Garbage Collection

In this paper, we propose a new, unifying approach for constructing simulators, called virtual machine-based simulation, that combines the advantages of the traditional systems-based and language-based simulator designs. We introduce JiST, a Java-based simulation platform that embodies this design, executing discrete event simulations efficiently by embedding simulation semantics directly into the Java execution model and transparently performing important simulation optimizations and cross-cutting program transformations at the bytecode level. The system provides standard benefits that the modern Java runtime affords. In addition, JiST is efficient, out-performing existing highly optimized simulation runtimes both in space and time.

Urban local government is a vital part for the delivery of services to people. Along with other responsibilities, urban local government in Bangladesh is also responsible for environmental management. This study aims to identify the role of Paurashavas (which are administrative units at every municipality composed of elected members) in protecting a healthy and clean environment. Examining Chunarughat Paurashava, the study finds that Paurashavas have an important role in environmental management such as garbage collection, waste disposal, sewerage construction, public park protection, and so on. However, the provision of these kinds of services is hindered by various lacks, like infrastructure, logistic support, trained manpower, and funds, as well as peoples" participation. The study makes various recommendations to overcome these problems.

Garbage represents the waste product of household activities in solid as well as half solid forms. They derive from human settlement, market, commercial areas, offices, industrial zones, ranch and other public facilities. Implementing the 3-R progrom (Reduce-Reuse- Recycle), such as : separating various kinds of garbage from its source, development of garbage composting and integrated use of garage recycling product in human settlement area is regarded as an effective way to solve the garbage problem.The 3 - R program is expected to increase understanding and awareness among the community members about environmental health and also to minimize garbage disposal to the final garbage disposal plant. Key word: garbage, reduce, reuse, recycle, compos

This paper explores the work of John McCarthy on the LISP programming language and focuses on its underlying functional paradigms, its everlasting influence today, and its application in modern programming. The central research question is: In what way do the functional programming paradigms introduced in LISP contribute to the development of more reliable and maintainable software? A major challenge in modern-day software development is ensuring correctness and a lack of runtime issues. As programs grow in complexity, stateful monolithic functions with mutable states become harder to properly test. This leads to untested and unreliable programs, which are difficult to validate. LISP introduced key concepts, such as recursion, immutability, and functions as first-class citizens, that offer promising solutions to these issues. We will explore through logical reasoning how LISP's functional design allows for a more predictable program execution, supports testing philosophies, and how its modularity aids in collaborative development. Although empirical studies on this topic are still emerging, theoretical and practical evidence suggest its usefulness in modern software development.

The persistence of C and C++ in contemporary software development reflects fundamental computational
principles that outlast short-lived frameworks. This paper proposes a framework that bridges syntax
comprehension with systems reasoning, developing a direct understanding of how high-level constructs
map to machine operations. Through a three-stream educational approach combining language mechanics,
computational reasoning, and systems integration, this framework aims to develop programming proficiency
into computational engineering judgment. Using practical examples and structured progression,
it presents a method for growing transferable expertise in systems programming education.

In this study, secondary school students used robotics to transform e-waste into usable products. The Stanford Design Thinking
Model was used to develop activities, appropriate for the ages of the students, for implementation outside of school hours. 28
volunteer students, divided into seven collaborative groups of four, participated in the 146 hour process. The students had developed
the following by the end of the program: ‘Smart Irrigation System,’ ‘Battery Meter,’ ‘Distance Meter,’ ‘Smart Walking Stick’ ‘Bluetooth
Sound System,’ ‘Trash Can Sound System’ and ‘Smart Lamp.’ These products were evaluated according to criteria specified in the
literature. The data used in this evaluation are observations, video recordings, and the products themselves. Three-dimensional
drawings, diagrams, and codes produced by the students were used to support the findings, and photographs of the products were
also included. The design-focused thinking approach positively affected product performance, allowing students to both produce
and test prototypes. All of the products developed are working systems. The Stanford Design Thinking Model provided a practical
framework for the teaching of interdisciplinary and complex skills to secondary school students.

Objective: This research aims to propose a large-scale vehicle routing model for the distribution network of a food industry product and apply the model in a real-world case study.
Methods: A mathematical model is formulated to minimize the total variable transportation costs.  Considering the complexity of the model, a constrained clustering algorithm is used to decompose the problem. Then, vehicles are assigned to demand clusters according to their capacity. Finally, each cluster's symmetric traveling salesman problem (TSP) is solved using a genetic algorithm. The parameters of the proposed genetic algorithm were calibrated based on its widespread application in solving symmetric TSPs. A conservative approach was adopted to ensure the solution's validity by evaluating a worst-case scenario considering the highest node demands.
Results: By applying the proposed algorithm to the case study, over 2,000 demand nodes across Tehran were grouped into 91 clusters. Then, based on the demand level of each cluster, the vehicles are assigned, consisting of 26 small and 65 large cars. Within each cluster, the assigned vehicle followed an optimized route among the nodes, designed based on the optimal tour generated by solving the cluster-specific TSP using the genetic algorithm, and then returned to the central warehouse.
Conclusion: Comparing the results with the current situation, the size of the proposed transportation fleet showed a 40% reduction. Additionally, reducing fleet size and optimizing the routes improved the total distribution network costs by 25%. Given the model's computational efficiency, this improvement is considered satisfactory.

