Gender and Society

A t the winter meeting of SWS in 2019, Barbara heard Julia give her SWS Feminist Lecture and was totally fascinated. The U.S. National Science Foundation had been spending millions of dollars each year to promote gender transformation on college campuses, hoping to increase the participation of women in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines. What had we learned about the organizational policies that were changed to overcome gender bias? What interventions made the most change? What did not seem to make any difference? Julia presented data on 19 years (at the time) at her own school, where she had been a major player in the feminist change agenda. When she gave the Feminist Lecture, she also talked about the potential for valuable insights from the many feminist sociologists who were working on institutional change projects with and without ADVANCE funding. We met again at an Eastern Sociological Society conference in Boston later that spring and took a long walk. We talked about what we could learn from ADVANCE grants about leveraging social change and the implications for feminist theories about organizations. The idea for a possible special issue was hatched during that walk. Julia, Sheryl Skaggs (as Deputy Editor), and Kevin Stainbeck (Editorial Board member) proposed such an issue to the Publications Committee; the idea was accepted, and we were off. This issue is the result. Julia and her coauthor Nestor Hernandez offer the results of what they have learned by analyzing two decades of data, some before, during, and after an ADVANCE project at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Their project made modest improvements in incorporating more women into most STEM fields on their campus. But the lessons learned from the 1012578G ASXXX10.

Methodology is often a point of contention in gender-based salary studies. Although this debate seems at first to be merely about technical issues, it also has an important conceptual dimension. We argue that there are two competing implicit conceptions of discrimination, one institutional and the other individual, that underlie many such debates. We first contrast the preferred methodologies advanced by each side, the policy capturing approach and the flagging approach, and explore the theoretical meaning of their statistical models. We then describe a practical application of both methodological approaches in one specific salary inequity study. In conclusion, we reflect on the implications of such practical statistical choices, discuss how such models can be combined, and make suggestions for sociologists who act as statistical experts or work with them in gender-based salary inequity studies on their own campuses. Over 100 studies have evaluated possible gender-based discrimination in salaries at academic institutions in the United States . There are generally two opposing sides interested in these discrimination studies, a faculty committee or union representing employees that believes gender-based discrimination exists, and an administration team that often believes none exists. A central issue for both sides involves the choice of method for determining the existence of a possible gender-based pay dif-7 The authors appreciate the considerable help provided by participants as well as reviewers of the article in various forms. In particular; we thank

The post-Soviet Russian state is haunted by the fear of not having enough
people. Despite its well-publicized pronatalist campaigns, declining birth rates and rising mortality rates since the 1990s, cast doubt on the state's ability to care for its population effectively. In this ethnography, anthropologist Inna Leykin examines the post-Soviet Russian state's efforts and failures in population care. Revealing the existential burden of pronatalism, she demonstrates how the language of demography has become influential in defining what kind of behavior and social aspirations are deemed worthy of state support and protection.

Caring Like a State: The Politics of Russia's Demographic Crisis analyzes the
professional world of demographers, non-state actors, and the subjective
experiences of ordinary Russian citizens to explore how their reciprocal relations have shaped the dominant understanding of population issues and their remedies.

Racialized exclusion of Asian entrepreneurship and its communities, as part of the entrenched systemic racism in American society, has long been promulgated by the mainstream media and policymakers. Notably, nail salons, as an Asian-dominated multi-billion-dollar industry, reflect the confluence of media portrayals and policy structure of racialization. With the racial triangulation framework, we examined the news discourse of nail salons in New York (2015–2016) and California (2020–2022), and therefore, identified a four-step racialization of Asians that underlines media-regulation nexus, that is, Othering, Discriminating, Regulating, and Consolidating. Specifically, the general stereotypical portrayals of Asian Americans, for example, Model Minority and Yellow Peril, generate discriminatory images of certain Asian groups (e.g., business owners and immigrant workers) through covert language and frames, further motivating top-down regulatory measures that aggravate the economic and political burdens on the whole Asian community and thus solidifying the current racial dynamics. Altogether, this study heightens our sensitivity to the varied forms of (re)production of anti-Asian racism and underlines the legacy of White supremacy and colonialism in symbolic constructions and the legal regime.

The concept of women's dignity under India's patriarchal social structure is examined in this study work. Through a feminist and intersectional perspective, the study examines how deeply ingrained patriarchal systems influence women's autonomy and value by consulting legal records, feminist writings from the past, and current scholarly research. Inequality in the workplace, caste and religious discrimination, unpaid household work, and marital customs are among the main issues raised in the article. This study sheds light on the challenges Indian women have encountered and the tactics they have used to recover their dignity by examining materials such as government reports on gender inequity, ethnographic studies on Dalit women, and Tarabai Shinde's Stri Purush Tulana. In order to build a more just society, the study ends with recommendations for social, legal, and educational reforms that move beyond formal equality to ensure women's dignity as a lived reality.

