracted from google earth and cultivated slope was computed based on the Digital elevation model (DEM) of 2018 downloaded from earthexplorer.usgs.gov. GIS vulnerability assessment and classification method was used to assess level of vulnerability to soil degradation and land slide. To propose suitable land management conservation strategies practical Tools on Soil and Water Conservation measures alongside with W4GR matrix of soil and water conservation measures documents were consulted. The data collected were analyzed using ArcGIS 10.4software, and Excel; the results were presented using maps, bar graphs and tables. Based on two main factors (slope and soil depth) a conservation map and matrix were developed with proposed options of restoration and conservation of land degraded.

The aim of this study was to compare the varieties of health risk behaviours prevalent among examined of employees in oil servicing companies in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria. A total of Three Hundred and Ninety Five copies of structured questionnaires were validated and proportionally allocated to the selected oil servicing companies across the study area. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in reporting the findings in the study. And findings shows that more people enjoyed taking beer and spirit on a daily basis while few take Champagne, Whisky and Brandy with more than 70% of the workers taking maximum of 2 bottles of alcoholic drink per day suggesting 60 bottles per month. The rate of cigarette smoking was also found to be very alarming and together with high intake of alcohol led to intoxication which propel majority of the workers to in multiple sexual relationships and with the intent of deriving physical and psychological satisfaction preferred not to use condom during sexual interactions. As a matter of fact, alcohol consumption, high blood pressure, tobacco use, diabetes/high blood sugar and depression were found to be the prevalent health risk behaviours among employees in the different oil servicing companies across the region. However, the analysis shows that there is a significant variation in the health risk behaviours common among employees (F=15.946; p<0.05). This shows that the level of display of health risk behaviours in various oil servicing companies may be totally different among the workers. Thus, the alternative hypothesis stating that there is a statistically significant variation in the health risk behaviours common among employees is accepted. It is therefore recommended that management should conduct company based risk assessment to identify causes as well as effects on both workers and company at large. Introduction of periodic publication of health risk behaviours chart of workers as guiding tool for appropriate monitoring and decision making. As a matter of urgency, a functional health promotion/intervention unit responsible for health programmes and initiatives need to be set up.

Manjira Adhikary* and Sandipan Chakraborty** ABSTRACT Intra and inter-regional aspects of development are now a table topic of discussion as holistic approach of regional development. In the perspective of development, especially, micro-level development and planning for local area upliftment is now highly appreciated. The term ‘rural development’ is a subset of the universal term ‘development’ and without the proper ‘micro-level planning’ ‘total area development’ is not possible. However, the development can be explained as ‘universally cherished goal’ of individuals, families, communities, regions and nations all over the world .To achieve overall development of any region, what we need is ‘equality of development’ on the space which is also called ‘equal spatial development’. But this is not observed everywhere on the space due to unequal distribution of resources and subsequent lack of infrastructure, so, observed the marked intra and Inter-regional disparity to its way. This is...

In recent years the implementation of interlocking concrete pavement has gained significant popularity due to the advantages it offers to the urban environment. There is strong relationship existing between the urban dwellers and the urban landscape. The relationship is so strong as a result of increase awareness and understanding about the value and benefits of urban landscape. This article aims to assess the perception of urban dwellers concerning street interlocking. The study focused on four wards within the study area where 200 questionnaires were administered. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze information collected. From the study it was found that the respondents perceived street interlocking construction in the study area as a welcome idea because of it benefits to the environment. The street interlocking was not found lacking negative impacts on the environment.

Department of Geography, Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bayero University Kano This study assesses the level of risks and damages associated with flood disaster in the area for five years (2014-2018). Makurdi has been ravaged with episodes of floods over the years. The aim of the study is to assess flood risk in Makurdi. A combination of both field and archival data were used, and survey method involving the use of questionnaire was adopted in obtaining the required information, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was also employed in identifying flood-prone areas. Findings from the study revealed that flood is the most common environmental disaster in the study area 97.75%, mismanagement of water reservoirs (mainly dams), heavy rainfall, and inadequate drainage facilities are the major causes of the flood disaster. The frequency of flood occurrence in the study area was found to be often, occurring at uneven intervals. About 447.02km2 of land area (55.6%) is exposed to a hi...

