Fashion Technology

This paper presents an intergenerational dialogue between a senior fashion theorist and two early-career researchers, exploring emerging perspectives on digital fashion and theory. In addition to their academic work, the two early-career researchers also edit WETWARE Magazine, an experimental publication dedicated to digital fashion. The authors examine how digital fashion functions primarily as a pictorial practice-rooted in image-making, screen cultures, and visual aesthetics-while simultaneously challenging traditional definitions of fashion as material, tactile, and body-bound. This dialogue positions digital fashion within a broader shift toward fashion's increasing visuality, shaped by platforms such as social media, immersive VR/AR, gaming environments, NFTs, and virtual archives. The authors explore how digital garments are created to be circulated, seen, and experienced visually rather than worn physically. Drawing on posthumanism, new materialism, and visual culture, the authors highlight how digital fashion blurs boundaries between object and image, presence and simulation, fashion and media. Key themes include the nature of digital garments; the evolution of fashion as a screen-based, image-driven practice; the role of visual tactility in simulating material qualities; and the emotional attachments formed around intangible yet culturally potent fashion objects. The dialogue addresses the paradox of digital fashion's ephemerality within a hyper-material consumer society and its entanglement with infrastructures of display and mediation. The authors underscore the current trends and changes in fashion by linking digital fashion to pictorial and medial practices, both screen-based and printed, while interrogating the position of digital fashion within the broader scope of fashion studies and contemporary fashion discourse. Dieser Beitrag präsentiert einen generationsübergreifenden Dialog zwischen einer senioren Modetheoretikerin und zwei Nachwuchsforschende, in

This systematic review compares the transformative impact of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) on retail business operations between 2020-2024. From a close analysis of 14 studies across six continents, the study identifies prevalent patterns of implementation, technology designs, and operation impacts of GAI adoption in retail settings. The work shows high potential for GAI in augmenting demand forecasting (with accuracy gains of up to 23%), optimizing inventory management (with a 17% reduction in carrying costs), and customer experience personalization (with conversion gains of 35%). The review identifies the prevalence of big language models, transformer models, and multimodal designs as the prevailing technological approaches, with varying success across retail types. Despite challenges of data quality, legacy system integration, and ethics, successful implementations by retailers show these challenges overcome with planning and organizational readiness. Analysis confirms GAI to be revolutionizing the business models in retail in revolutionary ways, with both operation efficiency and new strategic potential. A conceptual framework is presented that links GAI competencies to retail operational needs, implementation drivers, and value creation drives, with implications for researchers and practitioners in this technology revolutionizing space.

As the technology is integrated into different disciplines, we witness how powerful it can be. Rather than standing in isolation, technology changes the nature of the field it arrives in. Wearable technologies in fashion design education is a good example for this. Wearable technology defined as lightweight, easy portable and wearable smart devices that have sensors and computing capabilities. The structure of wearable technologies has brought a new trend to fashion design area. Fashion design, as known to be a very dynamic application area, has already accepted the issue and started using the most powerful examples of wearable technologies already. However, although the stages are using wearable technologies, the schools that graduate fashion designers of the future are far beyond the capacity of the stages. It is therefore; this paper brings suggestions for the integration of technology into fashion design departments in Turkey and while doing this it tries to be country specific....

As the fashion industry steps up its ecological footprint, contributing to nearly 10% of world carbon emissions and producing over 92 million tonnes of clothing waste annually, shoppers are becoming more inclined towards ethical and more sustainable alternatives1. Secondhand fashion bought online has been one such response, marrying circular economy principles with digital ease, convenience, and a feel of self-expression. This research investigates online thrift fashion consumer purchasing behavior in UAE online thrift fashion market, a country traditionally known for luxury consumption, image-based purchasing, and high per capita fashion spending. On the basis of the primary survey evidence as well as secondary analysis of market reports and platform trends, the research identifies key drivers of thrift fashion purchasing like value for money, eco-friendliness, social media, and seeking individuality. It also identifies key barriers like lingering stigma for secondhand purchases, cleanliness and quality issues, and mistrust of peer-to-peer platforms. The report explores how Millennial and Gen Z consumers within the UAE are revolutionizing fashion through digital resale culture and how this revolution aligns with the UAE's broader sustainability and digital innovation goals. The findings are informative to entrepreneurs, platform developers, and policymakers aiming to promote circular fashion, reduce waste, and establish a more sustainable retail landscape for the Middle East.

Known for her symbiosis of high technology and the artisanal craftsmanship of couture, Van Herpen merges the artificial with the organic as she is inspired by spider webs, coral reefs, the rhizomic roots of fungi, undulating waves of water or smoke, marine organisms, and the dendrites and synapses of organic life. In this essay Anneke Smelik argues that Van Herpen’s highly technological designs can be considered posthuman fashion, as they feature the intertwining relationship between the organic and the inorganic. Reading the fashion designs through the work of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari as a Body-Without-Organs, she traces how a process of becoming is triggered and enacted. In creating folds, rhizomes, entanglements, Van Herpen’s designs open up to an understanding of life as an infinite play of becoming—a dance of materials.

This salon proposal emerges from an Arts and Humanities Research Council (a national agency that funds arts and humanities and research in the UK)  research grant Dr Kerri McBee-Black and I are writing with the aim to build an international coalition of academics, innovators, designers, advocates, and manufacturers interested and involved in the adaptive/inclusive apparel space with a particular focus in human-centered design (HCD) principals, placing people with disabilities (PWD), and their experiences getting dressed, front and center (McBee-Black, 2022).

This salon proposal emerges from an Arts and Humanities Research Council1 research grant Dr Kerri McBee-Black and I are writing with the aim to build an international coalition of academics, innovators, designers, advocates, and manufacturers interested and involved in the adaptive/inclusive apparel space with a particular focus in human-centered design (HCD) principals, placing people with disabilities (PWD), and their experiences getting dressed, front and center (McBee-Black, 2022).

