Funeral Practices

Katalog der erhaltenen 36 Leichenpredigten des niederadeligen Reichsrittergeschlechts von Woellwarth.
Sieben der Predigten stammen von der älteren Linie von Woellwarth-Laubach.
29 Predigten sind Mitgliedern der jüngeren Linie Woellwarth-Lauterburg gewidmet.

The history of the small business schools in Province in the nineteenth century can be made through the works of his professors. The link between arithmetic and accounting is essential to understand the education at the average level for pupils having between 12 and 16 years. The rediscovery of a mathematician doubled by an accountant, Lazare Moulin-Collin, allows to understand the formation of the teachers and the experts in these domains. From new archival sources we rediscover the biography and the contents of his very interesting works.

L'histoire des petites ecoles de commerce en Province au dix-neuvieme siecle peut etre faite au travers des ouvrages de ses professeurs. Le lien entre arithmetique et comptabilite est essentiel pour comprendre l'enseignement au niveau moyen pour des eleves ayant entre 12 et 16 ans. La redecouverte d'un mathematicien double d'un comptable, Lazare Moulin-Collin, permet de comprendre la formation des enseignants et des experts dans ces domaines. A partir de sources archivistiques nouvelles nous redecouvrons la biographie et le contenu de ses ouvrages tres interessants.

Resum In this document, the information about three important points pertaining tot the death of Jaume II (James II), King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona, has been collected, compared and examined under the light of historical criticism: the date of death, the habit ...

The article describes the life of Adam of Dietrichstein, a diplomat and close friend of Emperor Maximilian II, who served as an imperial envoy to the Spanish court and the Hofmeister of his sons. Dietrichstein also fostered a close relationship with the Spanish milieu thanks to his marriage to the Spanish aristocrat Margarita de Cardona. On the example of the burial of Adam of Dietrichstein in Saint Vitus Cathedral in Prague, the article investigates the burial practice of the noble elites in Prague in the pre-White Mountain period, especially the trend of family necropolises and its (un) feasibility in Prague. Although the Prague milieu was regarded as exclusive, it was not suitable for the expression of family continuity. The nobles had to choose between their self-presentation in the centre of the country and continuity represented by family necropolises on their domains. As a result, hybrid burial rituals emerged (a funeral ceremony in Prague, a burial on the domain) as well as exceptional solitary tombstones or family 'micro necropolises'-special spaces that cumulated funeral monuments of a single family from a certain period. The memorial place of Adam of Dietrichstein in Saint Vitus Cathedral in Prague is such an example. Adam's daughters Johanka († 1575), Maria Anna († 1587), and Elisabeth († 1594) rest in Saint Sigismund's Chapel. All three daughters are buried in a single tomb with a ledger stone bearing Johanka's name, and Johanka also has an epitaph in the chapel. There is also another stand-alone tomb in the chapel-of Dietrichstein's father-in-law Don Antonio Folch de Cardona, whose body was translated from Vienna where he died as early as 1553, and his mother-in-law Doña Maria de Requesens de Soler († 1577). Although Adam of Dietrichstein was also buried in the cathedral, he was not placed in this micro necropolis; therefore, we can talk about a 'diffuse necropolis'. The loyal servant

This poster explores the bell beaker presence in the dolmens and tholoi from Sintra region. This territory is located in the westernmost area of Portuguese Estremadura, a significant region for the study of the bell beaker phenomenon in Atlantic Europe.
In the area of Sintra municipality it was recorded an interesting set of dolmens and tholoi with diverse architectures and long biographies of use. Most of these megalithic monuments were identified and
explored in the 19th and early 20th centuries, with some recent projects of re-excavations and materials studies.
In the archaeological dig developed at Tholos do Monge and at the Prehistoric Monument of Praia das Maçãs since 2020, we identified several fragments of bell beaker pottery, which required re-analysis
and comparison with previously identified materials. Therefore it became necessary to examine the spatial distribution and the typological and decorative diversity of the ceramics, as well as to review the presence of other materials in the bell beaker package in the dolmens and tholoi.
Through this analysis, we aim to discuss the reasons for the selection of different megalithic monuments for reuse and the diversity set of bell beaker features identified in each case.

