Gender and Human Rights

This work advances the thesis that Western feminism, in both its philosophical underpinnings and practical applications, is ill-suited to the foundational and socio-political realities of Tanzania. The central argument is that Western feminism, rooted in Euro-American notions of individual autonomy and secular liberalism fails to resonate with Tanzanian communitarian worldview, its cooperative gender complementarity embedded in its philosophical anthropological perspective. The problem is not merely o of context or cultural diversity but of fundamentally divergent ontological and ethical assumptions about personhood, family and society. However, this article shows that, Tanzanian social life rests on the ground of communal interdependence and mutual respect between genders, values that re preserved in philosophical underpinnings of the other hand, Western feminist thought evolved in industrialized, capitalist societies with different historical struggles the women`s suffrage movement, workplace equality and reproductive equality which when transplanted into Tanzania without adaptation disrupt rather than enhance social harmony. This work is organized mainly into three sections. After the introduct the first section traces the historical trajectory of western feminism through its four waves, the second section makes explores ho the metaphysical foundation of reality is perceived differently by the Western feminists` perspective from that of the Africa perspective. The third section retains the discussion to the context of Tanzania where the notion of womanhood is expounded. In this section, it will be shown why Western Feminism is not the right approach to tackle the gender problem in Tanzania. With ongoing philosophical debates, this work engages critically with postcolonial feminism, African womanism and indigenous philosophical frameworks which protect both men and women for the purpose of making a fair and equal world. it aligns with scholars like Mondin, Lombo and Russo, and John Paul II, who argue on the complementarity of men and women as relational beings living together in the family and community. articulating an African-centered gender philosophy that upholds equality within the framework of relational personhood and social cohesion. It also offers policy makers, and educators a blueprint for gender policy that preserves Tanzanian values, strength family cohesion and ensures equitable development for both men and women. in doing so, it affirms that genuine gender justice in Tanzania can only emerge from a framework that is contextually grounded and philosophically coherent.

In the West African sub-region, the trend of trafficking in persons is widespread; and the phenomenon now attaining its peak unhindered, has actually portrayed Nigeria as a nation occupying a central position as an originating state, transit and destination for victims of trafficking. There is also evidence of internal trafficking from rural zones to cities. The menace of human trafficking in Nigerian state has taken an indescribable facet in the last two decades owing to the factors of; massive unemployment, poverty, recession in the economy, conflicts, globalization, existing weak legal system, and inadequate legislation, and political Journal of Public Administration and Governance ISSN 2161-7104 2021, Vol. 11, No. 2 http://jpag.macrothink.org 111 will. Trafficking in person is an organized crime and a modern form of slavery. The two methods used by traffickers to get their victims are deception and through force. Human trafficking has continued to strive in Nigeria because of sh...

This paper analyses how the construction of extreme poverty, gender inequality and powerlessness among women in Malawi make them vulnerable to HIV transmission. It argues that since HIV/AIDS remains without a cure, the persistence of poverty, inequality and powerlessness violate women's right to life. The paper uses the findings of a grounded study conducted by Women and Law in Southern Africa Research and Educational Trust Malawi (WLSA-Malawi) to show how social realities in specific contexts are driving the epidemic, particularly against women. There is an urgent need for an operationalisation of human rights as a matter of State obligation in the face of a global crisis, by recognising women as true actors and effective participants in the process of development.

Due to overpopulation and unfavourable economic conditions that lead to unemployment and insecurity in Nigeria, many individuals have been lured into seeking better opportunities in Nigeria and across the Nigerian borders. While some make this decision without being intimidated, others are lured by human traffickers. This paper examines the legal and institutional frameworks for preventing human trafficking in Nigeria. The paper analyses why people fall prey to human trafficking, the various forms it takes, and the legal and institutional frameworks established to combat it. The paper adopts a qualitative and doctrinal methodology and finds that Nigeria has adequate legislative provisions to address human trafficking, but these laws must be effectively implemented. The paper highlights that the penal provisions in the Child Rights Act of 2003 are more stringent than those in the Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Enforcement and Administration Act of 2015. Furthermore, the paper observes that while anti-trafficking agencies are trying to combat human trafficking, more action is needed to address the high-profile individuals involved in human trafficking who evade legal consequences. The paper offers recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of the legal and institutional frameworks and concludes that the laws should be implemented by an established institution to avoid bias.

The paper attempts a critique of the incessant violations of women’s health, and reproductive right in Nigeria. The paper inter alia dissects, the meaning and historical origin of health and reproductive rights of woman in Nigeria. It further reviews the legal frameworks and policies at the national, regional and at the international levels aimed at protecting the reproductive health rights of women in Nigeria. The paper also identifies and analyses the factors that have impeded the full realization of health and reproductive rights of Nigerian women. The paper concludes by proffering recommendations on the way forward in order to promote, and safeguard the health and reproductive right of women in Nigeria. Keywords: Women, Nigeria, Abortion, Health and Reproductive Rights, Violence

