Female Work Participation

Investiga as contribuições de Jesse Hauk Shera sobre o campo biblioteconômico brasileiro durante as décadas de 1950 a 1980. Trata-se de uma pesquisa histórica, a qual, para compreender o recorte temporal, está amparada na metodologia bibliográfica e documental. As fontes bibliográficas incluem e Oddone ( ), estudiosos da história da biblioteconomia; e Capelato (1988), Silva e Franco (2010) e Vieira (2007), que apreendem o jornal enquanto dispositivo informacional capaz de aproximar o investigador dos acontecimentos pretéritos. As fontes foram obtidas no site da Hemeroteca Digital Brasileira, que abrange periódicos do campo biblioteconômico publicados a partir da década de 1950, em circulação nas regiões Sudeste, Nordeste, Norte e Centro-Oeste. A pesquisa resgatou 16 periódicos que registraram notícias, anúncios ou mensagens sobre a atuação de Shera e que, de alguma forma, apresentaram os pontos de vista desse teórico sobre a biblioteconomia brasileira. Os documentos analisados foram o Jornal do Brasil, a Tribuna da Imprensa, o Correio da Manhã, a Revista Brasileira do Folclore, o Correio Paulistano, o Diário da Noite e o Correio Braziliense, além do artigo de Washington José de Almeida Moura, acessado por meio da comutação bibliográfica. Como resultado, confirma-se a presença do pensamento de Shera no diálogo biblioteconômico corrente e na produção do conhecimento nas universidades durante esse período, ecoando na teoria e prática dos profissionais. Conclui-se que Jesse Shera, por meio de seu discurso fundamentado na biblioteconomia americana, foi pilar para questões relevantes na biblioteconomia brasileira e influência para a incorporação da vertente norte-americana no país.

Abstract: The paper concerned on distribution and availability of female labour force participation in Jhunjhunu District and assessing correlation with sex ratio and literacy rate which are widely being used to evaluate the female growth and trends in society. The entire study is based on secondary data collected from Census of India and Directorate of Census Operations Rajasthan. From 1961 to 2011, there have been ups and downs in employment trends and gender gap in labour force participation rates in Jhunjhunu. There is moderately positive correlation between Sex Ratio, Female Literacy rate (FLR) and Female Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) due to mainly working in cultivation and agricultural labour and strengthening other industrial and educational area as well. Jhunjhunu has a large number of marginal workers that needs to be improved in main worker’s category.

This study investigates the socioeconomic profiles of the farmers who are customers of Agri-inputs. It explores key factors such as land distribution, age, family size, literacy levels, occupation, annual income, retailer age distribution, literacy level etc. For the socioeconomic profile of farmers, the study reveals that a significant proportion of farmers belong to the marginal farm size category, with the majority distributed across other categories. In terms of age, the study highlights variations across different farm size categories, with the highest number of farmers falling in the age group of 30-45. Family size distribution indicates that the majority of farmers have small family sizes (1-4 members). Literacy levels among farmers vary, with a substantial number of them having graduate or secondarylevel education. Occupationally, a significant portion of farmers relies on agriculture as their primary source of income. The study also delves into the annual income of farmers, with a notable number of them falling below the 2 lakhs income level.

Introduction: Public Nutrition refers to work in the interest of the public; with the participation of the public; and with all sectors involved in society, not just the health sector, nor mainly the health sector, though for the benefit of population health and nutrition. Action outside of the health sector, particularly with regard to food systems is required, such as capacitating women in agriculture and land use for increased vegetable production. Rationale: Adopting public health approach, an evidence from a field project wherein the evaluation study was conducted by Oxfam India (a leading non-profit organization), and where the authors coordinated and documented field evidence through conducting end line evaluation study is discussed in this paper, in order to highlight the achievement of women farmers in ensuring food and nutrition security by strengthening low cost vegetable production in Shaharanpur and Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh. Objective of the study: To assess the success ...

