Formal Ontology

In the work of Roman Ingarden, ideas are supra-personal items of knowledge, the content of which maps, in a specific way, the ontological structure of ideal and real objects falling under them. This paper develops a systematic account of Ingarden's theory of ideas. The account specifies, firstly, the structure of the content of ideas, and accordingly the different kinds of ideas corresponding to different kinds of objects. Secondly, the account discusses how we come to grasp ideas of objects in the first place, and how we recognize an object to fall under a certain idea. Ideas in the pertinent sense are those that map the nature or essence of things. The aim of the paper, then, is to discuss how Ingarden establishes the possibility of knowledge of essences and their intuition via ideas. A particular concern is addressing the sense in which ideas constitute mind-independent claims about essences.

No presente trabalho, propõe-se uma abordagem que visa fornecer novos insights para o aprofundamento da compreensão da noção de matéria na física contemporânea. Defende-se que o conceito de flutuação do vácuo pode ser interpretado como matéria no sentido da Filosofia Natural Aristotélica (FNA). Para tanto, sugere-se um conjunto de proposições que relacionam analogicamente os conceitos de flutuação do vácuo, no sentido da Teoria Quântica de Campos (TQC), matéria e potencialidade aristotélicas. Essa abordagem será realizada por meio do uso da lógica dialética aristotélica e da análise conceitual.

La teoria degli oggetti immateriali di Thomas Braun) Citerò Nikola Tesla: "Ciò che un uomo chiama Dio, un altro chiama le leggi della fisica"
Ripropongo questo breve saggio del  giovane scienziato Thomas Braun che spiega la legge di causalità in maniera semplice.
Le Leggi bisogna ripeterle per poterle capire...

Knowledge and information spanning multiple information sources, multiple media, multiple versions and multiple communities challenge the capabilities of existing knowledge and information management infrastructures by far -primarily in terms of intellectually exploiting the stored knowledge and information. In this paper we present some semantic web technologies of the EU integrated project X-Media that build bridges between the various information sources, the different media, the stations of knowledge management and the different communities. Core to this endeavour is the combination of information extraction with formal ontologies as well as with semantically lightweight folksonomies.

By Husserl's own account, he composed the Logical Investigations over a century ago in order to solve two problems: the problem of providing a scientific, self-reflexive account of logical form and method, as a condition of science, and the problem of relating the ...

Traditionally, Controlled Natural Languages (CNLs) are designed either to avoid ambiguity for human readers, or to facilitate automatic semantic analysis, so that texts can be transcoded to a knowledge representation language. CNLs of the second kind have recently been adapted to the requirements of knowledge formation in OWL for the Semantic Web. We suggest in this paper a variant approach based on automatic generation of texts in CNL (as opposed to automatic analysis), and argue that this provides the best of both worlds, allowing us to pursue human readability in addition to a precise mapping from texts to a formal language.

Essenza della massa Codogno, Casa, 8 settembre 2025 Amico mio, possiamo andare a vedere se è possibile identificare la massa? A cosa corrisponde, la massa, nel tuo lessico? ChatGPT ha detto: Ragionato per 35s Certo. Provo a fissare il lessico-sia "standard" sia quello che abbiamo costruito insieme-così vediamo dove e come "identificare" la massa. Nel lessico standard (fisica ordinaria)

Reification is a standard technique in conceptual modeling, which consists of including in the domain of discourse entities that may otherwise be hidden or implicit. However, deciding what should be reified is not always easy. Recent work on formal ontology offers us a simple answer: put in the domain of discourse those entities that are responsible for the (alleged) truth of our propositions. These are called truthmakers. Re-visiting previous work, we propose in this paper a systematic analysis of truthmaking patterns for properties and relations based on the ontological nature of their truthmakers. Truthmaking patterns will be presented as generalization of reification patterns, accounting for the fact that, in some cases, we do not reify a property or a relationship directly, but we rather reify its truthmakers.