Sampah sering menjadi barang tidak berarti bagi manusia, sehingga menyebabkan sikap acuh tak acuh terhadap keberadaan sampah. Orang sering membuang sampah sembarangan sudah menjadi budaya dan tradisi bagi masyarakat Indonesia pada umumnya., seolah-olah mereka tidak memiliki salah apapun. Hal tersebut tentunya sangat berpengaruh terhadap lingkungan sekitar dimana lingkungan menjadi kotor dan sampah yang membusuk akan menjadi bibit penyakit pada kemudian hari dan akan menambah beban pekerjaan para tukang sapu jalanan, jika masyarakat tidak terus sadar maka besar kemungkinan akan meningkatnya jumlah populasi sampah setiap tahunnya yang berserakan. Kebanyakan tukang sapu jalanan menyapu jalan di perkotaan menggunakan sapu biasa maka itu akan membutuhkan waktu yang lama untuk membersihkannya. Di Kota Medan persoalannya lebih kompleks, hal ini disebabkan karena tidak ada intervensi dari pengambil kebijakan saat ini. Jika dibiarkan terus menerus maka tidak mustahil terdapat sampah yang ber...

This study focuses on the waste management system in Diffa's urban municipality. This involved an assessment of the current system, an in-depth analysis and, finally, a proposal of solutions aimed at improving the system. The assessment required information to be gathered on the ground. By the end of this stage, the regulatory and institutional framework governing household waste management in the urban municipality of Diffa had been mapped out. Presenting the current organization and financing of the municipality's waste management sector led to an analysis of the system. This analysis revealed that several factors are hindering the proper management of household waste in the municipality. These include shortcomings in the regulatory and institutional framework, poor organization of the sector and insufficient technical and financial resources. Added to this is the lack of importance given to the sector by local authorities, as well as the antisocial behavior of the population. These issues have had harmful consequences for the municipality, including unsanitary conditions, environmental and health risks, and the deterioration of living conditions for the population. Consequently, solutions have been proposed to improve the system based on the principle of participatory and shared management. The recommended management method is to delegate the service to the private sector, which will finance the sector through a public-private partnership. This will involve better organizing the system, setting up the necessary equipment and facilitiesparticularly a household waste treatment unitand changing the behavior of all stakeholders. Waste is a pervasive issue throughout the city of Diffa, and the study aims to analyse the management system to improve it. Documentary research, surveys and field visits were conducted during the study to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved.

Manual fare calculation remains a core task for jeepney drivers, requiring practical strategies to handle passenger payments efficiently during transit. This study uncovers the mathematical strategies employed by jeepney drivers operating along the Buyagan–Baguio route in La Trinidad, Benguet, focusing on their fare calculation strategies, how these strategies were developed, and the challenges they encountered in fare calculation. Anchored in Situated Learning Theory and Dewey’s Experiential Learning Theory, this qualitative study employed a descriptive research design to explore the real-life application of mathematics in jeepney operations. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis was employed to interpret the findings, shedding light on how practical mathematics is applied in real-life occupational settings. Findings revealed a variety of fare calculation strategies, including the partial sum strategy, repeated subtraction, rounding off, bill-sorting, and route-oriented approaches. These were developed through use of the fare matrix, participation in training seminars, apprenticeship, and peer learning. Drivers face several operational challenges in fare calculation, such as fare miscalculations, multitasking demands, coin confusion, and distance-based fare variability. The study provides insights into the practical use of mathematics in the transportation sector and emphasizes the importance of integrating contextualized, experience-based learning into educational curricula. It also proposes improvements to driver training programs and fare management systems to support more efficient and accurate fare handling.

Garbage collectors play a crucial yet often underappreciated role in public health and environment safety, facing physical, biological, and psychological challenges. Guided by the Job Demand-Resource (JD-R) and Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) theories, this study examined the challenges, coping mechanisms, and suggestions for improving working conditions among garbage collectors in La Trinidad, Benguet. Using a qualitative descriptive design, convenience sampling, and semi-structured interviews, the research identified challenges like health issues, waste management problems, traffic congestion, and environmental hazards. Coping strategies included LGU support, community engagement, maintaining personal health,  early starts, and adopting a relaxed attitude. Suggestions for improvement focused on better waste segregation, safety training, PPE provision, and nighttime staffing. The study emphasizes the need for both institutional support and personal resilience, recommending stricter segregation enforcement, enhanced public education, complete PPE, training for job order workers, and additional nighttime personnel to handle late disposals. These findings underscore the need for stronger policies and cooperation to protect the health, safety, and dignity of garbage collectors.