The Western Balkans have some common characteristics that stem from gender stereotypes, still very widespread in the region. Despite the legal framework being in place, in some countries, the popular tradition of dividing the riches is based on customary rights, such as on the Kanun of Lek Dukagjini, or the inheritance rights according to Sharia law in Islam, which are mostly implemented when dividing the inheritance amongst the heirs. The division of matrimonial property, which is among the most important consequences of the dissolution of marriage, is also problematic and often results in inequality and discrimination.  Women encounter numerous difficulties in realizing their right to inheritance, as well as their right to a fair share of the joint property of spouses in the case of marriage dissolution, especially due to the male and patriarchal mentality deeply rooted in the Western Balkan countries. This mentality heavily affects the way wealth is distributed, which is not in favor of women. As a result, in the Western Balkan countries, women own significantly less wealth and property in comparison to men. The idea that ownership of land, a house, or any other property, belongs only to men,  has oppressed girls and women for a long time. In this context, gender equality is not only an issue of social justice and human rights but is crucial in achieving social development and eliminating poverty. Overcoming the social barriers that deny women the right to inherit and be owners will also enable the improvement of women's situation.  Although gender equality has improved significantly, traditional perceptions still prevail in terms of women’s property and inheritance rights. This directly affects the lack of economic independence of women. This paper contains short comparisons of the contextual legal framework of North
Macedonia, Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, and Serbia, as well as a presentation of the main issues and best practices which results in concrete recommendations. 

Keywords: Division of joint property, The right to ownership, The right to inherit, Customary law, Islamic tradition

Gender equality has been to the forefront of public debate in recent years. Despite international initiatives for gender equality and fairness in higher education institutions, research done in numerous countries continue to indicate that women are underrepresented in top academic leadership roles. Similarly women are underrepresented in Ethiopian higher education institutions. The goal of this study was to determine the challenges and opportunities faced by women working in leadership position at Addis Ababa University. The research looks at how challenges and opportunities affect women both adversely and favorably. The technique of data collection utilized in this study was a descriptive survey, and the instrument utilized to acquire primary data from sample respondents was a questionnaire and an interview as a primary source of data, and document analysis as a secondary source of data. A total of 100 (one hundred) respondents were chosen for the study from 5 campuses using the purposive sample approach. The year of the survey was 2021. In order to answer the core research questions and meet the study's aims, both quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods were used. As a result, the gathered official reports were recorded, edited, arranged, analyzed, presented, and interpreted in connection to research questions for the study's fulfillment and effective completion. The study's findings show that women's involvement in leadership position at Addis Ababa University is still at an all-time low. Low leadership position engaged by women is due to a variety of barriers. These difficulties were divided into three categories: social issues, organizational/institutional issues, and personal traits. On the other hand, the finding as opportunity showed that women who are in leadership positions are strong decision-makers and dedicated to their universities and careers.

The study investigated the development of law reports collections in the South East Universities in relation to the Council of Legal Education standards.  The scope consisted of 49 titles of local and foreign law reports listed by Council of Legal Education as accreditation bench mark and involves seven law faculty libraries in the universities South East Geopolitical zone of Nigeria that offer law programme.  The instrument for data collection was the standard check list released by Council of Legal Education.  This check list was found appropriate and was adopted for this study.  Two research questions were formulated for the study.  The findings showed that two law libraries, NAU and UNEC met the Council of Legal Education standards in foreign law reports, while three law libraries, ABSU, EBSU and NAU met the standards in local law reports.  Recommendations were made which include among others, the need for adequate funding of law libraries to enable them purchase the required la...

It is highly important for the youth to be civic conscious to be able to shoulder leadership responsibilities effectively. This could be achieved if the needed knowledge is imparted by highly motivated teachers who will in turn inspire the learners. To be certain about the motivation level of the subject teachers, this study was conducted to examine and evaluate teachers’ attitudes towards teaching and learning of social studies in secondary schools. Descriptive research approach was used with simple sampling method. The population of the study consisted of 100 randomly selected junior secondary school teachers and students. Questionnaires were administered to collect data and simple percentage was used in analyzing it. It is evident that teachers had negative attitudes towards teaching social studies in secondary schools. Therefore, stakeholders in education should see to motivating the subject teachers to teach the subject effectively and efficiently to arouse civic consciousness ...

Despite the giant strides made through the signing by over 189 countries of the Beijing Declaration and platform for Action and the prioritization of women's empowerment and gender equality over 25 years ago, violence against women in form of trafficking still persists at an alarming rate worldwide. It is also now common unfortunately to note that one in three female children has most times been sexually or physically violated by traffickers. Amongst the various causes of trafficking in young females are poverty, rigid gender roles observed in different societies, patriarchal nature of the society, peer pressure and weak legal framework. Generally, trafficking can be seen in situations where young girls and women are deceived by enticement of lucrative opportunities which exist abroad once they leave the shores of Nigeria. The get rich quick syndrome is also brought to play by these traffickers. It is therefore necessary to put an end to sexual trafficking by being proactive in curbing this menace. Thus, this work examined trafficking as well as other related themes in a holistic way drawing comparison with what is obtainable in other jurisdiction. It proffers for recommendations of more result oriented ways in which this cancerous menace of trafficking can be abated and curbed accordingly.