Uttar Pradesh agricultural production is quite robust and it is growing day by day. But wastage of agriculture product is very high and food processing is very low. This paper aims to provide an overview of the performance of food processing industry in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh during the time period of 2004-05 to 2017-18. Analysis has been done over three time period that is TE-2007, TE-2013 and TE-2018. To calculate growth rate, Compound Annual Growth Rate technical ratios and structural ratios for the analysis the performance of food processing industry in study area required statistical tools are used. The findings of this study reveal that three districts Lalitpur, Hamirpur and Mahoba of this region do not have any food processing industry. Rest Bundelkhand region has slow positive growth in study period. The food processing industry in Bundelkhand has contributed to value addition, enabling farmers to fetch better prices for their produce. The sector has emerged as a vital source of employment especially for rural youth and entrepreneurship. But the industry still faces several challenges. However, concerted efforts are required to address the existing challenges and further enhance the sector's growth. Policy interventions focusing on infrastructure development technology adoption and market access can play a vital role in unlocking the full potential of the food processing industry in the Bundelkhand region of U.P.

O artigo apresenta uma análise histórica do surgimento da cidade do Guará no Distrito Federal, narrado nas páginas do jornal Correio Braziliense no fim da década de 60. O objetivo é analisar as narrativas criadas nas páginas do jornal sobre a cidade que virá a ser o Guará e como essa história acaba em uma representação de sucesso da “revolução” nas páginas do jornal. A origem da cidade se deu com o nome de Mutirão da Novacap, como um assentamento voltado a trabalhadores da Novacap, do Setor de Indústria e Alimentação, em função de problemas de moradia da nova capital. O Guará é resultado do processo de transformação de um assentamento na cidade. Essa mudança de status serviu ainda como propaganda nas páginas do Correio Braziliense. Seguindo os passos de Maria Helena Rolim Capelato, nos servimos dos jornais como fonte, para desvelar o ideário descrito em suas páginas quanto a historicidade presente na formação da cidade. Por fim, buscamos discutir o contexto do surgimento da cidade d...

Gender roles are predefined, accepted and silently followed for quite some time in the history of every society. In Asia, the women's liberation movement started in the late 1960s and continued through the 1970s which brought women into the workforce. Women are not considered the main part of the workforce in India though they are working outside of the home (in agricultural lands, household dairies, and small-scale industries) for a few decades. Indian females must do domestic duties whereas it's an option for males. Women though working outside have to slip into a housewife role after getting home. It has been observed that women's employability increased but not women's employment for a decade. This paper explores the historical trends in terms of women's employment and empowerment from the 1970s to the date in India. It also explores how are the gender differences in the Indian demographic labour force. And it discusses the reasons for the trends presented.

In understanding contemporary rural India, it is important to go beyond rendering the rural as synonymous with villages and agriculture or focusing on the ‘agrarian question’. Given the multiple contradictions that the varied ruralities of India are exhibiting, it may be relevant to locate the rural as being constituted by the triangulated structures of reproduced caste, an economics of neglect, and a politics of rescue. The result of such triangulation is evident in the range of involutions that are manifesting across rural India. These include not only a sharpened differentiation of classes and households, but also forms of separation-integration of key rural institutions and structures, and the erosion of rural citizens. All these have implications for liveability and the nature of democracy in rural areas.

Gender discrimination means 'male-female differences' that arise from various factors like biological, psychological and cultural norms. It is the process by which people are treated differently only for their gender at home, school or working sector. It also creates a major problem in agricultural sector especially in developing countries like India. Murshidabad district is one of the favourable agricultural regions in West Bengal. Agricultural sector offers many jobs for both male and female but difference in wages earned by them persists and it determines the male-female work participation in agriculture in this area. Many obstacles such as high illiteracy rate among women, lack of consciousness about their legal right, religious obstacles and limited access to resources like land, credit, inputs, transport, storage and technical assistance acts as main barriers on their working environment. The study is based on secondary data collected from Census of India, 2011. This paper reveals the gender disparity by showing the male-female work participation rate of cultivators and agricultural labourers engaged in agricultural sector in Murshidabad district. An attempt has also been taken to provide suggestive measures to uproot this discrimination.

The process of crop diversification towards high-value crops in Uttar Pradesh at regional as well as district level for the period 1990-91 to 2011-12 was examined. Simpson index of diversification and panel data regression analysis were used to analyze the trends and drivers of crop diversification. The results infer that state agriculture is moving from traditional crops to high value crops. This becomes the apt choice of policy makers for boosting agricultural growth. However, this shift is not found evenly distributed across the districts/regions. The irrigation, fertilizers and mechanization were found to be the major drivers of shift in the area towards high value crops and leads to less diversification. On the other hand, access to primary markets has positive impact on diversification. This necessitates the redesign and implementation of different strategies for crop diversification in these regions. The insight emanating from results emphasize not only to arrest the rising i...