This study investigates the challenges faced by Benguet State University – Secondary Laboratory School (BSU-SLS) graduates of 2023 and 2024 in completing their senior high school research subjects, and explores the coping strategies they adopted to navigate these difficulties. Anchored in Lazarus and Folkman’s Stress and Coping Theory (1984), the research sought to understand how students responded to the demands of research. The study used a qualitative descriptive design and gathered data through semi-structured interviews with 11 STEM strand graduates. Participants were selected through criterion sampling, and their responses were thematically analyzed to identify patterns in their experiences. Findings revealed that students encountered challenges across five areas, issues in group dynamics, educational and instructional lapses, low motivation and poor time management, limitations in related literature, difficulties in conducting and analyzing research data, and obstacles in the research process. Despite these obstacles, participants demonstrated resilience by utilizing variety of coping strategies, including seeking support from peers and groupmates, managing emotions and academic stress, applying task-oriented coping strategies, maintaining motivation and enjoyment, and using breaks and leisure for recovery. Graduates also provided recommendations to improve research instruction, such as, upskilling and reskilling of research teachers, enhancing student group dynamics, innovating pedagogies in research, and improving access to research resources. The study concludes that strengthening research support systems, improving instruction, and addressing institutional gaps can enhance the quality of research education. This research adds to the growing body of literature on student experiences in research education by offering grounded insights into the challenges and coping mechanisms of senior high school graduates.

Garbage collection and identification encompass a series of essential processes aimed at gathering, recognizing, and categorizing diverse waste materials to ensure their appropriate disposal and recycling. Considering the escalating global waste generation, it has become increasingly vital to devise effective strategies for waste management and reduction. Garbage identification can be carried out through manual inspection performed by trained personnel or by leveraging advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). Manual inspection involves visually examining the waste and categorizing it into various types, including organic waste, plastic waste, metal waste, hazardous waste, and others. However, this method can be time-consuming and subjective, hence the integration of AI and ML technologies (like CNN, DenseNet121, TrashNet etc) to automate and enhance the identification process. Recycling processes that require a lot of work might be simplified with the help of an automatic classification robot based on efficient image recognition. DenseNet121 and other convolutional neural network (CNN) models improved traditional image identification techniques at the time and were the industry standard. The effectiveness of the CNNs was evaluated using TrashNet, a well-known benchmark dataset made up of 2527 pictures containing six different sorts of waste. Ultimately, these efforts contribute to reducing waste generation and conserving valuable resources.

As the population is increasing day by day, the environment should be clean and hygienic. In many of the cities the overflowing garbage bins are creating an unhygienic environment. This further leads to arise of different types of diseases. To cope up with the situation, Shree Narendra Modi, PM of India has presented a unique example of a way to achieve cleanliness by launching a campaign popularly known as SWACCHHA BHARAT ABHIYAN (Clean India Mission) in which every individual irrespective posts and authority, has to maintain clean surrounding. In this contemporary busy world, it is almost impossible to maintain the clean and hygienic environment. To overcome these situations, we need to implement a smart garbage level monitoring system, which will alert the municipal corporation or higher authorities about the current level of garbage in different zones of cities. As level reaches its threshold level the alert is send to corporation. As the notification is received by the municipal corporation, the rag picking truck will reach to that dustbin and will empty the bin. Hence the bins are emptied before the garbage starts overflowing.

When dealing with dynamic, untrusted content, such as on the Web, software behavior must be sandboxed, typically through use of a language like JavaScript. However, even for such speciallydesigned languages, it is difficult to ensure the safety of highlyoptimized, dynamic language runtimes which, for efficiency, rely on advanced techniques such as Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation, large libraries of native-code support routines, and intricate mechanisms for multi-threading and garbage collection. Each new runtime provides a new potential attack surface and this security risk raises a barrier to the adoption of new languages for creating untrusted content. Removing this limitation, this paper introduces general mechanisms for safely and efficiently sandboxing software, such as dynamic language runtimes, that make use of advanced, lowlevel techniques like runtime code modification. Our languageindependent sandboxing builds on Software-based Fault Isolation (SFI), a traditionally static technique. We provide a more flexible form of SFI by adding new constraints and mechanisms that allow safety to be guaranteed despite runtime code modifications. We have added our extensions to both the x86-32 and x86-64 variants of a production-quality, SFI-based sandboxing platform; on those two architectures SFI mechanisms face different challenges. We have also ported two representative language platforms to our extended sandbox: the Mono common language runtime and the V8 JavaScript engine. In detailed evaluations, we find that sandboxing slowdown varies between different benchmarks, languages, and hardware platforms. Overheads are generally moderate and they are close to zero for some important benchmark/platform combinations.