espanolEl siguiente articulo trata de abordar un pequeno estudio acerca del poblamiento tardoantiguo y altomedieval del entorno del Rio Sabor y el Valle de Vilarica (Distrito de Braganca, Portugal), a partir del estudio de los espacios funerarios y en particular, a traves de las sepulturas excavadas en la roca. Este estudio se basa en la documentacion y los materiales encontrados, tanto en prospeccion como en excavacion. La historiografia otorga a este tipo de espacios funerarios una gran diacronia, que con los resultados de algunas de las intervenciones llevadas a cabo en varios de los yacimientos estudiados en esta zona, podra ser afinada gracias a las dataciones de Carbono 14 y el estudio de los materiales asociados. EnglishThe following article seeks to address a small study on the late antique and early medieval settlement of the Sabor river and Vilarica Valley (Braganca area) environment, based on the study of funerary spaces and in particular through the graves excavated in r...

Eine wiedergefundene und jüngst mutwillig zerstörte stelophore Statue des Wesirs Paser. Zu Sonnenhymnik und Verklärungstexten, in: GM 158, 2019, 151-160
[Die veröffentlichten Artikel geben nicht immer die Meinung der Redaktion wieder. Kein Teil des Buches darf in irgendeiner Form (Druck, Fotokopie, CD-ROM, DVD, Internet oder einem anderen Verfahren) ohne schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages der Göttinger Miszellen reproduziert werden oder unter Verwendung elektronischer Systeme verarbeitet, vervielfältigt oder verbreitet werden.]

Atti del convegno «All'ombra de' cipressi. Studi sul Cimitero monumentale di Pesaro» svoltosi in Pesaro il 16 ottobre 2024.
Contiene 13 saggi, oltre a indice dei nomi, schede biografiche degli autori e sommari in italiano e inglese.

Conference papers «Studies on the monumental cemetery of Pesaro» held in Pesaro on 16 October 2024.
The volume contains 13 essays, as well as index of names, biographical notes of the authors and summaries in Italian and English.

verre d'époque romaine et tardo-antique, semble se raréfier dès le haut moyen-âge. En effet, les découvertes de bracelets et colliers se révèlent peu nombreuses dans les contextes de fouilles des VII ème -XI ème siècles et rares ou inexistantes pour les siècles successifs. Le collier parfaitement conservé retrouvé à l'intérieur d'une sépulture d'époque angevine dans l'église de Sant' Andrea de Lama à Salerne, qui alterne perles en pâte de verre, éléments en os et petites pierres, est cependant l'indice d'une continuité de la production qui, au stade actuel de la recherche, semble trouver peu de confrontations sur le territoire étudié. Dans le but de mieux définir les techniques de production, les éventuelles importations, et ce qu'il reste au bas moyen-âge des anciens procédés de production de l'époque romaine, le recensement des pièces archéologiques du bas et du haut moyen-âge, issues de fouilles ou d'expositions muséales sur toute la péninsule, est en cours. E' noto che le pietre preziose, appannaggio dei ceti aristocratici che utilizzano monili in grado di rendere pubblico lo status sociale di appartenenza, nelle produzioni rivolte ad una committenza popolare sono rimpiazzate da elementi in grado di imitarne colore e lucentezza, in primis il vetro. Le tecniche di lavorazione e quelle di produzione rendono tale materiale altamente duttile e facilmente utilizzabile sia in oreficeria, sia in bigiotteria. Furono principalmente gli orefici ad impiegare, unitamente alle gemme, paste vitree in associazione a metalli preziosi come l'oro e l'argento, mentre il semplice assemblaggio di pietre false, tenute insieme da reticelle o corde in fibra naturale, poteva avvenire anche all'interno delle stesse botteghe artigiane che realizzavano le false gemme. I documenti dell'Italia meridionale non sembrano fornire indicazioni a riguardo e a tutt'oggi non conosciamo l'esatta provenienza dei vaghi impiegati nella realizzazione dei monili, seppure sembrerebbe ipotizzabile per la Calabria l'importazione di vaghi in vetro dall'area nordica 1 . Per la Campania, dove in area vesuviana a partire dal III sec. a.C. si diffuse la tecnica della lavorazione del vetro cammeo, monile in pasta vitrea, a strati sovrapposti, spesso di colori contrastanti, lavorato ad intaglio, e dove la capacità tecnica dei maestri vetrai si evidenzia attraverso alcune paste ad imitazione di pietre, come l'onice o la corniola, dobbiamo ritenere, in assenza di analisi specifiche, che la produzione di vaghi e false gemme continuò anche in età medievale. La realizzazione di tali oggetti, del resto, non richiedeva forni altamente specializzati, come si apprende da documenti veneziani che citano col termine veriselli le gemme false e testimoniano come queste potevano essere preparate in officine poste in contesti urbani. Un documento del 1292, emanato in seguito al trasferimento delle vetrerie da Venezia a Murano, concede licenza ad usare i fornini da veriselli anche in città, a