Literature is bountiful in relation to different theories and approaches that advocate for resiliency in individuals, families and communities. One widely acknowledged fact is that people build up resilience on the basis of their experience that they gain through their day-today hardship and struggles. For those who often live in fragile environments and vulnerability, there is the capacity for resilience to become a part of the culture of a community; becoming absorbed, entrenched and then bequeathed to each subsequent generation. This paper spotlights a group of women who live in an area of Bangladesh that is known for both its poverty and its regular tendency to flood, hereby regularly putting them, their families and their communities at risk of losing lives and/or their livelihoods. Through their narrations, the authors will demonstrate the human capacity to endure adversity, loss, vulnerability and destruction and still maintain the indomitable spirit of acceptance, hope and flourishment. Coping strategy is a central theme throughout. The authors provide accounts which outline the means by which these women practically and psychologically, prepare for and endure the regular and destructive nature of flooding. A brief discussion occurs in relation to the implication of some aspects of social work assistance in the context of women and floods. 'This is every year affair. As the affected ' we don't have to lose our dreams and hopes, we need to face it and move on for survival' (research participant).

The Dipayal-Mellekh road is considered as one of the major infrastructures of the northern region of Doti District as it is only the motorable access. The road extends for about 40 km and is 8 m wide. It passes through six Village Development Committees. This paper describes possibility of using Plantation as a treatment option to safeguard the road and reduce long term maintenance. The study shows that roadside slope instabilities and erosion problems exist in the road alignment due to presence of highly weathered rocks and high cut slope angles. On the basis of slope length, slope angle, material drainage, and site moisture condition, the erosion control measures were suggested. Jute netting with grass lines plantation, site seedling of shrub and trees, vegetated gabion wall, brush layering, palisades, live check dam and fascines are recommended bio-engineering measures for controlling instabilities and erosion problems along the road.   doi: 10.3126/bdg.v10i0.1423     Bulletin of...

The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and t...

The present study measures management of flash flood to avoid the devastating impacts on boro rice production at Sunamganj district. This study interacts for meteorological parameter assessment with global climate data. Three major climatic parameters (precipitation, temperature and cloud fraction) have been considered for this study. These three climatic data were analyzed using numerical software EdGCM for the period 1920 to 2020 and then downscaled by Transform software. Flash floods have been classified as general flash floods and devastating flash flood. Flash floods have been reported to be severe in March and April. A trend was evaluated for the detection of flash flooding occurrences. The study concludes that when temperature is high, a small amount of rainfall can cause a slight cloud fraction to cause flooding. Flash flooding occurs when temperature is above 76oF(24.44oC), rainfall is at least 3 mm and cloud fraction is at most 46%. Furthermore, for validation Mann-Kendall...

The overall objective of this pan-african programme of research is to contribute to making available good quality, reliable and accessible information systems through the application of the P-GIS approach to improve natural resource management (water, land and forest in particular) and promote food security. The programme will also support social change in study countries (Benin, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Senegal, Tunisia) by developing P-GIS as methodological tools for participation and to inform decision-making. ict4d a r t i c l e Participatory Geographic Information Systems (P-GIS) for natural resource management and food security in Africa www.leadinafrica.org/sigp1 Excessive deforestation of Gishwati Mountainous forest & biodiversity changes Note: Figures (in hectares) should be seen as approximation as these were compiled from different sources **REMA 2009 ***MINILENA 2007, and the rest from Gatera (2001).

The paper examines tourism as potential source of waste generation in urban and rural areas from Neamț County. An assessment method is proposed and the final result is mapping the process at local scale. In order to analyze the tourism impact on local waste management system, the waste generated by tourists (estimated values) is related to local household waste generation. This paper outlines the disparities within cities and communes and it also analyses the bad practices of tourists supported by field observations.