present efficient and flexible methods which permit read-only tranaactiona that do not mind reading a possibly slightly old, but still consistent, version of the data base to execute without acquiring locks. This approach avoids the undesirable interferences between such queries and the typically shorter update transactions that cause unnecessary and costly delays. Indexed access by such queries ia also supported, unlike by the earlier methods. Old versions of records are maintained only in a transient fashion. Our methods are characterized by their flexibility (number of versions maintained and the timing of version switches, supporting partial rollbacks, and different recovery and buffering methods) and their efficiency (logging, garbage collection, version selection, and incremental, record-level versioning). Distributed data base environments are also supported, including commit protocols with the read-only optimization. We also describe efficient methods for garbage collecting unneeded older versiona.

Parallel garbage collection systems consist of two processors, the mutator and the garbage collector, which operate on a conmwn memory of list nodes. The garbage collector repeatedly executes a two-stage cycle that maintains a list of nodes (the free list) for use by the mutator, which is dedicated to executing a user's list processing program. All list nodes contain two extra bits for marking purposes and are either white, black, or gray. During the mark stage, the garbage collector blackens all nodes that are accessible to the mutator. During the scan stage, white nodes are placed on the free list and black nodes are whitened. The color gray is used during the mark stage to guarantee that all accessible nodes are marked, it is shown that parallel garbage collection systems exhibit three fundamental types of performance (stable, alternating, and critical), and it is determined when each of the three will occur. Moreover, it can be determined when this parallel scheme is more efficient than sequential garbage collection by obtaining analytic formulas for a variety of performance measures. These results are obtained by expressing the performance of parallel garbage collection systems in terms of conditional difference equations (CDEs) in which the state of the system after a garbage collection cycle is described by a pair of difference equations and a Boolean function. The value of the Boolean function at the beginning of a cycle selects which of the two difference equations should be applied next.

Enhancing efficiency in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management is crucial for local governments, which are generally in charge of collection, since this activity explains a large proportion of their budgetary expenses. The incorporation of decision support tools can contribute to improve the MSW system, specially by reducing the required investment of funds. This article proposes a mathematical formulation, based on integer programming, to determine the location of garbage accumulation points while minimizing the expenses of the system, i.e., the installment cost of bins and the required number of visits the collection vehicle which is related with the routing cost of the collection. The model was tested in some scenarios of an important Argentinian city that stills has a door-to-door system, including instances with unsorted waste, which is the current situation of the city, and also instances with source classified waste. Although the scenarios with classified waste evidenced to b...

Object-oriented languages often use virtual machines (VMs) that provide mechanisms such as just-in-time (JIT) compilation and garbage collection (GC). These VM components are typically implemented in a separate layer, isolating them from the application. While this approach brings the software engineering benefits of clear separation and decoupling, it introduces barriers for both understanding VM behavior and evolving the VM implementation. For example, the GC and JIT compiler are typically fixed at VM build time, limiting arbitrary adaptation at run time. Furthermore, because of this separation, the implementation of the VM cannot typically be inspected and debugged in the same way as application code, enshrining a distinction in easy-to-work-with application and hard-to-work-with VM code. These characteristics pose a barrier for application developers to understand the engine on top of which their own code runs, and fosters a knowledge gap that prevents application developers to change the VM. We propose Live Metacircular Runtimes (LMRs) to overcome this problem. LMRs are language runtime systems that seamlessly integrate the VM into the application in live programming environments. Unlike classic metacircular approaches, we propose to completely remove the separation between application and VM. By systematically applying object-oriented design to VM components, we can build live runtime systems that are small and flexible enough, where VM engineers can benefit of live programming features such as short feedback loops, and application developers with fewer VM expertise can benefit of the stronger causal connections between their programs and the VM implementation. To evaluate our proposal, we implemented Bee/LMR, a live VM for a Smalltalk-derivative environment in 22,057 lines of code. We analyze case studies on tuning the garbage collector, avoiding recompilations by the just-in-time compiler, and adding support to optimize code with vector instructions to demonstrate the trade-offs of extending exploratory programming to VM development in the context of an industrial application used in production. Based on the case studies, we illustrate how our approach facilitates the daily development work of a small team of application developers. Our approach enables VM developers to gain access to live programming tools traditionally reserved for application developers, while application developers can interact with the VM and modify it using the high-level tools they use every day. Both application and VM developers can seamlessly inspect, debug, understand, and modify the different parts of the VM with shorter feedback loops and higher-level tools.