Individuals interact with the digital world through avatars -- virtual representations of the body corpus. The researchers consider the avatar a ‘pixelated body’: malleable, easily adapted and altered to add or remove elements to allow for the ‘presentation of the self’ (Goffman 1990) to make possible a representation of ‘who we wish we were’ (Kealy-Morris 2023) to enable fitting into gaming and virtual ecosystems (Bentkowska-Kafel, Cashen and Gardiner, 2009). Within three-dimensional (3D) digital apparel design and production, pixelated avatars represent the human form in the same manner as the analogue, fixed mannequin does. These pixels offer the potential for easy manipulation via software tools, allowing changes to resolution, shape, and size of the avatar’s silhouette. Further, this enables opportunities to edit, modify, and transform designs, offering the potential to make great strides in equality, diversity, and inclusivity of choice within fashion markets. The notion of the avatar as a pixelated representation of a lived body offers a unique intersection of fashion, technology, and HCD.
Technology and innovation are not neutral -- these are developed and advanced within competitive global markets. Currently, the mainstream 3D virtual design software such as CLO3D and Browzwear have limited, albeit ever-evolving, capacity to transform the 3D avatar into edited and modified shapes. Thus, there is restricted opportunity for apparel designers to create clothing for bodies that are not symmetrical or mainstream in their shape and size (e.g., limb difference, scoliosis, cerebral palsy, MS, MD, seated positions). We term this as a ‘symmetry-centric’ ideology within apparel design and are interested in investigating whether the adaptability and flexibility inherent to pixelated design environments could counter this.
The study is designed to examine the technological innovations and materials used to develop apparel virtually. The researchers recognise the speed to which AI has begun to enter all facets of life and technological regulation policy is swiftly being drawn up to ensure equity is preserved and potential biases built into machine cultures are recognised and challenged (Sunak 2023; Department for Science, Innovation and Technology 2023). This proposed project will break new ground into the study of this emerging research area and deliver impact through developing policy regarding what AI means for HCD design and inclusive apparel choice for PWD. We bring this to the salon grateful for any thoughts, critiques, and resources our peers could offer and, ultimately, the possibility some may wish to join our project.

REFERENCES
Bentkowska-Kafel, A., Cashen, T. and Gardiner, H. (2009), Digital Visual Culture: Theory and Practice, Bristol: Intellect Books.
Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (2023), A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation, Command Paper Number 815, 29 March, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach/white-paper. [Accessed 27 May 2024].
Goffman, E. (1990), The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, London: Penguin.
Kealy-Morris, E. (2023), ‘The American Look’: Memories of not fitting in, in A. Slater, S. Atkin, E. Kealy-Morris (eds) Memories of Dress: Recollections of material identities, London: Bloomsbury Press, 157-74.
McBee-Black, K. (2022), Duty to all: Exploring the role of moral duty in the development of adap􀀀ve apparel design innova􀀀ons, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 27: 4, 683-696. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMM-03-2022-0046.
Sunak, R. (2023,) Long-Term Decisions for a Brighter Future, public speech, 26 October, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/prime-ministers-speech-on-ai-26-october-2023. [Accessed 27 May 2024].

This conceptual paper examines the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in the apparel and textile design industry, focusing on its benefits and challenges. AI offers advantages such as enhanced design precision, waste reduction, and supply chain efficiency. Still, it also presents drawbacks, including increased consumption, ethical concerns, and the potential displacement of human designers. The study highlights that AI is being adopted in the fashion industry without sufficient attention to its implications, emphasizing the need to priorities sustainability in its usage. A notable gap exists in oversight regarding AI applications and their consequences within the sector. This review while addressing the benefits, challenges, and sustainability considerations of AI in fashion, fills a critical gap in existing literature.

Artificial intelligence is a set of technologies and algorithms that give computers and different systems the ability to learn, think and perform complex tasks. Artificial intelligence as a new technology has many applications in the fashion industry. Using artificial intelligence algorithms, it is possible to predict fashion trends, design clothes, optimize production time and cost, etc. But also, with the introduction of artificial intelligence into the fashion industry, threats will also emerge for this industry. In order to investigate the opportunities and threats of artificial intelligence in the fashion and fashion industry, in this research, artificial intelligence technologies in the fashion industry have been explained. Various sources have been used to collect the information needed for this research. These sources include scientific articles, books, reports and sites related to the fashion industry and artificial intelligence. In the following, with the help of these sources, the opportunities and threats of artificial intelligence for the fashion industry have been examined in detail. In general, despite the many opportunities that artificial intelligence provides for the fashion industry, there are also threats to this industry that must be taken into account.

The volume Postdigital Fashion & Jewellery in the Making deals with the theme of post-digital and a new mixture, material and technological, within the fashion and jewelry project.
In contemporary times, matter goes through a profound process of investigation, dematerialization, and recomposition: the corpuscular nature of matter refers to that of bits, while in a continuous flux, the designer finds himself manipulating and recomposing both digital and physical matter. We face a renewed culture of fashion and jewelry in the sense of a profound realization of their processual, aesthetic, and symbolic possibilities. Through the use of technologies, it is, in fact, possible to trace new horizons and build visions diverging from deterministic and rationalist technological thinking. As shown by the project outputs of the Fashion Design Workshops and the Degree Theses illustrated in the Volume, the post-digital introduces meanings and representations capable of triggering, from both a speculative and workshop perspective, a new design complexity.
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Il volume Postdigital Fashion & Jewellery in the Making affronta il tema del post-digitale e di una nuova mescolanza, materica e tecnologica, all'interno del progetto moda e gioiello.
Nella contemporaneità, la materia attraversa un profondo processo di indagine, smaterializzazione e ricomposizione: la natura corpuscolare della materia rimanda a quella dei bit, mentre in un continuo flusso, il designer si trova a manipolare e ricomporre sia la materia digitale che quella fisica. Ci troviamo di fronte a una rinnovata cultura della moda e del gioiello, nel senso di un’attuazione profonda delle loro possibilità processuali, estetiche e simboliche. Attraverso l’uso delle tecnologie è, infatti, possibile tracciare nuovi orizzonti, costruendo visioni divergenti da un pensiero tecnologico deterministico e razionalista. Come mostrato dagli output progettuali dei Laboratori di Design per la Moda e dalle Tesi di Laurea illustrate nel Volume, il post digitale introduce significati e rappresentazioni capaci di innescare, in un’ottica sia speculativa che laboratoriale, una nuova complessità progettuale.