Chinese immigrants in the United States have primarily relied on co-ethnic networks and formal labor market
intermediaries to seek work in the ethnic economy, but online platforms have gained increasing significance. I
conduct a qualitative content analysis of 145,986 job posts created between July 2019 and August 2022 for the
restaurant and nail salon industry on a Chinese-language online platform, with a focus on the manifestation
of gender roles. Advertisers communicate norms of masculinity and femininity through explicit requirements
for gender, desired traits, and descriptions of working conditions. In the restaurant industry, a gendered div-
ision of space is imposed, requiring female workers for front-of-house positions and male workers for back-of-
house positions, with a stoic and hardworking working-class masculinity emphasized for the latter. Nail salons
that require more intimate customer interactions are more likely to explicitly require women, drawing on
gender norms that hold women to higher standards of emotional labor and attention to detail. Salon advertise-
ments often included information on the racial or socioeconomic makeup of the customer base or the salon’s
neighborhood. The findings extend our understanding of digital labor market intermediaries in the ethnic
labor market, as well as how symbolic boundaries of gender are transposed from offline to online contexts.

This study investigates the language of "citizen sociolinguists," everyday users of social network sites (SNS) who contribute to the discourses about language on Twitter, Reddit, and Tumblr, platforms with distinctive user demographics and technological affordances. The data were collected through keyword searches for mansplain, whitesplain, richsplain and thinsplain, metapragmatic neologisms which are lexical blends of the verb explain and one of four social categories. Disputes of macro-level ideologies are revealed by users' creative meaning-making strategies and metapragmatic awareness of micro-level texts and utterances. Making use of the linguistic practices of the SNS, as well as the concisely-compacted semantic and pragmatic meanings of the four splain words, users come to evaluate communicative dynamics between speakers who differ from or relate with others in their experiences of sex, skin color, economic status, and physical form. Drawing on elements of Citizen Sociolinguistics (Rymes & Leone, 2014) with Critical Discourse Analysis and Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis , I question how users make metapragmatic judgements to convey varying meanings of the four focal words, and how the uses of [x]splain and the surrounding discourses illuminate socio-ideological values about language, about its intersection with gender, race, class, and body size, and the authority to speak on topics that are macro-contextually situated in discourses of privilege, power, and inequality. Lastly, I compare the findings across the three SNS platforms to understand how competing discourses differ in relation to each site's user demographics, technological affordances and limitations, and subsequent linguistic practices.

Reflective and proud Preamble that honors heritage, acknowledges the struggles of the past, and inspires a sense of national identity and belonging. I'll include themes of ancestral roots, the journey of a people, and the emotional bond to the land. Here's a draft of the Preamble for "Land of My Father" by Howard Mwape:

Il presente elaborato mira a sviluppare una strategia linguistica utile a superare la discriminazione lavorativa delle donne. In primo luogo viene argomentato che tale discriminazione è causata dal pensiero stereotipato, e nello specifico dal cosiddetto bias genere-carriera, a causa del quale si associa implicitamente le donne all’ambito familiare e gli uomini al mondo lavorativo. Questo bias influenzerebbe non solo le scelte di chi si occupa di reclutamento del personale e le possibilità di accesso delle donne a certi ruoli nel mercato del lavoro, ma anche il livello di retribuzione e perfino le aspirazioni personali delle donne stesse. Il fatto che dietro alla discriminazione lavorativa delle donne ci sia un bias, ovvero un errore sistematico di giudizio, ci permette, in virtù della sua prevedibilità, di ipotizzare delle strategie atte a diminuirne l’incidenza. Dunque si ha provato a capire quali siano le possibili strategie utili a migliorare il processo decisionale, partendo da un approfondimento su perché il processo decisionale non sia sempre razionale e su quali siano le “scorciatoie” che la mente usa per compiere le scelte dando origine a vari tipi di errori sistematici di giudizio. Successivamente si è reso conto degli studi su un fenomeno linguistico chiamato foreign language effect (in italiano: “effetto lingua straniera”). Questo fenomeno suggerisce che il processo decisionale nei contesti di interazione in lingua straniera sia diverso, probabilmente perché quando si parla una lingua diversa dalla propria lingua nativa avviene una diminuzione dell’emotività. Se parte dell’origine del pensiero stereotipato è il prodotto di processi emozionali, il presente lavoro ipotizza che l’utilizzo di una lingua straniera possa ridurre l’impatto degli stereotipi e dei pregiudizi sulle donne nel contesto lavorativo. Nello specifico, si è ipotizzato che tale strategia linguistica potesse essere sfruttata in contesti di reclutamento del personale per diminuire gli errori di giudizio che portano i reclutatori a preferire gli uomini per le posizioni lavorative più prestigiose e meglio retribuite, contribuendo alla segregazione delle donne in posizioni lavorative inferiori. Per testare questa ipotesi, è stato somministrato in laboratorio un test di associazione implicita sul bias genere-carriera a 78 parlanti nativi italiani; a metà dei partecipanti il test è stato somministrato in italiano, all’altra metà il test è stato somministrato in inglese. I risultati confermano la presenza del bias genere-carriera in entrambi i gruppi, ovvero i partecipanti in media associano implicitamente le donne alla famiglia e gli uomini al lavoro. Contrariamente alle
predizioni, non si è osservato una diminuzione del bias nel gruppo che è svolto il test in inglese. L’elaborato si chiude con un capitolo di riflessioni e spunti per future ricerche.