Due to the country&#39;s geography, several areas in Rwanda are in high-risk zones. Recently, disasters like floods and landslides have the potential to hinder economic progress due to damaged infrastructure, relocation, and loss of life. Furthermore, climate change and the occurrence of more severe weather patterns have grown in recent years. According to data from the Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (MIDMAR), rainfall in central and northern-western Rwanda killed over 80 people between January and May of this year, while injuring 74 more. At least 28 persons were killed as a result of severe rain that caused flooding along the Sebeya River and other locations where people live on high slopes. In addition, 898 buildings were damaged, and nearly 1,500 hectares of crops were affected within the same time period. Rwanda, sometimes known as &quot;the country of a thousand hills,&quot; is one of Africa&#39;s most densely inhabited countries. As a result, population growth h...

The descriptions of the Saraswati River in the Rig Veda match with the Luni that flows from Pushkar to the Rann of Kutch. However, descriptions of the Saraswati in the Mahabharata match with the Sarsuti-Ghaggar River that flows from the Shivalik Mountains to the Rann
of Kutch. We suggest that the Saraswati of the Rig Veda was the Luni while the Saraswati of the Mahabharata was the Ghaggar.

This paper inquires the conceptual relationship between two evolving concepts: community participation and disaster management. While, many criticize the policies and institutions of government in post-disaster mitigating situation, this work argues that it is the group or community collective conscious which has the greatest potential and capacity to deal with natural disasters and recovering efforts to restore the situation to normalcy. Majority of global south countries are standout amongst the most defenseless zones to regular catastrophes on the planet. Verging on consistently diverse sorts of characteristic catastrophes happen in Bangladesh and pulverize numerous lives and assets of individuals. In spite of the fact that it is unrealistic to keep the event of catastrophes affected by common causes, legitimate arrangement, administration and human aggregate cooperation may minimize the naturally driven disastrous events happened. The global south is no special case in such manner. In any case, the administration of countries situated in the global south has embraced debacle administration arrangements and programs with particular accentuation on group support in a debacle administration cycle since decolonization. In view of literature this work breaks down the ways to deal with catastrophe administration and its socio-political underpinnings, furthermore talks about the part of social work to guarantee or augment group support in a debacle administration that may add to both human studies and various other fields of social sciences.

This paper inquires the conceptual relationship between two evolving concepts: community participation and disaster management. While, many criticize the policies and institutions of government in post-disaster mitigating situation, this work argues that it is the group or community collective conscious which has the greatest potential and capacity to deal with natural disasters and recovering efforts to restore the situation to normalcy. Majority of global south countries are standout amongst the most defenseless zones to regular catastrophes on the planet. Verging on consistently diverse sorts of characteristic catastrophes happen in Bangladesh and pulverize numerous lives and assets of individuals. In spite of the fact that it is unrealistic to keep the event of catastrophes affected by common causes, legitimate arrangement, administration and human aggregate cooperation may minimize the naturally driven disastrous events happened. The global south is no special case in such manner. In any case, the administration of countries situated in the global south has embraced debacle administration arrangements and programs with particular accentuation on group support in a debacle administration cycle since decolonization. In view of literature this work breaks down the ways to deal with catastrophe administration and its socio-political underpinnings, furthermore talks about the part of social work to guarantee or augment group support in a debacle administration that may add to both human studies and various other fields of social sciences.

This study looked at the impact of land degradation on agricultural productivity in Nyabihu district. Specific objectives were to assess the factors influencing land degradation in Nyabihu district, Rugera sector, the vulnerability level of land degradation and propose suitable land management conservation strategies. Geographical Information system (GIS) and Remote sensing data were used for the assessment of factors influencing land degradation, where Land cover (classified) maps were produced based on data extracted from google earth and cultivated slope was computed based on the Digital elevation model (DEM) of 2018 downloaded from earthexplorer.usgs.gov. GIS vulnerability assessment and classification method was used to assess level of vulnerability to soil degradation and land slide. To propose suitable land management conservation strategies practical Tools on Soil and Water Conservation measures alongside with W4GR matrix of soil and water conservation measures documents were consulted. The data collected were analyzed using ArcGIS 10.4software, and Excel; the results were presented using maps, bar graphs and tables. Based on two main factors (slope and soil depth) a conservation map and matrix were developed with proposed options of restoration and conservation of land degraded.