India is the second largest populated country in the world which accounts about 1.21 billion population. India is a socio economically backward country because of large population base, high population growth rate, high dependency ratio, low literacy rate, low per capita income, high fertility and mortality rate etc. Uttar Pradesh is a largest population concentrates state in India. Fertility may be defined as the actual reproductive performance of an individual, a couple, a group, or a population. The fertility data were collected by asking all women of reproductive age (15-49 years) to provide complete birth histories of all children they had given birth to, those who were currently living with them, those who were living away, and those who had died. Fertility is one of the three principal components of population dynamics, the others being mortality and migration (United Nations, 1973). Total fertility rate (TFR) which is considered to be a good measure of reproductive performance is defined as "the total number of children that would ever be born to a (hypothetical) group of women, if the group passed through its reproductive span of life with these rates in each year" (Communication Action Research Centre, ISI, Calcutta, p. 34). The level of fertility in a population affects not only its current size, but also has a significant impact on its future rate of growth, as well as the current and future age structure of the population. Study of fertility differentials is useful in identifying the factors which determine fertility level among various sub groups. There are several factors which are responsible for fertility differentials. These include ecological factors, regional differences, rural urban residence, educational attainment, economic status, occupation, employment of woman, religion, cast, race, age and sex structure etc...Therefore, for study of fertility differentials several factors combined together are always taken in to consideration. The identification and explanation of spatial variation in fertility has been considered as an important component of the sub disciplines of population geography and spatial demography.(Boyle 2003,Coward 1986,jones 1984).There are few studies that attempted to explain the variation of fertility in the districts of India, mainly using data from the Indian census. Bhat (1996), using 1991 census data of selected districts of India, found that joint family (other than nuclear family), the proportion of Muslims, the proportion of scheduled tribes, child mortality, unmet need for contraception, and agricultural and child labor have strong positive effects, while female age at marriage, female literacy, media exposure, and population density have negative effects on fertility. Dreze and Murthi (2001), using district level data from the 1981 and 1991 census, showed that female education and child mortality are important factors in explaining fertility differentials among districts of India. While districts with a higher proportion of Muslims tend to have significantly higher fertility, it was not so with respect to scheduled tribes. Their study shows that region is an important factor in explaining fertility differentials. Recently fertility rates have been found to be declining in India, but there are great inter-and intra-regional variations. Fertility differentials are not observed in those parts of the country where fertility decline has become well established. But some regions still have high fertility levels and have fertility differentials by education, income, occupation, etc. Different fertility regulation mechanisms such as use of modern contraceptives, termination of pregnancies and delayed marriages that have contributed much towards fertility reduction in urban areas are not available in rural areas to play similar roles (Markos, 1997).Fertility is a dynamic elements in demography. In general to understand fertility, not only the study of major portion of all demographic characters, but study of fundamental elements in social structure and the human condition are necessary. (Day-1983). Average fertility rate in India is lower than U.P. According to 2011 Total Fertility rate in U.P was 3.6 per woman and 2.6 in India. Cured Birth rate is also high in Uttar Pradesh in 2011. It was 27.4 in U.P and 21.2 in India. The main aims and objectives of this study is to investigate the fertility trends and differentials in Uttar Pradesh during

India is a tropical monsoon country and the climatic condition of India is most favorable for the sugarcane cultivation and therefore it is cultivated far and wide in the country. India is the second largest producer of sugarcane after Brazil which signifies that sugarcane is an important commercial crop in India. Sugarcane is the only raw material for all major sweeteners in the country. Sugarcane is a versatile crop being a rich source of food, fiber, fuel, fodder and chemicals. By-products of sugarcane are also playing an important role in the nation's economy.

In India, there exists a rather contrasting view between STEM educational and occupational realities for women. Seeking to understand STEM academic and career choices, the study examined the vocational interest profiles of women and interest distribution patterns in sub-disciplines of science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics. A convenience sample of 543 female students from south Indian universities participated in the study. First significant finding is the dominant people interests across sub-disciplines, suggesting that women having higher people-orientation is not just a western stereotype but exists across cultures. Second important finding is the dominant information technology basic interests in both technology and other subgroups. Third, traditional STEM interest combinations of investigative, realistic, conventional, along with new interest configurations emerged within sub-disciplines.