Prison system in Nigeria and elsewhere not only disables its inmates from their criminal pursuit but equally serves as an institution for their reform and rehabilitation into the society after their release. The system of imprisonment represents a curious combination of different objectives of punishment. The attitude of society towards prisoners may vary according to the objects of imprisonment and social reaction to the crime. Whereas rigorous imprisonment and imposition of severe restriction on the prisoner signifies retribution or deterrence, a lesser restriction and control over him in the form of simple imprisonment means that he is considered to be only a deviant. The modern progressive view, however regards crime as a social disease and favours treatment of offenders through non-penal methods such as probation, parole, open jail etc. Whatever be the reaction of society to the crime, the lodging of criminals in prisons gives rise to several problems of correction, rehabilitat...

Prison system in Nigeria and elsewhere not only disables its inmates from their criminal pursuit but equally serves as an institution for their reform and rehabilitation into the society after their release. The system of imprisonment represents a curious combination of different objectives of punishment. The attitude of society towards prisoners may vary according to the objects of imprisonment and social reaction to the crime. Whereas rigorous imprisonment and imposition of severe restriction on the prisoner signifies retribution or deterrence, a lesser restriction and control over him in the form of simple imprisonment means that he is considered to be only a deviant. The modern progressive view, however regards crime as a social disease and favours treatment of offenders through non-penal methods such as probation, parole, open jail etc. Whatever be the reaction of society to the crime, the lodging of criminals in prisons gives rise to several problems of correction, rehabilitat...

The article/chapter in the book "Human Rights, Gender and Environment", deals with the theoretical aspects of caste, class, gender and ethnicity and their interconnections in the Indian society. This can be of general interest for the students and scholars dealing with these issue and also to the students of leading universities in India where a similar paper is taught.

This report was prepared by UNDP, drawing on the information and analysis contained in thirty-four MDG Country Reports, which represent a new generation of analytical country reports produced in the year 2010. UNDP remains responsible for any interpretations and errors contained in the report. This synthesis report is the culmination of the tremendous and enduring work undertaken by a number of officials in relevant Government Ministries, United Nations Country Teams (UNCTs), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) colleagues and consultants involved in developing 34 quality MDG Country Reports in a short period of time. While it is not possible to list all the individuals involved, the development of this report would not been possible without the contributions of each and every individual. A number of UN and UNDP colleagues at the country level provided unwavering support to the development of the 34 MDG Country Reports.

Prison system in Nigeria and elsewhere not only disables its inmates from their criminal pursuit but equally serves as an institution for their reform and rehabilitation into the society after their release. The system of imprisonment represents a curious combination of different objectives of punishment. The attitude of society towards prisoners may vary according to the objects of imprisonment and social reaction to the crime. Whereas rigorous imprisonment and imposition of severe restriction on the prisoner signifies retribution or deterrence, a lesser restriction and control over him in the form of simple imprisonment means that he is considered to be only a deviant. The modern progressive view, however regards crime as a social disease and favours treatment of offenders through non-penal methods such as probation, parole, open jail etc. Whatever be the reaction of society to the crime, the lodging of criminals in prisons gives rise to several problems of correction, rehabilitat...

Clinical Legal Education came to Nigeria, first, as a solution to remedy the effects of epileptic access to justice and, further, to develop law students' professional skills through rendering free legal services to indigent members of society. It was not received into the Nigerian legal pedagogy without some level of resistance, however with consistent lobbying it was eventually incorporated. The Clinical Legal Education program began with just five pilot university law clinics to implement the components of Clinical Legal Education. Despite this relatively small number, the program was able to satisfy its immediate objectives, pending other universities that could not resist the need to benefit from the program inculcated it into their legal pedagogy. Consequently, Nigeria now has 21 active university law clinics rendering free legal services to indigent persons and teaching community members about their legal rights. Offering free legal services and educating community members about their legal rights are not the end of the benefits of Clinical Legal Education. There are many other benefits that are derived from the Clinical Legal Education program and in this paper, as way of just one example,

Specialist law clinics now operate both in the developed and developing world� The historical background of these specialist law clinics can be traced to the United States� They also abound in South Africa, Europe and are fast emerging in several African countries� It is however outside the scope of this paper to describe the wide variety of specialist law clinic models that exist in other countries� At present in Nigeria, there are seven Nigerian Universities with law clinics� These law clinics in enhancing the social justice frontier have developed projects addressing specific problems; making them specialists in service delivery 1 , but the Women's Law Clinic, is the only gender specialist law clinic�

The study investigated the development of law reports collections in the South East Universities in relation to the Council of Legal Education standards.  The scope consisted of 49 titles of local and foreign law reports listed by Council of Legal Education as accreditation bench mark and involves seven law faculty libraries in the universities South East Geopolitical zone of Nigeria that offer law programme.  The instrument for data collection was the standard check list released by Council of Legal Education.  This check list was found appropriate and was adopted for this study.  Two research questions were formulated for the study.  The findings showed that two law libraries, NAU and UNEC met the Council of Legal Education standards in foreign law reports, while three law libraries, ABSU, EBSU and NAU met the standards in local law reports.  Recommendations were made which include among others, the need for adequate funding of law libraries to enable them purchase the required la...

