Experiences of Old Age

This paper aims to investigate the social obstacles that elders face in Sarnath, a semi-urban city in Varanasi
district of India. It particularly focuses on two aspects of family cohesiveness in relation to socio-economic
problems of elders. With the transition towards nuclear families as India modernizes, elders in India are
increasingly experiencing greater issues of economic dependency, health issues, and social isolation. By
utilizing a combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis via interviews and
computation and statistical analysis of the sample group aged 60 and over, the paper explores the interactions
between individual opportunities for vulnerability and family support systems. The key findings are as follows;
first, 66.67% of respondents were pensioners. Secondly, that 73.33% of respondents reported chronic health
issues, and thirdly, it was found that 73.33% of respondents lived in joint families. Joint families provide
emotional and economic support to elders, but were limited due to more modern socio-economic problems and
changes. The paper appropriately makes recommendations on policy implications at governmental, social and
familial levels. Recognizing that the well-being of elders can only be improved with more inclusive government
policies and practices and maintenance of cultural heritage, faith and beliefs to support and sustain family
cohesiveness in an additional globalizing society.

Ageism is entrenched in the contemporary Western society, rendering later-life sexuality negligible and limiting intergenerational understanding of lifespan sexual well-being. This cross-sectional study (1) measured young adults' extent of knowledge and attitudes toward later-life sexuality, general sexual attitudes, and sex as leisure views and (2) tested whether knowledge about elderly sexuality, gender, sexual attitudes, and sex as leisure views explain/predict attitudes toward later-life sexuality. Data were collected using survey methodology (N = 270; 55.2% women) and analyzed with descriptive statistics and multiple regression. Young adults reported medium knowledge levels and relatively tolerant/permissive attitudes toward later-life sexuality. They also tended to have permissive general sexual attitudes and to view sex as leisure. In turn, young adults' general sexual attitudes and viewing sex as leisure predicted their acceptance of later-live sexuality, while gender and knowledge levels did not. These findings address meaningful knowledge gaps and contribute to sexual health education combating ageism.

Brief an die vorläufig Zurückbleibenden Fremde sind wir auf der Erde alle. (Franz Werfel) L'homme n'est qu'un roseau, le plus faible de la nature ; mais c'est un roseau pensant. (Blaise Pascal) Une oasis d'horreur dans un désert d'ennui (Charles Baudelaire) (Der folgende Text wurde vor nicht wenigen Jahren entworfen und gelegentlich auf den neuen Stand gebracht. Die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Ende zieht sich lange hin. Sie wird so zu einem ästhetischen Projekt, vergleichbar der Kugel am Samowar Jan Potockis, an der er täglich ein bisschen feilte, bis sie in die Pistole passte, mit der er sich erschoss.) Liebe Freunde, dies ist ein letzter Gruß, der keine Antwort erwartet, zugleich ein Rückblick vom endgültigen Abschluss her; ihm ist es eher möglich als einem Zwischenbericht, aber auch nicht mit Sicherheit, das Ganze zu erfassen. Ich habe beschlossen, wenn das Ende zu drohen beginnt, dessen Art und Zeitpunkt selbst in die Hand zu nehmen. Ich werde aus meinem Haus mit meinen Büchern nicht lebend ausziehen, wenn die Bank es befiehlt, ich will auch nicht als Demenzkranker in eine Welt stolpern, die durch Kriege, Brände, Überschwemmungen und Artensterben in eine Abfallwüste verwandelt wird, in welcher faschistische Techno-Diktaturen von zunehmend Orwellschem Charakter, geführt von bösen, größenwahnsinnigen Clowns, im Zeichen des Imperialismus miteinander kämpfen.1 Ja,

India's rapid demographic ageing and decline of joint families increasingly consign older adults to institutional care that secures material needs but overlooks psychosocial wellbeing. This study explores how abandonment is experienced by elders living in old-age homes in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. A qualitative multiple-case approach was adopted; purposive sampling identified ten residents (≥60 years, ≥6 months stay) across seven homes. Semi-structured interviews, field observations and reflexive notes generated rich narratives, which were analysed thematically ,Thematic analysis revealed six interrelated themes, family rejection and abandonment, emotional distress and loneliness, coping mechanisms and resilience, adjustment to institutional life, unmet need for social connection, and fear of the future (including death and financial insecurity). These insights show that the old age home based care ensures basic physical needs,but it leaves significant psychosocial needs unmet, underscoring the urgency of person-centred, emotionally informed interventions in institutional care settings for ederly.