West Bengal is home to nearly 18.5 million Dalits. They constitute 23 per cent of the total population of the State. The large Dalit population in the state earns for West Bengal the third place among the Indian states and union territories on the basis of share of Dalits to the total population. Only Punjab (28.5 percent) and Haryana (24.7 per cent) are ahead of West Bengal as regards the share of Dalits in their respective total populations. Again, West Bengal's contribution to the total Dalit population of the country is 11 per cent, and the only state ahead of West Bengal is Uttar Pradesh, which contributes 21 per cent of the total Dalit population of the country. Bihar comes third with 7 percent. Despite having such a strong numerical presence, Dalit influence in West Bengal society seems to be insignificant when compared with the all India scenario. While Kerala gifted the nation a Dalit president, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have sent several union ministers and all India leaders, Dalit literature of Maharastra and Tamilnadu have been flourishing in a radical way to contribute immensely to the main body of Indian literary texts, many other states have seen the Dalits flourish in various fields, West Bengal's record in Dalit representation and activism look so withered that even with the greatest efforts one would fail to imagine that this part of the country had produced in the pre-independence period, astounding Dalit social and political movements. What went wrong that the Dalit movement of post independence Bengal, named after West Bengal following the partition in 1947, reduced to be cold-stored in oblivion? Has their status changed radically to make them at par with the so-called mainstream? The answer is a definite No. Certainly, the socioeconomic changes among the Dalits of West Bengal have been far less remarkable. According to 2001 Census, the literacy rate of the Dalits in West Bengal is 59 per cent that places it, jointly with Jammu and Kashmir, at the bottom part of the list of the Indian states and union territories (20 1 h rank in Dalit literacy). Indeed, Dalit literacy rates of 12 of the Indian states are higher than the total literacy rate of West Bengal (68.6 per cent) 3. The occupational pattern of the Dalits of West Bengal inclines to follow the general all India trend of dependence upon manual

Uttar Pradesh is the largest wheat growing and producing a state in India and undergone rapid strides since green revolution. The present paper tracks the yield gap analysis of wheat production in district Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh, based on the secondary data.  Compound annual growth rate, instability indices, efficiency gap and Gini inequality index were computed to analyse the performance trend. Findings indicated that wheat area registered an increasing trend, while production and productivity had irregular trends over the years. District Sonbhadra, in UP, found under positive growth coupled with low instability which is a good indicator of performance. Also under positive growth - high instability quadrant in productivity , and production , which warrants for appropriate strategies in terms of risk management. All the selected variables showed an increase in variation. However, relatively high variation and inequality were observed in productivity and production, respectively, in comparison to the area. District level differences in productivity led to performance gaps in Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh. The study suggested for formulating new research and policy interventions followed by regional prioritization for additional wheat production as well as improving the crop acreage.

The present paper deals with the effect of groundwater irrigation along with Ram Ganga river water and sewage water irrigation on seed viability of paddy crop. The water samples have been collected from four different locations of district Bareilly viz. Rampur road, Lucknow road, Pilibhit road and Budaun road. Three varieties of paddy crop viz. Resham Basmati, Pakistani Basmati and Indrasan were taken as test crops. Seeds of these varieties were obtained from National seed corporation Bareilly. Seeds of all three varieties were irrigated by ground water samples taken from different sites. After that all the seeds are subjected to the Tetrazolium (TZ) test to find out the seed viability of each variety of paddy crop. In all the three varieties of paddy crop irrigation with ground water of Rampur road has given the highest seed viability over control, whereas ground water of Budaun road has reduced the seed viability of Paddy crop.

Introduction: Public Nutrition refers to work in the interest of the public; with the participation of the public; and with all sectors involved in society, not just the health sector, nor mainly the health sector, though for the benefit of population health and nutrition. Action outside of the health sector, particularly with regard to food systems is required, such as capacitating women in agriculture and land use for increased vegetable production. Rationale: Adopting public health approach, an evidence from a field project wherein the evaluation study was conducted by Oxfam India (a leading non-profit organization), and where the authors coordinated and documented field evidence through conducting end line evaluation study is discussed in this paper, in order to highlight the achievement of women farmers in ensuring food and nutrition security by strengthening low cost vegetable production in Shaharanpur and Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh. Objective of the study: To assess the success ...