Reflexiones, prácticas y cuestiones gramaticales conexas sobre el lenguaje inclusivo.
Resumen:
En este artículo se ofrece una panorámica general sobre las prácticas en torno al lenguaje inclusivo y sus repercusiones en la gramática del español normativo. La lucha por la igualdad y por la visibilización de la mujer en la sociedad moderna sirve de trampolín para analizar algunas de las estrategias y prácticas léxicas que se han propuesto a nivel institucional y gubernamental para evitar la discriminación por razones sexistas. También se exploran las respuestas de las Academias de la Lengua Española (ASALE) y de algunos intelectuales ante la transmisión y el empleo de esta corrección política del lenguaje inclusivo. A modo ilustrativo y como referentes claves de la investigación se analizan las propuestas más destacadas que recomiendan la mayoría de los manuales de lenguaje no sexista y las dificultades gramaticales que subyacen. Para terminar se ofrecen varias reflexiones finales sobre la efectividad y validez de los modelos de lenguaje inclusivo propuestos, así mismo como de su impacto en la creación de discursos más igualitarios.

Palabras clave: lenguaje inclusivo, guía de lenguaje no sexista, masculino genérico, academias de la lengua, grammatical gender, dobletes

Reflections, practices and related grammatical issues on inclusive language
Abstract:
This article explores a general approach to inclusive language practices and their impact on the normative grammar of the Spanish language. Advocacy for equality and women’s representation in modern society serves as the basis to analyze lexical strategies and practices proposed by institutions and government organizations, to avoid discrimination on the basis of sex and gender. Reactions from the Academies of the Spanish Language (ASALE) and intellectuals to the transmission and application of inclusive language are also explored. As illustrative examples and key elements to this study, we analyze some of the more polemical proposals that most inclusive language manuals recommend, along with the resulting grammatical and linguistic difficulties. Finally, we offer reflections on the effectiveness and validity of these proposed inclusive language models and the impact of these models on the creation of a more egalitarian discourse.

Key words: inclusive language, non-sexist language guides, generic masculine, language academies, grammatical gender, doublets

Índice: 1. ¿Lenguaje inclusivo: moda política, ideológica, sociocultural o lingüística? 2. Dime qué palabras usas y te diré quién eres. 2.1. Evitar el uso no marcado o genérico del masculino gramatical. 2.2. Feminizar sustantivos y adjetivos terminados en -nte. 2.3. Establecer un género neutro con e, x, @, /; todes, todxs, tod@s, todos/as. 2.4. Desdoblar y triplicar. 3. ¿Cómo hablar

This article examines the politics of reproductive labor in globalization. Using the case of migrant Filipina domestic workers, the author presents the formation of a three-tier transfer of reproductive labor in globalization between the following groups of women: (1) middle-class women in receiving nations, (2) migrant domestic workers, and (3) Third World women who are too poor to migrate. The formation of this international division of labor suggests that reproduction activities, as they have been increasingly commodified, have to be situated in the context of the global market economy. This division of labor is a structural process that determines the migration of Filipina domestic workers. As such, this article also uses in-depth interviews to examine and enumerate the contradictions that migrant Filipina domestic workers experience in their family and work lives as a result of “being in the middle” of this division of labor.

Chermo, a prehistoric site nestled within the mountains of the Kurdistan region, stands as a silent testament to humanity's most profound revolution—the transition from foraging to farming, from wandering bands to rooted communities. Dating back to around 6750 BC, Chermo is not only an archaeological milestone but a cornerstone of human civilization. This paper investigates the physical, social, and spiritual landscapes of Chermo's early inhabitants, explores the deeper implications of the village's pioneering agricultural experiments, and considers how Chermo's legacy endures in Kurdish memory and the global history of civilization.

Although I have served as the official editor for the journal for over a year, many of the submissions, resulting in either acceptance or rejection, were originally handled by the former editor. That is, there have been numerous instances where Steve Hollon and myself collaborated in the transfer of the journal office. Many of the papers appearing in Volume 10 were actually accepted during Hollon's editorship. Thus, the early transfer of editorship facilitated Hollon's change in academic institution and, as hoped, proceeded smoothly. This issue completes Volume 10. During the year July 1985 to July 1986, we received 148 manuscripts to be reviewed and considered for publication. This number is higher than last year's total of 137 and represents an 8°70 increase in submissions. Of the 103 manuscripts that have completed the review process, 17.5% have been accepted for publication after the proper revisions were made and 7.7 have been accepted pending the requested revisions. This produces an acceptance rate of 25.2%, somewhat higher than last year's overall acceptance rate and quite comparable to 1984's rate of 25.3%. We have invited 24.4% of the submissions' authors to consider making substantial changes (e.g., new analyses, additional data, more detailed discussion) and "revise and resubmit" their manuscripts, and another 50.4% of the papers have been rejected outright. The revised and resubmitted mansucripts will again be evaluated. For Volume 10, the average time interval between receipt of a submitted manuscript in this office and the author's being sent an initial decision letter was 11.5 weeks. This turnaround schedule represents a decrease from previous years; however, there are a small number of submissions that, for various reasons, experience an inordinately long interval before receiving a decision letter. Inordinate review periods often result when authors change addresses and/or reviewers are delinquent. The present volume included six issues and an increase in the total number of pages allotted to the journal. This increase in printed pages will continue to help reduce the backlog of accepted manuscripts and will help advance the field by presenting the submitted research on a more timely basis.