Just as a year is divided into seasons, so a person's life consists of “stages”: childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age. At a time when less than ten percent of the population lived past the age of sixty, old age, with all its physical and mental problems, began soon after the fiftieth birthday, although this boundary was sharper in women than in men. In his theological reflection on old age, Simon Oomius considered the 60th to 75th year of life to be the middle phase of old age. What was allowed to remain after that, he called "final old age.

To investigate the operation of an innovative community respite program tun by the Brotherhood of St Laurence: the Banksia 'host-home' program, which was designed to provide respite for up to six people with dementia in a care-worker's home. The program was funded by the Commonwealth Department o f Health and Aged Care as part o f a funding program for pilot respite care projects. Method: Interviews were conducted with program staff, carers and care-recipients (older people with dementia). Information from written records such as funding submissions was also used. Results: People using the program were those who experienced barriers utilising centre-based programs for older people for a range o f reasons including advanced dementia, hearing difficulties, difficulties in social interaction or confusion. Carers were very appreciative o f the service, and care-recipients appeared to enjoy the program immensely, citing caring staff, social contact and activities as things they appreciated most. Conclusions: The host-home program provided an accessible respite option for those unable to use centrebused services. I t enabled more individually tailored activities, greater socialisation and greater attention from staff than possible in centre-based services. The informal 'homely' feel o f the program and the fact that relatives obviously enjoyed participating may have made carers feel more comfortable in using a respite service. Since the model creates the potential for costshifting and because of difficulties in supervising staff in their own homes, guidelines and standards appropriate to host-home programs should be established to ensure quality o f care and to protect paid staff and service users.

Eating and drinking difficulties, such as loss of appetite and swallowing problems, are common in dementia, but little is known about the experiences of ethnic minority groups who are managing these difficulties at home. The purpose of our study was to explore the meaning of food, the impact of dementia on eating and drinking, and carers’ experiences of support. We undertook semi-structured interviews with 17 carers and people with dementia from ethnic minority backgrounds living in England, using thematic analysis to analyse the data. Food/drink had strong links to identity, culture and emotions. Providing culturally familiar foods, celebrating traditional festivals and supporting previous food-related roles promoted reminiscence, which encouraged the people living with dementia to eat and drink, as did social interactions, although these could lead to distress in those with more advanced dementia. Food choices were also influenced by carer strain, generational differences and the ...

This chapter revolves around men's experiences of sexual invulnerability and vulnerability. Considering widely embraced notions of men as less sexually vulnerable than women, it examines how such notions are played out in the way some of the interviewed men talk about their experiences of sexual assaults and unwanted sex. The chapter discusses the thorny conceptual issue of to what extent discursive constructions of men as relatively sexually inviolable, especially by women, accord with men's actual experiences. A part of the chapter is dedicated to an analysis of the relationship between (in)vulnerability, masculinity and consent in the male gay setting, described as characterized by hypersexual and hypermasculine ideals. A vulnerability paradox is identified, whereby taboos on male vulnerability may increase (some) men's actual vulnerability to victimization.

This chapter addresses the cultural norms and expectations that surround and regulate dynamics of consent in different contexts, examining how they may limit people’s sexual freedom and stand in the way of genuinely consensual interactions. What templates for sexual interaction do the participants experience and how do they relate to them? What problems, or possibilities, can such templates or scripts create? What happens if one tries to break with them? The chapter engages with theories and research about “sexual scripts”, showing that while sexual interactions may be more or less strongly scripted, there is no such thing as an entirely unscripted sexual interaction, since interaction cannot take place without some form of pre-established expectations about what to take for granted in the interaction. While previous research on sexual scripting has been focused on heterosexual sex, I show that same-sex interactions also tend to be strongly scripted and highlight the intricate processes through which applaudable principles of sexual mutuality may work as a coercive force undermining consent.