de un oppidum de época protohistórica. En las diferentes campañas arqueológicas se documentaron materiales de gran interés y espectacularidad que pusieron a Alhonoz en un primer plano en el mundo de la investigación. Pero pocos años después el yacimiento quedó abandonado y cayó en el olvido. Este trabajo pretende llamar la atención sobre el estado lamentable del yacimiento y hacer una revisión de los restos y materiales arqueológicos. Nuestra interpretación se basa en un análisis de conjunto, en el que se ponen en relación los diferentes hallazgos y fases del yacimiento.

This article presents the results of an archaeological investigation of Bronze Age burial mounds 11 and 12, which were excavated on Husykova Hill, the highest point of the Tovtry mountain ridge in the Zbruch River region. Each of the examined mounds contained several burials. One of them was located in a natural deepening, while the other burials were made in pits. It is recorded that the walls of the graves were covered with stone slabs. The bodies were buried in a flexed position on the side, with diverse orientations. A separate burial of a skull was also discovered during excavations. The accompanying burial goods were not numerous: hand-made ceramics, stone axe, flint tools. The details of the funeral rite and the burial goods share numerous similarities with the Subcarpathian Corded Ware culture and Komariv culture. Bone samples dated by the radiocarbon method also belong to the Komariv period. The funerary traditions recorded in the mounds on Husykova Hill were developed in the kurgan and flat burial grounds of the Middle Dniester region during the Pre-Scythian and Scythian periods.

Non si sa molto sull'origine dell'ospizio dedicato a Sant'Erasmo, il vescovo martirizzato da Massimiano e Diocleziano. Senza dubbio antichissimo, come si legge negli atti delle visite pastorali nel periodo borromaico "Antiquitus fundatum". Nel Liber Notitiae Sanctorum Mediolani di Goffredo da Bussero, si ricorda che il Santo "battezzando, risanava gli infermi". L'ospizio, nei primi anni del '900, prima della demolizione:

This paper focuses on the study of the famous royal purple dye. It aims to present a holistic approach by researching historical evidence, both for its use and its production, to highlight the importance of the dye within the Greek area. As a substantial part of information concerning the dyeing procedure of purple dye has been lost during the ages, it is crucial to establish points of documentation and identification. The latter can be achieved through chemical analysis, but as this dye is found on precious's cultural heritage items, which cannot always be sampled, a non-destructive approach should be considered as more appropriate. At first, the history of the dye purple is presented within the Greek area. Then, samples of purple dye are created based on traditional recipes from the Greek area, in order to compose a profile with the characteristics of purple using non-destructive and imaging techniques, thus emphasizing the importance of applying these techniques for the study of dyes on textiles. The results of the experiments show differences in behavior between the pure gland and the dyed samples, as well as the intensity of the color depending on the dyeing procedure.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Emanuele Papi Editoriale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII
Kees Neeft Catalogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Terraces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Prop. Cilia Z 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Central area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Prop. Cilia later Mezzasalma (Z 24): graves 19-175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Prop. (Cilia Z 23): graves 176-454 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Eastern Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Prop. Capodicasa (AA 24/25): Graves 460-563. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Prop. Mezzasalma (Y23): Graves 564-1021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Prop. Mezzasalma (Y23): Graves 1022-1080 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Prop. Mezzasalma (Y22/X22): Graves 1081-1090 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Prop. Dieci Salme (Z21/Z22): Graves 1091-1139 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Prop. Mezzasalma (Y22/Z23): Graves 1140-1425 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Prop. Capodicasa, Fattoria Iurato (AB 23): Graves 1426-1436 . . . . . . 130
Prop. Mezzasalma NW off the house (X22): Graves 1437-1786 . . . . . 131
Dating the graves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
NC 191 kotyliskoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
NC 198-200 kotylai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Alabastra and aryballoi, small (NC 76-109, 208-366, 564-599, 633-637) . . . . . . 198
NC 722-724 and 1089A exaleiptra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
NC 928-940-964 kotylai with black figure decoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
NC 965-969 kotyle with silhouette decoration (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
NC 973, 1341, 1518: black kotylai (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
NC 1057-1066 Ring aryballoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
NC 1073-1089 Amphoriskoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
NC 1244-1249 Aryballoi with hoplites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
NC 1263 Aryballoi with quatrefoils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
NC 1263A and B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
NC 1263C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
NC 1263D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
NC 1517. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Type 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Subtype 1a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Subtype 1b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Subtype 1c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Type 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Subtype 2a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Subtype 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Subtype 2c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Subtype 2d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Subtype 2e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Subtype 2f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Paola Pelagatti Type 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Subtype 3a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Subtype 3b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Subtype 3c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Type 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Subtype 4a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Subtype 4b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Type 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Type 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Subtype 6a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Subtype 6b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Subtype 6c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Subtype 6d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Type 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Type 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Type 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Subtype 9a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Subtype 9b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Subtype 9c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Local/Regional Type 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Type 10 (Tocra type 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Subtype 10a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Subtype 10b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Subtype 10c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Subtype 10d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Type 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Type 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Type 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Evaluating graves and Corinthian material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
A. Terraces, Prop. Cilia (Z 23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
B. Graves 19-175, Central Area, Cilia, later Mezzasalma (Z 24) . . . . . . . . . . . 217
C. Graves 176-454, Cilia (Z 23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
D. Graves 460-563, Eastern Area, Capodicasa (AA 24/25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
E. Graves 564-1021, Mezzasalma (Y 23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
F. Graves 1022-1080, Mezzasalma (Y 23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
G. Graves 1081-1090, Mezzasalma (Y 22/X 22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
H. Graves 1091-1139, Dieci Salme (Z 21/ Z 22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
I. Graves 1140-1425, Mezzasalma (Y 22/Z 23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
J. Graves 1426-1436, Capodicasa, Fattoria Iurato (AB 23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
K. Graves 1437-1786, Mezzasalma NW of Houses (X22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Observations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Grave-gift vs. filling fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Demography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Rifriscolaro cemetery vs. absolute date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Appendice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
La necropoli arcaica di Rifriscolaro: vicende storico-archeologiche . . . . . . . . 243
Aknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Bibliography (edited by P. Masci). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