Over the past few decades, African governments have made commendable strides toward empowering women through initiatives such as affirmative action, financial inclusion policies, education quotas, and leadership training. While these efforts have significantly improved the socioeconomic status of women, an emerging challenge is the unintended gender gap that now appears to disadvantage men in various sectors. This article explores how empowerment strategies, though well-intentioned, may have contributed to a reverse gender imbalance, particularly in education and employment. It critically examines the root causes, provides case studies across Africa, and proposes remedies that seek to balance gender empowerment without marginalizing either gender.

Scholarship on gender and policing has frequently applied gendered organizational theory to understand how this type of organization and the men who run it produce gendered difference and inequity at the workplace. In this article, I draw on ethnographic research on lower ranked policewomen in Pakistan and contend that to fully fathom women’s marginalization at work, an analysis must not limit itself to the organization or the men who create the inequity but must also focus on women’s workplace behavior. My research sheds light on women’s anxieties about working with a large number of men and about people questioning their morality and character because they do so. I also demonstrate how their subsequent coping strategies can impede their professional development and reproduce their marginalization at their workplace. This woman-centric approach, which examines how policewomen navigate gendered landscapes in different patriarchal social spaces, therefore shows that workplace inequit...

Joseph Engwenyu, who willingly helped me take on South African women and refused to accept inferior work; for his support I am truly grateful. I am also indebted to my wonderful husband, Paul, for understanding the process and keeping me on track. Last, I appreciate my profoundly supportive family: my sister Amy, for being an informed and interested sounding board; and my parents Stephan and Martha, for imparting to their children such a positive can-do attitude that I am now incapable of refusing a challenge.

In the fall of 2024, the Monatshefte editorial team reached out to fellow editors and book review editors at German studies journals that publish multiple times a year with broad (or open) topic scopes. Respondents provide transparency and insight into the challenges and causes for optimism in publishing academic work, one quarter of the way through the twenty-first century.

A disaggregation of CVS's income statement for the last six years is presented to support the contention that there is a significant disparity in operating income of CVS's pharmacy business versus the rest of its business known as the front store. We contend that CVS has sought out this merger in order to motivate Caremark to name CVS as its exclusive retail preferred provider. This would help CVS weather a new era of price competition by generating greater traffic without store expansion to offset lower margins on retail prescriptions. By comparing state maps of drugstore concentration with maps of the dominant healthcare plan by state, it is possible to derive a number of insights into the coming drugstore preferred provider war: (1) The pairing of CVS and Caremark makes sense, but the merger seems defensive rather than designed to expand CVS's share in swing states. (2) Rite-Aid will be the biggest loser of market share. Second will be supermarket pharmacies. Community pharmacies are still needed to satisfy coverage requirements and will not lose market share. (3) Walgreen does not need to partner with any of the Big 3 PBMs to win the coming preferred provider war. (4) WellPoint is the single most important strategic partner of the war.

In the late 1990s, Mexican feminists mobilized transnationally to demand state accountability for the feminicidios (feminicides) of women in Ciudad Juarez. Feminicidio refers to the misogynous killing of women and the state’s complicity in this violence by tolerating it with impunity. Drawing on debates of the Mexican Federal Congress (1997–2012) and interviews with feminist state and non-state actors, I examine feminist legislators’ response to transnational activism, which was to pass the “General Law on Women’s Access to a Life Free of Violence” and to create the penal-type code of feminicidio, which includes provisions to punish negligent state actors. These laws make the state a target of its own punitive power. To pass these acts, feminist legislators faced resistance from male legislators and the Federal Executive. I build on feminist institutionalism to theorize this resistance as gendered. Gendered state resistance was pervasive because feminist legislators practiced accoun...

The centrality of gender equality and equitable participation in governance and development agendas of all countries, has been affirmed by numerous international instruments, including the conventions on: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) the Political Rights of Women (1952); Economic, Social and Cultural rights (1966); Civic and Political Rights (1966); CEDAW (1976); Beijing Platform of Action (1995); Security Council Resolution 1325(2000) and Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa(2005) . During the four decades since the declaration of the UN Decade for women(1975-1985), African governments have experimented with a variety of gender focused structures and institutions- machineries, commissions, gender ministries, departments and gender desks- all set up to promote women’s rights empowerment and welfare, minimal progress has been made. Instead, it is becoming increasingly clear that democratic culture, values an...