Care' is a source of critical tension in current social theory, and the policy and practice implications of that tension are evidenced in its current prominence on the political agenda of developed welfare states. This article critically appraises current developments in the theory, policy and practice of care, drawing on interdisciplinary developments in political theory, sociology and social policy. Developing feminist and disability-rights theories, it explores a critical synthesis of conflicting normative and theoretical positions regarding the giving and receiving of care, and of the ethics and justice of care. It examines case studies of current comparative policy developments across a range of different welfare regimes, including the marketization/commodification and de/re-familiaization of care, exploring ideological and normative trends in the design of contemporary policies. It discusses the impact of theory and policy on the practice of care, looking particularly at the issue of long-term care for disabled and older adults. Finally, the authors argue for the development of a citizenship-based approach to care that decouples it from individualistic and paternalistic paradigms that disempower those who give and receive care.

Resumen La transición demográfica ha derivado en el progresivo envejecimiento de las poblaciones de los países de América Latina y el Caribe. Hasta el momento se desconoce cuál será el impacto del envejecimiento demográfico en sociedades con menor afluencia de recursos económicos y, aun más, en contextos de pobreza. Según los estudios de historia demográfica, una de las consecuencias del envejecimiento demográfico es el cambio en las modalidades y configuraciones de los arreglos familiares en los que reside la población adulta mayor. En los países europeos, de América del Norte, Oceanía y Japón, los hogares tendieron hacia el menor tamaño y se prefieren los contextos monogeneracionales de convivencia. Sin embargo, no se puede determinar con precisión si esos cambios fueron la consecuencia del envejecimiento poblacional o de los procesos de industrialización, urbanización y desarrollo económico en los que el proceso demográfico se inscribió. En este artículo se analizan comparadament...

n Canada, the number of people with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias is projected to more than double to 1,125,184 over the next 30 years. Little is known about the prevalence and incidence of dementia in Aboriginal communities in Canada but, as is the case for the Canadian population, dementia in Aboriginal people is expected to be an increasing challenge for federal, provincial and community health care systems. The current lack of information makes planning for, and responding to, this emerging health issue difficult for program and policy planners and for those who need to provide services to this population. Aboriginal people gathered to discuss dementia in their communities in 2007. They reported that they believe they are experiencing an increase in the rate of dementia and confirmed that they are concerned that a lack of reliable information and statistics is making it difficult to respond to this emerging health need through current programming and policy. Several factors may be contributing to an increase in dementia in Aboriginal communities, including changing perceptions of the illness, demographic transitions, impacts resulting from the social determinants of health, rates of risk factors, increased vulnerability, and co-morbidities. Some evidence suggests dementia was not a significant health issue for Aboriginal people in Canada in the past. While dementia (including Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and other related dementias) may have been present in communities, the phenomenon was often experienced as a non-pathological course of aging. Recent studies suggest that Aboriginal under-standings of dementia are increasingly diverse and can range from naturalized to medicalized interpretations. Changing perceptions of the illness as a disease may have some impact on diagnosis. Demographic transitions may also be contributing to an increase in age-related dementias in First Nations. The number of First Nations people in Canada is on the rise and expected to increase 1.4 times between 2006 and 2031. Importantly, the number of First Nations people aged 60 and older is expected to increase in number by 3.4 times from 54,165 in 2006 to 184,334 in 2031. 7 The risk of dementia for First Nations may also be elevated due to higher rates of associated conditions, such as hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and diabetes, 8 and higher smoking and obesity rates, all of which increase the risk of dementia. 9,10 First Nations populations also have an increased vulnerability to the social determi-

Old age is characterized by a decline in physical ability, less social life, and a lowering of cognitive functioning, but older adults have distinct ways to enjoy life. This study aimed to explore and understand the sources of happiness among the older adults of Nepal in a phenomenological qualitative design. A convenient sample of 39 was made with the help of research assistants. The data collected by interviews were transcribed, coded, and categorized in the framework of thematic analysis. The interpretation of data was summarized in four themes: physical agility, social harmony, correct thought, and retirement management. The understanding of the causes of happiness for older adults can be useful for the design of interventions to enhance the quality of life among them. The limitations and future studies have also been discussed.