Prison system in Nigeria and elsewhere not only disables its inmates from their criminal pursuit but equally serves as an institution for their reform and rehabilitation into the society after their release. The system of imprisonment represents a curious combination of different objectives of punishment. The attitude of society towards prisoners may vary according to the objects of imprisonment and social reaction to the crime. Whereas rigorous imprisonment and imposition of severe restriction on the prisoner signifies retribution or deterrence, a lesser restriction and control over him in the form of simple imprisonment means that he is considered to be only a deviant. The modern progressive view, however regards crime as a social disease and favours treatment of offenders through non-penal methods such as probation, parole, open jail etc. Whatever be the reaction of society to the crime, the lodging of criminals in prisons gives rise to several problems of correction, rehabilitat...

Legal education in Nigeria derived inspiration from England but the legal terrain in Nigeria is very different from that of England. Law in Nigeria is a pluralistic affair; not only the imported common law but also Islamic law and a large host of ethnic-based customary laws play important roles. What emerges from this is a fertile ground for conflicts and tensions which have characterised law and legal education in Nigeria. This paper addresses some of the problems relating to legal education in the country and focuses essentially on the problems arising from legal pluralism, the competition between the academic and vocational aspects of legal education, the process of accreditation of law faculties, the issues of qualifications of law teachers, and the need to decolonise law and legal practice in Nigeria .

Trafficking in women for sexual exploitation is an economic activity motivated by profit taking, and it has gained notoriety in Nigeria, particularly Rivers State where many families today are selling their daughters into international prostitution as the most lucrative alternative to escape extreme poverty. As a result, the number of young women offering themselves to be trafficked is shocking; they are no more being forced, tricked or threatened into selling sex. Empirically it seems better-paid than other low-skill, labour-intensive professions. A number of questions begging for answers have been raised. Among the questions: What are the causes and consequences of trafficking in women? How can the problem of trafficking in women for profit motives be halted in Nigeria? Why has there been this boom in Nigeria despite being a signatory to the abolition of this menace? Furthermore, what does trafficking in women portend for the socioeconomic development and survival of the Nigerian state and citizens? It is in view of these glaring questions that this study intends to proffer solutions. From the findings, the study reveals that aside being an economic activity for profit motives; trafficking in women dehumanizes the dignity of womanhood, and that reinforces the stereotypical views about women as sex objects which can be used and abused by men, and by implication, further entrenching the existing patriarchal societal order. Secondly, there is a significant relationship between trafficking in women and health risks such as infection of HIV/AIDS and psychological trauma. In other words, some of victims contract HIV/AID and ever remain psychologically traumatized and mentally enslaved. Also, the study shows that trafficking in women violates human rights. Victims are not only subjected to violence, threats and other forms of physical and mental abuse, but pathetic and dehumanizing. Based on this, the study concludes that since poverty is often the reason for trafficking in women, economic empowerment programmes via job creations, skills acquisitions and loans without collateral and interest should be a core necessity to free all trapped victims. Finally, the study recommends that poverty, ignorance and unemployment must be addressed by the government to stop people being lured into trafficking. Furthermore, public awareness should be organized with hand bills, pamphlets and other educative materials against trafficking in women and the evils inherent in its activities. The agency responsible for the eradicating the problem of human trafficking must be adequately and promptly funded and logistic support must be given to this agency from the government, non-governmental organizations and the entire local and international communities. In addition, government, NGOs and other wealthy cheerful givers should be encouraged to assist to re-integrate, rehabilitate and counsel victims. What is more, the judiciary must ensure that offenders of this heinous crime against women are apprehended, prosecuted and punished

This paper presents the results of a study examining the relationship between a non-doctrinal legal research method (NDLRM) and the quality of legal education and practice, with a view to determine the reason for the increasing poor quality of law graduates from common law African countries. Consequently, in this study, faculties of law offering NDLRM in Nigerian universities were investigated as a case study and the challenges of doing so. To achieve the objective of this study, an experimental research design was formulated. Interviews were conducted and a NDLRM challenges questionnaire developed and administered amongst a selected population of law teachers and law students across the six geo-political zones of Nigeria. Data collected from the respondents were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results of the analysis showed a positive co-relationship between NDLRM and legal education and practice. Law students were not taught NDLRM in Nigerian universities and their teac...

The study investigated the development of law reports collections in the South East Universities in relation to the Council of Legal Education standards. The scope consisted of 49 titles of local and foreign law reports listed by Council of Legal Education as accreditation bench mark and involves seven law faculty libraries in the universities South East Geopolitical zone of Nigeria that offer law programme. The instrument for data collection was the standard check list released by Council of Legal Education. This check list was found appropriate and was adopted for this study. Two research questions were formulated for the study. The findings showed that two law libraries, NAU and UNEC met the Council of Legal Education standards in foreign law reports, while three law libraries, ABSU, EBSU and NAU met the standards in local law reports. Recommendations were made which include among others, the need for adequate funding of law libraries to enable them purchase the required law materials.