On the way to the desired development of the Museum of Ancient Glass in Zadar (henceforth MAS) into a reference institution in the field of professional and scientific processing of archaeological glass artifacts, the Department of Restoration and Research, which cooperates within the Department of Professional Museum Affairs, raised the specialist practice of glass restoration to a new level during its fifteen years of work. In an effort to make the reached level of practical and theoretical work available to wider professional and scholarly circles, during the past years, the transfer of knowledge in this specific field of cultural heritage protection was realized through a series of activities. This was achieved primarily by mentoring students of conservation and restoration from the Academy of Arts in Split or students of cultural heritage protection from the University
of Bologna (Università di Bologna, Campus Ravenna, Dipartimento di beni
culturali) who did the practical part of their studies in the MAS workshop. The Department’s work was presented at professional meetings such as the ICOM-CC Interim Meeting in Corning (NY) in 2010, and within the framework of conferences held in 2013 in Amsterdam, in London in 2019 and in Lisbon in 2022. Presentations on the subject of glass conservation and restoration were held at the International Scientific Colloquium on Roman Pottery and Glass Manufacture in 2008, 2011, 2014 and 2017 in Crikvenica. The exhibition project “Ancient Glass: Restoration” was also prepared, which has so far seen 5 editions, in Zadar, Obrovac, Zagreb, Narona, Bärnbach (Austria), and the exhibition catalogue of the same name was included in the mandatory reading list for the students of conservation at the Academy of Arts in Split. The need for the diffusion of knowledge and practice on glass restoration was also realized through a series of expert lectures held by the head of the MAS workshop in Zadar, Vid, Pula and Split, and progress has been made in the system of conservation and restoration services for external customers and cooperating institutions at the Museum’s Department of Restoration and Research. Finally, in 2022, the edition “Conservation and Restoration of Glass” saw the light of day, as a modern handbook on conservation and restoration processing of historical and archaeological glass, which, in addition to a concise overview of glassmaking, glassmaking technology, as well as the topic of glass recycling throughout history, includes the treatment of glass finds from land sites, those identified in an underwater context, as well as other historical glass, and brings practical examples of conservation-restoration procedures accompanied by illustrations.
The desire to continue spreading the knowledge and acquired skills of the Department for Restoration and Research was connected with the planning of the protection of exclusive Roman-era artifacts from the Archaeological Museum in Split, as well as with the aspiration to raise the restoration service in the specialist field of glass construction to a higher
level in that museum as well. Therefore, within the framework of inter-institutional cooperation, a two-month professional training for colleague Zrinka Bajić Franković was organized in the workshops of the Museum of
Ancient Glass, working on the material from the collections of the Archaeological Museum in Split. During the year 2023, forty five selected
items were processed within the mentioned program, and due to the value of the exhibits as well as the desire to demonstrate the specificity of the demanding conservation and restoration procedures to a wider professional and general public, it was decided to organize the exhibition, “Fractures of Time - Restoration and Presentation of Valuable Glass Finds from the Holdings of the Archaeological Museum in Split”, which would fully valorize this joint collaboration. The exhibition will be set up in the Museum of Ancient Glass in Zadar, and then in the Archaeological Museum in Split.

Abstract / Riassunto

Italiano
Questo saggio propone un cambio di prospettiva nello studio dell’arte romana: non più soltanto lo sguardo dall’alto dei monumenti imperiali e delle committenze aristocratiche, ma quello “dal basso”, della plebe. Attraverso rilievi funerari, mosaici domestici, larari, ex voto, graffiti e caricature, viene ricostruito un universo visivo alternativo, fatto di dignità del lavoro, affetti familiari, devozioni quotidiane e ironia corrosiva. L’arte plebea non è “minore” né marginale: è un’arte di vita, più che di bellezza. Se l’arte ufficiale celebra la gloria e l’eternità, quella plebea racconta la sopravvivenza, i legami, le speranze e le paure di milioni di uomini e donne comuni.

English
This essay offers a shift in perspective in the study of Roman art: not only the top-down view of imperial monuments and aristocratic patronage, but also the “bottom-up” perspective of the plebs. Through funerary reliefs, domestic mosaics, lararia, votive offerings, graffiti, and caricatures, it reconstructs an alternative visual universe made of dignity of labor, family bonds, daily devotions, and corrosive irony. Plebeian art is neither “minor” nor marginal: it is an art of life, rather than beauty. If official art celebrates glory and eternity, plebeian art tells the story of survival, connections, hopes, and fears of millions of ordinary men and women.

The article analyzes the religious traditions of the dukely Korecki dynasty during the 16th – mid- 17th centuries. It was traced which elements of the spiritual culture of Korecki dynasty remained unchanged and which were transformed. As part of the study of the traditions of this kind, the usual burial places of the dukes Korecki and their patronage activities in favor of the Orthodox and Catholic churches were characterized. The time of the conversion of the dukes Korecki from Orthodoxy to Catholicism was tracked. A comparison of the life strategies of representatives of this dynasty with other dukely families was also made.