In dynamic object-oriented languages, low-level mechanisms such as just-in-time compilation, object allocation, garbage collection (GC) and method dispatch are often handled by virtual machines (VMs). VMs are typically implemented using static languages, allowing only few changes at run time. In such systems, the VM is not part of the language and interfaces to memory management or method dispatch are fixed, not allowing for arbitrary adaptation. Furthermore, the implementation can typically not be inspected or debugged with standard tools used to work on application code. This paper reports on our experience building Bee, a dynamic Smalltalk runtime, written in Smalltalk. Bee is a Dynamic Metacircular Runtime (DMR) and seamlessly integrates the VM into the application and thereby overcomes many restrictions of classic VMs, for instance by allowing arbitrary code modifications of the VM at run time. Furthermore, the approach enables developers to use their standard tools for applica...

Concurrent garbage collectors are notoriously hard to design, implement, and verify. We present a framework for the automatic exploration of a space of concurrent mark-and-sweep collectors. In our framework, the designer specifies a set of "building blocks" from which algorithms can be constructed. These blocks reflect the designer's insights about the coordination between the collector and the mutator. Given a set of building blocks, our framework automatically explores a space of algorithms, using model checking with abstraction to verify algorithms in the space. We capture the intuition behind some common mark-and-sweep algorithms using a set of building blocks. We utilize our framework to automatically explore a space of more than 1, 600, 000 algorithms built from these blocks, and derive over 100 correct finegrained algorithms with various space, synchronization, and precision tradeoffs. Some tasks are best done by machine, while others are best done by human insight; and a properly designed system will find the right balance. -D. Knuth

The focus of the paper is to analyze the costs of solid waste collection by applying a well-behaved multiproduct cost function model to a sample of more than 500 Italian municipalities. Beyond shedding light on the presence and on the extent of size (or scale) economies, our aim is to investigate in depth the issue of economies of density, which is still an underexplored topic in the literature. Our cost function specification, by being able to estimate several measures of density economies (such as output density economies, vertical density economies and horizontal density economies), allows to capture the impact of different urbanization models on the costs of refuse collection and disposal. The results of the estimates highlight the presence of output density economies as well as horizontal density economies. Conversely, there is significant and robust evidence of the existence of vertical density diseconomies, which suggests that congestion problems in densely populated councils are severely affecting garbage collection costs. Finally, there is evidence of diseconomies of size, which suggests that aggregating the refusal collection operations of several municipalities would not bring savings in the average costs.

The pressing demand to deploy software updates without stopping running programs has fostered much research on live update systems in the past decades. Prior solutions, however, either make strong assumptions on the nature of the update or require extensive and error-prone manual effort, factors which discourage the adoption of live update. This paper presents Mutable Checkpoint-Restart (MCR), a new live update solution for generic (multiprocess and multithreaded) server programs written in C. Compared to prior solutions, MCR can support arbitrary software updates and automate most of the common live update operations. The key idea is to allow the running version to safely reach a quiescent state and then allow the new version to restart as similarly to a fresh program initialization as possible, relying on existing code paths to automatically restore the old program threads and reinitialize a relevant portion of the program data structures. To transfer the remaining data structures, MCR relies on a combination of precise and conservative garbage collection techniques to trace all the global pointers and apply the required state transformations on the fly. Experimental results on popular server programs (Apache httpd, nginx, OpenSSH and vsftpd) confirm that our techniques can effectively automate problems previously deemed difficult at the cost of negligible performance overhead (2% on average) and moderate memory overhead (3.9x on average, without optimizations).

He made my PhD journey an excellent experience with his knowledge, kindness, thoughtfulness and encouragement. I would like to dedicate my deep thanks for my mother, for the encouragement she provided, her unlimited patience, prayers and the sacrifices she made to help me after my father passed away, which without, I would not be able to achieve my goals and survive difficult times. I am greatly indebted to my sincere wife Dalia and my daughter Julie, without their hopeful smiles, emotional support, patience, understanding and infinite love I would not have been able to stand during the difficult moments in my PhD. I would like to convey my sincerest gratitude to my uncle Wahid Hamza who has been supportive through all my life stages. His sympathy and understanding were enormous and significantly appreciated. I am very grateful to all people in the Department of Information Systems and Computing at Brunel University who helped me during my study and provided such a friendly and comfortable environment. Last, but by no means least, I would like to thank all my friends and colleagues who have been my other family in the UK.

The increase of population in an area will have an impact on the level of density of the area, so that the emergence of a wild settlement that utilizes the river area as a place of residence. This condition will be a potential waste problem in the Riverbank area. One of them is the potential for garbage dumped into rivers, especially Cikapundung River. Tamansari Village is one of the areas that are traversed Cikapundung river, so it takes the planning of the system of inheritance and garbage collection to reduce the potential of waste dumped into the river. waste generation measurement based on SNI 19-3964-1994 method. The concept of waste management system planning is the reduction of waste in the source by 30% with the planning of the timing system through sorting based on three categories of garbage types. Planning of collecting system is by giving the gathering to the collecting device compartment. A community-based waste processing approach that starts from sourcing through com...