Economic and Human development in any society are prerequisites for a better quality of human life. The present paper attempts to measure inter-district disparity in education and health attainment in UP at two time periods 1990-91 and 2007-08. It uses Maher's methodology (subsequently used by a number of others) to standardise 8 indicators for the health attainment and 13 for educational attainment and then applies principal component analysis to compute the composite indices. The results show that apart from existence of wide disparity there are sufficient proof to say that there are regions/districts that have done well in educational attainment but are poorly placed in terms of health attainment and vice-versa. The paper offers some suggestions to reduce the glaring disparity.

Women workers constitute one third of the world labour force performing two thirds of working hours but their contributory role remains invisible. Sericulture is such an activity where most of the work is performed by women alone in terms of operations performed and time invested. Despite showing tenacity and persistence, the women workers remain as unpaid family workers or low paid hired workers. The core objective of this paper is to make a situational analysis of these women workers in sericulture sector of West Bengal against the backdrop of their impoverished condition. It is observed that with the increase in household size, more number of male workers are getting attached to sericulture activities while women workers are being crowded out. Actually, domination of women workers are rather observed when less of working days is performed. This paper has designed women empowerment index both in family sphere and social sphere and have shown how this empowerment is influencing the...

The scheduled Caste (SC) population of India undergoes social and historical discrimination. After the seven decades of independence, low literacy rates still reflect the impact of the discrimination. Through the efforts of Dr. BhimraoAmbedkar, who fought for the rights of the 'Depressed Classes, the Scheduled Population has benefited from the "Reservation Policy". But throughout the state of India, there is some group of SC community who are still ahead of the rest of the community. In West Bengal Sunri, Namasudra, Dhoba, and Poundra are the top in terms of educational achievement. In spite of the higher population share to the total SCs population of the state, Bagdi, Bauri, Dom, and Mal are still lagging behind. In this paper, an attempt has been made to find out the privileged community among the 60 SCs community of West Bengal. The main objective of this paper is to compare the major SC community of West Bengal in terms of various aspects of literacy.

The limitations of individual level interventions in changing behaviors to improve global maternal, newborn and child health have generated more interest in the patterns of social influence and decision making embedded in families, friends and communities. The purpose of this study is to expand the understanding of village dynamics in India and how first degree social and advice networks and cognitive perceptions of 185 recently delivered women (RDW) in areas with and without women’s Self-Help Groups (SHGs) affect immediate breastfeeding. Data was collected in 6 blocks and 36 villages in Uttar Pradesh, India. The expansion of RDW’s social worlds and creation of social capital through the organization of Self-Help Groups in their villages allowed us to examine basic relationships and advice formation as well as perceptions of interconnectedness of known groups. RDW living in SHG villages and blocks had consistently higher numbers of relationship ties, health advice ties and higher de...

This paper aims to examine the use of succession planning, flexibility and communication to ensure female participation in the leadership positions in the Ready Made Garments (RMG) industry of Bangladesh. Study used quantitative strategy and cross-sectional survey method to collect the data from 250 employees with education level of intermediate to masters. Results demonstrated that more than 90% of participants rated the level of succession planning, flexibility and communication used in RMG organisations as low to bring females into leadership positions. Since, no study identifying the use of three antecedents in Bangladesh has been conducted so far, significance of this study lies in highlighting the exact antecedents to be improved in RMG organizations of Bangladesh to increase female participation in leadership positions.

Occupational mobility actually modifies the real labour income and in-turn changes the socioeconomic profile of an individual or a family. The occupational mobility may act as a catalyst in case of scheduled caste upliftment because they are subjugated since time immemorial. They are still engaged in low ranked fixed occupations. If they will be able to show upward occupational mobility then their social and economic status will surely be improved. But such studies on occupational mobility of scheduled caste population are meager. Thus in the present work an attempt is made to study occupational mobility and immobility of scheduled caste population. Regional analysis of occupational mobility is necessary for rational planning and legitimate minimization of regional disparities to foster a healthy and balanced development. From the results it is clear that a small proportion of scheduled caste workers shifts from agricultural sector to construction sector and service sector in the se...

Japanese Encephalitis (JE) a dreadful disease of viral origin has attacked South East Asian Regions especially the BBIN (Bangladesh Bhutan, India & Nepal) Countries. In India JE has been occurring in the endemic form since long back particularly in northern states. Eastern parts of Uttar Pradesh (UP) particularly Gorakhpur division is the worst hit division of UP in India. JE started in year 1973 in an epidemic from in Gorakhpur division and other districts of U.P. Since then U.P. has been facing the outbreak of JE; however in the recent years every case is reported from the endemic areas .In this paper we have proposed a new measure of case fatality rate for JE which takes in to account the age and sex distribution of the population under consideration.