This study examines Eusebius’s physical portrayals of martyrs, situating them within his moral and rhetorical agenda in Ecclesiastical History. To bring the contours of his discourse into greater relief, I first compare Eusebius’s martyr portrayals with those of the Letter of the Churches of Lyons and Vienne (one of the longest ostensibly non-Eusebian martyr narratives in History). After noting several minor differences between the descriptions in Eusebius’s martyr stories and those populating Letter, I highlight one significant discursive disparity—namely, the physiognomic and sartorial details in Letter tend to emphasize the martyrs’ divine physical restoration and glorification during their ordeals, while Eusebian martyr stories place greater emphasis on the martyrs’ gruesome disfigurement. Having made a case for Letter’s distinct deployment of physical details—further suggesting its authorial independence from Eusebius—the remainder of the article focuses on one particular historiographic and pedagogical aim to which Eusebius deploys these grisly martyrological images: amplifying the irrationality and cruelty of persecuting imperial leaders. From the early books of History, Eusebius frequently catalogues imperial leaders as either pious respecters of the Christians, in step with traditional Roman mores, or impious persecutors, exemplifying their irrationality and lack of imperial virtue. The mangled bodies of the martyrs adorn Eusebius’s History, I argue, at least in part as gruesome monuments to immoral, barbaric leaders. These evil exempla, in turn, provide both an effective foil for the virtuous leadership of Christian-favoring leaders and a stern moral warning for future leaders. At various points in this article, I also bring Eusebius’s earlier narrative, Martyrs of Palestine, into the conversation to further demonstrate the relative stability of Eusebius’s physiognomic portrayals of martyrs.

The Selvicciola necropolis is a large burial site dated to the Copper Age, located on the mid-Tyrrhenian side of Central Italy, in the Fiora river valley. Despite post-depositional disturbances, 32 prehistoric tombs were found, generally in a good state of preservation, with a total number of 119 individuals identified. In the present study, radiocarbon and stable isotope measurements on bone collagen are combined with skeletal data for 71 of these individuals. We aim to investigate possible changes in food practices and burial patterns throughout time. In detail, the results allowed us to define a timeframe for the use of the cemetery of at least 2000 years, with the two most ancient individuals found in tomb 17 and dated to around 3950 cal BC, assigning this a necropolis chronological investigation of the so-called Rinaldone culture. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis confirmed a predominantly agropastoral subsistence strategy for this prehistoric community. Although the plant intake consisted mainly of C3 species, we further discuss the fact that the stable isotope data suggest an increase in the consumption of C4 plants over time. The integration of radiocarbon and isotopic data with the skeletal evidence and material culture provides an interesting insight into the funerary world of this community, highlighting the importance of Selvicciola for the understanding of life in the Mediterranean at the transition between the fourth and the third millennia BC.

Es la cubierta del tomo I de la obra El Arte Románico Burgalés: aproximación a su proceso creativo y planteamientos estéticos. Nos hubiera gustado acompañar también el texto en los seis volúmenes de que consta el trabajo pero no es posible por que superan con creces la que admite el sistema.

O objetivo deste artigo é entender como a medicalização da morte, isto é, a transformação da morte em um evento institucionalizado segundo o modelo da medicina de morte e doença, interfere na organização social da morte no Brasil atual. Nesse artigo, tiramos dois exemplos de saberes e práticas técnicos relativos à essa medicalização. O primeiro foi o discurso organizado pelo Estado brasileiro e seus agentes sobre o preenchimento da Declaração de óbito e como ele implicitamente separa doença, lesão e morte de seu fundo social. O segundo foram os discursos dos trabalhadores no Instituto Médico-Legal e nos laboratórios de tanatopraxia e como eles se se aproximam (ou se afastam) da linguagem oficial. Queremos mostrar como a morte enquanto um objeto de pesquisa não é uma "coisa" separada e independente dos elementos sociais que lhe dão visibilidade.

Responsabilitatea asupra textelor și imaginilor utilizate aparține autorilor. Toate drepturile de reproducere, integral sau parțial, prin orice mijloace, inclusiv stocarea neautorizată în sisteme de căutare sunt rezervate. Reproducerea se poate face doar cu acordul scris al editurii, cu excepția unor scurte pasaje care pot constitui obiectul recenziilor și prezentărilor.

ёлн был случайно обнаружен на обрывистом берегу р. Сож между деревнями Литвиновичи и Струмень. В 1995 г. при участии автора статьи артефакт был доставлен в Музей древнебелоруской культуры Института искусствоведения, этнографии и фольклора Национальной академии наук Беларуси, где он экспонируется до настоящего времени. Сохранились только кормовая и средняя части изделия длиной 5,25 м. Лодка долблёная и изготовлена из ствола сосны диаметром около 60 см. Судя по музейной документации, древесина изделия датирована XII в. методами естественных наук в двух лабораториях. Однако лабораторные заключения в музее не сохранились, что усложняет принятие окончательного решения по определению абсолютной хронологии лодки.