Sta mattina mia moglie, andando a piedi a buttare l'immondizia nei cassonetti in Via del Villaggio, all'incrocio con via del Larice, dietro casa nostra, ha incontrato Michele (Turiddu u Mongolo). " Come sta U Incignere? " Si era informato Michele. "Abbastanza bene, riesce a camminare con due bastoni…" Aveva risposto mia moglie. " Quant' anni ci have?" Si era informato Michele. " Tra due settimane ne compie 85…e lei? " " Novanta ! Cà siemo… a disposizzione!" Mia moglie aveva risposto: "Fantastico! Vedo che lei è ancora in gamba." E Pasquale (detto u Viddanu) il contadino di mio marito, come sta?" Michele aveva risposto che da 3 anni era in una casa di riposo per anziani, nonostante avesse la stessa età dell' Ingegnere.

The goal of the paper is to identify the message in letters written by Polish and Czech seniors. The letters were subject to qualitative analysis. The method used was the analysis of the inspired texts-letters written by older people to the younger generation, which may become a didactic tool for the younger generations to learn from the biographies of seniors. The result of the analysis is a list of categories reflecting the main aspects dominating in the letters. These categories are: message addressed to a younger generation, important events and people in individual life story, reflection upon the meaning of life and concerns and challenges in the course of life. All the seniors express their affirmation of family, share ethical reflections on their relationships with other people and on passing. Thus, the main message of the letters is a call to cherish family relationships, nurture relations with other people and show respect to others.

In the age of intensive development of information society, the education of people considered to be digitally-excluded gains a special meaning. Through institutional and non-institutional forms of education, the eldest part of society has an opportunity to gain new crucial competences allowing them to take part in information-social area. The article depicts the problem of developing the skills of operating new media by the eldest part of polish society. The text oscillates around the aspects of opportunities offered by new media for older people. At the same time, the txt depicts educational contexts of alleviating of digital illiteracy in Poland

Resumo O exercício efetuado neste trabalho busca, verificar como possíveis modificações nas regras de elegibilidade aos benefícios da Previdência Social poderiam afetar as iniqüidades de renda entre os idosos, incorporando mais uma dimensão relevante para a avaliação das propostas de reforma do sistema. Adicionalmente, aos efeitos na renda, procurou-se contrapor o potencial impacto no orçamento da Previdência para cada uma das propostas de mudança freqüentemente mencionadas como necessárias. Como o diferencial por gênero é inerente à discussão sobre as mudanças propostas, chamamos atenção para a iniqüidade de renda entre os sexos e para a possível perda relativa de renda das idosas em relação aos idosos. Especificamente, as mudanças analisadas foram: 1) aumento da idade mínima para aposentadoria por idade das mulheres; 2) aumento do tempo de contribuição das mulheres, 3) adoção de uma idade mínima para aposentadoria por contribuição de homens e mulheres; 4) impossibilidade de se acu...

Resumo O exercício efetuado neste trabalho busca verificar como possíveis modificações nas regras de aposentadoria e pensão por morte poderiam afetar as iniquidades de gênero na renda dos os idosos. Adicionalmente aos efeitos nos diferenciais de rendimentos, procurou-se contrapor o potencial impacto no orçamento da Previ-dência para cada uma das propostas de mudança frequentemente mencionadas como necessárias. As mudanças analisadas foram: 1) aumento da idade mínima para aposentadoria por idade das mulheres; 2) aumento do tempo de contribuição das mulheres, 3 e 4) adoção de uma idade mínima para aposentadoria por contri-buição de homens e mulheres; 5) redução do valor da pensão por morte, de acordo com a idade dos filhos; 6) impossibilidade de acumular ambos os benefícios de aposentadoria e pensão (válido para os dois sexos). Os resultados indicam perda relativa da renda das idosas em relação aos idosos, mas indicam também outras dimensões relevantes que devem ser levadas em conside...