The limitations of individual level interventions in changing behaviors to improve global maternal, newborn and child health have generated more interest in the patterns of social influence and decision making embedded in families, friends and communities. The purpose of this study is to expand the understanding of village dynamics in India and how first degree social and advice networks and cognitive perceptions of 185 recently delivered women (RDW) in areas with and without women’s Self-Help Groups (SHGs) affect immediate breastfeeding. Data was collected in 6 blocks and 36 villages in Uttar Pradesh, India. The expansion of RDW’s social worlds and creation of social capital through the organization of Self-Help Groups in their villages allowed us to examine basic relationships and advice formation as well as perceptions of interconnectedness of known groups. RDW living in SHG villages and blocks had consistently higher numbers of relationship ties, health advice ties and higher de...

Accessing in senior positions of organisations is always challenging for women especially in developing countries. Although several studies in the past have helped explain the impact of some significant variables for women access to senior positions, not many studies examined the effects of certain factors such as empowerment, flexibility and trust on women's access to senior positions in the Ready Made Garments (RMG) industry. Thus, the aim of the study is to examine the impact of empowerment, flexibility and trust in the RMG industry where more than 90% of workers are women. This study employed a convenience sampling method to select 200 female respondents working in different positions RMG industry in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The finding reveals that empowerment and trust have the significant impact on women's access to the senior positions in RMG organizations in Bangladesh. However, findings shows that flexibility has no significant impact on women' access to senior positions in RMG organizations in Bangladesh. Future researches can be conducted to include more variables and respondents.

The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) is an autonomous agency engaging in multidisciplinary research on the social dimensions of contemporary problems affecting development. Its work is guided by the conviction that, for effective development policies to be formulated, an understanding of the social and political context is crucial. The Institute attempts to provide governments, development agencies, grassroots organizations and scholars with a better understanding of how development policies and processes of economic, social and environmental change affect different social groups. Working through an extensive network of national research centres, UNRISD aims to promote original research and strengthen research capacity in developing countries.

The present paper is concerned with Socio-Economic background of Scheduled Castes (SCs) population in Tirol village, Arambagh and its major focus is to analyze the main obstacles on the way to socio-economic development. The basic information has been collected through the well-prepared questionnaire and supplemented by relevant secondary data. An intensive study was run over 287 sample household and the result was shown in the tabulated form. The outcome of the study reveals that 88.88 percentage sample population belong to SCs community and the percentage of men and women is 49.64 and 50.36 respectively. The educational level of the study area is not so good among the people of SCs community except the present generation and in terms of higher education the level is very poor. The rate of literacy among women is far behind than men although the number of women is more than men.  The monthly income of SCs is not up to the mark. A large number of people of the SCs community are unem...

Government of India introduced reservation to uplift the marginalised communities such as Schedule Caste (SC) and Schedule Tribe (ST) and Other Backward Class (OBC) in government jobs and education. These marginalised groups were excluded from mainstream development due to various socioeconomic reasons in Indian society. However, the employment scenario has changed over the years after the economic reform with jobs in public sector has reduced and on the rise in private or corporate sector. Therefore, policy makers and others stakeholders are currently debating about the limited benefits of existing reservation to marginalised section of the society. On one hand, employment in public sector has stagnated around 17-18 million, on the other hand, private sector employment increased from 8.8 million to 12 million during the same period (Figure 1).

By far the larger part of the contemporary Indian economy – judged by measures as disparate as GDP and livelihoods – is not directly regulated by the state. It is regulated through social institutions. Social institutions express forms of power not confined to the economy. Macro-...

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo apresentar as configurações e percepções de impressos cariocas sobre as experiências da assistente social Consuelo Carbonell Fernandez, primeira comandante da “Polícia Feminina”, no Rio de Janeiro, na década de 1950. A partir de uma abordagem qualitativa foi realizada uma pesquisa documental em jornais e revistas dos acervos digitais da Biblioteca Nacional, do Jornal do Brasil, dos Diários Associados e do jornal O Globo. A análise do conteúdo das publicações com referência a esta mulher possibilitou o entendimento de alguns elementos sobre as percepções da participação feminina junto a uma instituição policial no Rio de Janeiro.