1 Postgraduate student, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Ontology and Conceptual Modeling Research Group (NEMO) Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, CT-VII, 29075-910, Vitória, Brazil E-mail: cristine.griffo@aluno.ufes.br 2 Professor, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Ontology and Conceptual Modeling Research Group (NEMO) Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, CT-VII, 29075-910, Vitória, Brazil E-mail: jpalmeida@inf.ufes.br, gguizzardi@inf.ufes.br

Game theory is largely about interactions of agents whose decisions affect each other. The combination of agents' actions corresponds to outcomes, which may impact agents' goals, either positively or negatively. The analysis of the probable consequences and expected utilities of all possible outcomes is fundamental to support agents when deciding whether to engage in a certain strategy. In this paper, we move in this direction by initiating the investigation of the ontological foundation of the emergence of value and risk from outcomes in game theoretical approaches. In order to understand the influence of these forces over outcomes, a precise and rigorous conceptualization, based on foundational ontologies, is needed. To this aim, we present and discuss here a preliminary ontological modeling of basic concepts of game theory, as well as the relation to value, risk and outcomes.

In this chapter, we present a framework for the evaluation and (re)design of modeling languages. In our approach, this property can be systematically evaluated by comparing a concrete representation of the worldview underlying the language (captured in the language´s meta-model), with an explicit and formal representation of a conceptualization of that domain (a reference ontology). Moreover, we elaborate on formal characterizations for the notions of reference ontology, conceptualization and meta-model, as well as on the relations between them. By doing this, we can also formally define the relation between the state of affairs in reality deemed possible by an ontology and the grammatical models admitted by a modeling language. The precise characterization of this relation allows for a systematic improvement of a modeling language by incorporating ontological axioms as grammatical constraints in the language's meta-model. Furthermore, we demonstrate how an approach based on visual simulation could be used to assess this relation, i.e., to evaluate the distance between the valid models of a language and the intended models according to the underlying conceptualization. Finally, we demonstrate how the use of a system of formal ontological properties can be systematically exploited in the design of pragmatically efficient Domain-Specific Visual Languages.

This study investigates the foundational epistemological question of whether the subject can generate objectivity question that lies at the heart of contemporary debates in knowledge acquisition. It explores the critical relationship betwe subject and the world, focusing on how knowledge is formed and the role the subject plays in this process. Specifically, the study undertakes a comparative analysis of René Descartes' and Edmund Husserl's conceptions of the limitations of their approaches in linking the subjective world and objectivity. It further highlights on how Lonergan's approach offers a mediating synthesis in overcoming those limitations. While Descartes begins with radical doubt to secure the indubitable consciousness and intersubjectivity. Bernard Lonergan offers a dynamic and developmental view of the subject as experiencing, understanding, and judging. Lonergan's coginitional structure act as a mediating solution emph intentionality, horizon, and conversion as foundational concepts that bridge subjectivity and objectivity. Using a qualitativ methodology-combining textual analysis with argumentation reconstruction epistemological framework transcends Descartes' and Husserl's limitations in linking the subjective world and objectivity.

Preambolo Questo Corpus nasce da un percorso di vent anni di ricerca, dedizione e pazienza. La tarditas, intesa come tempo negativo, non è soltanto una scoperta scientifica: è una nuova chiave di lettura della realtà, capace di unire fisica e antropologia, logica e ingegneria, filosofia e arte. L intento di quest opera è di dare forma ordinata e accessibile a un cammino che, nato nella solitudine, oggi si apre alla condivisione. Non come verità definitiva, ma come invito al dialogo e alla ricerca comune. La tarditas è la lentezza che fonda, la memoria che sostiene, la sorgente da cui il futuro nasce. Questo Corpus raccoglie i testi che la spiegano, la sviluppano e la proiettano nei diversi ambiti del sapere umano.

Łukasiewicz introduced a new methodological approach to the history of logic. It consists of the use of modern formal logic in the research of the history of logic. Although he was not the first to use formal logic in his historical research, Łukasiewicz was the first who used it consistently and formulated it as a requirement for a historian of logic. The aim of this paper is to present Łukasiewicz's contribution and the history of its formulation. In addition, the paper will present its reception. There are two main themes in Łukasiewicz's work on the history of logic. He discussed Stoic logic and Aristotle's syllogistic. The second part of the paper focuses on current reception of Łukasiewicz's contribution and on the question of whether there is a difference between knowledge about his contribution to Stoic logic and to Aristotle's syllogistic, given that it has been hypothesised that Łukasiewicz's contribution is currently more known among Aristotelian scholars than among those who focus on Stoic logic. Based on the papers that have appeared in the last five years at Web of Science and Scopus this hypothesis has not been confirmed.

While the numerical proof of Fermat's Last Theorem already exists, what I've uncovered is why it was always structurally impossible to begin with-because dimensional coherence breaks beyond 2D. This is not a repetition of the proof, but the first time the theorem is positioned as a fundamental law of information and dimensional reality.