The logboat was discovered accidentally in the steep bank of the river Sozh between the villages of Litvinavichy and Strumen. In 1995, with the participation of the author of the article, the artifact was delivered to the museum of Ancient Belarusian Culture of the Institute of Art History, Ethnography, Folklore of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, where it has been exhibited to this day. Only the stern and middle part of the boat, 5.25 m long, has survived. The boat is dugout and made of a pine trunk with a diameter of about 60 cm. Judging by the museum documentation, the wood of the product is dated to the 12th century by methods of natural sciences in two laboratories. However, the laboratory conclusions were not preserved in the museum, which complicates the final decision on the absolute chronology of the logboat.

This article examines the commemoration of the departed within the Midnight Office, a liturgical practice of the Orthodox Church, with particular focus on its historical development and evolution. In the structure of the Midnight Office, a section dedicated to the dead includes troparia, psalms, and a diptych-type prayer. The roots of this tradition can be traced to the 11th-century monastic communities surrounding the Byzantine capital. A study of early manuscripts reveals various forms of this practice, and a comparative analysis highlights both its remarkable stability and its gradual development within the framework of daily monastic services.

An intensive archaeological surface survey of the El Argar site and its hinterland has provided new information for the discussion of early sociopolitical complexity in the western Mediterranean. This article presents the preliminary interpretation of a long-term settlement pattern, particularly in the Bronze Age.

In the traditional Irish ritual of the merry wake, death and sexuality were tied closely together. The mourning for the deceased was accompanied by excessive feasting and drinking while wake games of an overtly sexual nature were performed in the presence of the corpse. This voluptuous, uninhibited behaviour exhibited during the death ritual echoes the state of the mná caointe or keening women who inhabited a liminal realm between the living and the world of the dead for the duration of the mourning period. This "divine madness" allowed keeners to express the collective outpouring of grief through their voices and bodies, and lead the community in a public expression of sorrow and lament. This article will examine the significance of the mná caointe in the wake ritual, in particular the power of the female voice in transcending the strictures of the world of the living and the brief period of licence which then ensued. As well, it will explore the connection between the role of the keener and the anarchic nature of the merry wake amusements, where the embodied voice leads the community to a place where the social order is suspended, and the chaotic nature of death is confronted.

CONTENTS

STUDIES
DRAGOȘ POPESCU, Romanian Philosophy between 1950 and 1990. The Socialist Consciousness – Genesis, Function, Purpose

BIBLIOGRAPHIES
The Socialist Consciousness. Translations, Volumes, Collections of Studies (1950-1990). Annotated Bibliography (PdF)

COMMENTARIES
Commentary on „The Ontology Treatise” by Constantin Noica. Recovered Theme: „1. If the Being is seen as being somewhere else and incorruptible, it doesn’t is” (PdF)

UNPUBLISHED PAPERS
CONSTANTIN NOICA, [Documents from C.N.S.A.S. Archive (I)] – With an Introductory Note by Vlad Bilevsky
SAMUIL MICU, Theology, or Discourse on God (transcription from Cyrillic to Latin Alphabet by Florica-Elisabeta Nuțiu-Vulcănescu)

TRANSLATIONS
MAURICE BLONDEL, LʼÊtre et les êtres - Fragment (translation by Dragoș Popescu)

REVIEWS • SPOTLIGHTS
D.C. Amzăr, Corespondența exilului, vol. I: A – D, vol. II: E – N, vol. III: O – Z, Ediție îngrijită, traducerea textelor în limbile germană, franceză și engleză, note și indici de Dora Mezdrea, București, Editura Muzeul Literaturii româ-ne, 2025, 402p., 406p., 430p. ISBN 978-973-167-655-5 • SPOTLIGHTS (PdF)