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of age and gender diversity on employee performance in an organisation. A descriptive research design was adopted with Zambia Compulsory Standards Agency (ZCSA) being the focus organisation which has a total of 103 employees from various units. Stratified and random sampling techniques were used to draw a sample size of 50 respondents from various hierarchical levels. The main data collection instruments were self-administered questionnaires and interview guides. A set of descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages, the mean and standard deviation were used to generate tables, bar graphs and pie charts to present the results of the study using SPSS version18. The key findings of the study were that both age and gender diversity have a bearing on the performance of an employee and ultimately on the organisational output. It was ascertained that employees felt comfortable working with either older or younger employees. Others felt positive about being involved in teams that consist of employees with varying ages as this improved their performance. Furthermore, the study found out that gender diversity has a high predictive power on employee performance. On the other hand, organisations that create an inclusive environment for all employees irrespective of gender and create policies that eliminate discrimination from the workplace can greatly benefit from gender diversity. A significant relationship between gender diversity and work performance has shown that employees like to work with the opposite gender so long as they can carry out their job professionally. The study concluded that age diversity is a very crucial resource for firms that intend to have sustainable workforce, higher production, productivity and profitability.

Women are vital and productive agent in Indian economy but their employment status is critical because their participation in different economic activities is very low as compared to male. Women face various types of discrimination in different walks of life, including education and consequently land up in low paying job. The basic aim of this study is to understand the variations in the growth process of the participation of women in gainful activity at state level in general and at district level in particular.
          For this purpose, secondary data of female work participation at district level in Uttar Pradesh has been used from The Census of India, 2011: Primary Census Abstract, in different non-agricultural economic activities. The results of this study demonstrate that in Uttar Pradesh, women in general have lower participation in non-agricultural economic activities as compared to males. While percentage of women is higher than men in employer, helper and casual labour category in agriculture sector, this pattern is altered in non-agriculture sector. It seems that the growth of non-farm sector has not benefitted women as much as men. Within non-farm sector tailoring, manufacture, grocery shops and other retail trade are most common activities of women. However, one third of women are reporting to be doing wage work in non-farm sector.

Women Workers in India: Why So Few Among So Many? The curious case of Gender gap in workforce participation- Presentation made by Nina Srivastava at a Panel discussion and Release of "Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index (CRI) report“ by OXFAM.

Women's entry into the labour market is often seen as a step towards their empowerment within and outside family. But the extent to which women's engagement in informal employment affects their lives and status is a million dollar question. This paper based on field data from the two women centric industries namely rice mills and nursing homes of Burdwan (West Bengal), attempts to critically look into such process. This study finds that women's entry into the labour market does not automatically contribute to their wellbeing. Yet, I have noticed minor to moderate types of changes in gender relation within and outside family, women's work burden at home, their capacity to manage fund or save money for future and, on the whole, their status in family, work place and society at large. Notwithstanding variations in different types of informal employments, income from such endeavour is found to be vital for self-esteem of women workers and also the survival of poor families. Within a particular social matrix, therefore, even informal women workers are better placed as compared to those who fail to enter into such market or are forced to accept hard realities.

Accessing in senior positions of organisations is always challenging for women especially in developing countries. Although several studies in the past have helped explain the impact of some significant variables for women access to senior positions, not many studies examined the effects of certain factors such as empowerment, flexibility and trust on women's access to senior positions in the Ready Made Garments (RMG) industry. Thus, the aim of the study is to examine the impact of empowerment, flexibility and trust in the RMG industry where more than 90% of workers are women. This study employed a convenience sampling method to select 200 female respondents working in different positions RMG industry in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The finding reveals that empowerment and trust have the significant impact on women's access to the senior positions in RMG organizations in Bangladesh. However, findings shows that flexibility has no significant impact on women' access to senior positions in RMG organizations in Bangladesh. Future researches can be conducted to include more variables and respondents.

This paper aims to examine the use of succession planning, flexibility and communication to ensure female participation in the leadership positions in the Ready Made Garments (RMG) industry of Bangladesh. Study used quantitative strategy and cross-sectional survey method to collect the data from 250 employees with education level of intermediate to masters. Results demonstrated that more than 90% of participants rated the level of succession planning, flexibility and communication used in RMG organisations as low to bring females into leadership positions. Since, no study identifying the use of three antecedents in Bangladesh has been conducted so far, significance of this study lies in highlighting the exact antecedents to be improved in RMG organizations of Bangladesh to increase female participation in leadership positions.