In this article, we explore the particularities of belonging in old age for older adults living in Uummannaq in Northern Greenland. Through analysis of in-depth interviews and conversations, we investigate older adults' relations to others and to places, and how belonging is a matter of moral and existential character. We use acts of belonging as an analytical concept to understand the everyday acts that older adults perform as their relations to family members, friends, and the community change, and their access to different places is challenged by declining health. We show how they continue to belong to others through activities such as preparing seal skin and fishing, but also how belonging can be challenged as one grows older. By doing so, we aim to show how belonging is not given or certain. Instead, it can be understood as an expression of agency when facing challenges in old age, not only in relation to others but also in how one sees oneself as an older adult.

Presentacion de la Coleccion Biblioteca Plural, Rodrigo Arocena:: la sociedad uruguaya frente al envejecimiento de su poblacion, Mariana Paredes y Fernando Berriel:: Capitulo 1. ?Que es para usted envejecer? Envejecimiento y representacion social en Uruguay desde una perspectiva intergeneracional:: Capitulo 2. Envejecimiento y generaciones en Uruguay:: perfil sociodemografico y representaciones sociales:: Capitulo 3. Politicas publicas de vejez en Uruguay:: un balance de la primera decada del siglo XXI:: Capitulo 4. Las organizaciones de adultos mayores en Uruguay:: paradigmas de envejecimiento e integracion socia

The most important "educational technology" in a school is a teacher. Maciej Sysło * 7 K. Markiewicz writes more about this type of behavior called acting out in the book Communication Possibilities of Autistic Children. These behaviors are a kind of discharge, emission of tension outside, when due to limited communication possibilities, it is not understood by the environment. (Markiewicz, 2004).

The paper presents reflections of Polish centenarians about fundamental principles and values they would like to pass on to future generations. The research was conducted as a collective case study (Stake, 2009) with an in-depth interview (IDI) The study covered 18 cases of individuals aged 100-107. The most important message for future generations can be summed up as an encouragement to preserve basic values and a sense of moral responsibility for social inequalities in the world. In this intergenerational message, warnings about the future are very important: with war memories still in mind, centenarians oblige younger generations to live as history commands. Not everyone will build a home that will serve next generations. Not everyone will write a book... But each of us can pass on to another person what is the most human and divine... Each of us can leave a testament of noble patterns, ideas and values, that make people happier. Antoni Bochniarz (Polish psychotherapist)

Intentar establecer una correlación entre la acción combinada de varias escalas valorativas de riesgo de caídas con relación a los antecedentes de precipitaciones involuntarias durante el último año, en ancianos institucionalizados en un servicio de estancias diurnas. Pacientes y método: Se llevaron a cabo las evaluaciones de los usuarios del centro de día mediante el test de

Zmęczeni opiekunowie czy wdzięczne dzieci"-opieka nad starym rodzicem w wypowiedziach internautów "Jak się czujesz? Zjedz lekarstwa, już pora. Chodź, zmierzę ci ciśnienie. Chodź, uczeszę cię. Trzeba umyć głowę. Chodź, będziemy miały to za sobą. Nie martw się, przecież mam samochód. (…) Jutro przyjadę po pracy, tak? Zadzwonię wieczorem, przypomnę ci o lekach. Pa, pa. Nie wychodź nigdzie, wszystko masz w domu. Tak, dla kota jest ogromny zapas jedzenia. Tak. Tak. Ja też cię kocham. Ja też cię kocham. Ale z trudem przychodzi mi to przez gardło. Tak, nie odpuszczę ci aż do śmierci. Opiekapogrób.com.pl. Ty tylko żyj, ja zajmę się resztą. Zadbam" 1

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A desnutrição em ido- sos é comum, pois com a idade avançada, o consumo ali- mentar diário diminui. Além disso, os alimentos consumi- dos são de baixas calorias, contribuindo para a deficiência nutricional e desnutrição. O objetivo deste estudo foi apre- sentar questões relacionadas com a desnutrição no idoso e aspectos da intervenção nutricional. CONTEÚDO: Os sinais e sintomas do processo de enve- lhecimento são facilmente confundidos com a desnutrição, dessa forma, as intervenções muitas vezes são inadequadas e menos potentes do que poderiam ser. A nutrição como um componente da saúde e do tratamento da doença no idoso, depende do conhecimento das recomendações nu- tricionais e também da capacidade de avaliar, de forma eficaz, as suas necessidades nutricionais. A suplementação oral é uma estratégia eficaz e viável, sendo utilizada para proporcionar uma vigilância nutricional adequada, princi- palmente quando esta faixa etária apresenta problemas de desnu...