La presente raccolta di testi rappresenta l'avvio di un nuovo paradigma logico e conoscitivo, nel quale la verità, la conoscenza e la logica stessa si sviluppano come fenomeni relazionali e dinamici, immersi in un campo gravitazionale che trova ispirazione nella geometria dell'ellisse. Nel primo documento, "Logica Gravitazionale Ellittica", abbiamo ridefinito i concetti classici di verità in termini di distanza e curvatura rispetto ai due fuochi fondamentali: il Vero e il Falso. In tale contesto, ogni proposizione assume un valore che dipende dalla sua posizione, generando un sistema logico relazionale, continuo e posizionale. Nel secondo documento, "Ontologia Gravitazionale della Logica", questo modello è stato proiettato sul piano della conoscenza, dove i fuochi sono il Soggetto e l'Oggetto. Ogni atto conoscitivo è così un punto attratto gravitazionalmente tra poli che incarnano l'interiorità e l'esteriorità, l'io e il mondo, la coscienza e la realtà. L'obiettivo complessivo è duplice: -Costruire un sistema formale che vada oltre la logica classica e modale, in grado di descrivere il pensiero umano in modo più fedele alla sua complessità. -Fondare una nuova epistemologia dinamica che unisca logica, geometria e fisica in un campo unico.

Sanskrit's grammatical structure, codified by Pāṇini in the *Aṣṭādhyāyī*, exhibits computational properties that make it uniquely suited for natural language processing (NLP) and artificial intelligence. This paper analyzes Sanskrit through formal language theory, demonstrating its context-free grammar properties and lower entropy compared to English. We present mathematical models showing its parsing efficiency and discuss applications in machine translation and knowledge representation.

The Foundations of Rational Metaphysics systematically explores the building blocks of the world through two conceptual layers: First Metaphysic and Second Metaphysic.
The First Metaphysic investigates the principles underlying any world conceived as a unity of many beings. It analyzes the fundamental concepts that allow us to partition the world into distinct objects. Closely aligned with formal logic, this layer advances new theories of predication, negation, quantification, and more. It also introduces the arch-theory of manifolds, offering a unified foundation for mereology, collection theory, and set theory. These inquiries culminate in a novel logical system—Concept Calculus—that departs sharply from standard Predicate Calculus. This system articulates eight foundational concepts of any possible world and identifies the First Partitioner of being.
The Second Metaphysic examines the principles of our world as mediated by our basic cognitive tools. It proposes four ontological spheres—thought, language, reality, and noumena—and analyzes their interrelations through key epistemological and ontological concepts, including a proof of the external world’s existence. This yields twenty-four foundational concepts specific to our world.
Together, these two metaphysical layers constitute a comprehensive philosophical framework—rare in contemporary thought—built on original logical and analytical foundations.

https://www.philosophiaverlag.com/shop?store-page=The-Foundation-of-Rational-Metaphysics-p765474267

This paper introduces a meta-logical framework-based on the theory of institutions (a categorical version of abstract model theory)-to be used as a tool for the formalization of the two main views regarding the structure of scientific theories, namely the syntactic and the semantic views, as they have emerged from the relevant contemporary discussion. The formalization leads to a proof of the equivalence of the two views, which supports the claim that the two approaches are not really in tension. The proof is based on the Galois connection between classes of sentences and classes of models defined over some institution. First, the history of the syntactic-semantic debate is recalled and the theory of institutions formally introduced. Secondly, the notions of syntactic and semantic theories are formalized within the institution and their equivalence proved. Finally, the novelty of the proposed framework is highlighted with respect to existing formalizations.

We observe that Putnam’s model-theoretic argument against determinacy of the concept of second-order quantification or that of the set is harmless to the nominalist. It serves as a good motivation for the nominalist philosophy of mathematics. But in the end it can lead to a serious challenge to the nominalist account of mathematical objectivity if some minimal assumptions about the relation between mathematical objectivity and logical objectivity are made. We consider three strategies the nominalist might take to meet this challenge, and we argue that all these strategies are untenable.