MOVSESIAN: We'll begin now our first panel, "Lalcit6 in France-Contemporary Issues." I am not going to read all the introductions-they would all be superlative-because I would like to save time for discussion. I'll just say the presenters are Nathalie Caron from

Although concern for human rights dates back to antiquity, through the various stages of socioeconomic formations up to the modern era, and there are many international human rights instruments to which many nations across the globe are signatories, it is lamentable that all over the world egregious human rights violations have not abated. This is because of lack of fidelity to human rights goals by governments and the virtual failure of executive agencies established to ensure the promotion and protection of human rights. This paper therefore examines the imperative need for NGOs in human rights protection. The paper also provides historical sketch of human rights NGOs and highlights their challenges. It concludes by charting an agenda to surmount the challenges with a view that human rights NGOs in Nigeria will be able to optimally fill the gap created by the failure of executive agencies. Civil society, represented by non-governmental organizations, has become an important actor in world society. Of particular relevance are groups concerned with development, human rights and the environment. They increasingly influence and even shape international politics. Asbjorn Eide. 1

The research reported in this dissertation, except where otherwise indicated, is my original work. (ii). This dissertation/thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. (iii). This dissertation/thesis does not contain other persons' data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. (iv). This dissertation/thesis does not contain other persons' writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: (a). their words have been rewritten but the general information attributed to them has been referenced; (b). where their exact words have been used, their writing has been placed inside quotations marks, and referenced. (v). Where I have reproduced a publication of which I am an author, co-author or editor, I have indicated in detail which part of the publication was actually written by myself alone and have fully referenced such publications (vi). This dissertation/thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the dissertation and in the References sections.

In this paper, we analyze the effect of poverty, social exclusion, and child labor on out-of-school rates for female children. Our empirical study is based on a dynamic panel model for a sample of 216 countries over the period 1970-2010. Results based on the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) of Arellano and Bond (1991) and the tests of causality and zero autocorrelation to the panel data show a negative and significant relation between Contributing Family Workers (female) and Number of Primary School-Age Children Out of School (female) in Europe and Central Asia region. However, we cannot find empirical evidence between Primary School-Age Children Out of School rates (female) and the variables used to analyze the effect of poverty and social exclusion (poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line and total vulnerable employment). Moreover, the article identifies effects of other variables like proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments. In addition, this article examines geographic regions separately, with the anticipation that differentials in livelihood strategies and opportunities could be reflected in female child schooling decisions.

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the legal and socio-ethical implications of punishment. We have reviewed existing literatures on punishment with a view to establish a synthesis of scholarly opinions on punishment. It is appropriate for civil authorities to be properly educated on the functions of punishment. Public policy on punishment should have social dimension. Punishment should be seen as an aspect of social engineering. The study has strongly recommended that the purpose of punishment should ultimately be the reformation of offenders. WHAT IS PUNISHMENTS? Etymologically, the word punishment is derived from Old French punir, and from two Latin words punire, meaning to punish and poena, which means "penalty". According to Oxford English Dictionary (1976:901), the verb form "punish" means: "…to cause (offender) to suffer for offence, chastise, inflict penalty on (offender); inflict penalty for (offence)". The New Encyclopedia Britannica (1975:281) has defined punishment as: ""... the infliction of some pain, suffering, loss, or social disability as a direct consequence of some action or omission on the part of the person punished. The punishment may consist of death, physical assault, detention, loss of civil and political rights, or banishment". Black's Law Dictionary (1979:1) defines punishment as: "... any fine, penalty, or confinement inflicted upon a person by the authority of the law and the judgment and sentence of a court, for some crime or offense committed by him or for his omission of duty enjoined by law. A deprivation of property or some right". N. S. S. Iwe (1987:246) has identified four essential elements of punishment to be deprivation, contrivance, misdeed or offence and legitimacy. Deprivation means that punishment is characterized by loss of life, liberty or socioeconomic right. Contrivance means that punishment, as a social issue must be viewed perceptively as a direct or indirect consequence of human behaviour. Iwe is of the opinion that this element gives punishment its sociological dimension, for each society defines its own system of punishment to reflect its own level of culture and norms, its own ethos and values. Hence the penal code is usually a reflection and image of its society (1987:246). Misdeed or offence has to do with the occasion and socio-ethical cause of punishment. It must be established prima facie that there is an infringement, or violation of the social order. Iwe writes: "... offence or misdeed must pass the appropriate psycho-moral test before it can qualify for punishment. To pass this test a given misdeed or offence must be truly human act performed with due knowledge, deliberation and voluntariness... The offender must be truly and humanly guilty of an offence before he can be legitimately punished" (1987:246). Legitimacy is a requirement that a competent authority must punish the offender. Such a person, or persons must possess a socio-juristic mandate to mete out punishment to deviants.

Introduction: The Nnamdi Azikiwe University (NAU) started its Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) programme in the 2006-2007 academic year. However, NAU’s BPharm curriculum was not clinically focused, and NAU lacked expertise in implementing the clinical pharmacy focus of a Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) programme. The NAU pharmacy programme set out to transition from the BPharm curriculum to a new PharmD curriculum. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to describe the capacity-building and collaborative development of the new PharmD curriculum at NAU. In consultation and collaboration with an expert Carnegie African Diaspora. Description: During a six-week visit, the collaborators co-designed a model didactic and experiential PharmD curriculum, harmonised course syllabi and content, and revised the Clinical Clerkship Logbook. Conclusion: The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences applied for and obtained University approval for the PharmD degree as a graduate degree. The National University ...