With the entry into force of Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA or MiCAR), there are many questions regarding the complex case-by-case analysis of the legal framework of crypto-assets that fall within its scope. This article aims to contribute to the study and understanding of the legal definition of crypto-assets, as well as the legal framework of the respective subcategories. To this end, a critical-descriptive analysis structured into three chapters is carried out. The first explores the delimitation of the definition of distributed ledger technology, including the legal definition. For this purpose, among others, a distinction is made between blockchain technology and distributed ledger technology. The second develops the construction of the latu sensu concept of crypto asset, which includes understanding of the main forms of issuance, the distinction between fungible and non-fungible crypto-asset, and the analysis of functional subcategories. The third develops the construction of the legal definition of crypto-asset, as well as the legal subcategories. The latest guidance from European Supervisory Authorities is taken into account.

With the entry into force of Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA or MiCAR), there are many questions regarding the complex case-by-case analysis of the legal framework of crypto-assets that fall within its scope. This article aims to contribute to the study and understanding of the legal definition of crypto-asset, as well as the legal definitions of the respective subcategories. To this end, a critical-descriptive analysis is carried out, structured into two chapters. The first explores the definition of distributed ledger technology (DLT), including the legal definition. To this end, among others, it includes various elements of distinction between blockchain technology and distributed ledger technology. The second develops the construction of the legal definition of crypto-asset, which includes understanding the importance of the main forms of issuance for the construction of the definition of latu sensu crypto-asset, the distinction between fungible and non-fungible crypto-assets, and the distinction between functional and legal subcategories.

The City relies on Nature’s products and services for its wellbeing and its very existence. Small businesses, the socio-economic fabric of the City, are mostly mainstream and not engaged in sustainability. From their point of view, how do they connect to the Sustainable City?
In one of the most competitive areas of central Paris, mainstream businesses and also frontrunners, the latter already engaged in sustainability, were interviewed as a pilot to further explore transformation into the Sustainable City. All were asked to reflect on their experience in managing change. They were they encouraged to propose actions in face of the challenges of sustainability and the sustainable city, and react on a vision of the Sustainable City for Paris and its larger region. They expressed barriers to challenges and to the vision proposed. And they also proposed ideas, expressed desires, opportunities and overall bridges for sustainability to be practically implemented. The findings presented the enterprises’ interpretation of the concepts of trust and innovation. Reflecting on how the results could contribute to a transformation into a Sustainable City resulted in a practical list of actions. This pilot study showed a potential for sustainable development to emerge throughout the City through its most impactful yet promising actors, the small businesses,
In order to contribute in building bridges between City and Nature the exploration is inspired by social ecological research looking for ways to harmonize the various elements and actor to transform cities into sustainable ones, The framework is mostly based on a business-inspired research design and a construct from the European Union Sustainable City challenges, resilience theory approaches and the French national strategy for sustainable development.

The Revolution of CNC Cutting Machines in Modern Manufacturing
In the dynamic world of manufacturing, precision, efficiency, and automation are paramount. Among the various technologies that have revolutionized the industry, Computer Numerical Control (CNC) cutting machines stand out as a transformative innovation. These machines have redefined the way materials are cut and shaped, offering unprecedented levels of accuracy and versatility.

What is a CNC Cutting Machine?
A CNC cutting machine is a device used to cut materials with the aid of a computer that precisely controls the cutting process. CNC machines can handle a variety of materials, including metal, wood, plastic, and composites. The cutting process is controlled by pre-programmed software, which dictates the movement of the cutting tool and ensures precise and consistent results.
Types of CNC Cutting Machines
CNC cutting machines come in several types, each designed for specific applications:

1.Laser Cutters: Utilize a high-powered laser beam to cut materials. They are ideal for intricate designs and can cut through a wide range of materials with exceptional precision.

2. Plasma Cutters: Use a jet of ionized gas at high temperatures to cut through electrically conductive materials like steel and aluminum. They are known for their speed and efficiency in cutting thick materials.

3. Water Jet Cutters: Employ a high-pressure stream of water, sometimes mixed with an abrasive substance, to cut materials. They are versatile and can cut through almost any material without generating heat.

4.Router Cutters: Typically used for cutting wood, plastic, and softer metals, these machines use a rotating cutting tool to carve out designs.
Advantages of CNC Cutting Machines

The integration of CNC technology in cutting machines offers numerous benefits:

1.Precision and Accuracy: CNC machines can achieve extremely tight tolerances, which is crucial for industries where precision is essential, such as aerospace and medical device manufacturing.

2. Efficiency: Automated cutting reduces the time and labor needed compared to traditional methods. This efficiency leads to increased production rates and lower operational costs.
3. Versatility: CNC cutting machines can be programmed to produce a wide range of shapes and designs, making them adaptable to various manufacturing needs.

4. Consistency: Once a design is programmed into the machine, it can produce identical parts with consistent quality, minimizing errors and material waste.

5. Safety: CNC machines reduce the need for manual intervention, thereby decreasing the risk of workplace injuries.
Applications of CNC Cutting Machines
CNC cutting machines are used across a multitude of industries:

Automotive: For cutting and shaping metal parts, dashboards, and custom components.
Aerospace: To create precise components that meet stringent safety and performance standards.
Construction: For cutting structural steel and other materials used in building projects.
Signage: To create detailed and custom signs from a variety of materials.
Furniture Making: For designing intricate patterns and shapes in wood and other materials.
The Future of CNC Cutting Machines
As technology continues to advance, the capabilities of CNC cutting machines are expected to expand further. Innovations such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and enhanced automation will likely lead to even greater precision, efficiency, and adaptability. Additionally, the integration of CNC technology with other manufacturing processes, such as 3D printing, could open up new possibilities in product design and manufacturing.

Conclusion
CNC cutting machines have undeniably transformed modern manufacturing, offering unparalleled precision, efficiency, and versatility. As industries continue to evolve and demand higher quality and faster production times, CNC technology will remain at the forefront, driving innovation and growth. For any manufacturing business looking to stay competitive in today's market, investing in CNC cutting technology is not just an option; it's a necessity.

In the dynamic realm of fashion, the intersection of style and identity reveals fashion as a reflection of cultural heritage, personal experiences, and societal norms. The advent of digital technologies has revolutionized fashion, leading to the emergence of digital and avatar fashion, transforming design practices and augmenting creative potential. Digital fashion, encompassing virtual garments and accessories, allows users to craft unique digital identities. The integration of 3D avatars in the fashion industry facilitates virtual try-ons, virtual fashion shows, and personalized fittings, promoting sustainability and efficiency. This paper explores the development and applications of digital avatars, highlighting their role in enhancing the precision of garment fitting and the overall customer experience in the metaverse and beyond.