It is quite common that discussions and debates on obstacles to national economic development often make reference to financial debt issues both domestic and foreign. To that end, it remains sceptical whether ecological debt as a concept and a critical component of national debt is known or not fully understood. Our 1 st article for this year-2020 introduces you to the concept of ecological debt as well providing insight into ramification of the debt if no concerted efforts are put in place. Ecological debt as a concept has no universal definition as various contextual meanings have been attached to it the world over. Of interest is the fact that there is a general consensus by scholars to conceptualise ecological debt in terms of the socio-ecological impacts caused by the exploitation of resources within the productive sectors like mining. In Zimbabwe, over the years, the mining sector has proved to be one of the main arms of the national economic development. Mining and trading of precious minerals like platinum, gold, lithium and diamond have significantly improved the GDP per capita of the country over the years according to Trading Economies (2018). This explains why Zimbabwe has been always the targeted colony of many foreign countries like Britain, France etc. Through mining, there was plundering and indiscriminate exploitation of resources that left the country ecologically indebted whilst profits were repatriated living paltry benefits to host countries. The concept of ecological debt dates back to this era as it highlights the socio, cultural, environmental and economic impacts that emanate from mining activities. Over the years, local communities have suffered from degraded environments, pollution, cultural dilution and loss of economic power due to ecological debt. Today, communities, NGOs and the government have lost thousands of money towards restoration efforts to the lost beauty, heritage and productivity values of our land. However, we cannot habitually grumble over the tragedy without reflecting on our own activities in the mining sector as the nation continues to predominantly depend on mining. Since 1980, there remain salient socio-ecological issues in the mining sector despite having existing governance system. These include but not limited to environmental degradation,

Northeastern piece of Bangladesh particularly Sunamganj, Sylhet and Netrokona Regions are situated in one of the discouraged segment or low-lying region of the nation. The vast majority of the streams in these regions are started from the close-by uneven zone of neighbouring nation India. These waterways are amazingly ostentatious that is portrayed by an abrupt and wide variety in the stream because of over the top precipitation. At the point when substantial precipitation happens in the bumpy district of India, water rapidly moves towards the north-eastern territory of Bangladesh through various streams and trenches. This floodwater conveys the water as well as convey an immense measure of residue begun fundamentally from the slope. Over the time this residue has kept on the waterways and channels bed and has diminished the transport limit pretty much all of the water assets frameworks within the north-eastern zone of Bangladesh. Life there is an alternate condition and the distinctive natural settings with various monetary example. In each catastrophe, we got to exercise for our future advancement. On the off chance that advancement does not think about the size, recurrence and another parameter of the flash flood don't work out. For better learning we have to learn flash flood as an understudy of disaster, it is an open door for us to become familiar with this flash flood and discover the plausible answer for this catastrophe in the North-Eastern part of our country with the harm and misfortune evaluation in a significant factor for learning this phenomenon or extraordinary occasion. For this, it is important to visit the influenced region for gathering information and individual’s observation about the flash flood and get a reasonable diagram of this debacle. For this research, I focused on Tahirpur Upazila of Sunamganj District.

The impact of climate change are being felt everywhere throughout the world. It is getting to be plainly hotter, precipitation is more sporadic, the ocean level is gradually rising and extraordinary climate occasions are winding up more successive and extreme. Drawn out times of dry spell, surges and moving climatic zones are imperilling advancement victories. Poor people and minimized are frequently most influenced by atmosphere fluctuation and change. Environmental change is currently perceived as a standout amongst the most squeezing worldwide issues of our planet (El Sioufi (2010). An audit of atmosphere science by the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS, 2010) infers that "the Earth framework is warming and that quite a bit of this warming is likely because of human exercises" and portrays this determination as a "settled certainty". More up to date considers in 2011 report considerably more elevated amounts of GHG discharges in the most recent decade (Peters et al., 2011). Additionally new perceptions at the worldwide and local levels indicate higher watched effects of environmental change on many key creation frameworks, common assets and groups (Rahmstorf, Stefane, 2010, Beaumonta et al., 2011; Tedesco et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2009; Harley D.G. Christopher., 2011; Bálint et al., 2011, Rignot et al., 2011). For instance, the IPCC anticipated a worldwide normal temperature ascent of 4.2°C under the BAU outflows situation (A1B) towards the finish of the 21st century, while new examinations venture a warming of more than 6°C under the current BAU emanations situation over a similar period (IEA, 2011).