Introduction: The Nnamdi Azikiwe University (NAU) started its Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) programme in the 2006-2007 academic year. However, NAU’s BPharm curriculum was not clinically focused, and NAU lacked expertise in implementing the clinical pharmacy focus of a Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) programme. The NAU pharmacy programme set out to transition from the BPharm curriculum to a new PharmD curriculum. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to describe the capacity-building and collaborative development of the new PharmD curriculum at NAU. In consultation and collaboration with an expert Carnegie African Diaspora. Description: During a six-week visit, the collaborators co-designed a model didactic and experiential PharmD curriculum, harmonised course syllabi and content, and revised the Clinical Clerkship Logbook. Conclusion: The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences applied for and obtained University approval for the PharmD degree as a graduate degree. The National University ...

This study investigated the extent to which the implementation of educational reforms could influence human capital development in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. The design used was the descriptive survey. The sample for the study consisted of 376 University academic staff, using the simple random sampling technique. The instrument used for the study was the questionnaire. The research questions were personally administered by the researchers. To guide the study, one question was posed and answered and one hypothesis formulated and accepted at 0.05 level of significance. The statistical tools used to analyze the data were simple percentage, mean and t-test respectively. It was found that poor commitment to implementation; lack of public involvement and support; and lack of stability, continually, work tools and understanding of policies among others dominated the factors inhibiting the effective implantation of educational reforms and human capital development policies in Nigeria. The study suggests the need to review reforms with recourse to existing legislations, provision of adequate funding and wide consultations with experts and stakeholders to arrive at consensus on best possible ways of implementing reforms among others.

This paper presents the results of a study examining the relationship between a non-doctrinal legal research method (NDLRM) and the quality of legal education and practice, with a view to determine the reason for the increasing poor quality of law graduates from common law African countries. Consequently, in this study, faculties of law offering NDLRM in Nigerian universities were investigated as a case study and the challenges of doing so. To achieve the objective of this study, an experimental research design was formulated. Interviews were conducted and a NDLRM challenges questionnaire developed and administered amongst a selected population of law teachers and law students across the six geo-political zones of Nigeria. Data collected from the respondents were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results of the analysis showed a positive co-relationship between NDLRM and legal education and practice. Law students were not taught NDLRM in Nigerian universities and their teac...

The increasing incidence of rape and sexual offences in Nigeria is not only alarming but disheartening. Several efforts have made by the federal government of Nigeria and various state governments to address the social menace, like opening sex offenders' register, practice of naming and shaming, imposing life sentences for convicted offenders, among other steps. In all these however, the heinous crime of rape and sexual offences have not been curtailed in the country, rather it is on the increase. Kaduna state government of Nigeria, in an attempt to tackle the crime, proceeded to amend the state's Penal Code and prescribed castration as appropriate punishment for convicted perpetrators of rape. As commendable as this may be, how effective can it serve as deterrence and does the punishment of castration fall within the goals of penology? More importantly, is castration tantamount to an abuse of reproductive health rights of the convict? These are the issues addressed in this article. The aim of this article is therefore to examine castration as punishment for the offence of rape from the perspective of criminal law and human rights. The findings of the research revealed that castration as punishment for the offence of rape in Kaduna state is a way too far, and may amount to retaliation rather than deterrence. The research concludes that cutting an aching head is not the solution to the headache, hence there are other ways to curb the rampant rape of rape than a punishment that violates reproductive health rights of the convict.

Child marriage is a serious form of human rights violation and sexual violence against children. The practice is most common among girls and results in domestic and sexual servitude, with direct negative consequences on the realisation of the child’s human potential and effects on physical and psychological development such as early pregnancies, which significantly increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth, maternal and child mortality and health problems for the newborn, who is often premature and underweight, problems in the emotional development of girls, social isolation, dropping out of school, the impossibility of achieving full autonomy and, therefore, dependence on the husband and submission to the patriarchal system. Equally serious, of course, are cohabitation situations, which place the girl in an even more precarious social context.

In recent years, increasing attention has been dedicated to the quality of childbirth conditions for women around the world, following the wave of civil society movements that promoted the protection of human rights in childbirth.
In this context, a crucial factor to be addressed is pain and its management: this thesis stems from the observation that there is an absence of any human right to pain relief in childbirth, even though studies show that many women who complained about their pain were ignored, disbelieved or not taken seriously, and that pain relief was denied to them, even when they explicitly requested it. I decided to explore the reasons underlying the little attention dedicated to this issue, both on the part of institutions and on the part of medical staff. This thesis analyses the meanings and values attached to pain in childbirth, which are deeply influenced by religious and cultural beliefs; it then examines the present international human rights framework on pain relief.
This analysis reveals that gender plays a fundamental role in making women’s pain in childbirth undervalued and often unseen, and that, ultimately, the denial of pain relief in childbirth can be regarded as a violation of human rights and as a type of gender-based violence. Therefore, I support a human right to pain relief in childbirth and hypothesise that obstetric violence is a potentially effective device to confront the neglect of pain relief in childbirth in medical facilities.