Artificial intelligence (AI) in the 21st century has reached a high level of use and is now an integral part of every industry, or of the way a business is functioning. The fashion industry, being one of the most variable industries in the world, had no way of making an exception from the use of Artificial Intelligence. Starting from the idea, and product development and up to mass production business in any industry. The fashion industry is no exception. From product development to robotic manufacturing, AI has made its way to almost every segment of the fashion value chain. Fashion is a trend that has its own story evolving as ideas are recycled or given new interpretations. It's a phenomenon associated with the pursuit of perfection. Fashion has been around, for as long as humans can remember. It took off when consumerism became prevalent in the 19th century. This was also the time when social scientists started paying attention to fashion. Fashion is all about what's considered trendy and appropriate in a time and situation. A certain group of people known as fashion leaders play a role, in shaping these trends. They have a status that allows them to determine what's fashionable and others follow their lead. Fashion used to be a privilege that only a select few could enjoy. However, in today's society, economic progress has opened up the opportunity for a large number of people, from countries to actively participate in fashion competitions. It's not about wealth though; people now have psychological freedom and the emergence of new communication methods has made fashion even more significant in our lives. This article delves into the impact of intelligence on the rise of designers, in the industry exploring how it enhances and automates their creative process. Fashion needs followers, but it is also necessary for some people to be out of fashion, as not everyone, or everything, can be 'in fashion'. When something is too common, it can be replaced, otherwise, fashion cannot be used to differentiate between people. Fashion design is well-accepted as a career option. A very large number of institutes exist around the world, offering courses in various fields of fashion. The number of students who consider fashion as a serious career has continued to grow over the years, not limited only to people who have studied fashion, but we can have people who have studied other professions but find themselves very well in the fashion industry. In such a diverse market, what makes the difference in the industry is the designer's ability to keep up with the times. Artificial intelligence has brought a variety of artistic creations, allowing everyone to express their style. Regardless of which of these creations have the potential to find real application in the real world. AI research has created techniques based on probability and economics to deal with ambiguous or partial information. The "combinatorial explosion" that occurred when the problems got bigger and the machines become exponentially slower made the early algorithms unsuitable for handling large argument problems. They address the majority of their difficulties with snap decisions based on intuition. Conditional statements, conditional expressions, and conditional constructs form the foundation of the computer language. A popular construct in many programming languages is the ifthen (sometimes known as if-then-else). This fundamental boolean condition can be resolved by a computer. It is predicated on the fundamental principles of what is True or False. On the other hand, this sentence alone, along with the If and Then that surround it and the consequences that follow, comprise a conditional statement that lacks intrinsic value but has an internal meaning (like expressing a coherent logic rule). ((n.d.))

La moda è un ambito di indagine particolarmente rilevante nella contemporaneità per la sua collocazione all’intersezione tra le discipline progettuali, artistiche, storiche, sociologiche ed economiche. È una lente attraverso cui è possibile osservare il mondo e le sue evoluzioni, è un sistema complesso in grado di agire sul presente e modificarlo. Uno degli aspetti di maggiore interesse per i fashion studies è il ruolo diretto e indiretto della moda nel dare forma ad architetture, città e territori (Vaccari 2016). Fashion is a particularly relevant field of investigation in the contemporary world because of its position at the intersection of design, artistic, historical, sociological, and economic disciplines. It is a lens through which the world and its evolutions can be observed, it is a complex system capable of acting on and modifying the present. One of the most interesting aspects for fashion studies is the direct and indirect role of fashion in shaping architectures, cities, and territories (Vaccari 2016). Urban centres and peripheral areas throughout history have become part of fashion, which, in turn, has characterised them with its own material dimension and imagery. In the processes of conception, production and consumption, this ever-changing, two-way relationship manifests itself.

Over the past decade, the proliferation of electronic devices, wearables, and information tech- nology has enabled the collection and extraction of vast amounts of personal and behavioural data, penetrating our physical nature until biological. We are witnessing the gradual transfor- mation of data mining into life mining. The big data collected feeds machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence systems, which effectively implement real-time surveillance of our lives, mainly for commercial purposes. Starting from theoretical reflections on the human and non-hu- man component inside AI, the essay identifies some projects by fashion and jewellery designers that subvert the ubiquitous surveillance system, acting concretely in specific processual and technological dynamics. By supporting a disruptive approach, the essay seeks to chart new spa- ces of design thinking that disobey or begin to question the prevailing logic involved in AI on our bodies.

English grammar seems to be one of the most difficult aspects when teaching a foreign language
at the initial stage of education, in particular in secondary school. Features of classical education
involve the formation of grammatical skills in students for the correct formulation of their
statements, recognition of grammatical forms in everyday life, business and fiction. At the same
time, a significant drawback of the classical approach to education in the field of English is the
lack of understanding of the practical applicability of the studied forms, rules and norms by
school students

This literature review delves into language-based acquisition approaches employed in the instruction of Filipino, examining a wealth of scholarly works to elucidate effective pedagogical practices. The focus encompasses second language acquisition among Filipino migrant workers, as well as language acquisition studies centering on Filipino children. Notably, immersion and practical application of the target language in authentic communicative contexts emerge as key strategies facilitating language acquisition. The synthesis of these studies underscores the significance of designing responsive curricula, innovative teaching methodologies, and relevant assessment tools tailored to the adult education context. Moreover, the review accentuates the need for further research on language acquisition in the unique multilingual landscape of the Philippines. Overall, it advocates for language-based acquisition approaches that prioritize immersive experiences and genuine language use for the successful teaching of Filipino.

Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, brick-and-mortar retail workers have been hailed as heroic frontline employees. No matter where a retail store is located or the severity of the lockdown, retail workers have many new regulations and guidelines to follow and implement in order to protect both themselves and their customers. Using a qualitative research methodology, this exploratory research focuses on how the COVID-19 pandemic and its resulting drastic changes in the retail sector are affecting the workers in North America. Four main stressors are identified: fear of the unknown, fear of infection, mistreatment by consumers, and the role of the powerless enforcer. The paper concludes with research implications and venues for future research.

