GHGs emission

I presented the situation of energy from energy mess to energy management as following: Firstly, the energy problems in Jordan and the situation in Jordan before issuing the legal and institutional frameworks of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (REEE). Secondly, laws and institutional framework related to Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (REEE). Thirdly, the situation in Jordan after issuing the legal and institutional frameworks of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (REEE). Finally, I mentioned three examples about Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (REEE) technical solutions adopted in Jordan.

Treatment performance and greenhouse gas emissions of various biological sewage treatment processes in Japan were evaluated. Data related to energy consumption, effluent water quality, and sludge production of various treatment processes were obtained from " Sewage Statistics " published by the Japan Sewage Works Association. The conventional activated sludge (CAS) process and modified processes for nutrient removal were selected for analysis, such as anaerobic–oxic, recycled nitrification– denitrification, anaerobic-anoxic–oxic, nitrification/endogenous denitrification, and step-feed nitrification–denitrification processes. Performance of the treatment processes was evaluated as the eutrophication potential (EP) calculated from the BOD, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations in treated effluent and NO X emission by electricity consumption. The global warming potential (GWP) of treatment processes was calculated from CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O emissions by electricity consumption, and N 2 O and CH 4 emissions from the biological processes and water environment where effluent is discharged. The EP values of the nutrient removal processes (1.0–6.4 g-PO 4 eq/m 3) showed negative correlation with the GWP values (0.22–0.68 kg-CO 2 eq/m 3) as a general trend. The sole exception to this tradeoff was the step-feed nitrification–denitrification process, which can reduce the EP value of sewage with a considerably smaller increase of the GWP value than that of the CAS process. Sludge yields of treatment processes (0.01–0.032 m 3 /m 3) also showed negative correlation with GWP values.

An expansion of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in China was designed to utilize vent gas from an ozone contactor, instead of compressed air, for aeration in the secondary process. The capacity of the existing oxidation ditch plant was increased from 120,000 m 3 /d to 150,000 m 3 /d with the construction of additional secondary trains and clarifiers based on a reverse A2O process (Anoxic, Anaerobic, Oxic) for biological nutrient removal. The oxygen requirement for the incremental flow (30,000 m 3 /day) is met completely with vent gas from a tertiary ozonation system.

Abstract-The relationship between energy use and climate change is strong and dynamic, but the two are often treated separately and as static phenomena. This affects people’s perception and understanding of climate change. There is therefore the need to show clearly the causal relationship between energy use and climate change. This study developed choropleth maps and bivariate maps in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment as a new way of visualising the dynamic relationship between energy use and climate change. We observed that the relationship between them is more easily perceived through GIS maps than the customary graphs used in energy and climate change visualisations. This has a role to play in influencing public and stakeholders’ perception and understanding of the relationship between energy use and climate change.

Urbanization is a global phenomenon and is expected to continue for decades to come. Cities (including towns) currently use over two-thirds of the world’s energy, even though they only account for approximately half of the world’s population. Urban areas contribute to climate change in three main ways: through direct emissions of greenhouse gases that occur within city boundaries; through the greenhouse gas emissions that originate outside of city boundaries but are embodied in civil infrastructure and urban energy consumption; and through city-induced changes to the earth’s atmospheric chemistry and surface albedo.
Cities are highly concentrated in coastal zones, which put a large portion of the urban population at risk from rising sea levels and intensifying storm surges. Mean sea level has risen on average 1.3-2.3 millimeters per year over the last few decades (1963-2003) with the average rate almost doubling in the last decade of this period and it has been predicted that sea levels will rise 18-59 centimeters by 2100. Additionally, more frequent storm events caused by climate change can result in hydrological changes that stress the capacity of drainage infrastructures, sewage systems and water treatment facilities in cities. Urban areas will not only face risks from floods and rising sea levels, but also significant increases in temperatures and the frequency of heat waves. Heat waves are likely to increase in severity and duration in the future, contributing to heat mortality in both developed and developing countries. These increases will likely be more strongly felt in urban areas, as cities tend to have higher air and surface temperatures compared to rural areas.
          As much as 50% of the urban population in Asia and Africa already lacks adequate provision of water and sanitary services. Higher air temperatures and more frequent droughts can cause increasing demand for household and industrial use of water in urban areas. Increases in temperature vary significantly by region, making it difficult to predict impacts on a given area based on global or broad regional estimates of temperature change.
          Most of the discussion of climate change impacts in the urban environment has focused on storm and flood-related damages, heat impacts, water use, and human health and welfare; however it is important to consider explicitly how current and potential changes directly and indirectly impact local economies. Direct costs from climate change impacts can be staggeringly high, especially when related to natural disasters and sea level rise. Indirect impacts can hinder local economic activity. Economic impacts can have rebound effects in the job market and reduce tax revenue. These stresses on the local economy may limit investment opportunities and deplete funds for infrastructure innovations, leaving cities more vulnerable to future change.