Wetlands are one of the most threatened of all biomes on earth. While several estimates of reduction of wetlands are available for temperate regions, no such estimate is available for tropical countries. The Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, in its nation wide study on wetland conservation, has reported a net loss of 38 % over a period of 10 years. In order to gain a better understanding, a study of longer time span is required for important areas such as the Indo-Gangetic plains The present study points out the changes occurred in the wetlands of select districts of Uttar Pradesh of India viz. Rae Bareli, Hardoi, Barabanki, Sitapur and Baharaich between 1972 and 2004, using remote sensing and GIS. Wetland base map has been generated; using the toposheets published in 1972 by Survey of India and AWiFS image of IRS P-6 has been used to delineate the pre-monsoon extent of wetlands in the selected districts for 2004. There is a considerable reduction in the areal extent of wetlands. The maximum reduction occurred in Rae Bareli (89.6 %) and minimum in Baharaich (45.09 %). High intensity human interference for agriculture and draining of wetlands are considered to be the major drivers for this substantial reduction in the extent of wetlands. Over extraction of ground water for irrigation is another major cause for dipping the water table and the wetlands as well. Reduction in wetlands harmfully affected the resident and migratory avifauna, including threatened species such as Sarus Crane, Painted Stork. Infestation of various invasive alien weeds and introduction of exotic fish species as part of aquaculture practices are further deteriorating the health of the wetlands. The paper draws an agenda and an action plan for studies on wetlands using geospatial technology tools.

The labor markets of any developing countries are more complex and rigid in nature. The dynamic composition of both formal and informal employment is always a matter of analysis in this context. However the continuity of gendered description of labor markets is important to study in any of the context. The Indian labour market reveals the presence of a socially interconnected notion of gender constructions. It not only neglected the unpaid domestic care services but also institutionally silenced the care services done by the large chunk of female labor force. ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services), a government sponsored program for child care was detrimental here to understand the gender constructions.

Women workers constitute one third of the world labour force performing two thirds of working hours but their contributory role remains invisible. Sericulture is such an activity where most of the work is performed by women alone in terms of operations performed and time invested. Despite showing tenacity and persistence, the women workers remain as unpaid family workers or low paid hired workers. The core objective of this paper is to make a situational analysis of these women workers in sericulture sector of West Bengal against the backdrop of their impoverished condition. It is observed that with the increase in household size, more number of male workers are getting attached to sericulture activities while women workers are being crowded out. Actually, domination of women workers are rather observed when less of working days is performed. This paper has designed women empowerment index both in family sphere and social sphere and have shown how this empowerment is influencing the female dominance in sericulture activities. This investigation is based on a primary survey analysis in sericulture rich villages of Malda district in West Bengal.

In this paper we use the Indian National Sample Survey data for 1993-94 to examine the relationship between women's education and labor force participation. While it has been recognized in the literature that education is associated with lower labor force participation for women in South Asia, the reasons behind this association are less well understood. Two competing theories potentially explain this phenomenon -one based on cultural factors and the other on labor market options. Cultural arguments suggest that women's withdrawal from labor force is associated with improvement in the social status of the family. Higher status families choose to educate their daughters, but at the same time, restrict their independence through labor force withdrawal. In contrast, structural arguments suggest that educated women -like educated men -prefer white collar jobs. Since formal sector jobs only comprise 7 percent of all jobs, opportunities for these desirable jobs is limited, resulting in labor force withdrawal of women. We propose empirical tests to examine whether job availability or patriarchal controls play an important role in shaping this relationship. Our results suggest that cultural factors appear to be less important than lack of employment opportunities.

The current study presents the various trends and patterns that are emerging from the Indian
rural economy. The purpose is to study the change in workforce pattern of the agrarian sector. A
study of change in the agrarian workforce can indicate the direction of change and trace the
process of structural change in Indian agriculture. The paper has only depended on Census data
to draw various conclusions using very simple statistical and graphical techniques. The study
locates four important phenomena namely marginalisation of rural workers, feminisation of the
agriculture, increasing importance of various subsidiary activities and finally the ongoing
structural changes in the rural economy. The emergence of these phenomena has various
linkages regarding the future trends of Indian agriculture.