The Officina Vanvitelli project – a light district dedicated to fashion and design, inaugurated in 2019 – represents a case of particular relevance on a national level and an opportunity for the Campania Region aimed at consolidating its excellence. The Hub, dedicated to design and fashion-oriented research, is located at the Monumental Complex of the Belvedere di San Leucio in Caserta within a multifunctional space furnished with equipment and machinery for advanced production.
Beginning with an analysis of the intangibility of fashion as an observatory of the contemporary, the contribution makes explicit the work carried so far by Officina V:, with particular attention to the new technologies and fashion-oriented manufacturing processes. The essay concludes by describing some recent fashion research projects to trace future developments and approaches of the Hub to enhance its authenticity.

This study aimed at food without which no human being can live. Food has been a part of our life since the beginning of civilization. However, there have been changes in the taste of food from decade to decade. One of the significant changes that have occurred in the arena of food culture is due to Globalization. Furthermore, it has brought about immense changes in the intervention of fast-food restaurants everywhere in the world. Although, there are some of the factors have shaped the global food chains that emerged as a result of borderless communication and a free market economy.
As a consequence, the food chains have given rise to the localization of global food culture. On the other hand, some local chains have emerged by the influence of global food networks. With time, the emergence of these restaurants has changed the pattern of consumption of the youth and the food habit of the whole people of all ages, particularly among youths. Nowadays, the consumption of traditional foods is being replaced by the mass concentration of these restaurants. This study employs a quantitative method that takes purposive sampling to select the population. Data were collected by using the online survey method. A total of 100 samples were collected from the people who consume foods in restaurants. The study results show that the young generation tends to be more influenced by the global food culture. Factors that contribute to their changing behavior patterns of consumption are the internet, social media, T.V., and peer groups. Most youths in Dhanmondi Area mainly tend to look for their favorite meal on different social media sites. The study concludes that how fast food has influenced the youth culture regarding the traditional food consumption by the youths focusing mainly in the Dhanmondi area.

This study is about influence of metacognitive strategies and metacognitive use on student’s academic achievement in chemistry. It was conducted in public post basic schools in Ondo state, Nigeria. A total of 1,307 chemistry students were the respondents of the study. Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) designed by Schraw and Dennison (1994) was adapted in this study. Scenarios were given in the developed Metacognitive Awareness Scale (MAS) used in this study and respondents were required to judge how applicable to them the strategies that follow each scenario. MAS cover the demographic information of the students and contains the scenarios and the strategies to be rated as applicable or not applicable. Eight scenarios are given to the students with 28 strategies to be judged. Chemistry Students Metacognitive Strategies Questionnaire (CSMSQ) made up of 25 items was used to measure the use of chemistry students’ metacognitive strategies in chemistry. The scales were administered to another population having the same characteristics with the study population to determine the reliability of the scale using cronbach alpha reliability coefficient and found to be 0.87 and 0.80 respectively.  Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were utilized to examine the data collected. There was a significant contribution of metacognitive awareness to the prediction of chemistry achievement of students while there was no significant contribution of metacognitive use to the prediction of chemistry achievement of post basic chemistry students. About 2.2% of the variance is accounted for by the two predictor variables examined in this study when taken together. 25 items were used to measure the use of metcognition in chemistry with an average weighted mean of 2.94 out of possible 4.0.  It is concluded that while chemistry students are aware of metacognition, the students are not using the strategies in chemistry classes. The study recommends that chemistry post basic students be trained to improve on their metacognitive strategies use in chemistry.

The improvement of colorfastness properties of tie dyed cotton knit fabrics with reactive dye has been studied. Pretreated cotton knit fabric is use to dyeing for easy absorption and retention of dye. Color fastness properties of any dyed fabric are very important aspects as the end use of fabric depends on these properties. This study is to evaluate the color fastness to washing and perspiration using the method ISO 105-2CS:2002 and ISO105-E04. The fabric is dyed with reactive dye in same concentration but in two different temperature (30˚C and 60˚C) and with different amount of sodium carbonate (15 g/l, 18 g/l and 20 g/l) respectively. It is observed that the increasing temperature and using related amount of sodium carbonate the fabric absorbs more dye. In 30˚C temperature the result of washing fastness is fairly good to very good where in 60˚C the result is very good to excellent. Perspiration fastness result is fairly good to very good both in 30˚C and 60˚C temperature. The result shows very good of all washing and perspiration fastness in 20 g/l sodium carbonate. The result is concluded that the color fastness of tie-dyed samples is improved by the increasing of temperature and higher amount of sodium carbonate.

Teknolojik gelişmeler, günümüzde birçok alanda etkisini gösterdiği gibi, moda endüstrisinde de tasarımdan üretime, pazarlamadan satışa kadar geniş bir yelpazede karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Moda ve tekstil tasarımı alanındaki ileri teknolojik gelişmelerden bazıları olan nanoteknoloji ile akıllı tekstiller, giyilebilir elektronikler, geliştirilmiş renk ve boyarmadde çalışmalarının yanında modelleme ve simülasyon sistemlerini kapsayan
sanal gerçeklikler moda endüstrisinin gelecek trendlerinden birisi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Araştırmada bu simülasyon sistemlerinden biri olan interaktif aynaların arttırılmış gerçeklik ile oluşturduğu simülatif deneyim ele alınmıştır. Öncelikle sipariş üzerine giyimde prova ve hazır giyimde deneme, ardından interaktif aynalar ile simülakr deneyiminden bahsedilmiştir. Sanal gerçeklik, fiziksel olarak var olmayan ama çeşitli
duyular aracılığıyla alternatif bir gerçeklik yanılsaması yaratan bir kavram olarak simülasyon evrenleri üzerinden simülakr deneyim yaratmaktadır. Farklı bağlamlarda temsil ve deneyim olanakları sağlamakta olan günümüz dijital teknolojileri giderek üst düzey kavrayışı mümkün kılmakta ve bağlamı farklılaşmış temsil ile deneyimin kalitesini arttırmaktadır. Yüksek
nitelikte arttırılmış gerçeklikle oluşturulmuş olan bu interaktif aynaların moda endüstrisinde, simülasyon evrenlerinde benzeştirmeye dayalı yeni deneyimleme modeli yaratması öngörülmektedir. Aynı zamanda
teknolojik gelişmelere yönelik temel beklenti olan insanlara sunduğu interaktif ortamlarda hız ve işlevsellik, sanal gerçeklik deneyimlerinin önemli bileşenlerinden birisidir. Öte yandan hız ve zaman kazanma
gibi işlevlerinin yanında interaktif aynalarla edinilen giysi deneyimi, deneyimlemeyi gerçeklik düzleminin sınırlarından çıkarıp gerçekdışı simülasyon evrenine konumlamaktadır. Bu durumda sonuç olarak bir nesne olarak giysi ‘simülakr’a, bir eylem olarak giyinmek ‘simüle etmeye’ doğru evrimleşecek: moda ve hazır giyim endüstrisi, simülasyon çağındaki gerçekten kopuşla yaşanan kültürel dönüşümde yer alacaktır.