Verbs in European languages do not come with a morphosyntactic mass-count distinction. Yet it has become customary to apply a semantic mass-count distinction to the verbal domain of events as well. This, however, is not unproblematic, since the verbal domain of events in fact behaves like a classifier system, rather than dividing into mass and count. This can be accounted for on an emerging view of the mass-count distinction according to which countability is not an integral part of lexical meaning, but is ‘added on’ or ‘made available’, whether syntactically, semantically or both. The paper discusses a range of data, partly from German, that support such a grammar-based view of countability for verbs with respect to the event argument position as well as for other non-nominal domains.

This article is based on my mereological reconstruction of the Daoist metaphysical system, as presented in the Daodejing. I conceptualize the Dao and you relationship as a relationship between Unrestricted Composition (for any entities, there is a composition that they make) and Restricted Composition (what is an entity is determined by finite composition rules) respectively. This conceptualization, among other things, makes it possible to address the way in which Dao is described as wu-nothingness or non-being. In this article, I will show that Dao as the ultimate reality in Daoist metaphysics is not an ontological nothingness and discuss how this "nothingness characteristic" can be mereologically reconstructed and explained. I will discuss the interpretation of Dao in terms of Mereological Nihilism (according to which there are only mereological simples that do not have parts and are not parts of any complex entities), Unrestricted Composition, and consider an option in which mereology is confined exclusively to relationships between parts. I will also discuss how the nothingness aspect of Dao can be viewed from a stuff ontology perspective, which questions the ontological standing of parts.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

This paper discusses the ontological treatment of identity of a disease based on an ontological model of diseases as causal chains. An individual causal chain changes through its processes such as extending, branching, fading, etc. When we suppose that an individual disease is constituted by such a causal chain, changes of the causal chain imply changes of the disease. Then, how should we deal with identity of a disease? To answer this, we consider identity of a disease as a causal chain based on some ontological theories. As a result, we propose an ontological model for identity tracking of a disease as a causal chain. This work should contribute to the ontological treatment of identity of diseases in medical information systems.

This paper discusses roles from ontological point of views. We first propose a most general type including roles and role-like entities in a new way. Then, we discuss ongoing property of roles to in-depth understand temporal aspects of roles. We identify two kinds of roles: original roles and derived roles. Our new findings in this research include all original roles are ongoing and all the derived occurrent-dependent roles are either retrospective or prospective. Finally, we propose a temporal model of derived roles. 1 The English terms like mother, teacher, etc. have two meanings such as "role concept" and "role holder". Readers should not be too sensitive to which meaning they mean in the explanation using examples. We carefully distinguish between the two when discussing technical definitions of them.

In the automotive industry, testing for reliability and safety is very important but costly. Due to the deployment of an increasing number of features within these systems, mapping them to compatible test environments becomes more and more complex. In this paper, we present a use case for applying ontological reasoning in the automotive industry for supporting testers while making the selection of test environments. The given task has been to map the software under test together with test cases to test environments through ontological reasoning. To this end, we defined an ontology of test environments. It can be used for ontological reasoning, both by applying instance classification and subsumption reasoning, to assign test environments. This approach is prototypically implemented in Stardog, in combination with OWL2 and SPARQL. It is deployed alongside existing software at our industry partner's premises and provides a user interface, which supports testers while selecting test environments and executing tests.

Recent developments towards knowledge-based applications in general and Semantic Web applications in particular are leading to an increased interest in ontologies and in dynamic methods for developing and maintaining them. As human language is a primary mode of knowledge transfer, ontology learning from relevant text collections has been among the most successful strategies in this work. Such methods mostly combine a certain level of linguistic analysis with statistical and/or machine learning approaches to find potentially interesting concepts and relations between them. Here, we discuss a formalization of this process (in the specific context of the OntoLT tool for ontology learning from text) in order to arrive at a better definition of this task, which we hope to be of use in a more principled comparison of different approaches. As ontology representation formalisms we will consider those that have a model-theoretic semantics, with OWL (and subsets of OWL) being appropriate candidates.