Under the veneer of modern relationships, there is a silent revolution which is obstinately unfinished. While women have made gargantuan strides in the workplace and in schools, domestic life has a different tale to tell-one of disproportionate workload, hidden drudgery, and persistent gender expectation that continues to define our most intimate relationships. For centuries, domestic work was unmistakably women's work-entrenched in law, buttressed by religion, and embedded in the rhythms of everyday

In case you missed it, last fall, The American Sociologist published a double issue on the Pacific Sociological Association (PSA). Rare is the opportunity for such open reflection by an organization. Spanning two dozen articles and more than 200 pages, esteemed members, past and present, cast light on where the Association has been and where it is headed. It is good stuffsociologists reflecting on structures they have created to engage and understand structures in which we are all embedded. And, as you might imagine, a major leitmotif in this effort is change, both inside and outside the organization. We recommend that you check out the issue, if haven't already. For our purposes, though, we adopt and extend the theme of change-recent and forthcoming-with Sociological Perspectives. Some of it good. Some of it sad. And, some to be determined. First, though, we want to look back and thank our editorial board members for another year of hard but rewarding work in 2014. Three years ago, when we took the editorial reins, we recruited colleagues whom we admired and trusted to help make the journal the best we could. A surprising number said yes to our solicitation and have continued to give their professional time and effort without fanfare or material reward. They are the type of sociologists we are proud to call colleagues and to whom we and the Association continue to owe a great deal of gratitude. We also thank our many reviewers from last year. We have learned a great deal from you, including what it means to serve earnestly behind the scenes in the face of competing professional demands. Now, to the change. If you were too busy reading, writing, and reviewing pieces last year, you may have missed an important shift in Sociological Perspectives. Publication migrated from the University of California Press to SAGE Publications, the official publication partner of the American Sociological Association. The move to SAGE brought significant national and international marketing and advanced technological expertise to the journal, including early online access for accepted manuscripts. The move also, to our surprise, brought a near-doubling of new submissions. During 2014, the journal received more than 200 papers for initial review. By all accounts, this total is the highest in the journal's 50-plus years of operation, and we are not sure why it occurred. Perhaps it is the prestige of affiliating with the national association and its flagship publications. Perhaps it is the work of SAGE in promoting greater international access. Perhaps it is the rising pressure for sociologists to publish earlier and more often. Perhaps it is the wonderful work of our editorial board. It is difficult to say, but we will certainly learn more at the annual meeting in March. There, SAGE will provide the Association with the latest data on who has been accessing the journal, how, and from where. In the meantime, we responded the best way we knew to the increased workload: by asking an esteemed scholar, past PSA president, and good friend to selflessly give her time, energy, and expertise to help us. That person is Jean Stockard, and she joined us as Co-editor last year and will continue to serve in this capacity until our collective stint is over later this year. Having her on board has been terrific, and we are grateful for her ongoing help. Of course, with a near-doubling of submissions, our excellent Managing Editor, Jessica Schultz, also needed some additional assistance. So with approval from PSA leadership, she trained and mentored two undergraduate assistants to work with her last summer: Emily Green and Xiaorui Huang, who is now a graduate student in sociology at the University of Utah. We thank these students for their hard work and dedication to the journal and the discipline. After their summer appointments 571086S PXXXX10.1177/0731121415571086Sociological PerspectivesAuthor Name

We examine change across U.S. cohorts born between 1920 and 2000 in their probability of having had sex with same-sex partners in the last year and since age 18. Using data from the 1988–2018 General Social Surveys, we explore how trends differ by gender, race, and class background. We find steep increases across birth cohorts in the proportion of women who have had sex with both men and women since age 18, whereas increases for men are less steep. We suggest that the trends reflect an increasingly accepting social climate, and that women’s steeper trend is rooted in a long-term asymmetry in gender change, in which nonconformity to gender norms is more acceptable for women than men. We also find evidence that, among men, the increase in having had sex with both men and women was steeper for black than for white men, and for men of lower socioeconomic status; we speculate that the rise of mass incarceration among less privileged men may have influenced this trend.

in Sociologia e ricerca sociale, lavora e insegna all'Università del Salento. Ha pubblicato libri, capitoli, articoli anche divulgativi su questioni di sesso e genere, lesbismo e omosessualità, violenza contro le donne, politiche sulla prostituzione, surrogazione di maternità, analisi dei sistemi-mondo e teorie sulla popolazione. Per Asterios ha pubblicato Che cos'è la prostituzione (2004), La gaia famiglia (2005), Maternità. Surrogata? (2017), Il peso dei numeri. Teorie e dinamiche della popolazione (2019). Indice: Introduzione, 3 •1. Le parole e le cose: il sesso, 5 • 2. Le parole e le cose: il genere, 12 • 3. La gerarchia dei generi, 17 • 4. Il genere postmoderno, 21 • 5. Medici, sessuologi e identità di genere, 25 • 6. I transattivisti, 32 • 7. Corpi che non contano, 36 • Conclusione, 42 • Testi citati, 44 volantiniasterios.it NUMERI USCITI DISPONIBILI SU CARTA E IN FORMATO PDF*