Textbooks are considered one of the main pillars on which the education process is based. Following the advent of the learning processes' digital nature, the learners' need in light of the current circumstances in the pandemic and the urgency for distance learning or the importance of blended learning, we need to consider new solutions that enhance coordination among the processes of academic authorship and publishing in new ways. Therefore, the two researchers decided to design an educational textbook that is based on blended learning to teach modern techniques in formation on mannequin, with the objective of classifying and analyzing such methods in an educational book based on blended learning to teach modern techniques in formation on mannequin, and to be peer-reviewed by experts and specialists.
The importance of the research is attributed to its contribution in implementing Saudi Vision 2030 in terms of developing university textbooks, and enriching the field of formation on mannequin with a modern Arabic reference in a blended learning method that serves university courses in this field of specialization. This research followed the descriptive and analytical approach; and through the peer-reviewers' responses to the items of questionnaires and research tools, the results showed that the research had achieved its objectives and the educational textbook had achieved efficiency in teaching modern techniques in formation on mannequin. In light of these findings, the two researchers recommended intensifying Arab studies on modern techniques in formation on mannequin, and enriching the library specialized in the departments of fashion and textile with more modern books in this field. In addition, further support should be provided to university textbooks through offering advanced educational methods that keep pace with the current events that have caused the need for distance learning. Keywords: shaping on the mannequin - blended learning - fashion design - educational book - book design.

Experience of teaching English in Bangladesh exhibits that grammar is the least interesting learning item in classes. Students are taught fixed grammatical rules as a compulsory subject from the primary to tertiary level of education as mentioned in the syllabus. As a result, learners of English remain quite weak in grammar; they cannot use appropriate structures of grammar in spoken or written English even though they have completed English language courses at various educational institutions. The paper gives an effort to investigate the reasons for students’ failure in developing this linguistic skill of accuracy. To explore the subject matter of the study, small-scale data has been collected in the form of questionnaires and interviews both from the teachers and students of some renowned private universities in Bangladesh. The study tries to find out some probable solutions to improve the current level of learners in grammar. The study also identifies and examines that English te...

Apart from the many social and health problems it has caused, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a severe impact on most sectors of the economy worldwide. One of the areas where such impact is noticeable is the textile, apparel, and fashion (TAF) industry. The lockdowns and limited access to retailer outlets resulted in a considerable drop in consumption, creating problems related to the excess of stock, the decrease of sales, and the disposal of non-used items. This paper outlines the implications of the COVID-19 on the TAF sectors and European retailers. It analyzes how the current supply chains exacerbated stock control problems, and it reports on the changes in consumption during the pandemic. The worldwide restrictive measures implemented to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic were responsible for significant profit losses. Also, the decrease in consumption, caused by several geographically wide lockdowns, prompted a subsequent reduction in orders and sales, resulting in a significant n...

Experience of teaching English in Bangladesh exhibits that grammar is the least interesting learning item in classes. Students are taught fixed grammatical rules as a compulsory subject from the primary to tertiary level of education as mentioned in the syllabus. As a result, learners of English remain quite weak in grammar; they cannot use appropriate structures of grammar in spoken or written English even though they have completed English language courses at various educational institutions. The paper gives an effort to investigate the reasons for students’ failure in developing this linguistic skill of accuracy. To explore the subject matter of the study, small-scale data has been collected in the form of questionnaires and interviews both from the teachers and students of some renowned private universities in Bangladesh. The study tries to find out some probable solutions to improve the current level of learners in grammar. The study also identifies and examines that English teachers often face some challenges in teaching grammar namely lack of contextual interpretation of grammatical rules, rarely introduced new teaching methods, lack of experience, expectations of the students, lack of facilities, negative perceptions of the teaching of grammar and preparing grammar lessons. The researchers have put forward some pragmatic suggestions to overcome the existing barriers and challenges which will help the English language teacher to teach grammar according to the necessity of the students. The present study may serve as a good insight for other English lecturers and policymakers in overcoming the challenges regarding grammar teaching. The information have been collected from only a few private universities in Dhaka and Feni city. More in-depth study is essential to deal with the problems confidently.

Resist fabric dyeing has become a fundamental aspect of textile colouration in most regions in Ghana. The most practised resist dyeing technique which happens to be Batik has become an integral part of resist fabric dyeing in Ghana and most parts of the globe. This paper provides a general working procedure for the rubber-gum resist technique, materials used and the distinct creativity in rendering the aesthetically pleasing resist fabric design results. This study employed the experimental and descriptive research approach under the qualitative research design. The resist agent is prepared with three respective materials; the addition of ammonia solution prevents the latex material from coagulating, in that; it maintains the liquid state of the material. The polyvinyl acetate also acts as a supporting agent for the latex material in adhering to the textile and it also thickens the solution since the resist material should be of a higher viscosity in order not to run off the screen during the printing process. The study further revealed that there are some suggested areas which other researchers can embark on. These gabs are replacing the turpentine solution (degumming agent) with an alternative solvent because it deposits an unpleasant smell in the fabric after degumming process and also the scraping process weaken the tensile strength of the fabric due to the abrasion effect caused by the use of a spatula.

Resist fabric dyeing has become a fundamental aspect of textile colouration in most regions in Ghana. The most practised resist dyeing technique which happens to be Batik has become an integral part of resist fabric dyeing in Ghana and most parts of the globe. This paper provides a general working procedure for the rubber-gum resist technique, materials used and the distinct creativity in rendering the aesthetically pleasing resist fabric design results. This study employed the experimental and descriptive research approach under the qualitative research design. The resist agent is prepared with three respective materials; the addition of ammonia solution prevents the latex material from coagulating, in that; it maintains the liquid state of the material. The polyvinyl acetate also acts as a supporting agent for the latex material in adhering to the textile and it also thickens the solution since the resist material should be of a higher viscosity in order not to run off the screen during the printing process. The study further revealed that there are some suggested areas which other researchers can embark on. These gabs are replacing the turpentine solution (degumming agent) with an alternative solvent because it deposits an unpleasant smell in the fabric after degumming process and also the scraping process weaken the tensile strength of the fabric due to the abrasion effect caused by the use of a spatula.