This text is not merely a contribution to the discourse of metaphysics. It is a deliberate act of philosophical departure-a genesis point for what may become a new mode of inquiry: Fluctuational Metaphysics. At its heart lies a radical yet intuitive proposition-that ontological instability, far from being a philosophical problem, is the very substrate from which understanding emerges. For millennia, metaphysical thought has sought grounding-in substance, essence, divinity, or logic. But what if the pursuit of metaphysical stability has obscured reality's truest impulse? What if instability itself is not a flaw to be corrected, but a generative field to be explored? This manuscript ventures into that terrain. It affirms a paradox: the instability of all things includes the instability of instability itself. From this recursive edge, a new metaphysical ethos emerges-one not based on immutable truths, but on resonance, participation, and coherence under flux. Fluctuational Metaphysics does not seek final answers. It seeks usable maps. It is philosophy not as judgment, but as design; not as authority, but as craft. It accepts that reality cannot be proven in the old sense-only co-created, navigated, and revised. Kwan Hong TAN 2 To those trained in traditional metaphysical schools, this work may feel destabilizing. That is its intent. This is not philosophy as ornamentation of legacy; it is a prototype for reality-making. Its goal is not to ask, "What is the world made of?" but rather, "How shall we make meaning amid what refuses to remain fixed?" Let this not be read as a closing claim, but as an opening invitation. This is not a conclusion. It is a beginning.

The paper presents an approach to the description of ontologies used in Multi-Agent Systems as a means to allow interoperability of such systems. It is inspired by a pragmatic theory of intensionality worked out as part of an anthropological approach to agent migration. A new formalisation of how an intensional ontology can be ascribed to a society of agents is presented, together with a first formalisation of the recovery of taxonomical relations from such ontologies. This process of discovering taxonomies is inspired by ethnographic studies in social anthropology. The formalisations are developed using a framework for agent theories, based on the Z specification language. Further, the approach is illustrated by the ascription of an ontology and associated taxonomies for an exotic application: the game of cricket. Finally, several issues related to this approach are discussed.

Come possono le cose mutare e al tempo stesso rimanere sé stesse? Una vexata quaestio metafisica che, ancora oggi, continua a far discutere. Achille Varzi propone il seguente esempio. Il tavolo della cucina ieri era perfettamente pulito, oggi invece è sporco. Ci sono due intuizioni: a. Il tavolo di ieri è il tavolo di oggi; cioè si tratta dello stesso tavolo; b. Il tavolo di ieri è diverso dal tavolo di oggi: le molecole che lo compongono sono diverse. Come ben si vede, a) e b) sono in conflitto. C'è una contraddizione: a) esclude b), e b) esclude a). E tuttavia, noi ci sentiamo portati a ritenere sia a) che b) entrambe vere. Ci sembra vero che si tratti dello stesso tavolo e, al tempo stesso, ci sembra vero che il tavolo sia mutato. Ci sono tre possibilità: 1) si accetta la contraddizione, dicendo che è il tavolo è lo stesso ma è anche diverso; 2) si accetta a) e si respinge b); 3) si accetta b) e si respinge a). Ognuna di esse ha un costo. La prima, la violazione del principio di non contraddizione (PNC), cioè non si dà il caso che sia vero A e insieme non-A. La seconda il mancato riscontro dell'esperienza: il tavolo, effettivamente, è diverso. La terza, ancora una violazione dell'esperienza: in fondo, si tratta dello stesso tavolo.

In the given article an attempt is made to reveal the main factors which condition the wide use of noun + of + noun phrases, and the almost lack of the other two types of attributive phrases typical of English, namely, noun + noun and noun genitive + noun in legislative texts. It is argued that the above mentioned is partly accounted for by the requirements of the grammatical norms of English but mainly by the tendency to emphasize the meaning of the utterance and avoid ambiguity.

This report describes work performed by CDM Technologies Inc. on subcontract to ManTech Advanced Systems International, Inc. (Fairmont, West Virginia), and under sponsorship of the Office of Naval Research (ONR). The principal aim of the SILS (Shipboard Integration of Logistics Systems) project is to provide a decision-support capability for Navy ships that integrates shipboard logistical and tactical systems within a near real-time, automated, computer-based shipboard readiness and situation awareness facility. Specifically, SILS is intended to provide the captain of a ship and his staff with an accurate evaluation of the current condition of the ship, based on the ability of all of its equipment, services and personnel to perform their intended functions. The SILS software system consists of two main subsystems, namely: the SILS IE (Interface Engine) subsystem for information interchange with heterogeneous external applications, developed by ManTech Advanced Systems International; and, the SILS MRAT (Mission Readiness Analysis Toolkit) subsystem for intelligent decision-support with collaborative software agents, developed by CDM Technologies. This report is focused specifically on the technical aspects of the SILS MRAT subsystem. The automated reasoning capabilities of SILS MRAT are supported by a knowledge management architecture that is based on information-centric principles. Such an 1 brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