ANOUNCEMENTS

The article presents the results of research based on field reconnaissance from the Lviv, Sumy, Cherkasy, Kherson, and Luhansk regions. These surveys focused on the agentive, actional, and realemic codes of semiotics within the traditional Ukrainian funeral rites. Due to their taboo nature and mystical character, these rites most fully preserve archetypal semantics, which reflects the deep sources of the associated sector of the national conceptual worldview. The selection of regions for linguo-semiotic analysis was determined by their geographical location and established cultural and ethnographic zoning – Eastern, Central, Western, and Southern Ukraine. The study's purpose is to assess the degree of integrity within the national cultural context and the collective thinking style of Ukrainians from different regions by analyzing the semiotic representation of elements of funeral rites in the various areas of Ukraine. The methods of content analysis, comparative analysis, synthesis, and induction served as scientific tools for achieving the defined goal. Based on the analysis of empirical material, it was concluded that the structure of the most archaic funeral rite in all regions of Ukraine is typologically homogeneous. The integrity prevails both in terms of content and in terms of form - the verbalization of ritual phenomena, realities, and persons, which precludes speculation about the "differences" between Eastern and Western Ukrainians. The research opens a perspective for further studies on the semiotics of traditional Ukrainian funeral rites, including the analysis of locative, etiquette, quantitative, temporal, zoonymic, and attributive codes.

The main source for identifying how the people of the Slab burial culture make and style their hair is the monuments of the burial and petroglyph which were left by them. In additionally, it is how the ancient nomads of the Bronze and Early Iron age who lived in the territory of Mongolia they make and style their hair the question one of the exciting research topic. Therefore, now we are trying to identify this question only within the context of the Slab burial culture. To find out the answer the question, we analyzed and categorized depiction of people on the enclosure of slab burials, the image of braids on the back side of statue stones erected in the certain distance to the east of the burial, and human figures in petroglyph. Through this comparative method, we determined the meaning, function, and gender of those representations as follows. According to the research results, it is common to find the images of people performing dance-like movements carved on the enclosure stones of slab burials, in many case on slabs at the head or foot of the burials. These ritual scenes are mainly led by men. As viewing by their hairstyles, the men are depicted with a single braid, women are shown with two braids. On the stelae stones, the depiction of a single braid may indicate that the statue was erected in honor of a male individual, possibly the burial’s owner.

Статья посвящена исследованию внешних источников вызовов и yгpоз для инфоpмационного сyвеpенитета Респyблики Белаpyсь. Проанализированы сyществyющие подходы к опpеделению и классификации таких вызовов и yгpоз, pассматpиваются по-
ложения действующих ноpмативных пpавовых актов концептуального характера по проблемам инфоpмационного сyвеpенитета и pезyльтаты академических исследований отечественных и заpyбежных yченых. Автоpом пpедложен подход для обновления типологизации идентифициpованных источников вызовов и yгpоз инфоpмационномy сyвеpенитетy.

In Homeric epic, women’s deaths are mentioned ten times, accompanied by a solitary reference to a female grave. These episodes are consistently brief, spanning just a few verses, making death a minimally represented aspect of a woman’s biography in the Homeric tradition. Yet, despite their rarity, these accounts display a remarkable level of typification that goes beyond the standard formulaic features of the epic. Through these depictions, specific themes concerning women emerge, allowing us to identify a distinctly feminine typology of death. These narratives also offer valuable insights into the portrayal of female characters and, by extension, the construction of gender in the Homeric poems.

This preliminary report on glass finds from Pompeiopolis highlights the site's significance in Roman and Byzantine material culture. ​ Excavations uncovered a diverse range of glass artifacts, including tableware, architectural glass, jewelry, and tools, primarily dating from the 1st to 6th centuries AD. ​ Blown vessel glass, particularly greenish drinking vessels, dominates the collection. ​ Evidence of local production was found in a secondary glass furnace near the ancient theater, along with unique manufacturing techniques such as triangular clippings. ​ The typology includes rare and luxury items like lotus beakers, diatreta, and incised bowls, alongside everyday objects such as window panes and mosaic tesserae. The majority of finds date to the 4th–6th centuries AD, reflecting Pompeiopolis' role as a hub of craftsmanship and trade. ​

La evaluación de los datos de las antiguas excavaciones y de los que recientemente se han venido obteniendo con la realización de un programa pluridisciplinar, permiten abordar desde nuevas perspectivas el uso funerario del yacimiento, así como la inserción del mismo dentro del panorama de las cuevas de inhumación múltiple del País Valenciano.