Objective: To determine how European care policies for older people differ in terms of their potential social risks to family carers, as well as the extent to which these differences can be explained by different types of welfare and care regime. Background: It is often assumed that welfare state support for family care entails high social risks to the carer, such as loss of employment income and social security rights. This paper challenges these assumptions and argues that care policies that generously support family carers might also alleviate some of the social risks related to family care. Method: This paper introduces an innovative approach to systematically measuring the generosity of policies that support family carers, and it theorises how these policies connect to family carers' social risks. It then applies this approach to a comparative study of five European welfare states based on analyses of these countries’ care policy documents, standardised policy reports by na...

Objective: To determine how European care policies for older people differ in terms of their potential social risks to family carers, as well as the extent to which these differences can be explained by different types of welfare and care regime. Background: It is often assumed that welfare state support for family care entails high social risks to the carer, such as loss of employment income and social security rights. This paper challenges these assumptions and argues that care policies that generously support family carers might also alleviate some of the social risks related to family care. Method: This paper introduces an innovative approach to systematically measuring the generosity of policies that support family carers, and it theorises how these policies connect to family carers' social risks. It then applies this approach to a comparative study of five European welfare states based on analyses of these countries' care policy documents, standardised policy reports by national experts and data from comparative social policy databases. Results: The findings reveal large cross-national differences in care policy design, which is only in some cases able to significantly mitigate social risks for family carers. Furthermore, these cross-national differences only partly correspond with assumptions based on welfare and care regime affiliation according to classic typologies. Conclusion: The paper sheds new light on the ways in which welfare states design their policies towards family carers, and on the extent to which these policies are associated with social risks.

Many senior citizens are keeping in touch with modern times and put modern technologies to good use. They attempt to adapt to this era and don't avoid computers or smart devices. Such senior citizens often also educate themselves further in ICT, but are not immune to troubles that come hand in hand with ICT, or even psychological issues that stem from learning new skills in high age. Many even reconsider, asking themselves if all the effort is worth the outcome. Courses they attend might not be the best suited for them and can be very different from one another. Taught operating systems, teacher's individual attitude, accessibility of the course itself and learning environment have huge impact on both senior's attitude and quality of gained skills. This article aims to describe areas and issues senior citizens feel are most limiting in their access to quality education in ICT, and how they are tackled. The results come from a qualitative research among a selected sample of senior citizens that took part in our ICT courses.

Many senior citizens are keeping in touch with modern times and put modern technologies to good use. They attempt to adapt to this era and don't avoid computers or smart devices. Such senior citizens often also educate themselves further in ICT, but are not immune to troubles that come hand in hand with ICT, or even psychological issues that stem from learning new skills in high age. Many even reconsider, asking themselves if all the effort is worth the outcome. Courses they attend might not be the best suited for them and can be very different from one another. Taught operating systems, teacher's individual attitude, accessibility of the course itself and learning environment have huge impact on both senior's attitude and quality of gained skills. This article aims to describe areas and issues senior citizens feel are most limiting in their access to quality education in ICT, and how they are tackled. The results come from a qualitative research among a selected sample of senior citizens that took part in our ICT courses.

When the desire for a long life dominates, we do everything we can to prolong life - if possible: without end. But those who do not have that desire (anymore) are forced to behave cunningly and deceitfully. The urge and compulsion exercised by proponents of a long life, ignores the fact that there are many people who no longer experience that desire.

Kniha vznikla v rámci projektu VEGA č. 2/0126/14 Kontinuita a diskontinuita v etnologickom bádaní s ohľadom na nehmotné kultúrne dedičstvo. Výskum bol podporený v rámci programu COST Action IS 1402 Ageism-a multinational , interdisciplinary perspective.