The paper attempts a critique of the incessant violations of women’s health, and reproductive right in Nigeria. The paper inter alia dissects, the meaning and historical origin of health and reproductive rights of woman in Nigeria. It further reviews the legal frameworks and policies at the national, regional and at the international levels aimed at protecting the reproductive health rights of women in Nigeria. The paper also identifies and analyses the factors that have impeded the full realization of health and reproductive rights of Nigerian women. The paper concludes by proffering recommendations on the way forward in order to promote, and safeguard the health and reproductive right of women in Nigeria. Keywords: Women, Nigeria, Abortion, Health and Reproductive Rights, Violence

This study aimed to establish how socio-cultural and economic factors support the endemicity of child labour trafficking in Nigeria. The research was conducted among rural and urban households and stakeholders in southern Nigeria. A field survey was conducted in Ekiti, Edo, Kwara, Lagos, and Osun States. The study utilised cultural relativism and the margin of appreciation theories. The qualitative research approach used in-depth interviews, focus groups, and personal observation methods to collect data. Researchers interviewed 70 participants, including parents/guardians, stakeholders (government officials and private agency representatives), traffickers, trafficked children, and their employers. Societal context, especially the perception of child rights, plays an essential role in creating conditions in which child labour trafficking flourishes and constrains global efforts to eliminate the problem. Specifically, findings revealed that poverty, banditry/terrorism, religious pract...

The paper attempts a critique of the incessant violations of women’s health, and reproductive right in Nigeria. The paper inter alia dissects, the meaning and historical origin of health and reproductive rights of woman in Nigeria. It further reviews the legal frameworks and policies at the national, regional and at the international levels aimed at protecting the reproductive health rights of women in Nigeria. The paper also identifies and analyses the factors that have impeded the full realization of health and reproductive rights of Nigerian women. The paper concludes by proffering recommendations on the way forward in order to promote, and safeguard the health and reproductive right of women in Nigeria. Keywords: Women, Nigeria, Abortion, Health and Reproductive Rights, Violence

seyla benhabib Schools in democratic societies have the special responsibility to prepare the young for citizenship, which, in essence, involves the capacity to engage others about how they will live together. Elshtain, for example, describes democracy as "an institutional, cultural, habitual way of acknowledging the pervasiveness of conflict and the fact that our loyalties are not one, our wills are not single, our opinions are not uniform, our ideals are not cut from the same cloth." 1 Grappling with conflict democratically entails both developing democratic institutions (a political concern) and preparing people to participate in those institutions (an educational concern). Educators have always struggled to understand and fulfill the citizenship mandate, efforts that have been complicated in the twenty-first century by the changing character of democratic citizenship. If globalization brings with it the ever-rapid movement of peoples and goods, information and fashion, germs and news across state boundaries, one consequence of these trends is their multidirectionality. Globalization does not simply mean the spread of multinational (usually American-, British-, or Japanese-run) corporations around the globe. Benjamin Barber's phrase "Jihad vs. McWorld" certainly captures a truth. 2 There is also the phenomenon of "reverse globalization," through which the peoples of the poorer regions of the world such as the Middle East, Africa, and Southeast Asia flock to global cities such as London and Paris, Toronto and Rome, Madrid and Amsterdam. These groups, a good number of whom originally came to Western countries as guest workers and immigrants, have seen their numbers multiply in the last decades through their children, born in migration, as well as though the entry of refugees and asylum seekers from other regions of the world. The most spectacular examples of multicultural conflict that have recently occupied public consciousness-such as the Salman Rushdie affair in Great Britain, the affair over the "foulard" (head scarf) in French schools, and scandals around the practice of female circumcision-have concerned new

Women constitute a significant population in every society. Therefore equal participation and representation of women and men in social, economic, and political aspects are crucial to achieving development. Equal participation of men and women in political decision-making connotes gender balance in the political arena. Gender balance in politics is vital to secure the involvement of both segments of society at all stages of the decision-making process, build a democratic system, and increase the acceptance and execution of decisions. In order to overcome gender inequality, Ethiopia has taken several steps to reform its legal and institutional framework to promote women's active participation in political participation at the national and local levels. For this paper two theories are adopted: Feminist theory is about compensating historical discrimination against women, and human rights-based approach, which denotes equal rights of men and women, including political participation, is discussed in this study. This study examines gender representation in Ethiopian politics, focusing on women's political representation and participation in the parliament. Studies related to the issues were searched, identified, and reviewed. Because the author could not handle primary data from the field, the study relied on secondary sources. The obtained qualitative and quantitative data is analyzed via systematic review. The findings from analyzed data demonstrated that, in Ethiopia, women are still underrepresented in politics, although several legislative and structural steps have been taken to remedy women's historical exclusion from political representation.

The two-tier legal education system has become increasingly ineffective by virtue of the evolution of changes in legal practice and Africa’s unique conditions and circumstances. The problem is rooted in the fact that some African countries adopted the two-tier legal education system on the assumption that what worked in Britain offered a prescription for success in Africa. However, the two-tier legal education system has been ineffective in Africa because the infrastructure—pupilage, apprenticeship, continuing legal education—that complements and anneals it is not widely available in Africa. Where these elements exist, they tend to be frail and unreliable. Africa’s urgent challenge is to design an appropriate legal education structure that helps lawyers develop the highest possible degree of capability to respond effectively and resourcefully to Africa’s problems. It is time for Africa to address a fundamental question well phrased by Samuel Manteaw, a Ghanaian scholar: “What type o...