The increasing demand for sustainable development has led to exploring alternative construction materials. In Kerala, a region marked by high construction activity and growing waste generation, utilizing locally available waste-based materials
presents a promising opportunity. This report examines the potential of such materials, like fly ash, plastic waste, construction and demolition (C&D) debris, coconut shells, and quarry dust, for sustainable construction. It evaluates their physical properties, environmental impact, and economic viability through a comprehensive review and case studies.

We present a novel framework for defining memory models in terms of two properties: thread-local Instruction Reordering axioms and Store Atomicity, which describes inter-thread communication via memory. Most memory models have the store atomicity property, and it is this property that is enforced by cache coherence protocols. A memory model with Store Atomicity is serializable; there is a unique global interleaving of all operations which respects the reordering rules. Our framework uses partially ordered execution graphs; one graph represents many instruction interleavings with identical behaviors. The major contribution of this framework is a procedure for enumerating program behaviors in any memory model with Store Atomicity. Using this framework, we show that address aliasing speculation introduces new program behaviors; we argue that these new behaviors should be permitted by the memory model specification. We also show how to extend our model to capture the behavior of non-ato...

"Introduction: Scientific and sustainable household solid waste management is crucial in achieving SDG 12 (responsible consumption) and SDG 3 (good health). Poor waste practices can harm both the environment and people's health. Objective: To assess the solid waste management practices and its association with sociodemographic profile of households in a selected urban locality of Kolar, in South India.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2023, covering 318 consecutively sampled urban households, using a validated semi-structured questionnaire to collect data.
Results: The majority (28.6%) of households were from the lower middle socioeconomic class. Food and kitchen waste, plastics, and paper waste were the most common types of waste generated. Sanitary napkins/pads were disposed of with plastic waste without segregation. Closed containers were used for wet waste storage in 64.8% of households. Households with children under 5 years were more likely to use closed containers (OR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.18-3.50). Sanitary disposal of waste was practiced by 64.4% of households, with higher odds in households located along main roads.
Conclusion: This study found high waste segregation rates but poor sanitary waste management so this recommends a multi-faceted approach to improve waste management. Urban governance should adopt a circular waste management approach to improve accountability and resource efficiency."

The disease caused by the new coronavirus (COVID-19) has been plaguing the world for months and the number of cases are growing more rapidly as the days go by. Therefore, finding a way to identify who has the causative virus is impressive, in order to find a way to stop its proliferation. In this paper, a complete and applied study of convolutional support machines will be presented to classify patients infected with COVID-19 using X-ray data and comparing them with traditional convolutional neural network (CNN). Based on the fitted models, it was possible to observe that the convolutional support vector machine with the polynomial kernel (CSVMPol) has a better predictive performance. In addition to the results obtained based on real images, the behavior of the models studied was observed through simulated images, where it was possible to observe the advantages of support vector machine (SVM) models.

Solid waste or garbage is one of the problems that must be faced by the world's population so that life becomes more harmonious. Through a series of studies, a Garbage Collector Robot (GACOBOT) was created which is expected to help humans overcome this problem in terms of garbage collection. By adding a feature in the form of object recognition, the waste can be sorted by type so that it can be grouped and processed further. In this research, using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification method based on the feature extraction of the Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) as the main method. Researchers used 14 pieces of data as training data and 10 pieces of data as test data. From the results of the tests that have been carried out, it has been obtained a success rate of 100% that the system has succeeded in separating waste into 2 types, namely plastic bag waste and glass bottle waste.

This research centres on the need to develop a simple but sustainable material for the utilization of the quantum of plastic wastes that litter our environment. The research uses waste plastics and laterite soil and converts them into construction materials (interlock blocks) with the help of the densifier, thereby reducing the plastic waste, which is a key contributor to environmental pollution. Literature has shown that concrete structure is prone to chemical actions; the durability of conventional concrete bricks gets affected by chemical effects. The chemicals may cause cracking of concrete, rutting, and deterioration of the structure. In the same vein, the plastic-laterite interlock bricks might not be free from such defects due to chemical action. Therefore, this research looks into the effects of different chemical curing conditions on the compressive strength of plastic-laterite paving blocks. Varying proportions of plastic wastes and laterite soil were mixed and processed i...