In the late 1990s, one economist famously predicted that the internet would have the same impact on how we do business as the fax machine. Having since revolutionised domestic retail, in 2018 the internet is now revolutionising international trade in the form of Cross-Border E-Commerce. We have learned that companies which approach E-Commerce in a strategic way are far likelier to succeed than those who respond in a reactive, passive fashion. It stands to reason that the same lesson also applies for national economies. We believe that Cross-Border E-Commerce needs to be a major component of the UK’s developing Industrial Strategy. Often referred to as a Global City, a cursory glance at its history suggests a more fitting term for London could be the Creative City–the city of Milton, Shakespeare, Haydn, and more recently, the city of Mary Quant, Vivienne Westwood, and Alexander McQueen. The rise of the middle class in countries like China and India has created a new demand for Wester...

Apart from the many social and health problems it has caused, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a severe impact on most sectors of the economy worldwide. One of the areas where such impact is noticeable is the textile, apparel, and fashion (TAF) industry. The lockdowns and limited access to retailer outlets resulted in a considerable drop in consumption, creating problems related to the excess of stock, the decrease of sales, and the disposal of non-used items. This paper outlines the implications of the COVID-19 on the TAF sectors and European retailers. It analyzes how the current supply chains exacerbated stock control problems, and it reports on the changes in consumption during the pandemic. The worldwide restrictive measures implemented to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic were responsible for significant profit losses. Also, the decrease in consumption, caused by several geographically wide lockdowns, prompted a subsequent reduction in orders and sales, resulting in a significant n...

Background of the Study April 2020. The world is in a state of shock, everything currently seems upside down. Yet, we don't know how the fashion industry and all linked sectors will react to the global outbreak of the coronavirus in the long run. With more weeks of lockdown to come, everyone, including Higher Education, is offered time to reflect on teaching, develop visions for an ever-changing future and fill an almost blank page of concepts with what we align to our core values for life. The disruption of what we called normality is an opportunity to slow down and create a new substantial base for a healthy society in which fashion does play a role but becomes an expression of inclusivity and collaboration on multidimensional levels, spanning mindful structures around the globe. Current global developments differ from country to country, from society to society. Looking at the manufacturing and even disposal situation in Asia or Africa the heart of our fashion industry is already run on minimal wages and poor living conditions. Facing the dramatic consequences from this pandemic, it is likely this will extend further. So much of the vulnerability of these structures relies on how we value fashion and textiles as educators, brands and consumers. It painfully reveals how isolated parts of the supply chain still are and how detached from the processes of designing, making and dispose we remain when linear structures are followed, and the value of humans is neglected. The change in the fashion industry inevitably has to happen. If not now, then when? Disconnection from the supply chain can only be bridged with awareness for existing problems and adopting holistic approaches to find solutions on a broader scale. Taking into account that change is also driven by knowledge we need to consider where we missed chances in educating fashion design, fashion business and textile student's year on year, acknowledging the current system is also a reflection of what we have taught them. In 2018 the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development published the Learning Compass, their vision for the future of education in 2030. The OECD report [1] defines knowledge, skills, attitudes and values that learners need to fulfil their potential and contribute to the well-being of their communities and the planet. In detail, skills workers need to succeed rely heavily on their uniquely (so far) human capacity for creativity, responsibility

Discussion Essentially, within design disciplines and industry, the act of design drawing is to make a 2D representation of a potential outcome in order to produce it in 3D form. This is the method that has been gradually replaced with Computer Aided Design [CAD] equivalents since the 1980s; within fashion this was with programs such as those developed by Gerber Technologies™ to enable computer aided design illustration and patternmaking.

Leather cutting serves a crucial role in modifying the shape of leather products. Nowadays, there is a clear difference in cutting technologies applied to leather. Industrial leather processing serves the purpose of mass production of leather items in order to satisfy the demand of essential products like clothes, shoes, bags, etc. these demands from technology to be economically efficient, fast, adaptive and to provide maximum possible results with minimum possible cost. Manual cutting with use of scissors and special knives are used in leather crafting. This allows producing individual unique items whose value is not determined not only by functionality but also based on more visual effects and design features. Currently computerized technologies are applied for leather cutting, which includes-Plasma Cutting, water jet cutting machine, automatic blade cutting, and Laser Cutting. Use of Die Cutting in collaboration electro-mechanical technology has grown significantly during recent years due to number of advantages over conventional cutting methods; flexibility, high production speed, possibility to cut complex geometries, easier cutting of customized parts, and less leftovers of leather makes computerized Cutting more and more economically attractive to apply for leather cutting. This paper studies the leather cutting through laser technology operations understanding through practical applications and also through various research works and provides the theoretical data for Design calculations, fabricate & automate the leather blanking machine in such a way that the required length of leather blank of accurate size can be cut with keeping cost minimum for a sponsored company. Hence by adopting modern laser technology we can derive more variety leather designs, achieving accuracy economically.

This paper describes innovative work in the manufacturing of carbon nanotube (CNT) fabric and tape and how these materials can be used in textiles and fashion apparel. The field of CNT fabric is new and this article discusses the potential commercial impact of CNT fabric, the manufacturing barriers that currently exist, and provides suggestions to push the field towards large scale commercialization. Areas under investigation for commercialization of CNT fabric, tape and yarn include flexible heaters, filter membranes, smart textiles, electrical machines, hybrid fabric, and biomedical wire.

Carbon nanotube hybrid textiles (CNHT) are produced from a carbon nanotube (CNT) gas phase pyrolysis floating catalyst process with particle injection. The CNT based metal and ceramic textiles produced can be customized for different applications. Research is underway by a large group of students and faculty members working in different disciplines to further investigate injection of different types of nanoparticles in order to wet the nanotubes and to customize the properties of textiles. A brief introduction to this new material is given in this paper.