At present, women serve in a variety of combat roles, combat-support positions, and administrative roles in various militaries around the globe. This book looks at Israeli women's military service as a gendered rite of passage through which these women learn to become gendered citizens. Stated differently, through military service, Israeli women learn the meaning of citizenship for themselves. The academic context for the sociological debate presented in the book is citizenship and gender. Overall, this is an excellent book that could interest scholars of military affairs and militarism, sociology, citizenship and gender. The book's goal is to 'explore women's understanding of citizenship via the varied and the different meaning they ascribe to their military service' (p. 3). At present, research on citizenship primarily emphasizes questions of policy, law and legal regulations, studying citizenship from a top-down perspective. However, this book shows how everyday concrete experiences shape citizenship as a lived experience by focusing on the daily emotional and embodied interactions with state institutions expressed in the narratives of women soldiers. The authors present the military as one of the main arenas for civic participation, because it is the institution most closely identified with the state, both in its ideologies and its practices (Chapter 1, p. 1; Enloe, 1988). This is particularly true for non-Orthodox Jewish women. Thus, the authors conceptualize the military as a 'contact zone ' (p. 1;, where the citizen and the state meet. Gender ideologies and interests, which are especially pronounced in the military, a hyper-masculine organization, shape encounters with the state. Therefore, this book analyses military service as a citizenship-conferring institution and focuses on how military service shapes the way women perceive the state and experience their citizenship. All in all, the authors do not present all women soldiers as a homogeneous group, but analyse differences in their perspectives toward the military according to their social status. The authors indicate that the military is an especially effective test case for examining gendered encounters with the state for a number of reasons: 1. In Israel, most Jewish men and women constitute their citizenship through military service. Yet, citizenship is not a homogeneous experience, so the authors adopt the analytic perspective of 'intersectionality', according to which subjects 930148E JW0010.1177/1350506820930148European Journal of Women's StudiesBook review book-review2020

This analysis focuses on the pattern of oppression experienced by women in the developing countries and the different types of interventions undertaken by non-governmental organizations to empower women over past three decades. It identifies the different modes of oppression that relate to subjugation, isolation, and exploitation and the different kinds of NGOs interventions being undertaken to mitigate them. The findings highlight both cultural and organizational factors that prevent gender mainstreaming and women empowerment. Finally the analysis concludes with implications for research on the key issues confronting women and NGOs in the developing countries.

Sakharam Binder challenges the marriage of institution, societal norms and an individual role of a male and a female in society. It emphasizes on a highly pathetic situation of the abandoned women like Laxmi, Champa and many other outcasted women who have the terrible, harsh and complex relationship with Sakharam Binder. He gives shelter to them at his home shows his kind and helping nature but on the other hand his actions reveals his new side that to satisfy his sexual and domestic needs he invites them to his house where they are bound to live according to terms and conditions of Sakharam binder. Sakharam treats them in his own way without following any societal norms.

Despite the growing routinization of prenatal diagnosis, little research has examined men's roles in this reproductive arena or these technologies' possibilities for reinforcing or transforming gender roles and relations. The authors analyze male partners' participation in the amniocentesis decisions of Mexican-origin women at high risk for problems, drawing on interviews with 157 women and 120 of their male partners. The primary aim is to explore whether the normalization of prenatal testing poses a threat to women's autonomy in this decision arena. The findings challenge critics of new reproductive and genetic technologies who assume that these technologies inherently represent male attempts to control women's bodies and the processes of reproduction. In contrast, the authors find many couples try to balance their desire to share equally in parenting responsibilities while maintaining the woman's ultimate control over her body and decisions associated with it.

Constructing Motherhood in the late 19th century and the early 20th century Egypt. Motherhood and what it stands for have not always been the same across different societies or historical periods. It can and has evolved and changed from region to region or from one time period to the other. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Egypt also witnessed a change in the institution of motherhood. The duties, responsibilities, and the position of mothers in society were redefined. How motherhood should be performed was reevaluated. However, like any other major societal change, this did not happen in a vacuum. What were the driving forces behind this sudden change in the role of women as mothers? Why were mothers pushed to the forefront of public health and child-rearing? This essay aims to explore how and why a new idea of motherhood was constructed at the turn of the century in Egypt and how it was influenced and shaped by medical, colonial, and nationalist discourses.

More than three decades after Jessie Bernard's argument on marriage is good for men, but not for women, the postmillennium marriage and family literature has largely shown that men's reported marital satisfaction is higher than women's across socio-cultural contexts. This study examines gender differences in marital satisfaction from a social network perspective, investigating the role of 'known friendship network' using crosssectional, large-N samples in mainland China, Taiwan, and the United States. The 'known friendship network' concept captures the cognitive component of an individual's perception of their knowledge of the spouse's 'interactive networks' [Milardo, R. M. (1989). Theoretical and methodological issues in the identification of the social networks of spouses. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51(1), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.2307/ 352377. We found that knowing more of one's spouse's friends enhances marital satisfaction in an incremental fashion, especially in Taiwan and the United States. The lower importance in China may reflect China's predominantly kinship-based social networks. Regarding how 'known friendship network' patterns explain marital satisfaction, the United States has the least pronounced gender differences, while the gender gap is most significant in Taiwan. This study contributes to the cross-cultural literature on relationship satisfaction, social networks, and global family change. Our findings have complex implications for marital selectivity and the gendered connotations of marriage, suggesting a marital expectations mismatch among heterosexual couples in some low fertility contexts.

During the economic lockdown following the outbreak of COVID-19, the demand for unpaid work at home increased. Drawing on gender theory and the time availability explanation, this article explores the way changes in family and work arrangements altered the division of housework and care work in a highly gendered society; Palestinian-Arab dual-earner families in Israel. In-depth interviews with 28 Palestinian-Arab women were conducted to explore the social forces underlying the gendered aspects of family-work arrangements in Palestinian-Arab families in Israel during the pandemic. The findings provide evidence that both undoing and doing gender are observed, with the latter prevailing, leading to an intensification of gender inequalities. This suggests that changes in time availability do not guarantee an egalitarian division of unpaid work because cultural models are the main drivers, emphasizing the cultural context's importance in understanding the way families arrange their household demands.