Various critiques of transboundary natural resource governance in southern Africa have questioned the efficacy and social equity dimensions of prevailing strategies for protecting transnational ecosystems, highlighting the importance of sociological research on the potentially 'other-ing' impacts of mainstream conservation policy discourse. We draw on research in the Chimanimani Trans-Frontier Conservation Area (TFCA) on both sides of the Zim-babwe–Mozambique border, scrutinizing simplifications inherent in terms such as ''illegal foreigners'' that obfuscate histories and contemporary realities of cross-border social ties. Engaging perspectives of park authorities and chiefs as well as people who have taken up artisanal mining, we explore two related themes—how 'belonging' is negotiated as well as how conservation agendas are instrumentalized by state and non-state actors. Bringing attention to gaps between policy discourses surrounding TFCAs and territorialized practices of exclusion, the article concludes by calling for greater attention to the mutating significance of colonially established boundaries as well as the dynamic influences of social networks in borderland spaces.

Unicorns stalk Silicon Valley (promising huge returns to investors), big pharma ramps up drug prices on the back of knowledge monopolies (buying back their shares with the profits), multinational corporations hide ‘their’ intellectual property in offshore shell companies (avoiding much-needed taxes), and governments turn the air we breathe into a financial asset (giving it away to polluters). Contemporary capitalism is different; it is increasingly dominated by forms of rentiership rather than entrepreneurship, by the extraction of economic rents rather than the creation of new products and services (Birch 2017a; Felli 2014; Sayer 2015; Swyngedouw, 2010; Ward & Aalbers, 2016). Economic rents can be defined as the value extracted from economic activity – broadly conceived – as the result of the ownership and control of a particular resource, primarily because of that resource’s inherent or constructed degree of productivity, scarcity, or quality. As geographers, it is necessary to unpack how we analyse and understand – theoretically, politically, and ethically – the diversity of modes of ownership and control of resources in contemporary capitalism, including sociotechnical platforms (e.g. Uber), business model sorcery (e.g. Google), prosumer productivity (e.g. Facebook), Big Data mining (e.g. consumption patterns), and financial warlockery (e.g. interchange fees). This unpacking opens up opportunities to return to some of the geographical classics (e.g. David Harvey, Neil Smith) on economic rent, as well as engage with more recent literatures pushing forward debate in this area (e.g. Andreucci et al. 2017; Birch 2017b, 2017c; Haila 2016; Langley & Leyshon 2016; Maurer 2017; Schwartz 2017; Slater 2017; Storper 2013; Tretter 2016; Ward & Aalbers, 2016; Zeller 2008).

The paper aims to reveal one integrated global map which points out the major geographical inequalities in providing basic utilities across the countries using multivariate analysis and thematic cartography. Sixteen indicators with global coverage were selected taking into account the waste collection services, sanitation facilities, drinking water sources, energy, electricity, habitat and demographic conditions. Several data are broken down for the total, urban and rural population in order to outline the rural-urban disparities between and within countries. A special focus is given to waste collection coverage, in order to compute a comprehensive global assessment of this key indicator of public health, which is one of the poorest monitored basic utility. The world countries were divided into 10 classes according to the hierarchical cluster analysis. Each class has particular features outlining the gaps between high, middle and low-income countries with direct impact on quality of life, public health, and environment.

About fifty people lost their lives in the recent disasters that occurred on May 8, 2016 and which affected mainly districts of Northern province, particularly Gakenke district. Similar disasters take place yearly and they are likely to continue, even to a higher extent, unless serious studies and measures are taken for their prevention. This study was conducted to that end. It focused on landslides and floods in North-western part of Rwanda. The study reveals that these disasters result from the combination of the factors related to rainfall, topography, vegetation cover, bedrock, soil development and human activities. Deep analysis shows a big effect of unsuitable land use. The study proposes appropriate preventing measures.
Key words: Disaster, Hydrogeological risk, North-western Rwanda, landslide, flood