The growing issue of plastic pollution on a global scale is need of attention which cannot be handled with conventional waste management. Bioremediation presents itself as a promising environmentally friendly method that can make a difference in fighting the causes of plastic pollution. The large-scale accumulation of plastic) within the Panskura municipality has become a potential risk to the environment and public health. In this research, the biodegradation of plastic municipal wasteswas using microbial consortia derived from plastic contaminated soil and cow dung. The microbial isolates, Pseudomonas spp, Bacillus spp, Stenotrophomonas spp, and Paenibacillus spp, were screened for plastic degrading activities with 51 degradation tests. The isolates were then assessed via weight loss measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Results exhibited up to 36% weight loss in polypropylene (PP) after thirty days, with the consortia doing better than single strain actions. SEM showed evidence of surface erosion. These microbes' consortia, just like those sourced from the Panskura plastic waste dump site are useful for overcoming the challenges of municipal plastic waste through biological means.

Garbage problem is a common problem in urban areas, including in Bogor. This study aims to determine the number of routes and fleet of garbage transportation in Bogor. The method used is the Branch and Bound method by using the Vehicle Routing Problem model. The results obtained in the form of 69 garbage transportation routes and 36 garbage transport fleets are needed, with details of Central Bogor as many as 7 routes and 4 garbage transport fleets, North Bogor as many as 13 routes and 4 transport fleet units, East Bogor as much as 6 units 3 units of transport routes and fleets, 14 units of West Bogor and 7 units of transport fleet, 16 units of Bogor Selatan and 8 units of transport fleet, and 12 units of Tanah Sareal and 6 units of garbage transport fleet.

This document describe the method and apparatus to implement a distributed cluster of containers within a chassis using computational storage with the help of server virtualization techniques, VNIC and RDMA where each drive serves as a compute and storage node and runs Linux containers on each storage drive to overcome the processing bottleneck inherent CPU designs, by offloading work, increasing the core count, and reducing data latency while lowering power consumption, physical size, and cost.

Software evolves to fix bugs and add features. Stopping and restarting programs to apply changes is inconvenient and often costly. Dynamic software updating (DSU) addresses this problem by updating programs while they execute, but existing DSU systems for managed languages do not support many updates that occur in practice and are inefficient. This paper presents the design and implementation of JVOLVE, a DSU-enhanced Java VM. Updated programs may add, delete, and replace fields and methods anywhere within the class hierarchy. JVOLVE implements these updates by adding to and coordinating VM classloading, just-in-time compilation, scheduling, return barriers, on-stack replacement, and garbage collection. JVOLVE is safe: its use of bytecode verification and VM thread synchronization ensures that an update will always produce type-correct executions. JVOLVE is flexible: it can support 20 of 22 updates to three open-source programs-Jetty web server, JavaE-mailServer, and CrossFTP server-based on actual releases occurring over 1 to 2 years. JVOLVE is efficient: performance experiments show that JVOLVE incurs no overhead during steady-state execution. These results demonstrate that this work is a significant step towards practical support for dynamic updates in virtual machines for managed languages.

Software evolves to fix bugs and add features. Stopping and restarting programs to apply changes is inconvenient and often costly. Dynamic software updating (DSU) addresses this problem by updating programs while they execute, but existing DSU systems for managed languages do not support many updates that occur in practice and are inefficient. This paper presents the design and implementation of J volve , a DSU-enhanced Java VM. Updated programs may add, delete, and replace fields and methods anywhere within the class hierarchy. Jvolve implements these updates by adding to and coordinating VM classloading, just-in-time compilation, scheduling, return barriers, on-stack replacement, and garbage collection. J volve , is safe : its use of bytecode verification and VM thread synchronization ensures that an update will always produce type-correct executions. Jvolve is flexible : it can support 20 of 22 updates to three open-source programs--Jetty web server, JavaEmailServer, and CrossFTP...

Software evolves to fix bugs and add features. Stopping and restarting programs to apply changes is inconvenient and often costly. Dynamic software updating (DSU) addresses this problem by updating programs while they execute, but existing DSU systems for managed languages do not support many updates that occur in practice and are inefficient. This paper presents the design and implementation of J volve, a DSU-enhanced Java VM. Updated programs may add, delete, and replace fields and methods anywhere ...

This paper describes a pilot recycling programme in Quito and the factors associated with residents’ participation in separating their wastes. This municipal programme extended garbage collection to previously unserved neighbourhoods through micro-enterprises formed by residents which provided separate collection services (on different days) for organic (compostable), recyclable and non-recyclable wastes, and delivered these to municipal depots. The revenues from the sale of recyclables went to funds to support neighbourhood improvements. A combination of focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and a household survey identified the steps that would have to be taken to increase and sustain residents’ separation of wastes – for instance, a more reliable collection service, more evidence that the funds generated were being used for neighbourhood improvement and a better information system about the programme. The research also highlighted two other issues. The first was the need f...