Dealing with the ageing of societies not only makes it necessary to adapt medical, social and economic services to the needs of seniors but, above all, to broaden the research into and diagnosis of the needs of the oldest group of citizens. Research into ageing impacts all disciplines, from medicine and the biological sciences to economics, law and the social sciences-anywhere where seniors become the subjects of research. This chapter considers ethical standards, as modified in response to the dynamic development of research into old age. The purpose of the text is to define ethical requirements regarding the acquisition of older people as respondents of research, particularly in relation to the researcher. The chapter discusses the boundaries of such a researcher's knowledge and insights, data confidentiality and ways to provide respondents with anonymity and a sense of security, as well as issues arising when conducting research on sensitive issues in which a group of elderly people talk about their emotions, feelings, experiences, needs, motivations and privacy. In light of developments in social research, various attempts are made to systematize the relationship between ethics and methodology.

El reloj del envejecimiento poblacional en El Salvador: porqué pensar en la población adulta mayor desde hoy 9 CAPÍTULO II El dividendo del envejecimiento poblacional: cómo pensar las inversiones desde hoy para el mañana 27 CAPÍTULO III Deudas históricas con la población adulta mayor: los obstáculos a seguir superando 43 CAPÍTULO IV La factura tras el COVID 19 en el bienestar de la vejez: lo importante para no dejar atrás a la adultez mayor en la recuperación post crisis 97 CAPÍTULO V Orientaciones para la acción 109 CAPÍTULO VI Conclusiones 115 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 118

One of the developmental tasks of early adulthood is autonomy expressed through living outside one's family home. This is being postponed increasingly often, and this process of deferment, called nesting (in this context: remaining in the original "nest", rather than starting one's own), is increasingly common among young adults aged between 18 and 34. Sociologists indicate a variety of transitions from youth to adulthood as a result of the fading of a strict interrelation between leaving the home and gaining economic independence and starting one's own family. The aim of this article is to present qualitative study results based on 42 interviews with women and men, aged between 27 and 38, who live with their parents in Warsaw. This analysis is focused on showing the process of nesting in the context of relationships between young adults and their parents. Studies show that "extension" of the youth phase is a result the subjects' fear of lack of satisfactory financial prospects in adult life and what they perceive as their parents' overprotectiveness.

Celem artykułu jest przegląd teorii i badań empirycznych, dotyczących problematyki społecznego oraz subiektywnego obrazu ciała w procesie starzenia. W sferze publicznej panuje powszechne przekonanie, że wraz z wiekiem obniża się atrakcyjność, a według stereotypu starzy ludzie postrzegani są jako "brzydcy". Wobec wyzwania, jakim jest starość, seniorzy dążą do utrzymania pozytywnej oceny swojej fizyczności, zarówno w dziedzinie wyglądu, jak i zdrowia. Nowe pokolenia kończące sześćdziesiąty rok życia ucieleśniają zmiany, wyrażające się w postaci dyskretnego wzrostu wydatków, wyższego poziomu aktywności fizycznej, przywiązywania większej wagi do reżimu diety i kondycji fizycznej oraz częstszego szukania pomocy w obszarze kosmetycznych i odmładzających technologii. Przeprowadzone analizy wskazały na to, że efekty naturalnego procesu starzenia podlegają społecznej stygmatyzacji. We współczesnym zachodnim społeczeństwie obsesja na punkcie młodzieńczego, pięknego wyglądu stała się powszechna, a jej rezultatem są procedury zmierzające do odwrócenia procesu starzenia. Potrzeba estetyzacji ciał i medialne epatowanie pięknem cenzurują starość w wymiarze cielesnym. W artykule szczególną uwagę poświęcono zagadnieniom zróżnicowania płciowego w kontekście starości. O ile można znaleźć liczne przykłady mężczyzn, będących bohaterami kultury masowej, którym "pozwolono" się zestarzeć, o tyle w przypadku kobiet obowiązkowe jest bycie "wiecznie młodą".