Nigeria has gained the unpopular recognition globally as a patriarchal society in which the inalienable rights of women are often subjected to ridicule, extensive abuse, neglect and violations. These abuses can also be traced to the non-protective nature of the Nigerian child among its citizenry. Cultural, religious and societal norms have arguably entrenched a historical imbalance in power relationships among men, women and children and have tilted the overall perceptions of the rights of women and children in Nigeria until recently. In Nigeria, it could be said that the abuse of the natural rights of a woman is a reflection of the non-challant attitude of the society to the recognition of the rights of the child. The rapid ascendancy of human rights in Nigeria, coupled with Nigeria's prominent role as a signatory to virtually all the core international human right treaties and instruments and the domestication of same in line with S.12 of its Constitution (1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, as amended), raised expectations that women and children in Nigeria may begin to enjoy some measure of protection from archaic and anachronistic practices that subject them to wanton abuses. This paper examines the nature, scope and extent of human rights protection afforded to children and women under Nigerian domestic laws and under international laws. It reflects on Specific key issues as it relates to the protection and fulfillment of the rights of children and women in Nigeria. It further critic the existence and enforceability of such right laws while examining the practicability of the enforcements of the various provisions as contained in these legal frameworks already in existence for the protection of the woman and children in Nigeria. It is thus concluded that there exist circumstances that either facilitate or hinder the implementation of executed and domesticated treaties as it relates to women and children's rights, observed limitations to these rights were reported while agencies or bodies that could help to enforce these rights were recommended..

This research aimed to examine three issues related to public policy dealing the road public transportation. First, how do international law guarantee gender equity on the public road transportation?, Second, How do Indonesia’s law No. 22 of 2009 on the public transportation guarantees the gender equity?, Third,  how the implementation of the guarantee of gender equity on the public road  transportation in some areas of ​​Central Java, Indonesia, (namely Solo, Karanganyar, Klaten) and Jakarta? This study is a Legal Research research using secondary data obtained from the various legislations, books, journals, scripts on the internet, and a legal dictionary. The approach used is the approach of legislation and conceptual approach in order  to understand the concept of gender equality. From the analysis, the reseacher conclude that: first, Even though there is no clearly and especially the international instrument ensuring the gender equality on the public transportation.  The interna...

Nigeria has gained the unpopular recognition globally as a patriarchal society in which the inalienable rights of women are often subjected to ridicule, extensive abuse, neglect and violations. These abuses can also be traced to the non-protective nature of the Nigerian child among its citizenry. Cultural, religious and societal norms have arguably entrenched a historical imbalance in power relationships among men, women and children and have tilted the overall perceptions of the rights of women and children in Nigeria until recently. In Nigeria, it could be said that the abuse of the natural rights of a woman is a reflection of the non-challant attitude of the society to the recognition of the rights of the child. The rapid ascendancy of human rights in Nigeria, coupled with Nigeria's prominent role as a signatory to virtually all the core international human right treaties and instruments and the domestication of same in line with S.12 of its Constitution (1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, as amended), raised expectations that women and children in Nigeria may begin to enjoy some measure of protection from archaic and anachronistic practices that subject them to wanton abuses. This paper examines the nature, scope and extent of human rights protection afforded to children and women under Nigerian domestic laws and under international laws. It reflects on Specific key issues as it relates to the protection and fulfillment of the rights of children and women in Nigeria. It further critic the existence and enforceability of such right laws while examining the practicability of the enforcements of the various provisions as contained in these legal frameworks already in existence for the protection of the woman and children in Nigeria. It is thus concluded that there exist circumstances that either facilitate or hinder the implementation of executed and domesticated treaties as it relates to women and children's rights, observed limitations to these rights were reported while agencies or bodies that could help to enforce these rights were recommended..

This research was conducted with the support of Research And Community Service Directorate ( Direktorat Riset dan Pengabdian Masyarakat ), Deputy for Research and Development Reinforcement, Ministry of Research and Technology / National Research And Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, through the Applied Research Grant, Fiscal Year of 2020. Abstra ct Advocate is a profession based on knowledge as a commodity which is exchanged for services and has economic value. Advocate as one of legal professions must continue to develop its professional abilities in a sustainable manner. However, in this digital era, besides of having knowledge about legal field, an advocate needs to cognize to the development of information technology. The information technology today has become the part of social life, including in judicial system process. This research uses a normative legal method with the statute and conceptual approach. This research aims to map the need for Knowledge Management Tech...

Reproductive health is a lifetime concern for all mankind.  Respect for women’s reproductive rights and provision for reproductive health services provide the basis for the overall well-being of the family.  The health of a society cannot be assured unless women’s right to equality and full participation are assured. The reproductive health and rights of women impact on the overall socio-economic development of any nation. The world is currently in search of a development agenda of ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights.  There is therefore an urgent need to build knowledge and evidence based jurisprudence that will generate commitments in ensuring that women gain the right to health and life.  This calls for a redefinition and a re-conceptualization of reproductive health as a development question, especially at this time when the world is seeking to put in place a post 2015 development agenda.  This paper is focused on seeking a legal f...