This dissertation addresses the problems and synergies of integrating paid work with other meaningful parts of life, and avoiding pernicious choices between work and family. To do so, I examine the very structure of work organization for professional and technical employees in small and medium-sized companies in a new, knowledge-based sector of the US economy. The research questions are: What dynamics at work, related to time, boundaries, and control of schedules and wor process, influence satisfaction at work and home, commitment to the work organization, well-being and gender equity? Under what conditions are supportive "work-family" practices by firms, as experienced in a day-to-day context, associated with positive outcomes at home and work? The dissertation builds on relevant aspects of industrial relations, human resources, and worl process research, and scholarship concerning families, gender, and work-family boundaries. Work scholarship is incomplete without a lens that incorporates the holistic lives and concerns of the peopl doing the work, and family scholarship is incomplete without serious consideration of the work structures that shape family schedules, resources, conflicts, and availability for caregiving. This dissertation uses both qualitative data from 80 interviews to get an in-depth picture of respondents' lives, and a broader quantitative analysis based on an original survey with 463 professional scientists and managers. These were gathered from biopharmaceutical employees in Massachusetts during 1996-99. From the interviews I find that flexibility at work, support at home, and control at work are the key factors that contribute to satisfaction outcomes given similar levels of demands. But these ar not distributed evenly by gender, company, or level of job. The survey data show that it is not only the presence of workplace policies on work-family, but the employee's day-to-day experience of whether she is free to use the policies, that contributes to positive outcomes. I introduce a concept o "perceived usability" and use multivariate regression analysis to show it is linked to control of time, pace, and place of work, to organizational commitment and "integrated satisfaction." I find that gender is the strongest stress predictor in this sample. I find that biotechnology offers unusual opportunities for gender equity at work, but a combination of traditional managerial attitudes and inequity at home erects barriers to realizing this potential. In conclusion, I argue that we cannot effectively understand organizational life and work design without considering mutually interactive effects of home and family concerns.

This study is the analysis of rape incidence and various factors related to rape from 2001 to 2010 in India. The results show that at the all India level total rape victims continuously increased at the rate of 6.60 per cent during the study period and the major proportion of rape victims belong to 19-30 years of age group which states that young women have most often more danger of rape than older women. To overcome these problems there is a dire need for sustained pressure on governments to strictly implement the judicial and legislative reforms along with harsh punishment to accused so that people afraid to do such crimes.

W hen I became the first editor of Gender & Society, Mitch Allen, then an editor at Sage, told me that the journal would be successful if we got close to 1,000 library subscriptions in the first year (I think we got more than 900). What he was saying was that we needed to become part of the academic establishment. We were easily able to do that because Gender & Society filled a niche, empty at the time, 1987. Signs: A Journal of Women in Culture and Society, had started in 1975, and was eclectic regarding social science and cultural studies at the beginning, but it was more and more focusing on culture rather than on society. Sex Roles, also established in 1975, published mostly small-group psychology studies-it called itself A Journal of Research. There was also a lot of work being published in different journals devoted to women's studies-research on women, by women, for women, from a woman's standpoint. What was missing was a sociological perspective and a way of conceptualizing gender as societal, not just individual. The intent was for Gender & Society to be a sociology of gender journal with a feminist theoretical perspective. This innovation was turned down by ASA-their argument being that ASA journals already published the sociology of gender-but it was quantitative, comparing women versus men on various parameters, scattered over many journals, and atheoretical. As editor, I was determined to be theoretical, which meant to define gender and to analyze gender's relationship with society. I saw my mission as bringing the new feminist perspective of the social construction of gender to sociological research and theory. My vision was spelled out in my initial From the Editor: Our focus is the social aspect of gender, which we see not as an additional variable or categorical factor, but one of the foundations of every existing

Social interactions at fraternities that undergraduate women identified as places where there is a high risk of rape are compared to those at fraternities identified as low risk as well as two local bars. Factors that contribute to rape are common on this campus; however, both men and women behaved differently in different settings. Implications of these findings are considered.

The purpose of the study was to examine the relation of mother daughter relationship to well-being of the daughters with respect to self-esteem and life satisfaction. The sample was consisting of 426 female university students from Ankara and Kırşehir with a mean age of 21.62 (SD= 2.35). The scales which were used in that study are Adult Daughter Questionnaire (MAD) , The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale , The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) . Adult Daughter Questionnaire (MAD) has been used to measure the current mother-daughter relationship. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale has been used to measure global self esteem, and The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, and Griffin, 1985) has been used to measure the global life satisfaction. The canonical correlation analysis was utilized to examine the relationships between the mother daughter questionnaire's subscales ( connectedness, interdependency and trust in hierarchy) and the two indicators of well being namely life satisfaction and self-esteem. The v results of the study showed that the three indicators of the motherdaughter relationship (connectedness, interdependency, and trust in hierarchy) and the two indicators of well being (self-esteem and life satisfaction) were interrelated. In other words mother daughter relationship is positively related to life satisfaction and self esteem of the daughters.