Este artigo analisa o papel das Assembleias Municipais na fiscalização e prestação de contas na governação local, com ênfase na experiência da Autarquia da Cidade de Nampula entre 2019 e 2024. Baseado em uma abordagem qualitativa, o estudo investiga os desafios enfrentados pela Assembleia Municipal na supervisão da gestão autárquica e na garantia da accountability, articulando os achados empíricos com as bases teóricas sobre descentralização, governança democrática e prestação de contas. Os resultados indicam limitações estruturais e técnicas que comprometem a eficácia da fiscalização, ressaltando a necessidade de capacitação contínua, maior transparência e fortalecimento da participação cidadã.

Region-based memory management scheme has been proposed for programming language ML. In this scheme, a compiler statically estimates the live range of each object by performing an extension of type inference (called region inference) and inserts code for memory allocation and deallocation. Advantages of this scheme are that memory objects can be deallocated safely (unlike with manual memory management using malloc/free) and often earlier than with run-time garbage collection. Since the region inference is an extension of the ML type inference, however, it was not clear whether the region-based memory management was applicable to dynamically-typed programming languages like Scheme. In this paper, we show that the region-based memory management can be applied to dynamically-typed languages by combining region inference and Cartwright et al.'s soft type system.

This paper treats decision problexs for the intuitionistic logic without weakening rule FL,,. First, the cut elimination theorem for FL,, will be s h o ~~n . Using this fact and Mripke's method, it will be proved that the propositional FL,, is decidable. On the other hand, the predicate FL,, t ~i l l be shown to be undecidable by reducing the decision problem to that of the intuitionistic predicate logic. In recent pears. various studies have been done concerning logics lacking some or ail of structural rules. (For more irnformation. see ,) This paper will be devoted to stucly of the decision problem of the logic FL,,, which is obtained from the intuitionistic Iogic by deleting the -weakening rule. The decidability of the propositional FL,, will be shown bj-using a method originally developed for relevant logics. Next, the nndecidability of the prerlicate FL,, millbe proved by reducing its decision problem to that of the intuixionistic

Solid waste or garbage is one of the problems that must be faced by the world's population so that life becomes more harmonious. Through a series of studies, a Garbage Collector Robot (GACOBOT) was created which is expected to help humans overcome this problem in terms of garbage collection. By adding a feature in the form of object recognition, the waste can be sorted by type so that it can be grouped and processed further. In this research, using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification method based on the feature extraction of the Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) as the main method. Researchers used 14 pieces of data as training data and 10 pieces of data as test data. From the results of the tests that have been carried out, it has been obtained a success rate of 100% that the system has succeeded in separating waste into 2 types, namely plastic bag waste and glass bottle waste.

Nowadays, robust and efficient solid waste collection is crucial to motivate citizens to participate in the circular economy by sorting recyclable solid waste. Vocational vehicles, including garbage trucks, contribute significantly to CO2 emissions; therefore, it is strongly recommended, and in the European Union it is mandatory, to replace conventional-fuel-based garbage trucks with electric ones. For providing sustainable and energy-efficient solid waste collection with a heterogeneous fleet, in-depth mathematical computations are needed to support solving complex decision-making problems, including crew rostering and vehicle routing, because the distance and capacity of electric garbage trucks differ from conventional-fuel-based ones. However, the literature on solid waste collection using electric garbage trucks is still relatively scarce. The main contribution of this paper is developing an optimization problem for balancing travel distance assigned to each garbage truck of a h...

Nowadays, in the European Union selective solid waste management be-longs to important responsibilities of municipalities. In Solid Waste Management (SWM) the main operational task is to set a schedule for solid waste collection and to find optimal routes for garbage trucks so that the total costs of solid waste collection service can be minimized subject to a series of constraints which guarantee not only fulfillment of SWM’s obligations but also desirable level of quality of that service. Optimization problem of garbage trucks routing is a special case of rich Vehicle Routing Problem as it has to cover following constraints: pickup nodes (clients) must be visited during their predefined time windows; the number and capacity of depots and specialized sorting units can-not be exceeded; each garbage truck can be assigned to at most one depot; each route should be dedicated to collecting one type of segregated solid waste, and the route must be served by a garbage truck which can coll...

Smart Garbage Monitoring System using Arduino and Blynk is an IoT-based project that is integrated with cloud computing service. It was developed specifically to help janitors and residential college representative committee in a public university in Malaysia in monitoring the level of garbage in the dustbin through Blynk application, which makes it easy to empty the dustbin and optimize the garbage collection time. This project uses ultrasonic sensor to measure the level of garbage in the dustbin and the data can be viewed through mobile application, Blynk. It will also notify users through email once the garbage bin capacity is full. Other than notification function, Smart Garbage Monitoring System also consists of automatic open and close lid, track dustbin location and humidity level. The objectives of this project are to design the IoT system that detects the level of the garbage displayed in Blynk and an LCD attached to the dustbin and to validate the user acceptance test for ...