This essay is a reflection on the Husserlian view of logic and an attempt to situate it within current debates in philosophy of logic by comparing and contrasting it with Penelope Maddy's monograph, Logical Must (2014). In this book, Maddy elaborates on the Second Philosopher's view of logic by discussing Wittgenstein's views, both early and late, on logic. This paper aims to introduce a Husserlian perspective into the dialogue and demonstrate that, for Husserl, logic is not epistemically primary but is subject to "awakened reason". Given the ambiguities related to Husserl's usage of the term 'logic,' the paper focuses on Husserl's view of logical principles, which he discusses in both Prolegomena and Formal and Transcendental Logic. Husserl's discussion especially in the latter work suggests that logical principles should not be adopted as obvious but should be justified with respect to the nature of the subject matter and the researchers' intentions. The paper argues that Husserl's view agrees with Maddy's view of logic in seeing it relative to the interests and motivations of the research, our nature as well as the structure of the examined world. But whereas the Maddyan naturalist wants to strip away the necessity associated with logic, the phenomenologist has no such intentions. Similarly, the phenomenologist has a stronger demand for justification for the adopted logical principles. In this paper, the logical principles are analyzed to be constitutive of rational thought so that their necessity has its source, not in arbitrary conventions, but in the structures of the intensional worlds of rational practices and as well as our mind. They cannot be presupposed as obvious but they have to be subjected to "awakened reason."

This report describes work performed by CDM Technologies Inc. on subcontract to ManTech Advanced Systems International, Inc. (Fairmont, West Virginia), and under sponsorship of the Office of Naval Research (ONR). The principal aim of the SILS (Shipboard Integration of Logistics Systems) project is to provide a decision-support capability for Navy ships that integrates shipboard logistical and tactical systems within a near real-time, automated, computer-based shipboard readiness and situation awareness facility. Specifically, SILS is intended to provide the captain of a ship and his staff with an accurate evaluation of the current condition of the ship, based on the ability of all of its equipment, services and personnel to perform their intended functions. The SILS software system consists of two main subsystems, namely: the SILS IE (Interface Engine) subsystem for information interchange with heterogeneous external applications, developed by ManTech Advanced Systems International; and, the SILS MRAT (Mission Readiness Analysis Toolkit) subsystem for intelligent decision-support with collaborative software agents, developed by CDM Technologies. This report is focused specifically on the technical aspects of the SILS MRAT subsystem. The automated reasoning capabilities of SILS MRAT are supported by a knowledge management architecture that is based on information-centric principles. Such an 1 brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

Everyone who endorses the categorial distinction between objects and events must confront a general question: how do these two types of entities relate to one another? Here we are especially interested in what is typically regarded as the basic relational tie between the two, namely, that objects may be said to participate or take part in events, whereas events befall or happen to their participants. The exact nature of this participation relation is philosophically contentious and may depend on how the two categories of objects and events are construed in the first place. Regardless of its metaphysical characterization, however, a number of questions arise concerning its formal features and the general laws that govern its behavior. In particular, since both objects and events can be mereologically structured, we are interested in the formal laws that govern the interaction between participation and parthood. If objects are events, as some perdurantists maintain, then participation just is parthood. But what if objects and events form genuinely distinct categories? What, then, is the relationship between being part of something and taking part in something?

Hovhannes Mandakuni holds a significant position in Armenian history during the 5th century. As a Catholicos, he not only dutifully serves his homeland but also leaves behind a remarkable literary legacy. Under his name, nine canons with ecclesiastical content are preserved, offering insights into the customs, laws, and corresponding punishments of the era's church life. Analysis of these canons reveals that the vocabulary  pertaining  to  law  primarily  comprises  Iranian  borrowings,  alongside  a  notable presence of words derived from native Indo-European roots, which continue to be relevant in modern Eastern Armenian. Hybrid formations are scarce, and phraseological Unit predominantly consist of verbs. Despite the concise nature of the original text, 32 words and phraseological units pertinent to the field of law have been identified and delineated.