The purpose of the study was to examine the relation of mother daughter relationship to well- being of the daughters with respect to self-esteem and life satisfaction. The sample was consisting of 426 female university students from Ankara and Kırşehir with a mean age of 21.62 (SD= 2.35). The scales which were used in that study are Adult Daughter Questionnaire (MAD) (Rastogi, 1995), The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985). Adult Daughter Questionnaire (MAD) (Rastogi, 1995) has been used to measure the current mother-daughter relationship. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) has been used to measure global self esteem, and The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, and Griffin, 1985) has been used to measure the global life satisfaction. The canonical correlation analysis was utilized to examine the relationships between the mother daughter questionnaire’s...

Foreign nationals who marry U.S. citizens have an expedited track to naturalization. U.S. immigration officials require that “green card” petitioning couples demonstrate that their relationships are “valid and subsisting” (i.e., for love) and not fraudulent (i.e., for immigration papers). These requirements are ostensibly gender and racially neutral, but migration itself is not; men and women petitioners seek partners in different regions and solicit advice from similar others about the potential obstacles to their petitions’ success. Using an online ethnography and textual analysis of conversation threads on a large online immigration forum where U.S. petitioners exchange such information, I examine how gendered standards of legitimacy are applied to family and sexuality and used discursively among petitioners to achieve genuineness and define red flags indicating potential marriage fraud. I argue that forum members police immigration requests even before cases reach an immigration...

This article examines the social circumstances, both current and past, that have affected the development and transformation of feminist consciousness among Asian American women. Gender, race, class, and culture all influenced the relative lack of participation of Asian American women in the mainstream feminist movement in the United States. It concludes that Asian American women have to come to terms with their multiple identities and define feminist issues from multiple dimensions. By incorporating race, class, and cultural issues along with gender concerns, a transcendent feminist consciousness that goes beyond these boundaries may develop.

Using longitudinal, ethnographic data, the authors examine how the pursuit of self-sufficiency in the context of welfare reform may unintentionally encourage some women to develop alternative dangerous dependencies on abusive or potentially abusive men. In this article, the authors document how women ended up relying on men who have been abusive to them either for instrumental assistance or for more direct financial assistance as they struggled to move from welfare to work. The authors also document how some extremely disadvantaged and vulnerable women became enmeshed in even more dangerous dependencies as they hit time limits and fell through public and private safety nets into drug addiction and sex work. The authors frame this discussion of dangerous dependencies with the recognition that dependency relations are necessary and inevitable components of carework. They argue that the discourse of self-sufficiency should acknowledge the fact that careworkers are productive citizens t...

The yearbooks enabled me to compile the information for the "Team history" section and the "Photos" section. Boomtown Babes History In May 1978, 60 girls from Burkburnett High School, from grades 9 through 12, tried out to become the first members of the Burkburnett High School drill team. Thirty-eight girls were selected to be members of the Boomtown Babes. Girls tried out in front of judges who rated them based on poise, projection, enthusiasm, performance, and showmanship.

Changing Generations, a study of intergenerational relations in Ireland undertaken between 2011 and 2013 by the Social Policy and Ageing Research Centre (SPARC), Trinity College, Dublin, and the Irish Centre for Social Gerontology (ICSG), NUI Galway, used the Constructivist Grounded Theory method to interrogate support and care provision between generations. This article draws on interviews with 52 women ages 18 to 102, allowing for simultaneous analysis of older and younger women’s perspectives. The intersectionality of gender and class emerged as central to the analysis. Socioeconomic positions shape contrasting forms of interdependency among family generations, ranging from “enmeshed” lives among lower socioeconomic groups to “freed” lives among higher socioeconomic groups. Women are initiating changes in how care and support flow across generations. Older women in higher socioeconomic groups are attuned to how emotional capital women expend across family generations can constrai...

The demand for female labor is a central explanatory component of macrostructural theories of gender stratification. This study analyzes how the structural demand for female labor affects gender differences in labor force participation. The authors develop a measure of the gendered demand for labor by indexing the degree to which the occupational structure is skewed toward usually male or female occupations. Using census data from 1910 through 1990 and National Longitudinal Sample of Youth (NLSY) data from 261 contemporary U.S. labor markets, the authors show that the gender difference in labor force participation covaries across time and space with this measure of the demand for female labor.

More than 3.5 million people participate in cheerleading in the United States, with 97 percent being female. A staple of American schools, American life, and popular culture, the cheerleader, however, has received scant attention in scholarly research. In this article, the authors argue that a feminist poststructuralist reading of cheerleading situates cheerleading as a discursive practice that has changed significantly in the past 150 years to accommodate the shifting and often contradictory meanings of normative femininity. They maintain that the ideal girl of the new millennium embodies both masculinity and femininity and that cheerleading offers a culturally sanctioned space for some girls to embody ideal girlhood. They argue that cheerleading is a gendered activity representing in some ways a liberatory shift in reconstituting normative femininity while simultaneously perpetuating a norm of femininity that does not threaten dominant social values and expectations about the role...