The essay explores the possible horizons of fashion-oriented research from a perspective of technological manipulation of the body. Through an intense and critical dialogue series, the body's construction is projected on the border between tangible and virtual to rediscover new expressive possibilities. From an analytical case study mapping phase, the project aimed to experiment with an interactive engagement of a series of focus groups with advanced digital technologies. The second part of the essay illustrates a parametric study aimed at defining seven animations dedicated to each lecture. The seven animations, executed through the software grasshopper, accompany the different dialogues intended as different perspectives around the digital body.

Relevance of Meaning On a BBQ-party, last summer a friend of mine approached me with the question: "Are you Major Tom?" My mother hated blue jeans and so I did not get one when I was a child. For my friend my silver jacket induced his question. My mother associated blue jeans with belonging to the worker class in society. These are just two examples that clothes have meaning not only for the people wearing them. Not only fashioned textiles have meaning but also ordinary clothes without any kind of recognizable label or alike. "The fundamental insight of human-centered design is that people never respond to what things are but act according to what they mean to them" [1]. With his book "The semantic turn; A new foundation for design", Krippendorff [2] changed design thinking. This thinking and understanding of meaning is applicable in general for the artificial. Thereby "artifacts make possible something that would not come about naturally " [3]. Artifacts are all human creations weather tangible like clothes or intangible like brands or images. This thinking of design put meaning in its center; "Meaning is the only reality that matters" [1]. The meaning of clothes transcends all areas of the world. It is not limited to artifacts. However here artifacts are in the focus. Meaning and Artificiality in Design In postmodern design-thinking meaning is not a characteristic of a thing or an entity. Meaning emerges through a process of recursive operations including interaction and indicating. Löbler and Wloka have shown how meaning emerges when recursive operations are working [4,5]; Following Wittgenstein [6], they found that words either refer to other words or to practices. These references are loops either between words or between practices and words. Think a moment about the word "catwalk". We know that there are never real cats on a catwalk. Originally, catwalks were minor walkways on ships or backstage in theaters. When one is confronted with this word the first time, one has no idea of its meaning. To understand it meaning the word is connected either to other word (explanations) or to the "reality". However, to really understand the term one has to see and probably experience what happens with and on a catwalk (connecting the word to a practice).

This paper addresses the design of a reactor system for manufacturing carbon nanotube (CNT) fabric and carbon hybrid materials (CHM). A web or sock of CNT is formed in a reactor tube in the gas phase pyrolysis method. The sock exits the reactor tube and is wound layer by layer onto a drum to directly form a nonwoven fabric. Metal nanoparticles and continuous microfibers can be integrated into the synthesis process to form CHM. Continuous direct manufacturing of fabric is an advantage of the method. However, the reliability of this manufacturing process in our particular reactor system is affected by several problems. These include occasional breaking of the sock, the need for daily cleaning of the ceramic reactor tube due to carbon deposits on the inside, sagging/bending of the reactor tube, and safety in handling the hydrogen gas produced from the reaction. Possible solutions to the problems are proposed. The importance of this research is that no other bulk material has the combination of properties of CNT hybrid fabric. If the properties can be further improved and customized, and if manufacturing of the material can be scaled-up at reasonable cost, many new commercial applications for nanotube custom materials could open up.

Decades of extensive research have matured the development of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Still, the properties of macroscale assemblages, such as sheets of carbon nanotubes, are not good enough to satisfy many applications. This paper gives an overview of different approaches to synthesize CNTs and then focuses on the floating catalyst method to form CNT sheets. A method is also described in this paper to modify the properties of macroscale carbon nanotube sheets produced by the floating catalyst method. The CNT sheet is modified to form a carbon nanotube hybrid (CNTH) sheet by incorporating metal, ceramic, or other types of nanoparticles into the high-temperature synthesis process to improve and customize the properties of the traditional nanotube sheet. This paper also discusses manufacturing obstacles and the possible commercial applications of the CNT sheet and CNTH sheet. Manufacturing problems include the difficulty of injecting dry nanoparticles uniformly, increasing the output...

This paper describes innovative work in the manufacturing of carbon nanotube (CNT) fabric and tape and how these materials can be used in textiles and fashion apparel. The field of CNT fabric is new and this article discusses the potential commercial impact of CNT fabric, the manufacturing barriers that currently exist, and provides suggestions to push the field towards large scale commercialization. Areas under investigation for commercialization of CNT fabric, tape and yarn include flexible heaters, filter membranes, smart textiles, electrical machines, hybrid fabric, and biomedical wire.

Creating new materials and better materials historically enables technological leaps. In Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology (1986), "K. Eric Drexler laid the theoretical foundation for the field of nanotechnology and described the possibilities for engineering at the molecular scale [1]. It was predicted the new age of nanotechnology would give us thorough and inexpensive control of the structure of matter." In Made to Measure: New Materials for the 21st Century (1997), "Philip Ball describes how scientists are inventing Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest to declare by the authors.

Batik fabric is printed using physical resist printing method i.e. the use of wax as physical resist agent. Discharge printing is opposite to resist printing. The use of chemical whether as resist or discharge agents to create batik motifs will produce fabrics known as 'fabrics with batik motifs ' i.e. not a true batik according to the definition. The purpose of this research was to produce batiks on ' new' fibers /fabrics of lyocell , linen , polyester and 65/35 polyester/cotton blend fabrics by the application of discharge and discharge-resist printing styles. The techniques used were canting , block and hand screen printing. Discharge printing style was applied on both lyocell , linen , polyester and 65/35 polyester/cotton blend fabrics whilst , discharge-resist printing style was carried out polyester and 65/35 polyester/cotton blend fabrics. The dischargeability of dyestuffs (reactive and disperse) was determined prior to the application of discharge and discharge-resist styles. The fixation methods applied on the printed fabrics were dry heat and ironing. The printed fabrics were then evaluated base on discharge effects and fastness properties to washing , rubbing (crocking), perspiration and light. Tensile strength of unprinted and printed fabrics was also compared. The discharge and discharge-resist styles provide alternative techniques to batik producers in varying their products and designs as well as their method of printing. The ' impossible' to print batik designs on polyester and 65/35 polyester/cotton blends and introduction of new fibers /fabrics of lyocell and linen will create a new market potential for batik producers which can cater different classes of society due to the differences in quality of fibers /fabrics.