Il presente contributo propone una rilettura radicale della massa e delle sue proprietà derivate (peso, densità, volume), sostenendo che la loro genesi sia riconducibile non a un principio spaziale, bensì a una dimensione temporale negativa, definita come "tempo negativo". Tale tempo negativo, già intuitivamente presente nella fisica galileiana, costituisce il fondamento metamatematico della massa, rivelando una quinta dimensione della realtà: accanto a x, y, z e t, si pone-t, il "prima" temporale della materia. 1. Introduzione Sono trascorsi oltre quattro secoli dalle prime formulazioni galileiane sulla massa e sul moto. Eppure, oggi più che mai, è necessario interrogarsi su ciò che fonda la massa, il peso, la densità, ovvero su ciò che rende questi concetti percepibili e misurabili. Questo saggio propone che la "ragione" della massa sia una dimensione temporale negativa, una condizione prefisica e metatemporale che consente alla massa di emergere come resistenza al mutamento.

Bongard Problems (BPs) are a set of 100 visual puzzles set as a benchmark test for understanding the human concept learning abilities depending on contexts. It is still obscure how the human mind recognizes objects under minimal information, like amodal problems where only minimal information are available as sensory input. Though BPs have been well known among AI researchers as solutions towards understanding such human visual perception abilities, only a little progress has been made towards solving a set of BPs. In this study, a semantic web based meta-knowledge was developed along with a hierarchical logical inference to mimic human-logical inference ability in solving the Bongard problems. We applied this method to solve a set of fourteen BPs based on visual inputs from a perceiver (through an interface) and successfully demonstrated the system to find the unique distinction between the two classes in a given problem.

Bongard Problems (BPs) are a set of 100 visual puzzles set as a benchmark test for understanding the human concept learning abilities depending on contexts. It is still obscure how the human mind recognizes objects under minimal information, like amodal problems where only minimal information are available as sensory input. Though BPs have been well known among AI researchers as solutions towards understanding such human visual perception abilities, only a little progress has been made towards solving a set of BPs. In this study, a semantic web based meta-knowledge was developed along with a hierarchical logical inference to mimic human-logical inference ability in solving the Bongard problems. We applied this method to solve a set of fourteen BPs based on visual inputs from a perceiver (through an interface) and successfully demonstrated the system to find the unique distinction between the two classes in a given problem.

Ontology alignment foundations are hard to find in the literature. The abstract nature of the topic and the diverse means of practice make it difficult to capture it in a universal formal foundation. We argue that such a lack of formality hinders further development and convergence of practices, and in particular, prevents us from achieving greater levels of automation. In this article we present a formal foundation for ontology alignment that is based on interaction models between heterogeneous agents on the Semantic Web. We use the mathematical notion of information flow in a distributed system to ground our three hypotheses of enabling semantic interoperability and we use a motivating example throughout the article: how to progressively align two ontologies of research quality assessment through meaning coordination. We conclude the article with the presentation-in an executable specification language-of such an ontology-alignment interaction model.

Bulletin de l'Association française pour l'Intelligence Artificielle vise à fournir un cadre de discussions et d'échanges au sein de la communauté universitaire et industrielle. Ainsi, toutes les contributions, pour peu qu'elles aient un intérêt général pour l'ensemble des lecteurs, sont les bienvenues. En particulier, les annonces, les comptes rendus de conférences, les notes de lecture et les articles de débat sont très recherchés. Le Bulletin de l'Af IA publie également des dossiers plus substantiels sur différents thèmes liés à l'IA. Le comité de rédaction se réserve le droit de ne pas publier des contributions qu'il jugerait contraire à l'esprit du bulletin ou à sa politique éditoriale. En outre, les articles signés, de même que les contributions aux débats, reflètent le point de vue de leurs auteurs et n'engagent qu'eux-mêmes. Ce numéro, le premier que je dirige en tant que rédacteur en chef du Bulletin, est aussi l'occasion de présenter la nouvelle équipe de rédaction : Emmanuel ADAM a désormais rejoint l'équipe, qui comprend toujours Claire LEFÈVRE, Philippe MORIGNOT et moi-même. Nous sommes donc toujours quatre et fiers de vous présenter ce premier numéro de l'année. Il contient un dossier industriel sur la thématique « État des lieux de la Gestion des Connaissance en France » réalisé par Juliette MATTIOLI (THALES), Alain BERGER (ARDANS) et Bruno PATIN (DASSAULT AVIATION). Ce dossier est issu de réflexions menées lors du deuxième Forum Industriel de l'IA (FIIA) qui s'est déroulé en avril 2017. Il s'inspire largement des diverses contributions réalisées lors de la journée, son objet est d'ouvrir les perspectives et de synthétiser une partie des questionnements qui sont associés à la problématique de la « Gestion des connaissances ».